Electromagnetic Spectrum
CTIA标准中文2.0
CTIA标准中文2.0空间射频辐射功率和接收机性能测量方法移动台空中（OTA）性能测量方法（CTIA标准）1.引言1.1.目的本标准是依照CTIA认证程序的要求，来定义如何对移动台的辐射射频功率和接收机性能进行测量。
本标准是CTIA认证项目管理文件中的一部分，在认证管理文件中包含了试验的限值，以及实验室的性能测试方法，由此方法测得的实验室性能必须符合CTIA认证的规定。
1.2.范围本标准定义了要成为一个CTIA授权检测实验室（CATL）所必须达到的一些指标（其它的指标可以与CTIA认证项目的工作人员联系得到）。
为了保证移动台试验的准确性、可重复性和一致性以满足CTIA 标准规定，本标准规定了试验的布置、实验室的技术、试验的方法和评估标准。
1.3.引用标准Minimum Standards for 800 MHz Cellular Subscriber Units, TIA/EIA-690, November 2000, Telecommunications Industry Association.Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Mobiles Stations, TIA/EIA-98-D, June 2001, Telecommunications Industry Association.TDMA Cellular/PCS - Radio Interface - Mobile Station - Base Station Compatibility.TIA/EIA/IS-136-A, October 1996, Telecommunications Industry AssociationIEEE Std 1528-2002 Draft CBD 1.0, IEEE, Inc., April 4, 2002Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1995ETSI TR 102 273 V1.2.1: Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties. ETSI, 2001ETSI TR 100 028 Parts 1 & 2: Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics. ETSI, 2001EN 50361:2001 Basic Standard for the measurement of Specific Absorption rate related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields from mobile phones (300MHz - 3GHz) TS 51.010 V4.9.0 (2002-07): Mobile Station (MS) Conformance Specification, 3GPPTS 05.05 V8.11.0 (2001-08): Technical Specification Group GSM/EDGE Radio AccessNetwork; Radio transmission and reception, 3GPPCTIA Certification Program Management Document, Revision 2.2, CTIA, January 20031.4.试验概括本标准依据测试的类型（发射机、接收机）和测试的技术（模拟AMPS、CDMA、TDMA、GSM）1对试验程序进行了分类。
HBC Radiomatic Spectrum B 手册说明书
JoysticksLinear leversspectrum ARobust spectrum design with a display. Joysticksspectrum BTop performance with built-in display. Joysticksspectrum 4Perfomance and power for the largest machinery. JoysticksLinear leversspectrum ExThe versatile control for hazardous areas. Top performance with built-in display. Product description Highperforming control for cranes and machines with color display. Also available with HBC linear levers. Many individual configurations. OperationSafetyFrequency managementFrequency rangesDimensions & specificationsService conceptHBC featuresExtended control conceptsPerformance & availabilityEnhanced safety functionsFeedback to the operator Operating elements & control functions Battery technology Indication Protection from unauthorized useActivation via HBC start sequence, PIN entry or merlin® TUC E-STOPPL d category 3 according to EN ISO 13849-1:2015 Auto Power OffAutomatic deactivation of the transmitter after preset time without command input (standard: 15 min) Manual frequency switch radiomatic® AFS= partially automatic Adaptive Frequency Hopping= fully automatic DECT= fully automatic country-independent use: 2402 - 2480 MHz country-specific use: 1790 - 1930 MHz country-specific use: 405 - 475 MHz 865 - 870 MHz 902 - 928 MHz Housing material / protection class:Plastic housing, Protection class IP 65 Operating temperature range:-20 °C … +70 °C (-4 °F … +158 °F) Weight:approx. 2.0 kg (4.41 lbs.) Dimensions:178 x 300 x 182 mm (7.00 x 11.81 x 7.17 in.) radiomatic® iLOGService without downtime Extended control concepts Extended control concepts « to the overview Tandem operationSafe transport of long and bulky goods. Pre-selection of trolley / hoistEfficiency and safety for cranes with 2 trolleys. CatchreleaseShare cranes and machines, optimize workload, and increase safety. Cable controlThe valuable alternative for specific working conditions. Performance & availability Performance & availability « to the overview Bank switch for additional operating levels= additional control functions Enhanced safety functions Enhanced safety functions « to the overview radiomatic® touch-to-activateSafe and easy release of operating elements. radiomatic® infrakeyActivation only with direct visual contact (line of sight). radiomatic® shock-off / roll-detect / zero-g / inclination switchIntelligent safety features for specific emergency situations. Enabling switchSafe release of defined functions merlin® TUC (Transmitter User Card) – user identificationThe easy and safe arrangement of access rights.
