展示体验建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

展示体验建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
展示体验建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

原文:

Norway Romsdal Folk Museum

Photograph from : Stiftelsen Romsdalsmuseet

The Romsdal Folk Museum is an architectonic attraction and a treasured landmark that embodies the history and identity of the entire region. Our intention in this project was to let the structure signal its meaning and function through an architectural expression and the use of local materials. The scale of the building refers to the urbanity and morphology of the town. The overall layout of the museum grounds the connections to the town by linking different surrounding areas in an overall plan where all circulation is linked in a unified structure. The project conveys an open and progressive attitude that makes diverse utilization possible.

The Museum design approach is rooted in rationality and sustainability. The plan geometry is deceptively simple, the characteristic angled shapes are limited to the roof and the external wall, making the circulation and internal organisation clear and flexible. The public areas are clearly separated from the administration wing, which is located on both the ground and first floor. Exhibition rooms, the auditorium and the library are all placed on the ground floor to increase flexibility and user experience. The transparency of the reception room permits supporting internal and external activities. Large sliding doors separate the permanent and temporary exhibition areas, giving the curators the ability to combine or separate the spaces. The archives and workshops are located on the basement level, with the vertical circulation of large items facilitated by a large goods lift.Pine is the primary building material of the museum. Exterior walls and roof are made of solid timber in combination of steel beam when required. The terrain entailed the use of concrete, however its use was reduce to the foundations. Exterior walls and ceilings covered with maintenance-pine relief tempered with bio-based oil.Different openings filter the daylight in such way that the internal space are enriched by gradations and translucency nuances. However, the main exhibition rooms are black boxes, giving the curators total control of artificial lightening in these areas. All the glazing units have high-energy performance glass, in some locations with silk printed colours and patterns.

The impact on the Nordic society:The Romsdal Folk Museum is a great example of strategic use of low-tech building solutions. It embodies the national policy in Norway to aim for a more sustainable future. The museum is built using Norwegian timber technology and acts as a hub for

cultural development.In this building, the people of Molde as well as visitors and tourists are given the opportunity to connect and to build a wider community. The museum hosts not only exhibits about Norwegian culture but also concerts, workshops and lectures on a day-to-day basis.The architectural form brings together the region's folk culture and the area's characteristic landscape qualities in a larger composition. The range of perspectives and activities ensures a broad audience, with the museum becoming a living centre for the exploration of the region’s history, contemporary culture, and future.

Sch?ningen Germany paleontology research and experience center

Architects: Holzer Kobler Architekturen

Location: Sch?ningen, Germany

Area: 4,090 ㎡

Year: 2013

Photographs from : Courtesy of Holzer Kobler Architekturen

From the architect. Architecture

The PAL?ON pushes itself out of the slightly hilly topography and cuts into the forested meadows.The volume of the three-story building and the paths emanating from it form lines of sight that divide the landscape into vectors. A second winding path system forms synapses that connect to the surroundings. The building is a camouflage –a hyperrealistic abstraction of the landscape.

The metallic skin of the PAL?ON mirrors the meadows and forests that surround it as well as the movements of the clouds in the sky passing by. Through its archaic form, the research and experience center becomes one with its surroundings. Sharp, large- formatted cuts into the building fa?ade offer wide-reaching and fascinating views to the place where the spears were

discovered, the pit of the brown coal mine, the nearby forest, and the Przewalski horses grazing in the meadows. The expressive openings cut into the building like spears in the skin of the horses and reflect this dynamic in the form language. The abstract cuts into the building also formally react to the neighboring traces of opencut mining. The resulting expressive architecture mediates between manmade and natural landscape and forms an emblem for the place.

Exhibition

The experience exhibition, with its presentation of the original site from Sch?ningen lies at the heart of the project. Memorable images speak to the visitor‘s senses and emotions. New findings on our ancestors, the homo erectus, his daily life and the flora and fauna that existed around 300,000 years ago are presented as well as connections to current themes such as climate change and sustainability.

