fundamental of nuclear pharmacy

合集下载

医院科室及人员的英文翻译

医院科室及人员的英文翻译一、医院常见科室英文翻译1. 内科 Department of Internal Medicine2. 外科 Department of Surgery3. 妇产科 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology4. 儿科 Department of Pediatrics5. 眼科 Department of Ophthalmology6. 耳鼻喉科 Department of Otorhinolaryngology7. 口腔科 Department of Stomatology8. 皮肤科 Department of Dermatology9. 神经内科 Department of Neurology10. 心血管内科 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine11. 呼吸内科 Department of Respiratory Medicine12. 消化内科 Department of Gastroenterology13. 肾内科 Department of Nephrology14. 骨科 Department of Orthopedics15. 泌尿外科 Department of Urology16. 神经外科 Department of Neurosurgery17. 胸外科 Department of Thoracic Surgery18. 心脏外科 Department of Cardiac Surgery19. 整形外科 Department of Plastic Surgery20. 康复科 Department of Rehabilitation二、医院常见人员英文翻译1. 医生 Doctor2. 护士 Nurse3. 医生助理 Physician Assistant4. 医疗顾问 Medical Consultant5. 主任医师 Chief Physician6. 副主任医师 Associate Chief Physician7. 主治医师 Attending Physician8. 住院医师 Resident Physician9. 麻醉师 Anesthesiologist10. 病理科医生 Pathologist11. 放射科医生 Radiologist12. 检验科医生 Laboratory Physician13. 药剂师 Pharmacist14. 物理治疗师 Physical Therapist15. 心理咨询师 Psychologist16. 营养师 Dietitian17. 医疗器械工程师 Biomedical Engineer18. 医院管理人员 Hospital Administrator19. 医疗保险专员 Medical Insurance Specialist20. 医疗秘书 Medical Secretary三、医院其他重要科室英文翻译1. 急诊科 Emergency Department2. 重症医学科 Intensive Care Unit (ICU)3. 中医科 Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine4. 针灸科 Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department5. 理疗科 Physical Therapy Department6. 检验科 Clinical Laboratory7. 放射科 Radiology Department8. 超声科 Ultrasound Department9. 核医学科 Nuclear Medicine Department10. 病理科 Pathology Department11. 药剂科 Pharmacy Department12. 预防保健科 Preventive Health Care Department13. 体检中心 Physical Examination Center14. 血液科 Hematology Department15. 肿瘤科 Oncology Department16. 精神心理科 Psychiatry Department17. 内分泌科 Endocrinology Department18. 风湿免疫科 Rheumatology and Immunology Department19. 感染科 Infectious Diseases Department20. 老年病科 Geriatrics Department四、医院其他重要人员英文翻译1. 院长 President/CEO of the Hospital2. 副院长 Vice President of the Hospital3. 科主任 Department Director4. 护士长 Head Nurse5. 医疗质量管理人员 Medical Quality Manager6. 医疗事故调解员 Medical Malpractice Mediator7. 医疗卫生监督员 Health Inspector8. 临床研究协调员 Clinical Research Coordinator9. 医疗器械销售代表 Medical Device Sales Representative10. 医疗保险审核员 Medical Insurance Auditor11. 医疗文案编辑 Medical Copywriter12. 医疗翻译 Medical Translator13. 医疗志愿者 Medical Volunteer14. 医疗信息管理员 Medical Information Manager15. 医疗教育工作者 Medical Educator16. 医疗咨询师 Medical Consultant17. 医疗市场营销人员 Medical Marketing Specialist18. 医疗设备维护工程师 Medical Equipment Maintenance Engineer19. 医疗项目协调员 Medical Project Coordinator20. 医疗纠纷处理专员 Medical Dispute Resolution Specialist五、医院特殊服务部门英文翻译1. 医疗预约中心 Medical Appointment Center2. 患者关系部 Patient Relations Department3. 医疗咨询台 Medical Information Desk4. 住院服务中心 Inpatient Service Center5. 日间手术中心 Day Surgery Center6. 健康教育中心 Health Education Center7. 国际医疗服务部 International Medical Service Department8. 医疗援助服务部 Medical Assistance Service Department9. 临床营养支持服务 Clinical Nutrition Support Service10. 医学图书馆 Medical Library11. 病案室 Medical Records Department12. 医疗废物处理中心 Medical Waste Treatment Center13. 医疗应急中心 Medical Emergency Center14. 医疗转运服务 Medical Transport Service15. 医疗保险办公室 Health Insurance Office16. 医疗质量控制中心 Medical Quality Control Center17. 医疗伦理委员会 Medical Ethics Committee18. 病友会 Patient Support Group19. 医疗科研部 Medical Research Department20. 医疗信息化建设部 Medical Information Technology Department六、医院其他相关英文术语1. 病历 Medical Record2. 处方 Prescription3. 诊断 Diagnosis4. 治疗 Treatment5. 手术 Operation/Surgery6. 住院 Admission7. 出院 Discharge8. 会诊 Consultation9. 急救 First Aid10. 预约 Appointment11. 挂号 Registration12. 病房 Ward13. 护理 Nursing14. 康复 Rehabilitation15. 随访 Followup16. 转诊 Referral17. 疫苗 Vaccine18. 体检 Physical Examination19. 检查 Checkup/Examination20. 药物 Medication/Pharmaceuticals通过这些补充内容，我们可以更全面地了解医院的各种部门和术语的英文表达。

对临床药学焦点问题的认识

临床药师
—— Part or Full ？ —— FTE Pharmacists (Full Time Equivalent，40 hrs/w) —— 临床药师的数量和学位

药师的社会地位
工作对象——医师 or 患者? 工作性质——监管 or 服务?