波长方程简述 Wavelength Equation Brief Explanation 英语
波长方程简述Wavelength Equation BriefExplanationBrief about Wavelength EquationThe distance between successive crests of a wave or higher points of electromagnetic waves is termed as wavelength. The frequency and wavelength are closely related to each other. But they are inversely proportionate to each other. The wavelength becomes shorter when the frequency is higher and the wavelength becomes longer when the frequency is lower. All the waves of light move with the same speed through a vacuum and the number of crest waves passing by a specific timeline depends onthe wavelengths. The wavelength is fundamentally denoted as Lambda which is a Greek Letter (λ). The wavelength formula or the wavelength equation of a wave has been represented as the following:(λ)=v/fHere, “v” represents the speed of the velocity of the Waves and “f” represents the frequency of the way. The wavelength is expressed in units of meters and the velocity is expressed in meters per second. The frequency is expressed in hertz. In a graph, we can see the waves which are graphed as functions of distance or time. The wavelength can be determined from the distance graph. On the other hand, frequency and period can be obtained from a time graph. Wave speed can be obtained from both the distance and timegraph. In calculating wavelength, the use of distance, speed, and time is found. Speed can be obtained by dividing the distance by time and speed can also be calculated by multiplying wavelength by frequency. Therefore, the wavelength can be calculated by dividing the distance by the product of frequency and time. Our Assignment Help Online expert will now give you the definition of wavelength.What is the wavelength?Wavelength in physics is considered to be the periodic wave’s special pe riod. The inverse or multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of the spatial frequency is the wavelength. In physics,mathematics, and engineering, special frequency is the feature of any structure which is periodic in space across the entire position. Special frequency can also be considered characteristic of a structure which is periodic through several positions in space. The spatial frequency measures the frequency of repeated movement of a structure’s sinusoidal components per unit of distance. Wavelength is generally determined by observing the distance between crests, zero crossing, and troughs which are the consecutive points of a similar phase. Wavelength is the characteristic feature of standing and travelling waves. It also depicts the patterns of the spatial wave. Greek letter Lambda (λ) is designated to wavelength. The term wavelength is applied in the domain of telecommunications and electronics where modulated waves are commonly found.Wavelength is also applied to the sinusoidal envelope of waves or modulated waves. The waves in the case of the sinusoidal envelope are developed by interferences of different sinusoids. In the domain of telecommunications and electronics, the process of varying single or multiple properties of a carrier signal is known as modulation. The carrier signal is the periodic waveform. The periodic waveform varies with modulating signal which typically provides information which is to be transmitted. If a sinusoidal wave is considered to be moving at particular wave speed, wave frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength. This means the waves which have higher frequencies would have shorter wavelengths.On the other hand, the waves which have lower frequencies will have much longer wavelengths.The medium such as vacuum, water, or air determines wavelength. The medium through which wave travels determines the wavelength. There are several wave-like phenomena such as light, sound waves, periodic electrical signals, and water waves. A sound wave is observed in air pressure as a variation. In light, the strength of the magnetic field and the electric varies. In electromagnetic radiation, the magnetic field and electric also vary. In the case of water waves, variations are found in the height of a water body. In the case of crystal lattice vibration, the atomic positions are found to vary. Therefore, wavelength measures the distance between the repetitions which we found in peaks, zero-crossing or valley-like shapes. It does not measure the distance a particular particle moves. The spectrum is the range of frequencies or wavelengths for wave. It is commonly usedconcerning the electromagnetic spectrum or vibration spectrum or sound spectrum. Therefore, a wavelength can be defined as the distance between successive points in an electromagnetic wave or sound wave.Repeated patterns which we observe in the case of travelling energy like light, sound, or light are represented by wavelengths. The distance between two similar or identical crests or peaks or high points is measured by a wavelength. The