The circuit through the exhibition begins in the three-story foyer in the middle of the building, which connects all of the views to the outside. The tall space creates view axes to the research and exhibition areas in the first and second floors as well as vistas to the brown coal mine. Here is where all paths leading to the programmatic areas, such as exhibition, educational areas, administration, restaurant or shop, begin and end. The foyer then leads one back to prehistoric times through the lacquered cross-section of the geological and archaeological layers of the excavation.

Central to the exhibition design is the sculptural white exhibition structure, whose form vaguely resemble those of horse bones. Through enlargement and abstraction, a row of theme cabinets form a spatially activating element with views alternating with large-format artwork. Highlight to the exhibition circuit is the spears` cabinet that presents the world-wide uniques wooden spears from the stone age. Finally the panoramic cinema makes 300,000 years emotionally experiential.

Upon leaving the main exhibition space and crossing the foyer one last time high above the entrance, current archaeological excavation and research work in Sch?ningen can be experienced in the research area. In the laboratory, visitors solve a tricky case with modern archaeological methods.The professional laboratory and workspaces of the archaeologists on-site are strung along the exhibition circuit and can be examined by the visitors. The ?Adventure Research‘ that takes place here daily is made comprehensible for laymen, children and experts and allowed to be experienced close-up – in the PAL?ON itself and the exhibition site outdoors.

Landscape

For the design of the outdoor spaces of the new research and experience center, two complementary form languages were introduced into the landscape.They differ functionally and formally in the newly created park landscape echoing an inter-glacial cycle of primeval times and in the access and gathering areas, which are strongly influenced architectonically through the building. To the east, dense woods will soon cover half of the area of the site. To the west and surrounding the PAL?ON stretch dappled forests, as well as meadows and a lake, which also accommodate the fenced- in area for the Przewalski horses. A curving network of paths leads the visitor to special viewpoints, attractions, and makes necessary connections. For example, the design of the playground was inspired from extinct primeval animals. And from a slightly raised point at one area of the lake, the visitor is given an ideal view of where the wild horses reside.

Spa Hot Springs Resort Ming Tang, Bazhou,Hebei Province of China.

Architect: CT Design + Cooperation Team

Location: Bazhou City, Hebei Province, China

Site Area: About 12 hectares at the first phase

Investment: About 600,000,000 TWD

Hot Spring Hotel Area: About 13,000 ㎡

Completion: Nov 2010

Photographs: Tony

BACKGROUND

With advantage of location about distance from Beijing city by car in 1 hour and resource of hot spring, Bazhou has been planed and developed as hot spring town in Hebei Province of China. There are 6 pieces of land allotted to 6 investment groups in the new development area and the project is 1 of 6 hot spring resorts.

ISSUE & AGENDA

How to redefine quality for 5 star resort hotel which is not mainly by it‘s physical lux ury but more about rich nature experience is the issue we have and how to create resort as one sustainable environment is our main concern. Therefore, environment goes first, then landscape experience, architectural form is just based on how to integrate it with surroundings.

SITE SITUATION

The site is flat which is about 18 hectares in rectangle shape (12 hectares for the first phase) and as normal northern landscape in China. Cold winter wind comes from northwest direction and cool summer wind comes from southeast direction. Moreover climate and landscape situation is very different at 4 reasons – spring is comfortable, summer is hot which will reach to 32 degree at highest, autumn is cool, and winter is cold about minus 10 degree at lowest. So how to use these varied experience for resort is the one of main points for design.

ABOUT PLANNING & LANDSCAPE

More Nature, More Sustainable

New topography created intends to respond to site‘s situation which is to have high hill at north side working as defence for cold winter wind and low hill at south side to guide cool summer wind into the site.

Topography also works as base to creates three landscape typologies which will create multiple landscape experience – the hilltop as grassland, the hillside as forest, and the low land as hot spring. Hotel and villas will be set at different position and zoning as groups with different landscape theme such as hot spring, forest, and lake.

As hot spring resort, water is the main subject and is used as main landscape element. From hot spring to SPA, from dam to waterfall, and from water courtyard to surrounding lake, we intend to create more chance for guest to experience hot spring in many different ways.

About water system, secondhand hot spring is collected and pumped into waterfall and water wall in courtyard. Water will flow from high level to low level, from inside to outside, from water courtyard to entrance pool and down to lake and river. Finally water will be pumped back to water courtyard at the end pool of river as one circulating system.

