北京外国语大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析(精)教学提纲
北京外国语大学考博英语阅读真题解析
北京外国语大学考博英语阅读真题解析Text4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful,provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children,I Hate MyLife,”is arousing much chatter–nothing gets people talking likethe suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completelyfulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding thatchildren make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests weneed to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as somethingthat can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider beinghappy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-dayexperience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Senior writesthat“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can laterbe sources of intense gratification and delight.”（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)毫无疑问，Jennifer Senior在有煸动意味的的杂志封面故事中表达了她的独到见解，“我爱我的孩子们，我讨厌我的生活”——这唤起了人们的谈兴。
2023年北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析
Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2023 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2023, and before that 2023 and 2023. In fact,industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35. According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributedcancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2023 and 2023 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2023 report to investors, for instance,three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit.And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece wasintended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality.Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea.Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire,resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them.It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)。
北京外国语大学考博英语阅读真题精解
北京外国语大学考博英语阅读真题精解In the early days of sea travel,seamen on long voyages livedexclusively on salted meat and biscuits.Many of them died of scurvy,a disease of the blood which causes swollen gums,livid white spotson the flesh and general exhaustion.On one occasion,in1535,anEnglish ship arrived in Newfound-land with its crew desperately ill.The men’s lives were saved by Iroquois Indians who gave them Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi vegetable leavesto eat.Gradually it came to be realized that scurvy was caused bysome lack in the sailors’diet and Captain Cook,on his long voyagesof discovery to Australia and New Zealand,established the fact thatscurvy could be warded off by the provision of fresh fruit for thesailors.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothingharmful may yet result in serious disease if certain importantelements are missing.These elements are called“vitamins”.Quitea number of such substances are known and they are given letters toidentify them,A,B,C,D,and so on.Different diseases are associatedwith deficiencies of particular vitamins.Even a slight lack ofVitamin C,for example,the vitamin most plentiful in fresh fruit andvegetable,is thought to increase significantly our susceptibilityto colds and influenza.The vitamins necessary for a healthy body are normally supplied by a good mixed diet,including a variety of fruit and green vegetables. It is only when people try to live on a very restricted diet,say during extended periods of religious fasting,or when trying to lose weight, that it is necessary to make special provision to supply the missing vitamins.Another example of the dangers of a restricted diet may suffer from‘beriberi’,which used to afflict large numbers of Eastern peoples who lived mainly on rice.In the early years of this century, a Dutch scientist called Eijkman was trying to discover the cause of beriberi.At first he thought it was transmitted by a germ.He was working in a Japanese hospital,where the patients were fed on rice which had had the outer husk removed from the grain.It was thought this would be easier for weak,sick people to digest.Eijkman thought his germ theory was confirmed when he noticed the chickens in the hospital yard,which were fed on scraps from the patients’plates,were also showing signs of the disease.He then tried to isolate the germ he thought was causing the disease,but his experiments were interrupted by a hospital official,who decreed that the huskless polished rice,even though left over by the patients, was too good for chickens.It should be recooked and the chickens fed on cheap,coarse rice with the outer covering still on the grain.Eijkman noticed that the chickens began to recover on the new diet. He began to consider the possibility that a lack of some ingredientin the husk might be the cause of the disease.Indeed this was the case.The element needed to prevent beriberi was shortly afterwards isolated from rice husks and is now known as vitamin B.The milled rice,though more expansive,was in fact perpetuating the disease the hospital was trying to cure.Nowadays,this terrible disease is much less common thanks to our knowledge of vitamins.(553words)36.From the passage,what can we learn about Captain Cook?A.He provided clothes for his sailors to avoid scurvy.B.He provided money for his sailors to avoid scurvy.C.He provided fresh fruit for his sailors to avoid scurvy.D.He provided blood for his sailors to avoid scurvy.37.The word‘beriberi’(in paragraph3)probably means_______.A.a germB.a natural phenomenonC.an epidemicD.a disease38.In the last paragraph,what does sentence“Indeed this was the case”mean?A.ReallyB.TrueC.FalseD.Eijkman’s considering was proved correct.39.Vitamin B can be got in—-A.riceB.rice husksC.noodleD.grain40.From the context,what do you think“perpetuating”means?A.deadB.happyC.keep freshD.keep aliveText836.C.Captain Cook在长途航行中由于为水手们提供了新鲜的水果以防止坏血病(scurvy)。
