英语词汇1答案

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星火英语词汇检测1(答案)

（v.））加速
41 国内外全神贯注于… home and abroad in… be absorbed in by accident take…into take into account(take of…) account of ) be accustomed to add up to to… be addicted to in addition to
星火英语词汇检测1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
遗弃、遗弃、抛弃 v. abandon 积极的、积极的、活跃的 adj. active 男演员 n. actor 能力；能力；才能（n.） ability 到（在）国外（adv.） abroad 缺席的，缺席的，不在的（a.） absent 反常的，反常的，不正常的（a.） abnormal 事故，事故，意外的事 (n.) accident 横过，横过，穿过 (prep.) across 行动 (n.) action
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
实际的；实际的；现实的(a.) 地址(n.) 接受(vt.) 口音，口音，音调(n.) 痛，疼痛(vi.& n) 达到，达到，取得(vt.) 广告(n.)
actual adress accept accent ache achieve ad able accompany accountant
丰富， 43 ……丰富，富于丰富富于…… be abundant in sth.
指控某人（ 46 指控某人（犯）…… accuse sb. of (doing)sth. 47 习惯于 48 合计达沉溺于…… 49 沉溺于除了……之外 50 除了之外
32 acknowledge 33 acquire v.）） 34 accommodation 35 accomplis（v. （ 36 abuse （v.）） absolute 37 （adj.）） academic 38 （adj.）） 39 adequate 40 accelerate

英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)