distance between two low points or troughs in a similar wave is also measured by wavelength. The wavelengths are distinctive in their formations and this formation plays a significant role in differentiating and energy from that of the other. Wavelengths are highly used in the field of technology and science. The engineers, scientists, technologies, use wavelengths toidentify different energy forms in the field of aerospace, network administration, and any other domain of technology. The wavelength of light it is found to vary with colours point the wavelength of light is different for each colour. For example, the longest wavelength is found in case of red colour and the least wavelength is found in the case of violet colour. The wavelength of infrared radiation is found to be longer even then the wavelength of red colour. Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other. It means the shorter the wavelength, higher is the frequency. On the other hand, longer the wavelength, lower will be the frequency. On an electromagnetic radiation spectrum, the wavelength is indicated by the distance between the repetitions which are observed in the waves. Radio waves which we find in audio range and waves are also includedin the electromagnetic radiation spectrum in a visible light range.How can wavelengths be measured?It is very important to understand the way a wavelength is measured. Wavelengths are generally measured with the help of the units of meters such as centimetres, millimetres, nanometres, meters, etc. Smaller denominations are also used such as picometres, nanometres, and centimetres in measuring shorter wavelengths. The smaller denominations of meters are usually used in measuring shorter wavelengths. The shorter wavelengths which we found find in the electromagnetic spectrum are measured by the help of smaller denominationsof meters. The wavelength such as x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, and gamma rays which are observed in the electromagnetic spectrum, are measured by the help of smaller denominations of meters such as picometres, nanometres, and centimetres. Optical spectrum analyzers or optical spectrometers are the instruments which are used in detecting wavelengths on an electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelength can be measured by the distance between two successive crests in the same wave. The wavelength is the distance between two crests or points in a wave. The distance between two peaks or valleys is the wavelength. in measuring wavelength, two important parameters are needed. these two parameters are frequency and wave speed. The frequency represents the number of cycles of wave passing point at a specified time. On the other hand, the speed ofthe waves is represented by the rate at which a wave can move through any medium and it is highly dependent on the propagation of the medium. For example, electromagnetic waves and sound waves travel through the air. The number of oscillations per unit of time in a wave is represented by the frequency of the wave. Shorter wavelengths can be observed if the frequency is higher and longer wavelengths are observed if the frequency is lower. This is because of the inverse relationship between the frequency of a wave and its wavelength. The wave speed can be calculated by multiplying the number of cycles which pass a point every second by the length of the cycle. The wave speed can be mathematically stated as the multiplication of cycle length and cycles per second. Now our experts from OnlineAssignment Help will tell you about the Wavelength Equation.Wavelength EquationThe characteristic patterns which we find in a light wave or radio wave or infrared wave have a particular length and shape. The distance between two consecutive peaks or high points in the same phase is known as a wavelength. The distance between two consecutive troughs or crests of a wave is the wavelength. Wavelength is measured in the wave’s direction. The distance from one trough or crest to the other and again from that trough or crest to another is the wavelength. The waves can be electromagnetic waves or a sound wave or evena light wave. The highest points where the trough of the wave is found to be the lowest is known as the crest. In measuring wavelength, units of lengths like centimetres, meters, nanometres, millimetres, etc. are used. Wavelength equation is also known as wavelength formula which depicts wavelength to be equal to the ratio between the speed of the waves and wave frequency. Therefore, it can be seen that a wavelength can be measured or calculated by dividing wave velocity by wave frequency. The wavelength is always represented meters. In the wavelength equation, “v” represents velocity and “f” represents frequency which is also measured in hertz or Hz.Wavelength equation is one of the well-known methods of calculating wavelength. The