北外语言学考博试题四
北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心2008年博士生招生考试试卷（A卷）（刘润清）Directions: Answer any FOUR of the following questions, each bearing 25 points out of 100. Your answers will be evaluated in terms of both theircontent and Ian guage. Please write very clearly.I Define TEN of the followi ng terms and the n tran slate them into Chin ese.I.register 2. dialect 3. li nguistic pote ntial 4. critical period hypothesis5. displaceme nt6. duality of structure7. extrapositi on8. gradual adjective9. deducti on 10. idiolect 11. lateralizatio n 12. retrospect ion13. pho neme 14. right branching direct ion 15. rule-gover ned behavior16. speech syn thesis 17. behaviourism 18. null operator moveme nt19. story grammar 20. traditi onal grammarII.Read carefully the followi ng passage take n from Saussure ' Course in GeneralLinguistics and then discuss its importanee in exploring the nature of Ian guage.Lan guage is a system of sig ns that express ideas, and is therefore comparable to a system of writing, the alphabet of deaf-mutes, symbolic rites, polite formulas, military signals, etc. But it is the most importa nt of all these systems.A scie nce that studies the life of sig ns within society is con ceivable; it would be a part of social psychology and con seque ntly of gen eral psychology; I shall call it semiology. Semiologywould show what con stitutes sig ns, what laws gover n them. Since the scie nce does not yet exist, no one can say what it would be; but it has a right to existence, a place staked out in advance. Linguistics is only a part of the general science of semiology; the laws discovered by semiology will be applicable to linguistics, and the latter will circumscribe a well-defined area within the mass of an thropological facts.To determine the exact place of semiology is the task of the psychologist. The task of the lin guist is to find out what makes Ian guage a special system with in the mass of semiological data. This issue will be taken up again later; here I wish merely to call attention to one thing: if I have succeeded in assigning linguistics a place among the science, it is because I have related it to semiology.III.The following passage is taken from Halliday ' An Introduction to FunctionalGrammar. Read it carefully, expla in what every sentence mea ns and the n comme nt on his theory of Ian guage.The basic oppositi on, in grammars of the sec ond half of the twen tieth cen tury, is not that betwee n 'structuralist' and 'generative' as set out the public debates of the 1960s.There are manyvariables in the way grammars are written, and any clustering of these is bound to distort the picture; but the more fundamental opposition is between those that are primarily syntagmatic in orientation (by and large the formal grammars, with their roots in logic and philosophy) and those that are primarily paradigmatic (by and large the functional ones, with their roots in rhetoric and ethnography) The former interpret a language as a list of structures, among which, as a distinct second step, regular relationships may be established (hence the introduction of transformations); they tend to emphasize universal features of language, to take grammar (which they call syntax) as the foundation of language (hence the grammar is arbitrary), and so to be organized around the sentence. The later interpret a language as a network of relations, with structurescoming in as the realization of these relationships; they tend to emphasize variables among differentlanguages, to take semantics as the foundation (hence the grammar is natural) and so to be organized around the text, or discourse, There are many cross-currents, with insights borrowed from one to the other; but they are ideologically fairly different and it is often difficult to maintain a dialogue.IV.The following passage is take from Peter Barb's Word Play: What Happens When People Talk (1973). Read it carefully and then comment on linguistic relativity.Such a connection between language and thought is rooted in common-sense beliefs, but no one gave much attention to the matter before Wilhelm von Humboldt, the 19th century German philologist and diplomat. He statedthat the structure of a language expresses the inner life of its speakers: "Man lives with the world abut him, principally, indeed exclusively, as language presents it." In this century, the case for a close relationship between language and reality was stated by Edward Sapir: "Human beings d not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular Ianguage which has become the medium for their society. The fact of the matter is that the 'real world' is