《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案Chapter 17. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left.a. tart: loose womanb. bloke: fellowc. gat: pistold. swell: greate. chicken: cowardf. blue: fightg. smoky: policeh. full: drunki. dame: womanj. beaver: girl8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words.haply = perhapsalbeit = althoughmethinks = it seems to meeke = alsosooth = truthmorn = morningtroth = pledgeere = beforequoth = saidhallowed = holybillow = wave / the seabade = bid12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans.Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husbandAliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenuTranslation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no seeSemantic loans: dreamChapter 21. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family?The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic Roumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6. Here is a text chosen from the Declaration of Independence.“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.”Pick out all the words of Greek or Latin origin from the text and see of what origin are the words left. What insight does this exercise give you with reference to the borrowings from Greek and Latin?“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.”Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. Tell the different elements that make up the following hybrids.eventful [Latin + English]falsehood [ Latin + English]saxophone [German + Greek]joss house [ Portuguese + English]hydroplane [Greek + Latin]pacifist [Latin + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]television [Greek + Latin]9. Put the following French loan words into two groups, one being early borrowings and the other late ones.amateur (late)finacé (late)empire (early)peace (E)courage (E)garage (L)judgement (E)chair (E)chaise (L)grace (E)servant (E)routine (L)jealous (E)savaté (L)genre (L)gender (E)début (L)morale (L)state (E)chez (L)ballet (L)11. Match the Italian musical terms with the proper definitons.allegro, f. in fast tempo轻快andante, j. in moderate tempo行板diminuendo, g. decreasing in volume渐弱largo, d. in a slow stately manner缓慢pianoforte, a. soft and loud轻转强alto, i. lowest singing boice for woman女低音crescendo, b. increasing in volume渐强forte, e. loud强piano, h. soft轻soprano, c. highest singing voice for women女高音12. Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which eachhas been borrowed.cherub (Hebrew)coolie (Hindi)lasso (Sp)shampoo (Indian)tepee (Am Ind)kibitz (G)chipmunk (Am Ind)cotton (Arab)loot (Hindi)snorkel (G)tulip (Turk)wok (Ch)chocolate (Mex)jubilee (Gr)Sabbath (Heb)tamale (Mex)voodoo (Afr)sauerbraten (G)13. Here is a menu of loan words from various sources. Choose a word to fill in each space.a. A crocodile much resembles an _____ in appearance.b. “To give up a young lady like that,” said Andy. “A man would have to be plumb _____.c. There was a big increase this summer in the number of competitors in calf roping at the annual _____ held in Three Forks.d. This duke ranch we have developed has done well so far, but it promises next year to be a real _____ , enough to make us all rich.e. Some Eskimos build a winter shelter from snow called an _____.f. The Germans perfected a type of motorized attack in the Second World War that they called a _____.g. The Algonquin Indian in eastern and central North America lived in a domed shelter they called a _____.h. Columbus in 1493 used a Carib Indian word _____ to describe the small boats the native used.i. In the West Indies the local name fro a violent tropical cyclone is a _____.j. The Australian aborigines use a throwing stick that they call a _____.k. “Look like rain, boy,” sang out Luke. “Better get out your _____.”a. alligatorb. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwamh. canoei. hurricanej. boomerang k. panchosChapter 31. Write the term in the blanks accoding to the definitions.a. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ( )b. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ( )c. a moepheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme ( )d. a morpheme that can stand alone ( )e. a morpheme attached to a base, stem or root ( )f. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( )g. an affix that forms new words with a base, stem or root ( )h. what ratains of a word after the removal of all affies ( )i. that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes ( )j. a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( )a. morphemeb. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. informational affixg. derivational affixh. rooti. stemj. base3. individualisticindividualist + ic [stem, base]individual + ist [stem, base]individu + al [stem, base]in + dividu [root, stem, base]undesirablesun + desirable [stem, base]desir + able [root, stem, base]4. Organize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships. affix morphemederivational affix free rootbound root inflectional affixprefix free morphemebound morpheme suffixmorpheme – free morpheme = free root-- bound morpheme – bound root-- affix – inflectional affix-- derivational affix – prefix-- suffixChapter 4Affixation5. Form negatives with each of the following words by using one of these prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-.non-smoker disobey immature unwillingness illogical non-athletic incapable insecurity inability/disability illegal disloyal unofficially disagreement inconvenient impractical irrelevant6. Turn the following nouns and adjectives into verbs with –en, -ify, -ize and then choose them to fill in the blanks in the sentences that follow.harden memorize deepen lengthen fatten horrify falsify glorify intensify sympathize modernize apologize sterilize beautifya. apologizedb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. fattenf. falsifyg. memorizingh. Sterilize7. Each of the following sentences contains a word printed in italics. Complete the sentence by using this word to form a noun to refer to a person.a. If you are employed by a company, you are one of its _____.b. A _____ is someone whose job is politics.c. The _____ in a discussion are the people who participate in it.d. A woman who works as a _____ does the same job as a waiter.e. The person who conducts an orchestra or choir is called the _____.f. Your _____ is the person who teaches you.g. A _____ is someone who earns their living by playing the piano.h. If someone examnines you, you are the _____ and he or she is the _____.a. employeeb. politicianc. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianisth. examinee/examiner8. Match Colume A with Colume B and give two examples for each.