余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(第7章 英国政治——第9章 美国地理)
余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）复习笔记和课后习题详解（第7章英国政治——第9章美国地理）
余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）复习笔记和课后习题详解（第7章英国政治——第9章美国地理）第7章英国政治7.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. Constitutional FrameworkⅡ. Parliament1. The Crown or Sovereign2. The House of Lords3. The House of Commons4. The Prime Minister and the CabinetⅢ. Regional GovernmentⅣ. Local GovernmentⅤ. JusticeⅥ. Political Process1. Elections2. Two-part System3. Female Representation in Britain PoliticsⅦ. Security【重难点归纳】The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In theUK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons.英国是⼀个君主⽴宪制和议会民主制国家。
在英国，国家元⾸是在位的国王或⼥王，政府⾸脑是⾸相，他是下议院多数党领袖。
Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.Ⅰ. 宪法框架1. 英国宪法由成⽂法、普通法和公约组成。
自考英语国家概况精讲系列第七章
Chapter 7第七章Government and Administration英国政府机构The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy， the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed， in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty‘s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution， the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law， common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.联合王国是君主⽴宪制国家，国家的⾸脑是国王或⼥王。
联合王国以君的名义，由国王或⼥王陛下政府治理。
英国的议会制度并不是基于成⽂宪法，英国宪法不由单⼀⽂件构成，⽽由成⽂法，习惯法和惯例组成。
司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成⽂法。
I.The Monarchy君主制1.Elizabeth II， her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second， by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories， Queen， Head of the Commonwealth，Defender of the Faith.伊莉莎⽩⼆世，她的全称是“上帝神佑，⼤布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领⼟和领地的⼥王，英联邦元⾸，国教保护者伊莉莎⽩⼆世。
英语国家概况 第7章 英国政治
1）英国不是联邦制国家，而是单一制国家。
在单一制国家里，只有一个组织拥有职权，处理当地所有的事务。
2）它是君主立宪制和议会民主制的结合。
君主立宪是一种政体，君主作为国家元首，在宪法指导下处理事务，无论是成文的宪法还是混合宪法。
君主立宪政体有时被称为有限君主制、加冕的共和制或议会君主制。
3）在英国，国家元首是在位的国王或女王，政府首脑是首相，他是下议院多数党领袖。
The British constitution is only partly written. It is made up ofstatute law, common law and conventions（成文法，习惯法和公约）. It is more flexible than the written constitution of other countries.1）组成：英国宪法只有一部分成文规定。
它是由成文法、习惯法和惯例组成。
它比其他国家的成文宪法更灵活。
the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary （立法，行政和司法）.2）政府的主要组成部分：立法，行政和司法the lord chancellor（大法官） is a member of all three branches.He serves as a member of the cabinet （内阁）（executive branch）, as the government’s leader in the House of Lords （上议院） （legislative branch）, and as the head of the country ’s judiciary（国家司法体系）（judicial branch）.3）机关之间的重叠：大法官同时任职于三个机关。
他是内阁成员（执行机关），担任上议院议长（立法机关）以及国家司法部门（司法机关）的领导。
英语国家概况课后习题答案解析(完整版)
A. NormanB・ DutchC・ GermanD・ Danish
9.Samuel Johnson* s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form
32. In, the British Parliament passed two important acts to establish a
welfare state・ in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.