工作手段 ≠ 工作性质
——鉴别、解决、预防潜在的或实际发生的DRPs
每个等级都包含了4个方面的活动： clinical, educational, administrative, scholarly
Rudis MI and Brandl KM. Crit Care Med 2000; 28(11):3747 南加州大学；新墨西哥州大学

中级（Desirable）

1990 – 2020 Clinical pharmacy development
• 1990; 1992 Hepler & Strand: Pharmaceutical care • 2000 AACP 6-year entry-level Pharm.D. program in US • 2001 The Social Security Act (享有医疗合作保险的患者服务). 中国6 年制临床药学专业研究生培养开始 • 2002 医院药事管理暂行规定（第4章第17条） • 2005-2006 第1个临床药学专业研究生毕业；中国临床药师培训基地试点；临床药学专业（职业）学位申请 • 2007-2008 两届6年制临床药学专业硕士毕业；临床药师制试点；临床药学专业博士毕业 • 2020 ACPE Residency requirement: 1 yr
医院 ASHP 2004年调查肯塔基大学医学中心

药学专业常用英文术语

药学PharmacologyI请输入英文检提交前沿热点Research Hot/Frontiers计算机辅助药物设计Com pu ter-Aided Drug Design 新药研发Drug Discovery药物输送Drug Delivery药物转运体Drug Trans porter药物不良反应Adverse Drug Reaction药物代谢酶Drug Metabolizing Enzymes潜在药物靶点Potential drug targets药物相互作用Drug-Drug Interaction基因多态性Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms多药耐药Multidrug resistance交叉耐药Cross-resistance剂量-反应曲线Dose-response curve给药途径Route of Administration药物代谢Drug Metabolism药物载体Drug carrier药物评价Drug Evaluation药物筛选Drug Screening酉己药学Pharmacy 药剂师Pharmacists制药历史History of pharmacy中药Chinese Pharmacy日本汉方药学Japanese pharmacy社区药房Community p harmacy医院药房Hosp ital p harmacy临床药学Clinical p harmacy组合药学Compo unding p harmacy高级顾问药师Consultant pharmacy互联网药房Internet pharmacy兽药Veterinary pharmacy核药学Nuclear pharmacy军事药学Military pharmacy药学情报Pharmacy informatics药剂学Pharmaceutics新化学个体new chemical entity (NCE) 剂型设计dosage form design纯药pure drug substance药片Tablet 胶囊Capsule硬胶囊Hard Capsule软胶囊Soft Capsule微型胶囊Microencapsule栓剂Suppository注射Injection阴道栓剂Pessary 乳霜剂Cream软膏剂Ointment滴眼药Eye drop滴耳药Ear drop吸入剂Inhalation鼻喷剂Nasal spray穿透皮肤药贴Transderma Ip atch孚L胶剂Emulsion 悬浮剂Suspension散布剂Dispersion溶解Solution体内植入物Implant 洗剂Lotion嵌入Inserts粉末Powder凝胶Gels药贴P aste新药物缓释系统Novel drug delivery systems药物化学Medicinal chemistry酉S药化学pharmaceutical chemistry结构-活性数量关系quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR)金属基药物metal-based drugs合成化学combinatorial chemistry药效团pharmacophore先导化合物lead compounds最优化Optimization临床试验clinical trials药学实习Pharmacy practice药理学Pharmacology 药效drug action医药品pharmaceuticals药物成分drug composition毒物学toxicology代谢途径metabolic pathways药代动力学Pharmacokinetics治疗指数therapeutic index治疗窗Therapeutic Window治疗药物临测therapeutic drug monitoring 心理药理学P sych op harmacology潜在药物potential drugs有效成分Constituents迷幻药psychedelic兴奋剂recreational drugs精神障碍mental disorders精神活性药物Psychoactive drugs致幻药hallucinogenic drugs镇定剂tranquillizers抗抑郁药antidepressants精神分裂症schizophrenia 血脑屏障blood-brain barrier 畐y作用side effects药物遗传学Pharmacogenetics遗传变异genetic variation药物基因组学pharmacogenomics药物不良反应Adverse drug reactions生物异源物质xenobiotics自身免疫病autoimmune disease药物代谢drug metabolismThiop urinesTPMT药物流行病学Pharmacoepidemiology毒理学Toxicology毒性toxicity齐廿量dose 剂I量反应关系dose-response relationship半數致死量LD50 Toxicogenomics毒液venom毒素toxins 剂I量学Posology 生药学Pharmacognosy人种药理学Ethnopharmacology 植物治疗法phytotherapyDrug Synergism天然药crude drugs植物化学phytochemistry替代疗法alternative medicine。

药物化学词汇英文发音

药物化学词汇英文发音Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vocabulary English PronunciationPharmaceutical chemistry is a specialized field of study that focuses on the development, synthesis, and analysis of drug compounds. The vocabulary used in this discipline is often complex and technical, requiring a deep understanding of the subject matter. In this essay, we will explore the English pronunciation of some key pharmaceutical chemistry terms to aid in effective communication and comprehension.One of the fundamental concepts in pharmaceutical chemistry is the term "drug." A drug is a chemical substance that has a physiological effect on the human body. The word "drug" is pronounced as /drʌɡ/. It is derived from the Dutch word "droog," meaning "dry." This term is essential in understanding the basic purpose and function of pharmaceutical compounds.Another important term is "molecule," which refers to the smallest structural unit of a chemical compound. The word "molecule" is pronounced as /ˈmɒlɪkjuːl/. It is derived from the Latin word "moles," meaning "small mass." Molecules are the building blocks of allchemical substances, including drugs.The term "functional group" is also crucial in pharmaceutical chemistry. A functional group is a specific arrangement of atoms within a molecule that determines its chemical properties and reactivity. The phrase "functional group" is pronounced as/ˈfʌŋkʃ(ə)n(ə)l ɡruːp/. Understanding functional groups is essential for designing and modifying drug molecules to achieve desired therapeutic effects.The concept of "isomers" is another important aspect of pharmaceutical chemistry. Isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms. The word "isomer" is pronounced as /ˈaɪsəmə/. Identifying and understanding isomers is crucial in drug design and development, as different isomeric forms can have vastly different biological activities.The term "stereoisomer" is a specific type of isomer in which the molecules have the same connectivity but different spatial arrangements. The phrase "stereoisomer" is pronounced as/ˌstɛrɪəʊˈaɪsəmə/. Stereoisomers can have significant implications in the pharmacological properties of drug compounds, as they can interact differently with biological targets.Another important term in pharmaceutical chemistry is "enantiomer."Enantiomers are a type of stereoisomer in which the molecules are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. The word "enantiomer" is pronounced as /ɪˈnantɪəmə/. Enantiomers can have drastically different biological activities, and their separation and identification are crucial in drug development.The concept of "pharmacokinetics" is also essential in pharmaceutical chemistry. Pharmacokinetics refers to the study of the movement of drugs within the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. The term "pharmacokinetics" is pronounced as /ˌfɑːməkəʊkɪˈnɛtɪks/. Understanding pharmacokinetic properties is crucial in determining the efficacy and safety of drug compounds.The term "pharmacodynamics" is closely related to pharmacokinetics and refers to the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body. The phrase "pharmacodynamics" is pronounced as /ˌfɑːməkəʊdaɪˈnamɪks/. Pharmacodynamics is essential in understanding how drugs interact with their target receptors and produce their desired therapeutic effects.Another important concept in pharmaceutical chemistry is "bioavailability." Bioavailability refers to the fraction of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available for distribution to target tissues. The word "bioavailability" is pronounced as/ˌbaɪəʊˌəveɪləˈbɪlɪti/. Determining the bioavailability of a drug is crucial in optimizing its therapeutic efficacy and minimizing adverse effects.The term "half-life" is also crucial in pharmaceutical chemistry. Half-life refers to the time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the body to be reduced by half. The phrase "half-life" is pronounced as /ˈhɑːflʌɪf/. Understanding the half-life of a drug is essential in determining the appropriate dosing regimen and ensuring optimal therapeutic effects.In conclusion, the vocabulary used in pharmaceutical chemistry is highly specialized and technical, requiring a solid understanding of the subject matter and the correct pronunciation of key terms. By familiarizing oneself with the English pronunciation of these essential pharmaceutical chemistry concepts, individuals can improve their communication, comprehension, and overall proficiency in this dynamic field of study.。