wavelength of any wave can be calculatedsimply by dividing the speed of the wave by its frequency. The wavelength equation or wavelength formula can be written as follows:Wavelength EquationWavelength =Velocity or speed of wave/FrequencyWavelength (λ) =Wave velocity or speed of wave (V)/frequency (f)λ = V/fIt is very important to use correct units in the wavelength equation so that the wavelength can be calculated accurately and the result can be expressed in a correct unit of measurement. Imperial and metric units can be used inrepresenting the speed of the wave. The units such as meter per second, kilometres per hour, and miles per hour, etc. can be used in representing speed. Wavelength is generally measured in metric units such as meters, nanometres, millimetres, etc. Frequency is always expressed in hertz which implies “per second”. The equation can be used in calculating wavelength with the help of certain data or information about the speed of the wave and its frequency. The known quantities can be plugged into the wavelength equation in calculating wavelength. If the wavelength of any wave is to be calculated then the frequency and speed of the wave need to be plugged into the equation. By dividing the speed of the wave by its frequency, the wavelength can be accurately calculated and obtained. Wavelength equation can help calculate wavelength depending on thegiven information about velocity and frequency. If information about frequency and speed of the wave is given, by using wavelength equation the wavelength can be easily calculated. In calculating the wavelength of light, information about specific photon energy needs to be obtained. With the help of the energy equation, the wavelength of light can be calculated. It is very important to use the current formula in calculating wavelength.For example, if a wave speed is 600m per/sec, and the wave frequency is 30waves/sec, the using wavelength equation we can calculate wavelength. The equation is the following:Wavelength=V/f (V=speed of the wave and f=wave frequency)Therefore, the wavelength is 20 mWavelength= 600/30=20mWavelength is the distance between two successive or consecutive crests or troughs of a similar wave. Things which can move are water, strings, air, ground-earthquake, and light. These things can move like a wave. Wavelength is the velocity or speed of a wave divided by the wave’s frequency. The wavelength equation or wavelength formula is represented as follows:Wavelength (λ) =Wa ve velocity or speed of wave (V)/frequency (f)λ = V/fThe velocity is the speed at which a wave moves in a particular direction and this velocity or the speed can be calculated by the units of meters per sec or m/sec or m/s. The frequency is the crests or troughs move through a particular point in a particular time and the formula of frequency is cycles/s or Hz. An example can be used to make wavelength equation simplified to get understood. If sound speed is almost 340m/s, the frequency of the wave is about 20.0cycles/sec, the wavelength can be calculated by using the wavelength equation in the following way:λ = V/fWavelength (λ) =Wave velocity or speed of wave (V) 340m/s / frequency (f) 20.0cycles/sWavelength (λ)= 17.0m In this way, the wavelength can be calculated.。
电磁波谱(Electromagnetic Spectrum)
电磁波谱(Electromagnetic Spectrum)电磁波包括的范围很广。
实验证明，无线电波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线、γ射线都是电磁波。
它们的区别仅在于频率或波长有很大差别。
光波的频率比无线电波的频率要高很多，光波的波长比无线电波的波长短很多；而X射线和γ射线的频率则更高，波长则更短。
为了对各种电磁波有个全面的了解，人们按照波长或频率的顺序把这些电磁波排列起来，制成电磁波谱。
微波波段例如，用于搜索雷达的电磁波波长为23cm，定义为L波段（Long）；后来使用10cm的电磁波后，由于波长比以前的短，所以称为S波段(Short）；在使用3cm电磁波的火控雷达出现后，被称为X波段，因为X代表座标上的某点；为了结合X波段和S波段的优点，出现了波长为5cm的雷达，称为C波段（Compromise）；在英国人之后，德国人也开始独立开发自己的雷达，他们选择1.5cm作为自己雷达的中心波长。
这一波长的电磁波就被称为K波段（德语短的意思）。
“不幸”的是，德国人以其日尔曼民族特有的“精确性”选择的波长可以被水蒸气强烈吸收，结果这一波段的雷达不能在雨中和有雾的天气使用。
后来大家都避开这个波段，使用比K波段波长略长（Ka，即英语K－above的缩写，意为在K波段之上）和略短（Ku，即英语K－under的缩写，意为在K波段之下）的波段；电磁波的波段选择电磁波的应用(Application)电磁波的应用主要是依据它的波长，如我们前面说到的，波长越短，越容易被反射，阻挡，或吸收，如果想想传输的更远，就得增大输出功率。
例如，潜艇通信，由于短波很容易被水吸收，所有必须使用长波。
例如，现在的3G，由于频率提高，由于其他物体的阻挡，原来50个基站能覆盖的区域得增加几乎一倍，所以，现在的3G只能覆盖不是很多的城市。
什么是电磁波谱
什么是电磁波谱电磁波谱（Electromagnetic Spectrum）是指电磁波按照频率或波长从低到高的有序排列。
电磁波谱包括了广泛的波长和频率范围，从极长波长的无线电波到极短波长的伽马射线。
电磁波谱的分类根据波长或频率的不同，电磁波谱可以分为不同的部分，包括射电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线和伽马射线。
1. 射电波射电波是具有最长波长和最低频率的电磁波。
射电波在通信、天文学和雷达等领域有着重要的应用。
一些射电天文学技术通过接收和分析射电波来研究宇宙中的天体。
2. 微波微波波长较长，频率较低，介于射电波和红外线之间。
微波在通信、雷达、卫星通讯和厨房中的微波炉等领域有广泛应用。
3. 红外线红外线具有较长的波长，介于可见光和微波之间。
红外线的热辐射可以被用于红外线热成像技术，广泛用于军事、安保、医学和科学研究等领域。
4. 可见光可见光是人眼可见的光线，包括了红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫七种颜色。
可见光谱被广泛应用于照明、光通信、摄影和光譜分析等领域。
5. 紫外线紫外线波长较短，频率较高，介于可见光和X射线之间。
紫外线被广泛应用于杀菌消毒、紫外线光谱分析和光敏材料等领域。
6. X射线X射线具有较高的能量和频率，可用于医学影像学、材料检测、研究物质结构等领域。
7. 伽马射线伽马射线波长最短，频率最高，具有极高的能量。
它常常被用于放射治疗以及核物理和高能物理的研究。
电磁波谱的应用电磁波谱的不同部分在各个领域都有广泛的应用。
1. 通信和广播射电波和微波被广泛用于无线通信和广播领域。
无线电台、卫星通讯、无线网络等都依赖于电磁波的传播。
2. 医学诊断X射线在医学诊断中得到广泛应用。
它可以穿透人体，用于检查骨骼、牙齿和胸腔等部位。