to a large extent built up on the language habits of the group. No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached."About 1932 one of Sapir's students at Yale, Benjamin Lee Whorf, drew on Sapir's ideas and began an intensive study of the language of the Hopi Indians of Arizona. Whorf's brilliant analysis of Hopi places common-sense beliefs about language and thought on a scientific basis -- and it also seemed to support the view that man is a prisoner of his language. Whorf concluded that language "is not merely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper of ideas. … we dissect nature along lines laid down by ourartive Ianguages."V.Please give the main content of Grice's Cooperative Principle with its four maxims explained and then discuss conversational implicatures of Group A (in which no maxim is violated), Group B (in which a maxim is violated), and Group C (in which a maxim is flouted by means ofa figure of speech).VI.The following is a passage by Chomsky. Read it carefully and then discuss th e difference between Chomsky's theory of linguistics and other approaches in linguistics.Generative grammar arose in the context of what is often called “the cognitive revolutionthe 1950s, and was an important factor in its development. Whether or not the term“ revol uappropriate, there was an important change of perspective: from the study of behavior and its products (such as texts), to the inner mechanisms that enter into thought and action. The cognitive perspective regards behavior and its products not as the object of inquiry, but as data that may provide evidence about the inner mechanisms of mind and the ways these mechanisms operate in executing actions and interpreting experience. The properties and patterns that were the focus of attention in structural linguistics find their place, but as phenomena to be explained along with innumerable others, in terms of the inner mechanisms that generate expressions. The approach is“ mentalistic, ” but in what should be an uncontroversial sense. It is concerned with “m of the world, ”which stand alongside its mechanical, chemical, optical, and other aspects. It undertakes to study a real object in the natural world —the brain, its states, and its functions —and thus to move the study of the mind toward eventual integration with the biological science.(Chomsky, N. 2000. New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind)VII.The following is taken from Bloomfield's Language about the famous story of Jack and Jill which is often quoted to illustrate Bloomfield's behaviorism inlinguistics. Read it carefully and discuss how Bloomfield explains the process of stimulus and response and point out where he is wrong.Suppose that Jack and Jill are walking down a lane. Jill is hungry. She sees an apple in a tree. She makes a noise with her larynx, tongue and lips. Jack vaults the fence, climbs the tree, take the apple, brings it to Jill, and places it in her hand. Jill eats the apple.This succession of events could be studies in many ways, but we, who are studying language, will naturally distinguish between the act of speech and the other occurrences, which we shall call practical events . Viewed in this way, the incident consists of three parts in order of time:A.Practical events preceding the act of speech.B.Speech.C.Practical events following the act of speech.We shall examine first the practical events: A and C. The events in A concern mainly the speaker, Jill. She was hungry; that is, some of her muscles were contracting, and some fluids were being secreted, especially in her stomach. Perhaps she was also thirsty; her tongue and throat were dry. The light-waves reflected from the red apple struck her eyes. She saw Jack by her side. Her past dealings with Jack should now enter into the picture; ket us suppose that they consisted in some ordinary relation, like that of brother and sister or that of husband and wife. All these events, which precede Jill's speech and concern her, we call the speaker's stimulus.We now turn to C, the practical events which came after Jill's speech. These concern mainly the hearer, Jack, and consist of his fetching the apple and giving it to Jill. The practical events which follow the speech and concern the hearer, we call the hearer's response. The events which follow the speech concern also Jill, and this in very important way: she gets the apple into hergrasp and eats it.。
北京外国语大学英语国家语言研究考博参考书目导师笔记重点
二、初试考试内容
学科、专 业名称
研究方向
研究领域
外国语
蓝纯
1-2
初试考试科目
专业科目一
专业科目二
050201 英语语言
文学
英语国家语言 研究
（001 英语学 院）
认知语言学
二外(俄语、法
语、德语、日 语、西班牙语
普通语言学
认知语言学/认知诗学
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ任选一种）
三、部分科目参考书目
研究方向
参考书目
20 世纪加拿大女 性小说研究（英语 学院耿力平教授）
wwwyumingeducom考博分校考博考试信息辅导课程可咨询育明教育考博分校北京外国语大学英语国家语言研究考博参考书目导师笔记重点一专业的设置导师及招生计划学科专业名称研究方向研究领域指导教师招生人数050201英语语言文英语国家语言研究001英语学院认知语言学12二初试考试内容学科专业名称研究方向研究领域初试考试科目外国语专业科目一专业科目二050201英语语言文学英语国家语言研究001英语学认知语言学二外俄语法语德语日语西班牙语任选一种普通语言学认知语言学认知诗学三部分科目参考书目研究方向参考书目20世纪加拿大女性小说研究英语学院耿力平教授wjkeith加拿大英语文学史北京大学出版社20092northropfryebushgarden
of Minnesota Press, 1997. 4、 Robert J. C. Young. Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Oxford:
Blackwell Publishers, 2001. 5、 Jonathan Culler. On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism after Structuralism.