A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th
20.Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the
beginning of thecentury・
A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th
27.has a distinct legal system based on Roman law・
A・ WalesB・EnglandC・ ScotlandD・ NorthernIreland
28.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on asystem・
D・ a belief in individualism
30.The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it・
余志远《英国国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解(英帝国的兴起和衰落(1688—1990))【圣才出品】
第5章英帝国的兴起和衰落(1688—1990)5.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Whigs and ToriesⅡ. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyⅢ. The Industrial Revolution (1780—1830)Ⅳ. The Chartist Movement (1836—1848)Ⅴ. Trade Unions and the Labour PartyⅥ. Colonial Expansion1. The growth of dominions2. The Conquest of India3. The Scramble for Africa4. Aggression against ChinaⅦ. Twentieth Century1. Britain and the First World War2. Britain Between the Two World Wars3. Britain and the Second World War4. Postwar BritainⅠ. Whigs and ToriesThese two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.Ⅰ. 辉格党和托利党这两大党派起源于光荣革命时期(1688)。
19世纪早期，辉格党和托利党联合，后来变成了自由党。
托利党是保守党的前身。
Ⅱ. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century1. Farming was an important occupation in England in the 18th century.2. In the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, depending on the countryside for food.3. Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results.Ⅱ. 18世纪晚期的农业变化1. 18世纪，农业是英国一个重要的职业。
余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)笔记和课后习题详解资料
余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）笔记和课后习题详解关注薇公号-精研学习网-查找资料本书是余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）教材的学习辅导书，主要包括以下内容：1．整理名校笔记，浓缩内容精华。
在参考了国内外名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记基础上，复习笔记部分对该章的重难点进行了整理，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了该教材的知识精华。
2．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。
本书参考了该教材的国内外配套资料和其他教材的相关知识对该教材的课（章）后习题进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。
本书提供电子书及打印版，方便对照复习。
第一部分英国第1章国土与人民1.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.Geographical Features1.The UK’s Geographical Location and Its Size2.Rivers and LakesⅡ.Climate1.A Maritime Climate2.Factors Which Influence the Climate3.RainfallⅢ.Plant and Animal Life1.Plant Life2.Animal Life1.Ethnic Groupsnguages3.Religion4.Urbanization5.Population Growth6.Migration Patterns【重难点归纳】1.Great Britain is made up of England,Scotland,and Wales.Together with Northern Ireland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2.The total population of the UK was around63million,which is the third-largest in the European Union and the22nd-largest in the world.3.The UK is a developed country with considerable economic,cultural,military,scientific and political influence internationally.4.The UK’s capital is London,and it has other major cities including,Birmingham,Liverpool, and Manchester in England and so on.1.大不列颠由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。
英语国家概况余志远版复习资料注释翻译版
英语国家概况（按新考纲整理的余志远版本完整版）英国部分1. What is the full name of the United Kingdom?It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?They are Great Britain and Ireland.3. What are the four political divisions部门 of the United Kingdom?They are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.4. Why does the United Kingdom have a mild climate, even though it lies farther north than our Heilongjiang Province省份职权?Because Britain’s climate is influenced by the Gulf Stream墨西哥湾流.5. How many metropolitan areas does England have?England has seven metropolitan areas. 大都市6. What is the backbone of England?It is the Pennines.奔宁山脉7. What is the largest lake in the British Isles?It is Lough Neagh. 內伊湖8. From what languages is English derived由……而来?England is mainly derived from the Anglo-Saxon and Norman-French languages.9. What is an eisteddfod?诗人An eisteddfod is a Welsh festival of poetry, music and other arts.10. What have the Scottish people been famous for?The Scottish people have been famous for their close-knit clans, colorful plaid kilts, and skill as fierce warriors. 组织严密的家族、格子服饰、凶猛的战士技能11. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation?Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years.12. Why was the Roman impact upon the Britons surprisingly limited有限的?The Roman impact on the Britons was surprisingly limited because the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class奴隶阶级 and they never intermarried with the native Britons.13. When did the Anglo-Saxons begin to settle使……定居 in Britain?The Anglo-Saxons began to settle in Britain in the 5th century.14. When did England begin to be Christianized? 基督化England began to be Christianized in 579.15. What was the result of the Synod of Whitby in Yorkshire约克郡 in 664?The result of the Synod of Whitby was that the Roman missionaries传教士 gained the upper hand上风 over the Celtic missionaries.16. What was Harold doing when he was informed of the invasion of Northumbria by Tostig and Harold Hardrada?He was in the south preparing to resist the expected attack from Normandy.17. Where did Harold defeat 战败 Tostig and Hardrada?Harold defeated Tostig and Harold Hardrada at Stanford Bridge. 斯坦福球场18. By whom was William crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey?威斯敏斯特教堂William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York. 约克大教主19. What did William do after he suppressed the Saxon risings in the north?He built a string of defense castles to ensure确定 his military军队 control of the whole country.20. Was the Norman Conquest the last successful invasion of England?Yes. The Norman Conquest was the last successful invasion of England because England has never been invaded since.21. Why did William I give his barons large estates房地产 in England?William I gave large estates to his barons because he wanted to get a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce.22. What was the peculiar 特权feature特色 of the feudal system of England?All landowners, big and small, took the oath宣誓 of allegiance效忠 for the land they held, not only to their immediate直接 lord主, but also to the king.23. Why did William I have the Domesday Book compiled? 末日宣判书William I had the Domesday Book compiled because he wanted to have a reliable record of all his land, his tenants承租人 and their possessions拥有；财产 and to discover how much his tenants could be asked to pay by way of taxes.24. What was William I ’s policy towards the church?He wanted to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold支持鼓励维持 its power.25. Why did Henry II make Thomas Becket Archbishop大教主 of Canterbury?He thought that Thomas Becket would assist him in carrying out贯彻实施 legal reforms改革.26. What brought Henry II into collision 冲突矛盾with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury?The exceptional异常的 privileges特权 enjoyed by the clergy神职，牧师 brought Henry II into collision with Thomas Becket.27. What are the two aspects方面 of the Norman legacy遗产 that contributed to great domestic 国内 unrest 动荡in England in the 12th and 13th centuries?One was England’s possession占有 of territory领土 in France. The other was Norman adherence 依附坚持to Roman Catholicism.28. Who was the French national heroine during the Hundred Year’s War who helped the French to drive the English out of France?Joan of Arc.圣女贞德29. When did the government establish rules for the first time to keep down wages?The government established rules for the first time to keep down wages in 1351.30. How many peasant 农民in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II ’s troops骑兵，军队?40,000 peasants in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II’s troops.31. What were the emblems象征 of the Houses of York and Lancaster?The emblem of the House of York was a white rose and the emblem of the House of Lancaster was a red rose.32. What was the impact影响 of the Wars of the Roses on feudalism in England?The Wars of the Roses dealt处理分配 a death blow 打击to feudalism in England.33. How did Elizabeth I try to avoid troubling Parliament too often for pounds?She tried to avoid troubling Parliament by making strict economies at Court.34. What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private?These questions were her religion, her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance.35. How did Elizabeth I manage to maintain in friendly relationship with France?She managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France through her marriage alliances which were never materialized. 具体化36. When was Mary Queen of Scots executed? 执行Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587.37. What did the destruction毁灭消灭 of the Spanish Armada show?It showed England’s superiority as a naval power.38. What was the long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot? 火药阴谋The long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot has been an annual celebration of November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display显示炫耀 is arranged.39. What was Puritanism清教 noted for因……而著名?It was noted for simple dress, high moral standards标准 and very egalitarian平等 attitudes.40. What is a constitutional宪法 monarchy君主?A constitutional monarchy is one whose power is limited by Parliament.41. What did the Whigs stand for in the early 19th century?They stood for a reduction减少 in Crown patronage, sympathy towards Nonconformists非国教, and care for the interests of merchants商人 and bankers.42. Why did changes in farming methods affect lives of millions in the 18th century? Changes in farming methods affected lives of millions in the 18th century England because village and agriculture were the backbone of England at that time.43. What did the land owners want to do in the late 18th and early 19th centuries? They wanted to replace the small farms cultivated on the “open-field” system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields.44. Why was King George III nicknamed “Farmer George”?King George III was nicknamed “Farmer George” because he was very enthusiastic热衷 about agricultural 农业的changes at Winsor.45. What were the two events which most alarmed the British ruling classes 统治阶级in the closing decades数十年 of the 18th century?They were the American War of Independence and the French Revolution.46. When did the British begin to transport convicts罪犯 to Australia?The British began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788.47. What was the result of the general strike打击罢工 of 1926?The strike failed. The miners were forced to return to work with longer hours and lower wages even than before. Yet, outside the mining district, the strike seemed to have improved relations between the workers and the middle classes.48. Why did Edward VIII abdicate 退位in 1936 after a reign of 10 months?Edward VIII abdicated because he wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced 离婚American.49. When did Britain finally become a full member of the European Economic Community? 