3. 太阳能光伏可见光是太阳能光伏系统中主要的光源。
光伏技术可以将可见光转化为电能。
4. 遥感和气象预测红外线被用于遥感和气象预测。
红外线遥感技术可以通过探测红外辐射来获取关于地表温度和大气组成的信息。
遥感原理与应用-第二章
第二章 遥感的理论基础—电磁辐射与地物光谱特性
（10）黑体：绝对黑体，指能够将外来辐射能量全部吸收的物体。 （11）发射率：地物单位面积上发射（辐射）能量M与同一温度下同面积黑体
Wavelength
Energy
Speed of light = wavelength () x frequency = 3 x 108 m/s in vacuum
In resources and environment remote sensing application, the main spectrum is visible, infrared, and microwave, Ultraviolet radiation is only used in special fields under limited conditions.
超远红外（SFIR）：15m～1000m，
红外线也是RS中常用的波段之一，使用率仅次于可见光。
红外RS采用热感应方式探测地物本身的热辐射。红外线在云、雾、雨中
传播时，受到严重的衰减，因此红外RS不是全天候RS，不能在云、雾、雨
中进行，但不受日照条件的限制。
Infrared Spectrum Ranges from 0.7 to 1000μm. Reflected IR covers wavelengths approximately 0.7 μm to 3.0 μm; Thermal IR covers wavelengths from approximately 3.0 μm to 1000μm.
按照波长的长短顺序将各种电磁波排列制成的一张图表叫做电磁波谱。 在电磁波谱中，从左到右，波长逐渐增大。从左到右依次是宇宙射线、 射线、X射线、紫外线、可见光、红外线、微波、以及其它无线电波等。
天然药物化学-专业英语期末复习资料
spreading glass plates: 铺板automatic spreading devices：自动铺板器acetone：丙酮petroleum ether ：石油醚ether：乙醚chloroform：氯仿ethyl acetate : 乙酸乙酯methanol：甲醇ethanol：乙醇butanol ：正丁醇grease ：n. 油脂（状物）slurry ：n. 浆，泥浆hemihydrate：半水合物air dried ：a. 风干的，晾干的activated：a. 活化的，活性的，激活的inorganic salt ：无机盐inorganic：a. 无机的，无生物的organic: a. 有机的，有机体的inorganic acid / chemistry 无机酸/无机化学organic acid/solvent/ chemistry有机酸/有机溶剂/有机化学silver nitrate 硝酸银nitrate 硝酸根precoated plates ：预制板aluminium sheets ：铝片fluorescent indicator: 荧光指示剂quench the fluorescence：荧光淬灭wavelength：波长microparticles of silica：硅胶微粒HPLC：high performance liquid chromatography高效液相色谱HPTLC：high performance thin layer chromatography高效薄层色谱solvent system：溶剂系统reference compounds ：参照（对照）化合物paper-lined：衬上滤纸saturated： a. 饱和的Horizontal TLC：水平薄层色谱over-run：过度展开electrophoresis：电泳by spraying: 喷雾，喷洗conc. H2SO4：浓硫酸sulphuric acid : 硫酸nitric acid ：硝酸hydrochloric acid：盐酸detection reagent：检测试剂steroids：甾体，甾族类化合物steroidal: a.甾族的sterol: n. 甾醇，固醇preparative TLC: 制备薄层色谱adsorbent：n. 吸附剂eluting：洗脱elute: v. 洗脱（提），流出elution: n. 洗脱，流出，淋洗buffer elution 缓冲洗脱gradient elution 梯度洗脱isocratic elution 等度(无梯度)洗脱eluant: n. 洗脱（提）液，展开剂eluate: n. 洗脱液，提取液（物）centrifuging：离心( centrifuge)GLC：气相色谱Gas liquid chromatographysensitivity:灵敏度、灵敏性quantitative: 定量的qualitative: 定性的linearity and limit of detection (LOD)线性和检测限precision（精密度）reproducibility（重复性）recovery（加样回收率）stability（稳定性）bond: 键，结合bonded：键合的，化合的stationary phase: 固定相C18 or ODS C8 silica gel Sephadex ion exchange resinmobile phase：流动相miscible solvent mixture: 可互溶的混合溶剂methanol, acetonitrile(乙腈) distilled wateracetic acidphosphoric acid(磷酸)buffer salt(缓冲盐)polymer：聚合物polymerase 聚合酶hydrolase 水解酶polymerization 聚合作用decomposition 分解作用isocratic elution: 等度洗脱gradient elution: 梯度洗脱elute:洗脱, 流出,流出物eluting:洗脱, 流出elution:洗脱, 流出elution time/ volume/program/ systemdetector：检测器UVD: ultraviolet-visible detector (紫外可见吸收检测器)PDAD: photodiode array detector (光电二极管阵列检测器)RID: refractive index detector (示差折光检测器）FD: fluorescence detector (荧光检测器)ECD: electrochemical detector (电化学检测器)ELSD: evaporative light-scattering detector(蒸发光散射检测器）at ambient temperature常温，室温，环境温度be subjected to: 使遭受，使属于，可能thermal re-arrangement：热重排thermostatically controlled jacket：温度控制护套coated:被包裹的，覆盖的precoated: 预制的poisoning：污染，毒害impurities: 杂质，不纯物purify ：纯化，精练putification:精制, 纯化plant extracts: 植物提取物extract: v. 提取，萃取，抽提n. 提取液，萃取液，浸膏extractant：提取剂，萃取剂extraction ：提取(法)，萃取(法)extractive：n. 提取物, 浸出物, 浸出制剂a. 抽提的, 浸出的non-volatile：非挥发性的spectrum：n. 光谱，波谱，谱refractive index detector：示差折光检测器terpenoids：萜类化合物terpene : 萜，萜烯terpane：萜烷alkaloids：生物碱carbohydrates：碳水化合物flavonoids：黄酮类化合物coumarins: 香豆素quinone: 醌benzoquinone苯醌naphthoquinone萘醌anthraquinone蒽醌steroids: 甾体类化合物lignanoid：木脂素prepacked columns：预填充柱prepacked：预先装入的silica microporous particle column ：硅胶微孔粒柱non-polar compounds：非极性化合物polar compounds：极性化合物ultrapure ：超纯ultra：超，过，越，极端，异常degas：脱气chromatographic technique: 色谱技术phytochemist’s：植物化学家的phytochemistry: 植物化学armoury：装备，武器库，军械库quantitative: 定量的separations on a preparative scale：制备分离electromagnetic spectrum 电磁谱spectrum：光谱, 波谱, 谱spectra(复数）spectral: 光谱的spectroscopy: 光谱学, 波谱学,光谱法spectroscopic: 分光镜的spectroscope: 分光器，分光镜infrared：红外visible light：可见光wave numbers: 波数proportional to energy: 能量成正比red light: 红外线violet light: 紫射线ultraviolet (UV) spectrum 紫外谱conjugated diene 共轭二烯absorption maxima 最大吸收峰UV spectra 紫外光谱absorption peak 吸收峰wavelength 波长absorbance A 吸收值Aconcentration in solution 溶液的浓度path length 厚度molar absorptivity 摩尔吸收系数nmr spectroscopy：核磁共振光谱nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy infrared (ir) spectroscopy：红外光谱unknown compound：未知化合物spectroscopic methods：光谱（仪器）方法functional groups：官能团molecule：分子molecular: 分子的molecular weight（M.W.) 分子量molecular formular (M.F.) 分子式Infrared radiation：红外辐射electromagnetic spectrum: 电磁波光谱microwaves：微波wave number：波数micrometer(μm)：微米reciprocal centimeters (cm-1)：厘米的倒数be directly proportional to: 与….成正比例be inversely proportional to:与….