ABOUT ARCHITECTURE & SPACE

Architecture in Nature, Nature in Architecture

―Architecture in Nature, Nature in Architecture‖ is our basic concept for the hotel. In the way, we intend to create weak and humble architecture which is harmonious and consistent with surroundings.

We take linear form for building as the way to integrate it with surroundings in stead of creating one big solid object as normal business hotel on landscape. Linear form is as loop putting on topography which still will keep landscape inside and can give maximum proximity and access to the landscape. Moreover, it also works as corridor to guide guest experiencing environment and as the best circulation for flow of people as well.

Based on arrangement of landscape, the hotel space is arranged in 3 loops following topography from level +0.2m up to level +1.1m.

3 LOOPS

Loop 1: Lobby, Café, SPA, indoor / outdoor swimming pool – water zone

Surrounded by water and looks like standing on it, our intention is to integrate inner space with surrounding big water. And due to temperature difference, hopefully hot spring could create kind atmosphere that hotel will look like as in mist in winter.

Loop 2: Restaurant – flower zone

Surrounded by flower and encircling sakura courtyard, we intend to create kind atmosphere which is comfortable and refined in restaurant.

Loop 3: Guest room area – bamboo forest zone

Due to it‘s special character and ability to surviv e in winter, bamboo is chosen to create forest for guest room area which is not just only to provide privacy but also create kind feeling of meditation, especially for hot spring area in guest room towards bamboo courtyard.

EXPECTATION

We hope this resort could be as an environment which people can experience by not just only vision, but hearing, smell, and touch as well. It is just simply you can hear voice of water, birds, and wind going through bamboo, and can feel hot spring and smell flower as well.

翻译:

挪威Romsdal民俗博物馆

图片来源:Stiftelsen Romsdalsmuseet

这是由Reiulf Ramstad建筑事务所设计的Romsdal民俗博物。该博物馆是非常具有吸引力的建筑,体现了整个地区的历史和身份,是建筑上的一个里程碑。该项目的设计目的是希望通过建筑表现和就地取材来凸显标志性。建筑规模是参考城镇的建筑形态和风格。博物馆连接不同的周边地区,同时与城镇保持关联,在一个统一的结构里相互流通。该项目传达一个开放和进取的态度,呈现多功能化。

项目设计方法植根于理性和可持续性。简单的几何平面,屋顶和外墙限制出夸张的成角空间,形成清晰且灵活的内部组织和流通系统。公共区域分开管理,位于地面和一楼。展览空间、礼堂、图书馆都放置在一楼,增加灵活性和用户体验。接待室保证一定透明度,支持内、外部活动。大型滑动门分离出永久展区和临时展区,方便灵活合并或分隔空间。档案和车间位于地下室,垂直大物件的流通依靠一个大货梯。松树是博物馆的主要建筑材料,外墙和屋顶由木材和部分钢梁组成,表面都有松木浮雕。不同的开口过滤阳光,通过色调和透明度等细微差别来丰富内部空间。主要的展览空间是全黑的,方便配置人工的、艺术性的灯光。所有玻璃都是高性能玻璃,有些为丝绸印花玻璃。

对北欧社会的影响:Romsdal民俗博物馆是使用低技术结构的典型案例。它体现了挪威追求可持续未来的国家政策。博物馆是以挪威木材工艺作为文化发展的中心。在这栋大楼里,莫尔德人就像游客一样,有机会与其他游客交流,建立一个更广泛的社区。博物馆不仅举办挪威文化展览,日常还可举办音乐会、研讨会和讲座等。建筑形式汇集了该地区的民俗文化和景观特色。多种活动的举办确保广泛的群众,同时使其成为该地区一个探索区域历史、当代文化与未来的生活中心。