医院科室英语翻译大全

医院科室英语翻译大全2010-11-16 16:10:59 责任编辑：悠然来源：浏览次数：1539 ENT(ear-nose-throat)department: 耳鼻喉科urology department: 泌尿科dermatology department; skin department: 皮肤科orthopedic surgery department: 矫形外科traumatology department: 创伤外科plastic surgery: 整形外科anesthesiology department: 麻醉科pathology department: 病理科cardiology department: 心脏病科psychiatry department: 精神病科orthopedics department: 骨科department of cardiac surgery: 心脏外科department of cerebral surgery: 胸外科neurology department: 神经科neurosurgery department: 神经外科thoracic surgery department: 脑外科department of traditional Chinese medicine: 中医科registration office: 挂号处out-patient department: 门诊部in-patient department: 住院部nursing department: 护理部consulting room: 诊室waiting room: 候诊室emergency room: 急诊室admitting office: 住院处operation room: 手术室X-ray department: 放射科blood bank: 血库dispensary; pharmacy: 药房ward: 病房laboratory: 化验室牤Department of Nephrology 肾内科Department of Chemotherapy 化疗科Department of Radiotherapy 放疗科Department of Endocrinology 内分泌科Respiratory medicine 呼吸科Rheumatology 风湿科Hematology 血液科Geriatrics 老年科Neurology 神经科Oncology 肿瘤科Thoracic surgery 胸外科Urology 泌尿外科Neurosurgery 神经外科Vascular surgery 周围血管外科Gastroenterology 肠胃外科Hepatobiliary surgery 肝胆外科General surgery 普外科Orthopedics 骨科Cardiovascular surgery 心外科Burns surgery 烧伤科Hand surgery 手外科Plastic surgery 整形外科Pediatric surgery 儿外科Obstetrics and gynecology 妇产科Stomatology 口腔科Ophthalmology 眼科Infectious disease 感染科Dermatology 皮肤科Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) 耳鼻喉科Nuclear medicine 核医学科Psychiatry 精神科Medical rehabilitation 康复科Anesthesiology 麻醉科Radiology 放射科Ultrasonography 超声科Pain management 疼痛科Pharmacology 药理科Internal Medicine 内科医院科室英语词汇medical department; department of internal medicine: 内科surgical deparment;department of surgery: 外科department of obstetrics and gynecology : 妇产科ophtalmology department: 眼科dental department: 牙科医院科室牌中英文对照科室牌英文翻译2011-04-08 04:51 来源:未知门诊部行政办公室administratve office院长办公室President's Office导向咨询Enquiry挂号处Registration专科门诊一览表Schedule for Special Out-patient门诊病案室Outpaient Medical Records西药房Pharmacy中药房Pharmacy of Traditional Medicine中西药取药处Pharmacy Dispenser登记划价处Account of Medicine收费处Cashier门诊检验Clinical Laboratory标本接受处Specimen-Reception门诊输液中心Out-Patient Infusion Center注射室Injection Room取报告单处Iaboratory Report换药室/治疗室Bandage Change/Treatment Room污洗室Cleaning Room洗手间Toilet茶水间Drinking Room男更衣Men's Dressing Room女更衣Women's Dressing Room门诊接待室Reception Room候诊厅Waiting Lobby中西医结合门诊Clinic of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine 内科Dept.of Internal Medicine神经内科Neurology心血管内科Cardiovasology呼吸内科Respiratory Medicine呼吸隔离诊查室Examination for Respiratory消化内科Gastroenterology肾内科Nephrological Dept.泌尿内科Urologic Dept.关节内科Arthrology肿瘤内科Medical Oncology口腔内科Oral Medicine外科Surgery外科诊室Surgical Clinic头颈外科Head & Neck Surgery心胸外科Cardiothoracic Surgery胸外科Thoracic Surgery创伤外科Traumatic Surgery泌尿外科Urology Surgery显微外科Micro Surgery口腔颌面外科Dental Restoration Technician Room骨科Orthopaedics骨伤科Orthopedic Surgery手法复位室Manipulation of Bone-Setting Room 妇产科Gynecology & Obstetrics妇科检查室Examination for Gynecology产科门诊Obstetrics Clinic计划生育门诊Family Planning Clinic生殖中心Reproductive Center儿科Pediatrics儿童娱乐室Amusement Room for Children儿童保健部Child Hygiene儿童生长资料室Data Room of Children Development新生儿疾病专科Newborns Disease Dept.中医科Traditional Chinese Medicine中医门诊Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinic中医正骨O.P.D of Bone Setting针灸科Acupuncture & Moxibustion针推理疗科Acupuncture Massage & Physical Therapy医院科室牌英文翻译二2011-04-08 04:51 来源:未知皮肤科Dermatology皮肤科治疗室 Treatment Room for Dermatology皮肤性病科 Dermatology & STD康复科Rehabilitation Dept.康复诊疗室Consultation Room脑瘫痪康复门诊Rehabilitation Clinic for Encephalic Paralysis 功能康复室Function Rehabilitation Room健康资料放置处Health Data肠道门诊Gastroenterology Clinic肠道病诊室Consulting Room for Intestinal Diseases 肠道隔离诊查室Isolation Room for Intestinal Disease肠道治疗室Therapy Room for Enterology肠道传染病门诊Intesti Infectious Disease Clinic隔离室Isolation Room肝炎专科Division of Hepatitis结核门诊Tuberculosis Clinic老年病科Gerontology Dept.内分泌科Endocrinology血液专科Division of Hematology疼痛门诊Painful Disease Clinic疼痛门诊观察室Observation Room for Painful Disease Clinic疼痛门诊治疗室Treatment Room for Painful Disease Clinic 其他心理咨询Psychology Consulting佝偻病专科Rachitis Dept.神经、脊柱Neurolohy Rachitis神经科Neurology贵宾（特需）门诊VIP Clinic体检中心Physical Examination Center风湿专科Rheumatism挂号须知Notes for Registration请便后冲水Please Flush After Use请勿吸烟Please No Smoking未经批准不得进入No Admittance严禁吸烟No smoking医患沟通园地Patient-Doctor Communication Grounds在此候诊Waiting Aera暂停服务Service Suspended急诊部急救分中心办公室Office of Branch Emergency Center 急救中心Emergency Center抢救室Emergency Treatment Room急诊诊疗室Emergency Room急诊化验室Emergency Laboratory急诊收费Emergency Cashier急诊药房Emergency Pharmacy输液室Infusion Room抢救监护室First-aid Care Room急诊仪器室Emergency Instrument Room医师办公室Physician's Office观察区Observation Ward医技科室药剂科Pharmacy Dept.