成反比例electromagnetic radiation：电磁波辐射vibrational energy states：振动能级状态photon：光子lowest vibrational state ：最低的振动能级状态ground vibrational state：基态stretching modes ：伸缩振动bending modes：弯曲振动methylene ：亚甲基fingerprints：指纹，指印snowflakes：雪花superposability：相似性，重合superposable：可重合的, 可叠合的hexane:己烷absorption peaks：吸收峰carbon-hydrogen stretching vibrations：碳-氢伸缩振动bending vibrations：弯曲振动physical state：物理状态neat sample：纯样品sodium chloride ：氯化钠disk：片, 圆板, 圆盘, 圆盘状物thin film：薄膜carbon tetrachloride：四氯化碳chloroform：氯仿potassium bromide：溴化钾thin wafer：薄片structure determination : 结构鉴定vibrations characteristic: 振动特征functional groups：官能团fingerprint region：指纹区pattern of peaks：峰形frequencies：频率wave numbers：波数Mass spectrometry: 质谱spectrometry n. [物]光谱测定法,度谱术spectrometric adj. [物]光谱测定的,分光仪的,光谱仪的spectrometer n. [物]分光计molecule：分子bombarded ：轰击high-energy electrons ：高能量电子electron-volts：电子伏特collides with ：碰撞molecule : 分子electron ：电子cation radical ：正离子ionize: vt. 使离子化，vi. 电离ionization : n. 离子化, 电离electron impact ：电子轰击molecular ion ：分子离子fragment ion : 碎片离子positively charged ：带正电荷odd number of electrons ：奇数电子，不成对电子odd : 奇数even：偶数mass ：n. 质量, 块, 大多数, 大量molecular ion : 分子离子dissociating ：裂解，分离，游离fragments ：n. 碎片, 断片, 片段fragmental adj. 破片的, 断片的fragmentation n. 分裂, 破碎cation radical ：正离子neutral fragment ：中性碎片positively charged one ：正离子，带正电荷fragmentations：断裂，分裂, 破碎Ionization and fragmentation：电离和裂解particle：粒子electron-impact mass spectrometer：电子轰击质谱分光仪bombarded with ：轰击molecular ion: 分子离子fragment ions：碎片离子analyzer tube：分析器magnet ：n. 磁体, 磁铁, 磁场magnetic : adj. 磁的, 有磁性的, 有吸引力的magnetically : adv. 有磁力地, 有魅力地deflects ：v. (使)偏斜, (使)偏转deflect from : 使...从...偏斜, 使...从...转变方向deflected : 偏离的original trajectory : 起始轨道original ：adj. 最初的, 原始的, 独创的, 新颖的n. 原物, 原作trajectory：n. [物](射线的) 轨道, 弹道, 轨线circular path ：环形轨迹radius ：n. 半径, 范围, 辐射光线, 有效航程,mass/charge ratio (m/z)：质量/电荷比，质/荷比magnetic field strength ：磁场强度analyzer ：分析仪，分析器narrow slit ：狭缝detector ：检测器scan ：扫描positive ions : 正离子mass spectrum：质谱图computerized data handling systems：计算机数据处理系统bar graphs ：棒状图bar : n. 条, 棒, 横木, 酒吧间, 栅, 障碍物vt. 禁止, 阻挡, 妨碍, 把门关住, 除...之外graph : n. 图表, 曲线图relative intensity：相对丰度benzene：苯shielding : 屏蔽proton : n. [核]质子chemical shifts：化学位移standard substance：标准物质tetramethylsilane (CH3)4Si ，TMS) ：四甲基硅烷coincides with：与...一致, 与...相符frequency：频率hertz：n. 赫, 赫兹(频率单位：周/秒); (Hz)赫兹downfield：低场magnetic field strength：磁场强度60-MHz: 60 兆周nmr spectrum: 核磁共振光谱chloroform (CHCl3)：氯仿signal due to the proton：氢信号downfield from：比…低场chemical shifts (δ)：化学位移parts per million (ppm)：百万分之几chemical shift for the proton：氢化学位移Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra：核磁共振光谱nuclear magnetic resonance：核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy：核磁共振(光谱)分析 parts per million (ppm)：百万分之几zero point：零点field strength：场强度nmr spectrometer：核磁共振仪nuclear spin：核自旋nuclear：adj. [核]核子的, 原子能的, 核的, 中心的nuclear resonance：核共振irrespective of：adj. 不顾的, 不考虑的, 无关的magnetic field strength：磁场强度signal due to the proton：氢信号carbon：碳hydrogen：氢oxygen：氧nitrogen: 氮splitting : 裂分nmr spectra：核磁共振谱structure determination ：结构鉴定ethyl group：乙基nmr spectrum：核磁共振光谱ethyl bromide：溴乙烷ethyl：n. [化]乙基, 乙烷基bromide ：n. [化]溴化物bromide chloride ：一氯化溴electronegative atom or group : 电负性的原子或基团electronegative：adj. 负电的, 带负电的bromine：溴ethyl bromide ：溴乙烷triplet-quartet pattern ：三重-四重峰系统triplet ：n. 三重峰, 三个一组, 三份quartet: n. 四重峰, 四重奏, 四重唱methylene：亚甲基methyl：甲基coupling with ：与…偶合coupling : n. 联结, 接合, 耦合vicinal coupling：邻位偶合adjacent：adj. 邻近的, 接近的carbon n. [化]碳(元素符号C), (一张)复写纸carbon paper 复写纸Magnetic resonance spectroscopy 核磁共振谱Nuclei n. [nucleus的复数] 核心、中心、细胞核nuclear [核]核子的, 原子能的, 核的, 中心的isotope n. [化]同位素isotopic adj. 同位素的nuclear spins ：核自旋skeleton n. 骨架, 骨骼, 基干, 纲要, 万能钥匙substituent n. 取代adj. 取代的substitute n. 代用品, 代替者, 替代品v. 代替, 替换, 替代substitute A for B 用A替Bsubstituted 取代的, 代替的substituted aromatic 取代的芳香化合物substituted benzene 取代苯苯的同系物structure determination 结构鉴定isotopic form of carbon 碳的同位素nuclear spin 核自旋sensitivity 灵敏度Tune vt. 调音, 调整, 拨收, 收听n. 曲调, 调子, 和谐, 合调 13C magnetic resonance 13C核磁共振background noise 背景噪音13C nmr (cmr) spectroscopy 13C核磁共振光谱routine technique 常规技术organic structure determination 有机结构鉴定nmr spectrometers 核磁共振仪sensitivity-enhancing 提高灵敏度strategy n. 策略, 军略, 计划random n. 随意, 任意adj. 任意的, 随便的, 胡乱的regardless of 不管, 不顾Scanned v. 扫描, 细看,审视,浏览n. 扫描signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比值solution to n. 解答, 解决办法, 溶解, 溶液from low field to high field 从低场到高场pulse n. 脉搏, 脉冲radiofrequency 射频higher spin state 高能级自旋态excited nuclei 被激发的核relax to their lower energy state 弛豫到低能级态Fourier Transform 傅立叶变换/转换(FT) nmr spectrometers 傅立叶变换核磁共振仪FT nmr 傅立叶变换核磁共振13C nmr 13C核磁共振1H Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 氢核磁共振光谱 external magnetic field 外界磁场nuclear spin 核自旋proton 质子flip vt. 掷, 弹, 轻击,抽打, vi. 用指轻弹, 抽打nucleus 核shielded 屏蔽molecule 分子chemical shifts 化学位移1H nmr spectrum 氢核磁共振波谱chemical shift nonequivalent protons 化学位移不等价质子integrated areas 积分面积splitting pattern 裂分图形adjacent 邻近的, 接近的13C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy碳核磁共振光谱 signal enhancement 提高信号强度13C nmr spectra 碳核磁共振光谱carbon signals 碳信号singlets 单峰off-resonance decoupling 偏共振去偶multiplets 多重峰bonded hydrogens 键合的氢Infrared spectroscopy 红外光谱molecular structure 分子结构transitions 跃迁vibrational energy levels 振动能级electromagnetic radiation 电磁波辐射functional groups 官能团absorption 吸收frequencies 频率Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy紫外-可见吸收光谱Transitions 跃迁electronic energy levels 电子能级uv-vis spectroscopy 紫外-可见吸收光谱absorption peaks 吸收峰conjugated π-electron systems 共轭π-电子系统Mass spectrometry 质谱ionized 电离，使离子化electron impact 电子轰击dissociates 裂解, 分裂fragments 碎片Positive ions 正离子mass/charge ratio 质荷比deduce 推论, 推断，演绎出。