德国,舍宁根,PAL?ON古生物研究与体验中心

建筑师: Holzer Kobler Architekturen

地点:德国舍宁根

面积:4,090 平方米

年份:2013

图片来源:Courtesy of Holzer Kobler Architekturen

以下是来自建筑师提供的方案信息

PAL?ON古生物研究与体验中心从这片丘陵地带里探身而出,周围环绕着密密麻麻的草丛。这栋三层高的建筑体量以及从中延伸出来的各条路径形成了若干条视线,将周围的景致划分为若干个部分。还有一条迂回曲折的道路系统,形成了如同神经键一般的触点,衔接着周围的环境。该建筑好像隐身于大地,这是对于景观的超现实抽象表达。

PAL?ON研究与体验中心的金属表皮映照出了周围的草地和森林,以及天空中飘过的朵朵白云。尽管建筑物外形古老,却早已与其所处的环境融为一体。在建筑的立面设计了棱角锐利的大型切口,让人们能够饱览周围的美景,在这里考古学家挖掘出了古代的长矛,还能看到远处的褐煤矿坑、附近的森林、在草地上放牧的蒙古野马。富于表现力的洞口如同长矛刺入马匹的皮肤一样切入建筑,从形体语言上体现出了这种动态之美。建筑内部抽象的切口也在形体上与附近露天开采的矿山开采痕迹形成了呼应。由此产生的令人印象深刻的建筑设计调和了人工与自然景观之间的关系,为场地塑造了一个地标。

展览

体验展就位于项目的核心地带,在展览中还展示了原先位于舍宁根的场地。让人难忘的景象挑动了游客的感觉和情感。人类先祖——直立人的日常生活和周围的动植物早在30万年前就已出现,在展览中展示了对他们的新发现,也联系了当前受人关注的课题,譬如气候变化和可持续发展。

展厅的环形道路始于位于建筑中央的三层高门厅,此处衔接了室内外的所有风光。这个高大开敞的空间在一楼和二楼的研究与展览区创建了视图轴,并能眺望褐煤矿坑的风景。所有的内部通道都从这里通往各个功能区,如展厅、教室、行政办公区、餐厅或商店,这里既是起点,也是终点。于是,这个门厅通过涂漆的地质剖面和考古挖掘层模型将人们带回到史前时代。

展览设计的首要之处是雕塑一般的白色展览结构,其形式与马的骨骼依稀相似。一连串小型主题陈列室以尺寸放大和抽象化的方式,创建了赋予空间活力的元素,与大型艺术品交替出现在游客面前。摆放长矛的陈列室展示了从石器时代开始的全世界的独特木质长矛,这里正是展厅环形通道的重心。最后是全景电影放映,让人从情感上感受30万年前的世界。

离开主要展厅之后就会穿过入口上方的门厅,在这个研究区域能够亲身体验舍宁根地区当前的考古发掘和研究工作。在实验室里,游客们能够以现代化的考古方法处理棘手的案例。中心现场的考古学家的专业实验室和工作空间串联在展厅循环通道上,游客可逐一观看。这里每天都会发生―探险研究‖,不但便于非专业人员、孩子们和专家理解,也允许人们近距离体验——在PAL?ON 中心内部及其户外展览场所。

景观

在设计研究与体验中心的户外空间时,设计师往景观中引入了两种互补的形式语言。两者在功能和形式上均有异于新建成的公园景观和入口、聚会区域,其中公园景观呼应了远古的间冰期自然风貌。公园景观和入口、聚会区域在建筑设计方面深受中心建筑的影响。在东侧,茂密的森林将很快覆盖建筑基地面积的一半。在西侧及周边地区,PAL?ON 中心延伸入斑驳的森林,还有草地和一个湖,这里也适合圈养蒙古野马。通道网络弯弯曲曲,将游客引向了特殊的观景点,也与建筑内容形成了必要的连接。例如,游乐场的设计灵感来自灭绝的原始动物。而在湖区有一处微微抬起的坡地,游客在这里能清晰地眺望野马生活的场所。

中国,河北省,霸州市,茗汤温泉度假村

建筑师:城市设计联盟 + 合作团队

地点:中国河北省霸州市

占地面积:一期占地约12公顷

投资额:大约6亿台币

温泉酒店面积:13,000 平方米

竣工时间:2010年11月

土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译

PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,

土木工程外文翻译

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英文原文: Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the