药剂科办公室Pharmacy Office药剂科会议室Meeting Room of Pharmacy制剂研究室Preparation Research Room西药调剂室Prescription Room of Medicine中药调剂室Prescription Room of TCM普通制剂室General Preparation Room中药制剂室Preparation Room for TCM西药库 Medicine Store中药库 TCM Store一次性物品库DisposabLe Storage Room医疗机构科室牌中英文对照三2011-04-08 04:52 来源:未知病理科Pathology Dept.标本前处理室Sample Preparation Room标本室Specimen Station标本收集处Specimen Reception标化室Specimen Laboratory病理技术室Pathological Technology Room病理切片室Section Room影像诊断中心Radiodiagnosis Center放射科Radiology Dept.放射治疗中心Radiation Oncology Center核医学科Nuclear Medicine DepartmentX光室X-Ray RoomCT室CT Scan RoomCT准备室Preparation Room for CT核磁共振MRI读片室Radiodiagnosis Center暗房Darkroom照相机室Camera Room摄影室Photography Room安全门ExitPT室PT RoomOT室OT Room图像工作站PACS Room放疗科Radiation Oncology Dept.放免室Radiological Immunology Room放射化学室Radiochemistry & Radiopharmaceuticals 放射检疫生化室Radioimmunochemistry & Biochemistry 直线加速器1室Linear Accelerator Room 1后装治疗机室Therapeutic Room模拟室位机室Simulative Localizer Room模拟机室Simulator Room模型室Model Room心电图室ECG Lab动态血压室IBP心功能室Cardiac Function Room心脏多普勒超声检查室Colour Echo or UCG平板运动心电图室Stress Test超声科Doppler Ultrasonic Department肺功能室Pulmonary Function Room肺功能检查室Pulmonary Function Test Room肺通气室Pulmonary Ventilation内镜中心Endoscopy Center医院科室牌中英文对照四2011-04-08 04:52 来源:未知产房Delivery Room产房办公室Office for Delivery Room产房值班室On-Duty Room for Delivery待产室Predelivery Room隔离室Isolation Room盥洗室Rest Room配餐间Diet Room配液室/药物配置室Pharmacy Preparation清洁室Cleaning Room洗涤室Washing Room储物室Store工作人员洗手间Rest Room for Staff Only领衣帽处Clothing Center房间号Room Number住院病人一览表In-patient List请放病历Please Put Your Medical Record便盆放置处Bedpan Here病人一览表Patient General Table医疗查房时间请勿打扰Please Don't Disturb During Ward Round 保障部门总务办公室Office of Dispatch Service Center水泵机房Water Pump Control Room水处理室Water Treatment Room消防控制室Fire Control Room空调机房Air-Conditioner Controlling Room气瓶间Gas Bottle Room冷冻机房Refrigerator Room配电房Power Room配电值班室On-Duty Room for Electricity太平间Mortuary洗衣房Laundry总机室Telephone Exchange Room停车场Park传达室Janitor Room修理间Repair Room机修室Machinery Maintenance排污机房Sewage Disposalr设备层Equipment Floor地下室Basement电梯Elevator楼梯通道Stair Passageway医院科室牌中英文对照（五）2011-04-08 04:53 来源:未知心理咨询 Psychology Consulting 佝偻病专科 Rachitis Dept.神经、脊柱 Neurology Rachitis神经科 Neurology贵宾（特需）门诊 VIP Clinic体检中心 Physical Examination Center 风湿专科 Rheumatism挂号须知 Notes for Registration请便后冲水 Please Flush After Use请勿吸烟 Please No Smoking未经批准不得进入 No Admittance严禁吸烟 No Smoking医患沟通园地 Patient-Doctor Communication Grounds在此候诊 Waiting Aera暂停服务 Service Suspended急诊部急救分中心办公室 Office of Branch Emergency Center 急救中心 Emergency Center抢救室 Emergency Treatment Room 急诊诊疗室 Emergency Room急诊化验室 Emergency Laboratory急诊收费 Emergency Cashier急诊药房 Emergency Pharmacy输液室 Infusion Room抢救监护室 First-aid Care Room急诊仪器室 Emergency Instrument Room医师办公室 Physician's Office观察区 Observation Ward医技科室药剂科 Pharmacy Dept.药剂科办公室 Pharmacy Office药剂科会议室 Meeting Room of Pharmacy制剂研究室 Preparation Research Room西药调剂室 Prescription Room of Medicine 中药调剂室 Prescription Room of TCM普通制剂室 General Preparation Room中药制剂室 Preparation Room for TCM西药库 Medicine Store中药库 TCM Store一次性物品库 DisposabLe Storage Room无菌室 Asepsis Room无菌制剂室 Aseptic Preparation Room口服液灌封间 Filling & Enveloping Room for Orally Liquid 灌封间 Filling & Enveloping Room灯检包装间 Packing Room of Light Examination配制间 Confecting Room工作人员休息室 Staff's Rest Room中药制剂产前处理 TCM Preparation Processing片剂调剂室 Dispensary Room for Tablet针剂调剂室 Dispensary Room for Injection输液库 Infusion Store小型仪器室 small- scale instrument room大型仪器室 large -scale instrument room纯水制备室 pure water preparation room无菌操作室 asepsis operation room医院科室牌中英文对照（六）2011-04-08 04:53 来源:未知收费处cashier行政办公室administratve office院长办公室President's Office职能科室function dept.图书阅览室reading room病理室（1）pathology dept.1卫生间toilet药剂主任办pharmacy director's office药剂财会科pharmacy financial dept.遗传检验室genetic exanine room西药库房medicine store理疗室physiotherapy多功能会议室multi-function meeting room乳腺科口腔科（1）oral medicine 1眼科ophthalmology口腔科（2）oral medicine 2针灸理疗室acupuncture massage&physical therapy暗室darkroom病理室（2）pathology dept.2病理室（3）pathology dept.3B超室B ultrasonic room耳鼻喉科ENT dept.胃镜gastroscopy lab心电图室ECG lab超声诊断室（1）ultrasonic diagnostic room1超声诊断室（2）ultrasonic diagnostic room2白带检验科特殊检验科exceptional lab dept.放免室radiological innunology room细菌室bacteriology room临床检验室laboratory medicine room血液分析室clinic chemistry blood中医骨伤科traditional chinese orthopedic surgery 生化室biochemistry lab按摩室massage room检验值班室on-duty lab room中医办公室traditional chinese medicine office妇科产科gynecology&obstercs中心药库pharmacg center螺施CT放射科rediology dept.肠道门诊gastroenterology clinic西药房（1）pharmacy 1抢救中心emergency center西药房（2）pharmacy 2检查室examination room保卫科security dept.挂号处registration内科dept.of internal medicine外科surgery儿科pediatrics中药房pharmacy of traditional medicine注射室injection room输液室infusion room。