中英文地理信息系统(GIS)英语词汇表
accreditation 委派accuracy 准确度acquisition 获取activity patterns 活动模式added value 附加值adjacency邻接Aeolian 伊奥利亚人的, 风的, 风蚀的Age of Discovery 发现的年代aggregation聚合algorithm, definition算法,定义ambiguity 不明确analytical cartography 分析制图application programming interfaces(APIs) 应用编程接口ARCGis 美国ESRI公司开发的世界先进的地理信息系统软件ArcIMS 它是个强大的，基于标准的工具，让你快速设计和管理Internet地图服务ArcInfo 在ArcGIS软件家族中，ArcInfo是GIS软件中功能最全面的。
它包含ArcView和ArcEditor 所有功能，并加上高级空间处理和数据转换ArcNews 美国ESRI向用户终生免费赠送的ArcNews报刊ArcSDE ArcSDE在ESRI GIS软件和DBMS之间提供通道，是一个空间数据引擎ArcUser Magazine 为ESRI用户创建的报刊ArcView 桌面GIS和制图软件，提供数据可视化，查询，分析和集成功能，以及创建和编辑地理数据的能力ARPANET ARPA 计算机网（美国国防部高级研究计划局建立的计算机网）aspatial data 非空间数据？Association of Geographic Information (AGI) 地理信息协会attribute data 属性数据attributes, types 属性，类型attributive geographic data 属性地理数据autocorrelation 自相关Autodesk MapGuide 美国Autodesk公司生产的Web GIS软件Automated mapping/facility management(AM/FM) systems 自动绘图/设备管理系统facilities 设备avatars 化身A VIRIS 机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪azimuthal projections 方位投影batch vectorization 批量矢量化beer consumption 啤酒消费benchmarking 基准Berry, Brianbest fit line 最优线binary counting system 二进制计算系统binomial distribution 二项式分布bivariate Gaussian distribution 二元高斯分布block encoding 块编码Bosnia, repartitioning 波斯尼亚，再分离成两个国家buffering 缓冲区分析Borrough, PeterBusiness and service planning(retailing) application in petroleum and convenience shopping 石油和便利购物的业务和服务规划（零售）应用business drivers 业务驱动business, GIS as 业务，地理信息系统作为Buttenfield, Barbaracadasters 土地清册Callingham, Martincannibalizing 调拨Cartesian coordinate system笛卡尔坐标系Cartograms 统计地图cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic modeling 地图建模cartometric transformations 量图变换catalog view of database 数据库目录视图census data人口普查数据Census of Population 人口普查central Place Theory 中心区位论central point rule 中点规则central tendency 中心倾向centroid 质心choropleth mapping分区制图choosing a GIS 选择一个地理信息系统class 类别classification generalization 分类综合client 客户端client-server C/S结构客户端-服务器cluster analysis 聚类分析clutter 混乱coastline weave 海岸线codified knowledge 编码知识COGO data 坐标几何数据COGO editing tools 坐标几何编辑工具Collaboration 协作Local level 地方级National level 国家级Collection-level metadata 获取级元数据Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems 成熟的商业化系统chemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" />>> Commom object request broker architecture (CORBA) 公共对象请求代理体系结构Community, GIS 社区，地理信息系统Competition 竞争Component GIS 组件地理信息系统Component object model (COM) 组件对象模型Computer assisted mass appraisal (CAMA) 辅助大量估价，>>Computer-aided design (CAD)-based GIS 基于计算机辅助制图的地理信息系统Models 数据模型Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool 计算机辅助软件工程工具Concatenation 串联Confidence limits 置信界限Conflation 异文合并Conformal property 等角特性Confusion matrix 混淆矩阵Conic projections 圆锥投影Connectivity 连接性Consolidation 巩固Constant term 常数项Contagious diffusion 传染扩散Continuing professional development (CPD) 持续专业发展Coordinates 坐标Copyright 版权Corridor 走廊Cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析Cost-effectiveness evaluation 成本效率评估Counting method 计算方法Cresswell, PaulCustomer support 客户支持Cylindrical Equidistant Projection 圆柱等距投影Cylindrical projections 圆柱投影> >Dangermond, Jack 美国ESRI总裁>> dasymetric mapping 分区密度制图>>data 数据>>automation 自动化>>capture costs 获取代价>>capture project 获取工程>>collection workflow 采集工作流>> compression 压缩>>conversion 转换>>definition 定义>>geographic, nature of 地理数据，数据的性质>> GIS 地理信息系统>>industry 产业>>integration 集成>>mining 挖掘>>transfer 迁移>>translation 转化>>data model 数据模型>> definition 定义>>levels of abstraction 提取等级>> in practice 实际上>>types 类型>>database 数据库>>definition 定义>>design 设计>>generalization 综合>>global 全球的>>index 索引>>multi-user editing 多用户编辑>> structuring 结构>>database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统>>capabilities 能力>>data storage 数据存储>>geographic extensions 地理扩展>>types 类型>>Dayton Accord 达顿协定，1995年12月达顿协定(DAYTON ACCORD)签订,巴尔干和平已经实现,波斯尼亚(包括黑塞哥维那)再被分解成两个国家>>decision support 决策支持>>deductive reasoning 演绎推理>>definitions of GIS 地理信息系统的各种定义>>degrees of freedom 自由度>>density estimation 密度估算>>dependence in space 空间依赖>>desktop GIS 桌面地理信息系统>>desktop paradigms 桌面范例>>Digital Chart of the World (DCW) 世界数字化图>>digital divide 数字鸿沟>>Digital Earth 数字地球>>Digital elevation models (DEMs) 数字高程模型>>Digital line graph (DLG) 数字线划图>>Digital raster graphic (DRG) 数字影像图>>Digital representation 数字表现>>Digital terrain models 数字地形模型>>Digitizing 数字化>>DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding) program 美国人口调查局建立的双重独立地图编码系统>> Dine CARE >>Discrete objects 离散对象>>Douglas-Poiker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法，一种矢量数据抽稀算法>>Dublin Core metadata standard 都柏林核心元数据标准>>Dynamic segmentation 动态分割>>Dynamic simulation models 动态仿真模型>>> >Easting 朝东方>>Ecological fallacy 生态谬误>>e-commerce 电子商业>>editing 编辑>>education 教育>>electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱>>ellipsoids 偏振光椭圆率测量仪>>of rotation 旋转的>>emergency evacuation 应急撤退>>encapsulation 封装>>environmental applications 环境应用>>environmental impact 环境影响>>epidemiology 流行病学>>equal area property 等面积特性>>Equator 赤道>>ERDAS ERDAS公司是世界上最大的专业遥感图像处理软件公司，用户遍布100多个国家，软件套数超过17000套。