北京大学考博英语模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)
北京大学考博英语模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. Proofreading 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．This book will show the readers_____can be used in other contexts.A．how that they have observedB．how what they have observedC．that how they have observedD．that they have observed正确答案：B解析：how what they have observed can be used in other contexts“如何将他们所观察到的应用于其它情况”，what they have observed作宾语从句的主语，how 引出宾语从句，其它三个答案不合句型。
2．Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it_____in Cuba.A．being cultivatedB．been cultivatedC．having cultivatedD．cultivating正确答案：A解析：find后面可以跟现在分词或过去分词的复合结构。
本题中的found it being cultivated是跟现在分词的被动态。
3．One of the requirements for a fire is that the material_____to its burning temperature.A．heatedB．be heatedC．to be heatedD．being heated正确答案：B解析：本题测试虚拟语气。
北京大学考博英语模拟试卷20(题后含答案及解析)
北京大学考博英语模拟试卷20(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. Proofreading 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．During the nineteen years of this career, France Battiate has won the ______of a wide audience outside Italy.A．enjoymentB．appreciationC．evaluationD．reputation正确答案：B解析：名词词义辨析。
enjoyment“乐事”；appreciation“欣赏，赏识”；evaluation “评价，估价”；reputation“名誉，名声”。
根据句中wide判定，能与won搭配的名词只能是appreciation。
故答案为B。
2．He quickly______behind the building to avoid being hurt by the stones thrown in his direction.A．duckedB．evadedC．escapedD．dodged正确答案：D解析：近义词辨析。
选项中的词都有“躲避，避开”的意思。
duck“急忙低头或弯下身”，尤指为避开某物时做此动作；evade强调“用心机或狡猾的手段逃避或回避对自己不利的东西”；escape做不及物动词时，意为“逃跑，逃脱”；dodge “闪身躲开”，常与about，behind，round连用。
故答案为D。
3．These photos of my family______happy memories of my early childhood.A．refreshed meB．brought to mindC．stimulatedD．reminded himself正确答案：C解析：动词用法。
北京语言大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析
北京语言大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析Roger Rosenblatt''s book Black Fiction,in attempting to applyliterary rather than sociopolitical criteria to itssubject,successfully alters the approach taken by most previousstudies.As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has oftenserved as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle''srecent work,for example,judges the value of Black fiction by overtlypolitical standards,rating each work according to the notions ofBlack identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi ideological,andtalking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideologycircumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt''s literaryanalysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Blackfiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction,however,presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions.First of all,is there a sufficient reason,other than the facialidentity of the authors,to group together works by Black authors？Second,how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modernfiction with which it is largely contemporaneous？Rosenblatt showsthat Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that hasan identifiable，coherent literary tradition.Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years,he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.These structures are thematic,and they spring,not surprisingly,from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt''s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced,especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance,some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect,or are the authors working out of,or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition,the style of some Black novels,like Jean Toomer''s Cane,verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted,a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression？In spite of such omissions,what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James WeldonJohnson''s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with__________.[A]evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.[B]comparing various critical approaches to a subject.[C]discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.[D]summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.2.The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt__________.[A]evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.[B]attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.[C]explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.[D]assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.3.The author''s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as__________.[A]pedantic and contentious.[B]critical but admiring.[C]ironic and deprecating.[D]argumentative but unfocused.4.The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt''s book EXCEPT：__________.[A]rhetorical questions.[B]specific examples.[C]comparison and contrast.[D]definition of terms.5.The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson''s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to__________.[A]point out affinities between Rosenblatt''s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism.[B]clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.[C]qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt''s book made in the first paragraph of the passage.[D]give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt''s work.[答案与考点解析]「答案」A「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
北京外国语大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A―G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.
A new volcano was being born.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba ,huo jia zi xun qq: qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.