药学专业常用英文术语

药学Pharmacology前沿·热点Research Hot/Frontiers计算机辅助药物设计Computer-Aided Drug Design 新药研发Drug Discovery药物输送Drug Delivery药物转运体Drug Transporter药物不良反应Adverse Drug Reaction药物代谢酶Drug Metabolizing Enzymes潜在药物靶点Potential drug targets药物相互作用Drug-Drug Interaction基因多态性Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms多药耐药Multidrug resistance交叉耐药Cross-resistance剂量-反应曲线Dose-response curve给药途径Route of Administration药物代谢Drug Metabolism药物载体Drug carrier药物评价Drug Evaluation药物筛选Drug Screening配药学Pharmacy药剂师Pharmacists制药历史History of pharmacy中药Chinese Pharmacy日本汉方药学Japanese pharmacy社区药房Community pharmacy医院药房Hospital pharmacy临床药学Clinical pharmacy组合药学Compounding pharmacy高级顾问药师Consultant pharmacy互联网药房Internet pharmacy兽药Veterinary pharmacy核药学Nuclear pharmacy军事药学Military pharmacy药学情报Pharmacy informatics药剂学Pharmaceutics新化学个体new chemical entity (NCE)剂型设计dosage form design纯药pure drug substance药片Tablet胶囊Capsule硬胶囊Hard Capsule软胶囊Soft Capsule微型胶囊Microencapsule栓剂Suppository注射Injection阴道栓剂Pessary乳霜剂Cream软膏剂Ointment滴眼药Eye drop滴耳药Ear drop吸入剂Inhalation鼻喷剂Nasal spray穿透皮肤药贴Transdermal patch乳胶剂Emulsion悬浮剂Suspension散布剂Dispersion溶解Solution体内植入物Implant洗剂Lotion嵌入Inserts粉末Powder凝胶Gels药贴Paste新药物缓释系统Novel drug delivery systems药物化学Medicinal chemistry配药化学pharmaceutical chemistry结构-活性数量关系quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR)金属基药物metal-based drugs合成化学combinatorial chemistry药效团pharmacophore先导化合物lead compounds最优化Optimization临床试验clinical trials药学实习Pharmacy practice药理学Pharmacology药效drug action医药品pharmaceuticals药物成分drug composition毒物学toxicology代谢途径metabolic pathways药代动力学Pharmacokinetics治疗指数therapeutic index治疗窗Therapeutic Window治疗药物临测therapeutic drug monitoring 心理药理学Psychopharmacology潜在药物potential drugs有效成分Constituents迷幻药psychedelic兴奋剂recreational drugs精神障碍mental disorders精神活性药物Psychoactive drugs致幻药hallucinogenic drugs镇定剂tranquillizers抗抑郁药antidepressants精神分裂症schizophrenia血脑屏障blood-brain barrier副作用side effects药物遗传学Pharmacogenetics遗传变异genetic variation药物基因组学pharmacogenomics药物不良反应Adverse drug reactions生物异源物质xenobiotics自身免疫病autoimmune disease药物代谢drug metabolismThiopurinesTPMT药物流行病学Pharmacoepidemiology毒理学Toxicology毒性toxicity剂量dose剂量反应关系dose-response relationship半數致死量LD50 Toxicogenomics毒液venom毒素toxins剂量学posology生药学Pharmacognosy人种药理学Ethnopharmacology 植物治疗法phytotherapyDrug Synergism天然药crude drugs植物化学phytochemistry替代疗法alternative medicine。