欧共体Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community in January,1973.50. Why was Mrs. Thatcher removed from office in 1990?It was because of her opposition反对 to European Union and her imposition征收强加 of an extremely unpopular flat-rate 固定税率“poll tax”人头税 in place of property taxes to payor local government service.61. Where does the Sovereign’s coronation加冕 take place?发生举行The Sovereign’s coronation takes place at Westminster Abbey in London.62. When is the Sovereign’s birthday officially celebrated?It is officially celebrated in June every year.63. What does the Duke of Edinburgh do when the Queen pays state visits to foreign governments? He accompanies陪同 her.64. Where does the Queen’s expenditure arising from public duties come from?The Queen’s expenditure arising from public duties comes from the Civil List and government departments.65. What does the term “parliament” originally最初 mean?The term “parliament” originally means a meeting for a parley or discussion.66. What is the main function of the House of Lords?The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of law-making.67. What is the Speaker’s task in the House of Commons?His task is to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order. 执行顺序规则68. How many counties are there in England and Wales?There are 53 counties in England and Wales.69. What are the three island areas where single-tier authorities当局官方 were introduced in Scotland?They are the Orkneys, the Shetlands and the Western Isles.70. How do local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue?They raise revenue 税收through the council tax.81. Are British people obliged to 不得不use the National Health Service?国民医疗保健制度No. They are not obliged to use the service.82. What are services for elderly people aimed at?Services for elderly people are aimed at helping them live at home whenever possible. 83. What is the aim of the social security system?The aim of the social security is to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.84. At what age do men and women generally retire退休?Men generally retire at the age of 65, and women at the ate of 60.85. What are the two established churches in Britain?They are the Church of England in England and the Church of Scotland in Scotland.86. How many provinces职权省份 does the Church of England have?The Church of England has two provinces: Canterbury and York.87. When were the first women priests ordained in Britain?They were ordained in March 1994.88. Who founded the Salvation Army in the East of London in 1865?William Booth, a great follower of John Wesley, founded the Salvation Army.89. Where do the people in London go to see the Christmas decorations?They go to Oxford Street, Regent Street and Piccadilly to see the Christmas decorations.90. Why is December 26th called “Boxing Day”?December 26th is called Boxing Day because it was formerly the custom to give “Christmasboxes”, or gifts of money, to servants and tradesmen商人 on this day.91. How many kinds of state secondary schools 国立公立are there in Great Britain? Three. They are grammar school, secondary modern school and comprehensive school.92. When was the Open University founded? When did it begin its first courses?It was founded in 1969, and it began its first courses in 1970.93. Why is the Open University so named?It is so named because it is “open” to all to become students.94. How much money is spent on press advertising平面广告every year in Great Britain? About ￡5,100 million.95. How much time do British people spend a day watching television?People spend an average of over three and a half hours a day watching television.96. How are the state-run television channels BBC1 and BBC2 financed?They are financed from the sale of television licences.97. How are independent channels ITV and C4 funded?They are funded entirely by advertising. 广告98. When did the BBC begin to provide regular television broadcasts?The BBC began to provide regular television broadcasts in 1936.99. Which sport is regarded as typically English?Cricket 板球is the most typically English sport.100. What is a “copyright” library?It is a library which is entitled to receive a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom.美国部分1. How does the United States rank among the countries of the world in population and area? The United States of America is the third-largest country in the world in population and the fourth-largest country in area.2. What are the two major mountain ranges in the United States?They are the Appalachian Highlands阿巴拉契亚山脉 and the Rocky Mountains. 落基亚山脉3. What is the Continental Divide, or Great Divide?The Continental Divide, or Great Divide, is an imaginary line that separates streams that flow into the Pacific Ocean from those that flow into the Atlantic.4. What are the five Great Lakes of the United States?They are Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior. 伊利湖、休伦湖、密歇根、安大略、苏必利尔湖5. How many geographical regions can be found in the United States? What are they? There are seven geographical regions in the United States. They are New England, the Middle Atlantic States, the southern States, the Midwestern States, the Rocky Mountain states, the Southwestern States, and the Pacific Coast States and the New States. 在美国有七个地理区域。