光谱学英语
光谱学英语一、单词1. spectrum（复数：spectra）- 英语释义：A band of colors, as seen in a rainbow, produced by separation of theponents of light by their different degrees of refraction according to wavelength.- 用法：可以用作名词，如“The spectrum of light includes colors f rom red to violet.”（光谱包括从红色到紫色的颜色。
） - 双语例句：The visible spectrum is just a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum.（可见光谱只是电磁光谱的一小部分。
）2. spectroscopy- 英语释义：The study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy, especially in terms of the frequencies present in a spectrum of the radiation.- 用法：作名词，例如“Spectroscopy is widely used in chemical analysis.”（光谱学在化学分析中被广泛应用。
）- 双语例句：Infrared spectroscopy can be used to identify different chemicalpounds.（红外光谱学可用于识别不同的化合物。
）3. wavelength- 英语释义：The distance between successive crests of a wave, especially points in a sound wave or electromagnetic wave.- 用法：名词，如“Each color has a different wavelength.”（每种颜色都有不同的波长。
电子顺磁共振波谱仪EPR的基本原理和基本应用
波源
传统微波波段的频带宽度以及g＝2的磁场
波段 L S C X K Q V W 频率范围/GHz 0.390～1.550 1.550～3.900 3.900～6.200 6.200～10.900 10.900～36.000 36.000～46.000 46.000～56.000 56.000～100.000 代表性频率/GHz 1.5 3.0 6.0 9.5 23 36 50 95 代表性磁场/mT 54 110 220 340 820 1300 1800 3400
质子数和中子数不同时为偶数时，原子核具有磁 性；反之，原子核没有磁性。
电子的磁性
电子轨道磁矩 μL=−gLμBL
其中L是轨道角动量，gL=1。
电子自旋磁矩（本征磁矩） μe=−geμBS
其中S=½是电子自旋角动量，ge=2.002319。
自旋—轨道耦合
朗德g因子或光谱分裂项
电子轨道磁矩 μL=−gLμBL 电子自旋磁矩 μe=−geμBS
波谱学的基本原理
净信号强度∝ΔN=Nβ –Nα， Nα/Nβ = exp(‒ΔE/kT)
本生灯
塞曼效应（Zeeman effect） 磁场对谱线的裂分
磁性现象
• 宏观物质的磁性是由构成原子的电子、质子、中子 所携带的内禀自旋所导致的：
电子
电子的轨道磁矩 电子的自旋磁矩（本征磁矩）
原子核的磁性
质子 中子
谐振腔
矩形腔
圆柱腔
样品管
普通玻璃毛细管的背景信号 杂质Fe3+, 3d5
水溶液厚度 L: ~几cm X: <1 mm W: <0.1mm
flat cell
低温系统
检测系统
高频小振幅调制信号示意图
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Radio Waves: Mobile Phones
Radio Waves: Mobile Phones
Mobile phones use microwave energy. We know that microwaves can cook food – can a mobile phone cause heating?
Visible: Scanning laser ophthalmoscope
Visible: Scanning laser ophthalmoscope
With thanks to Dr. A Manivannan
Visible: Scanning laser ophthalmoscope
With thanks to Dr. A Manivannan
Visible: New approaches to Endoscopy
Another new method is virtual endoscopy. Here, we take a high resolution CT scan of the body using x-rays and then, using a computer, identify the gut wall and show it as if it is viewed through an endoscope. This prevents the discomfort which patients may feel during endoscopy This movie shows a polyp in the wall of the gut.
Visible: Endoscopy
Visible: Endoscopy
Visible: Endoscopy
This is the endoscope coming out of the oesophagus
Parasitic Worm!
The stomach wall has relapsed back into the oesophagus. This is a hernia.
Infrared: Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared: Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared: Near Infrared Spectroscopy
8
Flashing lights
6
concentration (molar.cm)
Radio Waves: Mobile Phones
0.2C temperature rise
Infrared: Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared: Pulse oximetry
Heart rate:81 bpm
Blood oxygenation: 99%
Visible: Endoscopy with a camera pill
On the right is an x-ray movie showing a pill which has been swallowed which contains a camera. It passes through the gut, taking a movie which is sent to a receiver outside the body, shown on the left.
X-rays: x-radiography
X-rays: Computed tomography image (CT scan)
Second metatarsal bone
(the bone that David Beckham and Wayne Rooney broke!)
X-rays: Computed tomography image (CT scan)
HbO2 Hbvol Hb
4
2
0
-2
-4 -10 0 10 20 Time (seconds) 30 40 50
Infraredmography
Infrared: Thermography
Infrared: Thermography
Visible: Endoscopy
X-rays: Radiotherapy
• • • • • X-rays or other radiation can damage the DNA in cells and kill them This is why radiation can be dangerous But cells which are dividing rapidly are more likely to be killed So we use x-rays to kill the rapidly-dividing cancer cells We must still ensure that healthy tissue is undamaged
X-rays: Radiotherapy
X-rays: Radiotherapy
X-rays: Radiotherapy
Cancer occurs when cells divide too quickly. The dividing cells become a tumour which can damage surrounding tissue or spread to the rest of the body
Visible: Photodynamic therapy
Visible: Photodynamic therapy
Blue: Treatment of jaundice
Blue: Blue light treatment of jaundice in babies
X-rays: X-radiography