医院中英文对照表2

眼科诊室（5）
Ophthalmology
眼科诊室（6）
Ophthalmology
眼科诊室（7）
Ophthalmology
眼科诊室（8）
Ophthalmology
眼科诊室（9）
Ophthalmology
眼科诊室（10）
Ophthalmology
眼科诊室（11）
Ophthalmology
眼科诊室（12）
第七检查室
Ultrasound Room (7)
3
中医门诊
中文
英文
中医诊室
Traditional Chinese Medicine
针灸诊室（1）
Acupuncture and Moxibustion
针灸诊室（2）
Acupuncture and Moxibustion
针灸诊室（3）
Acupuncture and Moxibustion
中文
英文
体检室
Physical Checkup
红外线扫描室
Infrared Ray Lab
体检办公室
Doctor Office
体检抽血室
Blood Collection
体检心电图室
Electrocardiogram Lab
便民门诊
Service Room
心功能检查科标牌
中文
英文
心脏超声室
Echocardiography Lab
心脏外科
Cardiac Surgery
泌尿外科
Urology
特诊室
VIP. Room
核医学科
Nuclear Medicine
心功能科
Cardiac Function

药物化学专业英语

Pharmaceutical names are important in clinical practice as they allow quick identification of drugs that can be used to treat specific conditions or symptoms They also help in understanding how different bugs interact with each other or with other physiological systems in the body
The chemical name of a drug molecule
The chemical name of a drug molecule is based on its chemical structure and composition It follows the IUPAC rules and guidelines for naming organic molecules The chemical name provides a unique identifier for the drug molecule and includes information about its molecular formula, functional groups, and stereochemistry
Understanding technical terms: It is essential to have a good understanding of technical terms specific to pharmaceutical chemistry to fully understand the literature