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldtrans-world mono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding2. Analyse the following compound words and explain their internal grammatical relationship.heartbeat [S + V]movie-goer [place + V]far- reaching [V + Adv]lion-hearted [adv + a]boyfriend [S + complement]snap decision [V + O]on-coming [V +adv]brainwashing [V + O]baking powder [ V +adv]dog-tired [adv + a]love-sick [adv + a]peace-loving [V +O]easy chair [ a + n]tax-free [adv +a]light-blue [a + a]goings-on [V +adv]4. Form compounds using the following either as the first or the second element of the compound as indicated and translate the words into Chinese.well-bred / well-behaved, needle work / homework, bar-woman / sportswoman, clear-minded / strong-minded, self-control / self-respect, water-proof / fire-proof, news-film / news-letter, sister-in-law / father-in-law, half-way / half-done, age-conscious / status-conscious, culture-bound / homebound, praiseworthy / respectworthy, nation-wide / college-wide, military-style / newstyle, budget-related / politics-related, once-fashionable / once-powerful, mock-attack / mock-sadness, home-baked / home-produced, ever-lasting / ever-green, campus-based / market-basedConversion7. Pick out the words which you think are converted in the following sentences and tellhow they are converted.a. We can’t stomach such an insult.b. Robert Acheson roomed right next to me.c. he wolfed down his lunchd. There is no come and go with her.e. I’m one of his familiars.f. Poor innocents!g. She flatted her last note.h. The engineers ahed and ouched at the new machines.i. Come to the fire and have a warm.j. Is Bill Jackson a has-been or a might-have-been?k. He Hamleted at the chance and then he regretted for it.l. These shoes were an excellent buy.m. He turned his head and smoothed back the hair over one temple.a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah / ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been / might-have-been [finite v → n] k. Hamlet [prope r n → v]l. buy [v → n] m. smooth [a → v]BlendingAnalyse the blends and translate them into Chinese.motel (motor + hotel) 汽车旅馆humint (human + intelligence) 谍报advertisetics (advertisement + statistics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psychological warrior) 心理战专家hoverport (hovercraft + port) 气垫船码头chunnel (channel + tunnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (high + fidelity) 高保真录音设备cinemactress (cinema + actress) 电影女演员ClippingRestore the full forms of the following words and see how these clipped words are formed.copter (helicopter)ab (laboratory)gas (gasoline)scope (telescope)sarge (sergeant)ad (advertisement)dorm (dormitory)prefab (prefabricated house)prof (professor)champ (champion)mike (microphone)tec (detective)Acronymy2. What do the short forms stand for?kg = kilogramcm = centimeteribid = ibidemft = foot$ = dollaretc. = et ceteracf = conferVIP = very important personOPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesTOEFL = teaching of English as a foreign language3. Choose a word from the list to fill in each of the blanks.a. There was a wide coverage of the _____ talks in the press.b. There are enemy aircraft on the _____ screen.c. _____ is still an incurable disease.d. If one knows _____ language, one will find it easy to learn how to use computers.e. _____ has long been applied to surgery in medicine.f. _____ is an international agency of the United Nations which is concerned with improving health standards and services throughout the world.g. Passive _____ listens for noises emanating from a submarine.h. The person who works for the Federal Bureau of Investigation is called a _____.a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-man Backformation2. Give the original words from which the following words are back-formed.lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper NamesStudy the following sentences and pick out the words which used to be proper names and explain the meanings in relation to their origins.a. tantalize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyed—Argusc. narcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Uncle Tommism—Uncle TomChapter 56. Match the words in Colume A with those in Colume B.A Bapes—bcattle—mdoves—cgeese—kwolves—gpigs—lturkeys—dbirds—acricket—nfoxes—jsheep—fmonkeys—ehyenas—hswans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)11. No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative1 particular fastidious / fussy2 critical fault-finding / picky3 style/vogue fad4 artful cunning / sly5 unstable fickle / capricious6 developing underdeveloped / backward7 encourage / promote instigate8 group clique / gang14. bull [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + BOVINE]cow [– HUMAN – MALE + ADULT + BOVINE]calf [– HUMAN + MALE - ADULT + BOVINE]rooster [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + GALLINE]hen [– HUMAN – MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]chicken [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + GALLINE]– HUMANbull cow calf +BOVINErooster hen chicken +GALLINE+ MALE – MALE + ADULTChapter 6Polysemyboarda piece of timbertabledining table council tablefood served at the table; councilors; committee;meal supplied by the week or month directors of a companyHomonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.) (2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. Ona cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) Arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he“laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedremainder: residueinnocent: sinlessobstacle: obstruction vexation: annoyance5. a. identifiableb. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestigeh. perspirei. accomplishmentj. silentk. impressivel. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. steadb. gee-geec. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, childrenh. tired, kidsi. declinedj. refusedk. rancidl. addledm. Penaltiesn. fineso. rebukedp. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar / sameb. safec. sharp / smartd. sende. stingy / selfishf. significant / sensibleg. skeptical / suspicioush. simplei. surej. slipshod / slovenly / sloppy k. sleepiness / sleep / slumberm. subjectiven. sob / scowl6. a. old-fashionedb. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocenth. rigidi. loosenj. clarityk. desertedl. fruitfulm. peremptoryn. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-feverb. wisdom—folliesc. haste—leisured. penny—pound, wise—foolishe. speech—silencef. absence—presenceg. admonish—praiseh. young—oldi. wise men—fools saint—devil j. mind—bodyk. foul—fairl. danger—securitym. deliberate--promptn. children—parentso. bully—cowardp. head—tail8. right—wrongdry—sweetstrong—faintlight—darkhigh—low / deep private—publicsingle—returnhard—easyrough—calmcold—warm3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4. profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber: house, buildinglawyer: office, law courtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factory5.BEDROOMrug, sleepers, carpet, bed wardrob dressing tablemattress dressing gown mirrorpillows pyjamas combsheets clothes hairbrushblanket6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates. Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.Chapter 74. 1) extension2) extension3) narrowing4) degradation5) elevation6) narrowing7) extension8) extension9) narrowing10) elevation11) narrowing12) degradation13) degradation14) degradation5. a. associated transferb. abstract to concretec. abstract to concreted. ab s tract to concretee. abstract to concretef. abstract of concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi. synesthesiaj. synesthesia6. a. objectiveb. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjectiveh. subjective, objective7. a. dieb. graveyardc. bedlam 疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupilh. poor peoplei. toiletj. fat personk. unemployed mother。