土木工程外文文献翻译

专业资料 学院: 专业:土木工程 姓名: 学号: 外文出处:Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件:1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重,那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实,较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上,正是因为有了这种宏观的构思,新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展,可能更重要的是:几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈,高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类: 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架,包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙,包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式,同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力,大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且,就较高的建筑物而言,大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展,以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并

不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反,有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了,然而,如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导,那么,得以发展的就只能是好的结构,并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何,要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计,两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论,但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低,中高度的建筑中常用的体系,它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系,或者和其他体系结合起来使用,以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑,可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系,这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS,STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地,由于柱梁节点固有柔性,并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点,所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然,在设计的后期阶段,实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强,在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色,它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑,并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。

论文《人工智能》---文献检索结课作业

人工智能 【摘要】:人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学,但也是一门边沿学科。它属于自然科学和社会科学的交叉。涉及的学科主要有哲学、认知科学、数学、神经生理学、心理学、计算机科学、信息论、控制论、不定性论、仿生学等。人工智能(Artificial Intelligence),英文缩写为AI。它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学。人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支,它企图了解智能的实质,并生产出一种新的能以人类智能相似的方式做出反应的智能机器,该领域的研究包括机器人、语言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和专家系统等1。 【关键词】:人工智能;应用领域;发展方向;人工检索。 1.人工智能描述 人工智能(Artificial Intelligence) ,英文缩写为AI。它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学2。人工智能是计 算机科学的一个分支,它企图了解智 能的实质,并生产出一种新的能以人 类智能相似的方式作出反应的智能 机器,该领域的研究包括机器人、语 言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和 专家系统等。“人工智能”一词最初 是在1956 年Dartmouth学会上提出 的。从那以后,研究者们发展了众多 理论和原理,人工智能的概念也随之扩展。人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学,从事这项工作的人必须懂得计算机知识,心理学和哲学。人工智能是包括十分广泛的科学,它由不同的领域组成,如机器学习,计算机视觉等等,总的说来,人工智能研究的一个主要目标是使机器能够胜任一些通常需要人类智能才能完成的复杂工作。但不同的时代、不同的人对这种“复杂工作”的理解是不同的。例如繁重的科学和工程计算本来是要人脑来承担的,现在计算机不但能完成这种计算, 而且能够比人脑做得更快、更准确,因之当代人已不再把这种计算看作是“需要人类智能才能完成的复 1.蔡自兴,徐光祐.人工智能及其应用.北京:清华大学出版社,2010 2元慧·议当人工智能的应用领域与发展状态〖J〗.2008

职称头衔中英文对照

称谓英文名称大全中英文词语对照 校长(大学)president of Beijing University 校长(中小学)principal/headmaster of Donghai Middle School 院长(大学下属)dean of the Graduate School 系主任(大学学院下属)chair/chairman of the English Department 会长/主席(学/协会)president of the Student Union, Shanghai University 厂长(企业)director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant 院长(医院)director of Huandong Hospital 主任(中心)director of the Business Center 主任(行政)director of Foreign Affairs Office 行长(银行)president of the Bank for International Settlements 董事长(企业)chairman of the Board of Directors 董事长(学校)Chairmen of the Board of Trustees 首席长官的汉语称谓以“总……”表示,而表示首席长官的英语称谓语则常带有chief, general, head, managing 这类词,因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时,需遵循英语头衔的表达习惯: 总书记general secretary 总工程师chief engineer 总会计师chief accountant 总建筑师chief architect 总编辑chief editor; editor-in-chief; managing editor 总出纳chief cashier; general cashier 总裁判chief referee