The volcano in the cornfield grew until it was bigger than the cornfield! 1 People called the volcano the Little Monster because it grew so fast. Scientists came from all over the world to study it and watch it grow. It is not often that people get a chance to watch a volcano from the very beginning.
Most of the volcanoes have been here for a very long time. Some have been here so long that now they are cold. They are called dead volcanoes. They have stopped throwing out fire and melted rock and smoke. It is safe to walk on them. Farms are plowed on the quiet slopes, and people have built houses there.
Some volcanoes have stopped throwing out hot rock, but they still smoke a little now and then. They are "sleeping" volcanoes. Sometime they may "wake up".
2
Today volcanoes are not so dangerous for people as they were a
long time ago. Now we know more about why volcanoes do what they do, and we can usually tell when they are going to do it. 3
People used to think dragons under the earth caused volcanoes. They said the smoke that puffed above the ground was the dragon's breath. They said the earthquakes were caused by the dragon's moving around down in the earth. Now we know that this is not true. Another thing we know about volcanoes is that they don't happen just anywhere. 4 Scientists know where these places are, and maps have been made to let everybody know.
There are different kinds of volcanoes. Some explode so violently that the rock goes high into the air and falls miles away. A volcano may shoot out ashes so high that they float all the way around the world. They have made the sunsets green and the snow purple. 5
One very tall volcano stays fiery red at the top all the time. It is lucky that the volcano is near the ocean. Sailors can use it for a lighthouse.
[A]Othervolcanoes are more gentle. The hot lava rises in their cones and overflows, rolling slowly down the mountainside, where it becomes cool and hard.
[B]Black smoke puffed out. Hot ashes fell like black snowflakes. Hot rock and fire and lava shot out.
[C]Smokepuffed up, and rock started popping up out of a crack that opened in the ground.
[D]Avolcano named Vesuvius slept for a thousand years. But it woke up and threw out so much hot melted rock that it buried the buildings of two cities.
[E]Beforea sleeping volcano wakes up, it usually makes a noise like faraway thunder, and the ground shakes in small earthquakes. People are warned and have time to get away safely.
[F]Avolcano starts from a hole in the ground from which hot rock and smoke and steam come out. Far, far under the ground it is so hot that rock melts. This hot melted
rock, or lava, is sometimes pushed out of the earth through a hole or a crack in the ground. The steam inside the earth pushes the rock out.
[G]Thereare certain places under the earth where the rock is broken in a way that lets the steam and hot rock escape to the outside more easily.
答案及详解
1.B。
填写这几句话时,应该从上下文的语境和语意中来理解,前一句说火山开
始萌发了。
后一句说人们把火山称为小恶魔因为是它萌发的十分迅速, 可见中间的三句话应该描述的是火山萌发的过程, 而需要填写的这三句话,简明、扼要、显得很有力量,同时也很形象地说明了问题。
2.D。
填写这段话时,应结合前文来看。
文章的第四段说明了有一种火山的类型, 就是“休眠火山”, 那么下一段, 理所当然可以举个例子来说明。
3.E。
填写这几句话时,也应该结合上文来理解。
在本段的前几句提到, 现在的火山已不再让人类感到那么恐惧,因为人类已经可以预知它的发生了。
紧接下来,就从声音、地面晃动等情况描述了火山苏醒时的情景注意本
句话比较容易和选项 D 填写的位置弄混淆。
4.G。
填写这句话时可以看到,前一句说的是我们已经知道火山不会在所有的地方爆发,那究竟哪些地方不会发生火山呢,这句话就作出了描述, 讲明了原因。
5.A。
填写这段话时,应结合上文,前一段就说明了有很多种类型的火山,并列举了一种爆发时很猛烈的火山,那么与之对应,也就有爆发时相对温柔的火山。
F。
这段话也是描述了火山萌发过程,很容易将它填在①处,但它不合适的原因是,过于冗长,不适合当时的语言环境,不能很好的表达出人们要将火山称之为小恶魔时的恐惧的心情。
C。
这句话描述的是烟喷出,岩石迸出,火山即将爆发时的场景,显然没有其它合适的地方填这句话,另外,可能有人会将它与选项 G 混淆,应注意区分两者的意思。
中心思想
本文从火山喷发的过程。
火山的种类、以及目前人类对火山的了解等诸多方面,较为详尽地向我们展示了火山这一奇妙的自然景观。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。