英语国家概况-课文-翻译
第一章国土与人民Ⅰ.英国的不同名称及其区域人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中大不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
英格兰面积最大、人口最多，一般说来也最富裕。
因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。
这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是"英格兰人"，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。
英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。
约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。
它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲和澳洲都有殖民地。
但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦所取代。
英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。
成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。
英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。
目前( 1991年) ，英联邦有50个成员国。
Ⅱ.英国的地理特征英国是个岛国，四周是海。
它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。
南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。
英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。
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第7章英国政治7.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. Constitutional FrameworkⅡ. Parliament1. The Crown or Sovereign2. The House of Lords3. The House of Commons4. The Prime Minister and the CabinetⅢ. Regional GovernmentⅣ. Local GovernmentⅤ. JusticeⅥ. Political Process1. Elections2. Two-part System3. Female Representation in Britain PoliticsⅦ. Security【重难点归纳】The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In theUK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons.英国是一个君主立宪制和议会民主制国家。
在英国，国家元首是在位的国王或女王，政府首脑是首相，他是下议院多数党领袖。
Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.Ⅰ. 宪法框架1. 英国宪法由成文法、普通法和公约组成。
2. 政府的主要组成部分是立法、行政和司法。
Ⅱ. ParliamentThe UK Parliament was formed in 1707. The separate British and Irish parliaments are integrated into a single Parliament of the UK from January 1, 1801.Ⅱ. 议会英国议会成立于1707年。
从1801年1月1日起，独立的英国和爱尔兰议会合并为英国的单一议会。
1. The Crown or SovereignThe country is governed in the name of the Crown, by His or Her Majesty’s Government—a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament.1. 王权还是主权国家以国王的名义，由国王或女王陛下的政府治理—由内阁大臣组成，他们是选民投票选出的任何政党的主要成员，并对议会负责。
2. The House of Lords(1) The House of Lords originated in the 11th century.(2) The members of the House of Lords are not elected. The Lords is made up ofpeers of the realm, the highest clergy in the Church of England, and the highest judges.2. 上议院(1) 上议院起源于十一世纪。
(2) 上议院的成员不是选举产生的。
上议院由王国的贵族、英格兰教会的最高神职人员和最高法官组成。
3. The House of Commons(1) The House of Commons is the real legislative branch. The national chief executive is the prime minister.(2) All legislation is introduced by the majority party. Under the law all legislationmust be passed by the Commons and Lords in identical form and be assented (agreed) to by the monarch.3.下议院(1) 下议院是真正的立法部门。
国家行政长官是首相。
(2) 所有的立法都是由多数党提出的。
根据法律，所有的立法必须由上议院和下议院以相同形式通过，必须由君主同意。
4. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet(1) All political power rests with the prime minister and the cabinet, and the monarch must act on their advice.(2) The cabinet is subject to Parliament.4. 首相和内阁(1) 所有的政治权利都掌握在首相和内阁手中，君主必须按照他们的建议行事。
(2) 内阁受制于议会。
Ⅲ. Regional Government(1) Northern Ireland took power in 1999 and assumed some powers previously heldexclusively by the central Parliament at Westminster, to which they remain subordinate.(2) Since 1999 Wales has also had its own assembly, but because it has neitherlegislative nor tax-gathering powers, the Welsh assembly is significantly less powerful than the Scottish Parliament.Ⅲ. 地方政府(1) 北爱尔兰于1999年掌权，并获得了一些以前只由威斯敏斯特中央议会拥有的权力，但他们仍然从属于威斯敏斯特中央议会。
(2) 自1999年起，威尔士也有了自己的议会，但由于既没有立法权也没有收税权，威尔士议会的权力明显不如苏格兰议会。
Ⅳ. Local Government(1) Local governments have very few legislative powers and must act within theframework of laws passed by the central Parliament (and by the Scottish Parliament in Scotland).(2) Local governments have the power to enact regulations and to levy rates(property taxes) within limits set by the central government.(3) Throughout England, parish and town councils form the lowest tier of localgovernment. The next tier of local government is usually known in England and Northern Ireland as a district, borough, or city.Ⅳ. 当地政府(1) 当地政府几乎没有立法权，必须在中央议会(以及苏格兰议会)通过的法律框架内行事。
(2) 地方政府有权制定规章，并在中央政府规定的范围内征收税率(财产税)。
(3) 在整个英格兰，教区和镇议会构成了地方政府的最低层级。
下一级地方政府通常在英格兰和北爱尔兰被称为区、自治的市镇或城市。
Ⅴ. JusticeThe courts alone declare the law, but the courts accept any act of Parliament as part of the law.Ⅴ. 司法只有法院才能宣布法律，但是法院接受议会的一切行为是法律的一部分。
Ⅵ.Political Process1. Elections(1) All citizens aged 18 or older are eligible to vote in parliamentary and localelections as well as in elections to the European Parliament.(2) Registration of voters is compulsory and carried out annually. Candidates forelection to Parliament or a local council are normally chosen by the local parties. Ⅵ. 政治进程1. 选举(1) 所有年满十八岁的公民都有资格在议会和地方选举以及欧洲议会选举中投票。
(2) 选民登记是强制性的，每年进行一次。
议会或地方议会的候选人通常由地方政党选出。
2. Two-part SystemA two-party system has existed in the UK since the late 17th century. The two-party system, together with uncertainty about the timing of a general election, has produced the British phenomenon of the official opposition.2. 两党制英国自17世纪后期就存在两党制。