土木工程毕业设计外文翻译最终中英文

7 Rigid-Frame Structures A rigid-frame high-rise structure typically comprises parallel or orthogonally arranged bents consisting of columns and girders with moment resistant joints. Resistance to horizontal loading is provided by the bending resistance of the columns, girders, and joints. The continuity of the frame also contributes to resisting gravity loading, by reducing the moments in the girders. The advantages of a rigid frame are the simplicity and convenience of its rectangular form.Its unobstructed arrangement, clear of bracing members and structural walls, allows freedom internally for the layout and externally for the fenestration. Rig id frames are considered economical for buildings of up to' about 25 stories, above which their drift resistance is costly to control. If, however, a rigid frame is combined with shear walls or cores, the resulting structure is very much stiffer so that its height potential may extend up to 50 stories or more. A flat plate structure is very similar to a rigid frame, but with slabs replacing the girders As with a rigid frame, horizontal and vertical loadings are resisted in a flat plate structure by the flexural continuity between the vertical and horizontal components. As highly redundant structures, rigid frames are designed initially on the basis of approximate analyses, after which more rigorous analyses and checks can be made. The procedure may typically inc lude the following stages: 1. Estimation of gravity load forces in girders and columns by approximate method. 2. Preliminary estimate of member sizes based on gravity load forces with arbitrary increase in sizes to allow for horizontal loading. 3. Approximate allocation of horizontal loading to bents and preliminary analysis of member forces in bents. 4. Check on drift and adjustment of member sizes if necessary. 5. Check on strength of members for worst combination of gravity and horizontal loading, and adjustment of member sizes if necessary. 6. Computer analysis of total structure for more accurate check on member strengths and drift, with further adjustment of sizes where required. This stage may include the second-order P-Delta effects of gravity loading on the member forces and drift.. 7. Detailed design of members and connections.

土木工程外文翻译参考3篇

学校 毕业设计(论文)附件 外文文献翻译 学号: xxxxx 姓名: xxx 所在系别: xxxxx 专业班级: xxx 指导教师: xxxx 原文标题: Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing 2012年月日 .

建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理1 摘要 混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题,本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析,并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。 关键词:混凝土裂缝预防处理 前言 混凝土是一种由砂石骨料、水泥、水及其他外加材料混合而形成的非均质脆性材料。由于混凝土施工和本身变形、约束等一系列问题,硬化成型的混凝土中存在着众多的微孔隙、气穴和微裂缝,正是由于这些初始缺陷的存在才使混凝土呈现出一些非均质的特性。微裂缝通常是一种无害裂缝,对混凝土的承重、防渗及其他一些使用功能不产生危害。但是在混凝土受到荷载、温差等作用之后,微裂缝就会不断的扩展和连通,最终形成我们肉眼可见的宏观裂缝,也就是混凝土工程中常说的裂缝。 混凝土建筑和构件通常都是带缝工作的,由于裂缝的存在和发展通常会使内部的钢筋等材料产生腐蚀,降低钢筋混凝土材料的承载能力、耐久性及抗渗能力,影响建筑物的外观、使用寿命,严重者将会威胁到人们的生命和财产安全。很多工程的失事都是由于裂缝的不稳定发展所致。近代科学研究和大量的混凝土工程实践证明,在混凝土工程中裂缝问题是不可避免的,在一定的范围内也是可以接受的,只是要采取有效的措施将其危害程度控制在一定的范围之内。钢筋混凝土规范也明确规定:有些结构在所处的不同条件下,允许存在一定宽度的裂缝。但在施工中应尽量采取有效措施控制裂缝产生,使结构尽可能不出现裂缝或尽量减少裂缝的数量和宽度,尤其要尽量避免有害裂缝的出现,从而确保工程质量。 混凝土裂缝产生的原因很多,有变形引起的裂缝:如温度变化、收缩、膨胀、不均匀沉陷等原因引起的裂缝;有外载作用引起的裂缝;有养护环境不当和化学作用引起的裂缝等等。在实际工程中要区别对待,根据实际情况解决问题。 混凝土工程中常见裂缝及预防: 1.干缩裂缝及预防 干缩裂缝多出现在混凝土养护结束后的一段时间或是混凝土浇筑完毕后的一周左右。水泥浆中水分的蒸发会产生干缩,且这种收缩是不可逆的。干缩裂缝的产生主要是由于混凝土内外水分蒸发程度不同而导致变形不同的结果:混凝土受外部条件的影响,表面水分损失过快,变形较大,内部湿度变化较小变形较小,较大的表面干缩变形受到混凝土内部约束,产生较大拉应力而产生裂缝。相对湿度越低,水泥浆体干缩越大,干缩裂缝越易产 1原文出处及作者:《加拿大土木工程学报》

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