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

Fundamentals of Nuclear Pharmacy Sixth EditionGopal B.Saha Fundamentals of Nuclear PharmacySixth EditionWith103illustrationsGopal B.Saha,PhDConsultant StaffDepartment of Nuclear MedicineThe Cleveland Clinic FoundationCleveland,OH44195USAISBN978-1-4419-5859-4e-ISBN978-1-4419-5860-0DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-5860-0Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht LondonLibrary of Congress Control Number:2010934378#Springer Science+Business Media,LLC2010All rights reserved.This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher(Springer Science+Business Media,LLC,233Spring Street,New York, NY10013,USA),except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly e in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval,electronic adaptation,computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names,trademarks,service marks,and similar terms,even if they are not identiﬁed as such,is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.Printed on acid-free paperSpringer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media()To those whose appreciation has made this book successful.PrefaceA new edition of a book is warranted when there is a need to update the book withcurrent information and delete all obsolete information.Although research innuclear medicine involving molecular imaging has progressed very well over theyears through the discovery of newer radiopharmaceuticals,there are only a fewradiopharmaceuticals that have been introduced into routine clinical use since thepublication of the last edition.Also,some radiopharmaceuticals that were approvedfor clinical use a few years ago have been discontinued from the market because ofthe lack of utilization by the clinical community due to poor diagnostic outcomes.All these considerations have been taken into account to update this sixth edition,adding only newer information of potential clinical importance and eliminating theoutdated information.Like the past editions,the book is intended to be a textbookon nuclear chemistry and pharmacy for nuclear medicine residents and students andas a reference book for nuclear physicians and radiologists.The basic format of the book remains the same as in previous editions,consistingof16chapters.Chapters1,2,4,6,11and16have no or only minor changes.Chapter3contains two new sections,namely,“Digital Image”and“PET/CT andSPECT/CT”.In Chap.5,a couple of new generators have been added,including asection on calculation of82Sr and85Sr breakthrough,a recent requirement of theNuclear Regulatory Commission.Several obsolete radiopharmaceuticals havebeen taken out and a few new ones have been added in Chap.7,and Tables8.1to8.3have been updated to reﬂect these changes.A brief outline of USP Chapter <797>has been included in Chap.9.Tables10.2and10.4are updated with current absorbed doses.Chapter12contains a new section on“Exploratory IND”along with other minor changes.Also,the section on European Regulations Gov-erning Radiopharmaceuticals has been revised in this chapter.Changes in Chap.13reﬂect those made in Chap.7,with the inclusion of PET/CT or SPECT/CT imaging,where appropriate.The introduction on Molecular Imaging has been slightlyrevised,and a new section on Nanoparticle Imaging has been added to Chap.14.Finally,Chap.16includes the brief description of new treatment of liver cancer with 90Y-TheraSpheres and90Y-SIR-Spheres,and treatment of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with131I-Bexxar.viiviii PrefaceI sincerely thank Dr.Guiyun Wu for providing several up-to-date scans to include in the book and Mrs.Diane Grifﬁs for typing all materials in a timely manner.I am grateful to Andrew Moyer,editor of radiology and nuclear medicine at Springer,whose support and encouragement have made my work a pleasure and S.Geethalakshmi Srinivasan,Project Manager,at SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd for excellent production of the book.Cleveland,OH Gopal B.SahaContentsChapter1The Atom (1)Electronic Structure of the Atom (1)Chemical Bonds (2)Electrovalent or Ionic Bond (4)Covalent Bond (5)Coordinate Covalent Bond (5)Complex Formation (6)Structure of the Nucleus (7)Nomenclature (8)Questions (10)Suggested Reading (10)Chapter2Radioactive Decay (11)Decay of Radionuclides (11)Spontaneous Fission (11)Alpha(a)Decay (11)Beta(bÀ)Decay (12)Positron or b+Decay (14)Electron Capture (14)Isomeric Transition (15)Radioactive Decay Equations (18)General Equation (18)Half-Life and Mean Life (19)Units of Radioactivity (21)Calculations (22)Successive Decay Equations (23)General Equation (23)Transient Equilibrium (23)Secular Equilibrium (25)ixStatistics of Counting (27)Error,Accuracy,and Precision (27)Standard Deviation (27)Standard Deviation of Count Rates (28)Propagation of Errors (29)Questions (30)Suggested Reading (31)Chapter3Instruments for Radiation Detection and Measurement (33)Gas-Filled Detectors (33)Dose Calibrators (33)Geiger-Mu¨ller Counters (35)Scintillation Detecting Instruments (36)Collimator (36)Detector (37)Photomultiplier Tube (37)Preampliﬁer (38)Linear Ampliﬁer (38)Pulse Height Analyzer (38)Display or Storage (39)Scintillation Camera (39)Collimator (41)Detector (41)X,Y Positioning Circuit (42)Pulse Height Analyzer (42)Digital Image (43)Display and Storage (43)Tomographic Imagers (44)Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (45)Positron Emission Tomography (45)PET/CT and SPECT/CT (47)Questions (48)Suggested Reading (48)Chapter4Production of Radionuclides (49)Cyclotron-Produced Radionuclides (49)Gallium-67 (52)Iodine-123 (52)Indium-111 (53)Thallium-201 (53)Short-Lived Radionuclides (54)Reactor-Produced Radionuclides (55)Fission or(n,f)Reaction (56)Iodine-131 (57)Molybdenum-99 (57)Neutron Capture or(n,g)Reaction (57)Target and Its Processing (58)Equation for Production of Radionuclides (59)Speciﬁc Activity (64)Questions (65)References and Suggested Reading (66)Chapter5Radionuclide Generators (67)Principles of a Generator (67)Important Radionuclide Generators (70)99Mo–99m Tc Generator (70)68Ge–68Ga Generator (79)90Sr–90Y Generator (79)62Zn–62Cu Generator (80)82Sr–82Rb Generator(Cardiogen-82) (80)Questions (81)References and Suggested Reading (81)Chapter6Radiopharmaceuticals and Methods of Radiolabeling (83)Deﬁnition of a Radiopharmaceutical (83)Ideal Radiopharmaceutical (84)Easy Availability (84)Short Effective Half-Life (84)Particle Emission (85)Decay by Electron Capture or Isomeric Transition (85)High Target-to-Nontarget Activity Ratio (86)Design of New Radiopharmaceuticals (87)General Considerations (87)Factors Inﬂuencing the Design of New Radiopharmaceuticals..88Methods of Radiolabeling (91)Isotope Exchange Reactions (91)Introduction of a Foreign Label (92)Labeling with Bifunctional Chelating Agents (92)Biosynthesis (92)Recoil Labeling (93)Excitation Labeling (93)Important Factors in Labeling (93)Efﬁciency of the Labeling Process (93)Chemical Stability of the Product (94)Denaturation or Alteration (94)Isotope Effect (94)Carrier-Free or No-Carrier-Added State (94)Storage Conditions (94)Speciﬁc Activity (95)Radiolysis (95)Puriﬁcation and Analysis (95)Shelf Life (96)Speciﬁc Methods of Labeling (96)Radioiodination (96)Labeling with99m Tc (101)Structure of99m Tc-Complexes (106)Oxidation States of99m Tc in99m Tc-Radiopharmaceuticals (107)Kits for99m Tc-Labeling (109)Colloids and Labeled Particles (110)Additives and Preservatives (111)Questions (112)References and Suggested Reading (113)Chapter7Characteristics of Speciﬁc Radiopharmaceuticals (115)99m Tc-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals (115)99m Tc-Sodium Pertechnetate (115)99m Tc-Macroaggregated Albumin (116)99m Tc-Phosphonate and Phosphate Radiopharmaceuticals (116)99m Tc-Sulfur Colloid (118)99m Tc-Albumin Colloid(Nanocolloid) (119)99m Tc-Pentetate(DTPA) (119)99m Tc-Labeled Red Blood Cells (120)99m Tc-Iminodiacetic Acid Derivatives (121)99m Tc-Hexamethylpropylene Amine Oxime(Ceretec) (122)99m Tc-Sestamibi(Cardiolite;Miraluma) (123)99m Tc-Tetrofosmin(Myoview) (125)99m Tc-Mercaptoacetylglycylglycylglycine(MAG3) (125)99m Tc-Ethyl Cysteinate Dimer(Neurolite) (126)99m Tc-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid(Succimer) (126)99m Tc-Gluceptate (127)99m Tc-Technegas (127)Radioiodinated Radiopharmaceuticals (127)131I-Sodium Iodide (127)123I-Sodium Iodide (128)125I-Albumin (129)123I-or131I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (129)125I-Sodium Iothalamate (129)131I-Tositumomab(Bexxar) (130)Miscellaneous Radiopharmaceuticals of Clinical Interest (130)111In-DTPA (130)133Xe Gas (130)201TL-Thallous chloride (131)67Ga-Citrate (131)32P-Sodium Orthophosphate (131)89Sr-Strontium Chloride(Metastron) (132)153Sm-Ethylenediaminetetramethylene Phosphonic Acid(Quadramet) (132)57Co-or58Co-Cyanocobalamin (132)51Cr-Labeled Red Blood Cells (132)Radiolabeled Leukocytes and Platelets (133)Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies (136)Radiolabeled Peptides (144)Other Radiopharmaceuticals of Clinical Importance (145)PET Radiopharmaceuticals (145)18F-Sodium Fluoride (145)18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (146)18F-Fluorodopa (146)18F-Fluorothymidine (147)15O-Water (147)n-15O-Butanol (147)13N-Ammonia (148)11C-Sodium Acetate (148)11C-Flumazenil (148)11C-Methylspiperone (148)11C-L-Methionine (149)11C-Raclopride (149)82Rb-Rubidium Chloride (149)Questions (150)References and Suggested Reading (151)Chapter8Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals (153)Physicochemical Tests (153)Physical Characteristics (153)pH and Ionic Strength (154)Radionuclidic Purity (154)Radiochemical Purity (155)Chemical Purity (164)Radioassay (165)Biological Tests (168)Sterility (168)Apyrogenicity (170)Toxicity (172)Record Keeping (173)Questions (173)References and Suggested Reading (174)Chapter9Nuclear Pharmacy (175)Concept (175)Design of a Nuclear Pharmacy (175)USP Chapter<797>:Pharmaceutical Compounding:Sterile Preparations (179)Operation of a Nuclear Pharmacy (180)Receiving and Monitoring of Radioactive Packages (180)Preparation of Radiopharmaceuticals (181)Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals (185)Storage (185)Dispensing (185)Radioactive Waste Disposal (188)Infectious Waste Disposal (189)Centralized Nuclear Pharmacy (189)Questions (191)References and Suggested Reading (191)Chapter10Internal Radiation Dosimetry (193)Radiation Units (193)Radiation Dosimetry (195)Calculation of Radiation Absorbed Dose (196)Radiation Dose in SI Units (199)Effective Dose (199)Questions (205)References and Suggested Reading (205)Chapter11Radiation Regulations,Protection,and Uses (207)Food and Drug Administration (207)Investigational New Drug (208)New Drug Application (208)Exploratory IND (209)Radioactive Drug Research Committee (211)Difference Between RDRC and Exploratory IND (211)PET Radiopharmaceuticals (212)FDA Regulations for Compounding in NuclearPharmacies (213)State Boards of Pharmacy (215)Nuclear Regulatory Commission (216)Agreement States (216)Licenses (217)Accreditation of Nuclear Medicine Facilities (218)Radiation Protection (219)Medical Uses of Radioactive Materials (230)Department of Transportation (239)European Regulations Governing Radiopharmaceuticals (242)Drug Registration (243)Good Manufacturing Practice (244)European Pharmacopoeia (244)Radiation Protection (245)Questions (246)References and Suggested Reading (247)Chapter12In Vitro and In Vivo Nonimaging Tests (249)Radioimmunoassay (249)Principle (249)Methodology (250)Sensitivity and Speciﬁcity (251)Application (251)Schilling Test (252)Blood Volume (253)125I-Serum Albumin Method (253)51Cr-Labeled Red Blood Cell Method (253)Application (254)Red Blood Cell Survival (254)Questions (255)Suggested Reading (255)Chapter13Diagnostic Uses of Radiopharmaceuticals in NuclearMedicine (257)Central Nervous System (257)Anatomy and Physiology (257)Radiopharmaceuticals and Imaging Techniques (259)99m Tc-Ethyl Cysteinate Dimer(Neurolite) (259)99m Tc-Hexamethylpropylene Amine Oxime(Ceretec) (261)Interventional Studies (262)18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (263)18F-Fluorodopa (265)Other Radiopharmaceuticals (265)111In-DTPA (266)Diagnosis (266)Thyroid (267)Anatomy and Physiology (267)Radiopharmaceuticals and Imaging Techniques (268)Diagnosis (271)Lung (272)Anatomy and Physiology (272)Radiopharmaceuticals and Imaging Techniques (273)99m Tc-Labeled Macroaggregated Albumin (274)133Xe Gas (276)99m Tc-Labeled Aerosol (276)99m Tc-Technegas (277)Diagnosis (279)Liver (279)Anatomy and Physiology (279)Radiopharmaceuticals and Imaging Techniques (280)Diagnosis (286)Spleen (286)Anatomy and Physiology (286)Radiopharmaceuticals and Imaging Techniques (286)Diagnosis (287)Kidney (288)Anatomy and Physiology (288)Radiopharmaceuticals and Imaging Techniques (289)Effective Renal Plasma Flow (292)Diagnosis (296)Skeleton (297)Anatomy and Physiology (297)Radiopharmaceuticals and Imaging Techniques (297)18F-Sodium Fluoride (298)Diagnosis (299)Heart (299)Anatomy and Physiology (299)Radiopharmaceuticals and Imaging Techniques (303)201Tl-Thallous Chloride (303)99m Tc-Sestamibi(Cardiolite) (306)82Rb-Rubidium Chloride (310)13N-Ammonia (310)Other Perfusion Radiopharmaceuticals (311)Metabolic Imaging (312)Other Metabolic Radiopharmaceuticals (313)Myocardial Infarct Imaging (314)Cardiac Innervation Imaging (315)Miscellaneous Imaging Procedures (319)Tumor Imaging (319)Thrombus Detection (328)Lymphoscintigraphy (329)Gastric Emptying Imaging (330)Meckel’s Diverticulum Imaging (331)Gastrointestinal Bleeding Detection (331)Inﬂammatory Diseases and Infection Imaging (332)Parathyroid Imaging (334)Questions (335)References and Suggested Reading (337)Chapter14Molecular Imaging (341)Methodology of Molecular Imaging (342)Conventional Molecular Imaging (342)Gene-Based Molecular Imaging (342)Oligodeoxynucleotide Antisense Probes to Image mRNA..346Reporter Genes for Imaging (347)Gene Therapy (349)Gene Delivery (349)Speciﬁc Diseases (350)Nanoparticle Imaging (351)Questions (354)References and Suggested Reading (357)Chapter15Therapeutic Uses of Radiopharmaceuticalsin Nuclear Medicine (357)Treatment of Hyperthyroidism (357)Treatment of Thyroid Cancer (358)Whole-Body Imaging (359)Treatment with131I (359)Treatment of Bone Pain (361)32P-Sodium Orthophosphate (361)89Sr-Strontium Chloride(Metastron) (361)153Sm-EDTMP(Quadramet) (362)Treatment of Liver Cancer (362)90Y-TheraSpheres (362)90Y-SIR-Spheres(SIR-TeX) (363)Treatment of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (364)90Y-Ibritumomab Tiuxetan(Zevalin) (364)131I-Tositumomab(Bexxar) (365)Polycythemia Vera and Leukemia (365)Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy of Cancer (366)Questions (367)References and Suggested Reading (367)Chapter16Adverse Reactions to and Altered Biodistributionof Radiopharmaceuticals (369)Adverse Reactions (369)Iatrogenic Alterations in the Biodistributionof Radiopharmaceuticals (370)Questions (372)References and Suggested Reading (372)Appendix A Abbreviation used in the text (373)Appendix B Terms used in the text (377)Appendix C Units and Constants (387)Appendix D Radioactive Decay of99m Tc (389)Appendix E Radioactive Decay of131I (391)Appendix F Answers and Questions (393)Index (395)。