定语从句及其引导词用法

一、基本概念：

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如：

Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?

That is the house where he lived ten years ago.

定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。

引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which;

关系副词有：when, where, why.

二、关系词的用法：

（一）关系代词的用法：

1．作主语用who, which和that, 如：

He is the man who/that lives next door.

The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.

2．作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：

The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer.

Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week?

注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。

3．作定语用whose, 如：

(a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week.

(b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.

注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如：

They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (= the back wall of which) He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name) 4．作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如：

He is no longer the man that he used to be.

This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be.

（二）关系副词的用法：

1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：

I still remember the time when I first became a college student.

Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?

注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如：

Each time he came, he did his best to help us.

But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.

2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room,

city, town, country等，如：

This is the hotel where they are staying.

I forget the house where the Smiths lived.

注：where有时也可以省略。如：

This is the place (where) we met yesterday.

3． why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：

That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.

注：why时常也可以省略。如：

That is the real reason he did i

t.

(三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点：

1．这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：

when = on (in, at, during…) + which;

where = in (at, on…) + which;

why = for which. 如：

I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.

The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor.

This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.

2．当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：

I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.

I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.

His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.

His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.

3． when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。

三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如：

This is the telegram which he refers to.

Is there anything (that) I can do for you?

2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：

This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.

As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.

引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。

另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常