Unit 1词汇知识点检测默写答案-高一英语(人教2019版必修第二册)

必修Book 2 Unit 1 Cultural Heritage词汇知识点检测默写答案1.heritagea World Heritage Site世界遗址2.creativelycreative adj有创造力的;创造性的create v创造;创作creation n创造;创作creator n创造者creativity n [U]创造性;创造力creature n[C]生物;动物;人3.reliccultural relics文化遗产4.mountmount an exhibition举办展览5.formerthe former ... the latter...前者...后者...formerly adv以前;从前(=previously)6.cluesearch for clues搜寻线索be clueless about ...对...毫无头绪7.preservepreserve one's eyesight保护视力preservation n[U]保护;保存8.promotepromote international cooperation促进国际合作promote originality提倡独创性promote understanding增进理解be promoted to ...被提升为...get a promotion获得晋升9.appa job application求职申请10.take part in...take an active part in...积极参加...join加入一个团体、组织、群体，成为其中的一员attend参加、出席会议11.give way to...give way to pressure在压力下让步give (... away)①送掉;分发(奖品等)②放弃(机会等);输掉③泄露(秘密);出卖give back(归)还;使返回;恢复give in①屈服;让步②交上(考卷等) (=hand in)give off发出(气味、光、热等)give out①分发(=hand out);发出(光、热、信号等);公布②耗尽;精疲力竭give up认输;放弃;让give up on...对...不抱希望12.balancekeep balance保持平衡keep a balance between ... and ...保持...与...之间的平衡on balance总的说来pay the balance on delivery到货时付清余款a balanced diet均衡的饮食13.lead to...lead(led, led) vlead a ... life过着...的生活14.proposalpropose doing sth建议做某事propose that sb (should) do sth建议某人做某事（that宾从使用虚拟语气）propose doing / to do sth打算做某事propose to sb向某人求婚15.protestprotest against doing sth反对做某事16.likelysb/ sth is likely to do sth=it is likely (that)从句...某人可能做某事Not likely! [表示强烈的否定]绝不可能!才不呢!unlikely adj不太可能的;[只用于名词前]非想象中的17.turn to...turn around / round转身;转变; (使) 好转、turn away把...转过去;把...打发走、turn back (使)往回走;改变做法、turn down①关小;调低(音量等)【反turn up】①拒绝(=refuse)turn in上交(BrE=hand in);上缴turn into... (使)变成; (使) 成为turn off关(水、煤气、电灯等)【反turn on】;离开/拐出(某条路)turn on①开(水、煤气、电灯等)【反turn off】①使(某人)产生兴趣①对....发怒;突然攻击turn out①制造;生产;培养出①原来(是);证明(是);结果(是)①出席;参加turn over①翻身; (使)翻转;翻过(书页)①移交①反复考虑turn up①开大;调高(音量等)【反turn down】①(人)到达;出现①(尤指失去后偶然)被发现①找到;发现by turns轮流;交替in turn依次;反过来;转而take turns轮流;依次18.establishan established fact既定事实establishment n①[U]建立;设立;确立;创办②[C][正式]机构;企业19.limitwithin limits在某种范围内;适度地limit ... to...将...限制在(某范围内)。

星火英语词汇检测1(答案)

Answer: B
Explanation: The correct answer to the multiple choice question is B because it is the only option that correctly completes the sentence with a verb that is in the present tense and agrees with the subject "she."
Lexical context
总结词
根据上下文推断词汇含义
详细描述
在理解词汇时，需要结合上下文语境进行分析。通过分析句子结构和整体意义，可以推断出词汇在特定语境中的具体含义。这种推断能力对于提高阅读理解能力至关重要。
03
Vocabulary application
Vocabulary sentence construction
详细描述：拼写应遵循英语规范，使用标准英语拼写，避免使用非标准或错误的拼写形式。
详细描述：在整篇文章中，应保持拼写的一致性，避免同一个词出现不同的拼写形式，影响文章的整体性和流畅性。
word usage
总结词：语境合适总结词：语法正确总结词：丰富多样
详细描述：在词汇使用中，应确保词汇的语境合适，即所选词汇应符合题目的语境和上下文，能够恰当地表达意思。
Spark English Vocabulary Test 1
(Answer)
目录
• Vocabulary detection • Vocabulary comprehension • Vocabulary application • Answer Analysis

英语词汇学(一) 期末考试试题及参考答案

A. l. semantic
15.Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they _____. [ ]
A. are complex words.
Test 1
I.Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects
A. situation B. context C. time D. place
B. are technical words
C. refer to the commonest things in life.
D. denote the most important concepts.
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book（10％）
B. Danish origin
C. Latin origin
D. Greek origin
14. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.
D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation
4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ]

大学英语词汇学Unit1答案

Check‎Y our Under‎s tand‎i ngState‎ wheth‎e r each of the follo‎wi ng state‎m ents‎i s TRUE or FALSE‎.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class‎Activ‎i ties‎1. The word “wor d” is diver‎s e in terms‎of its meani‎n g. Consi‎d e r its usage‎s in the follo‎wi ng conte‎xts:a. May I say a word about‎that?b. Actio‎n s speak‎loude‎r than words‎.c. She has kept her word.d. Final‎l y the gener‎a l gave the word to retre‎a t.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they’re divor‎c ing.ASK:(1) What does “word” mean in each of the conte‎x t s?a. Somet‎h ing he would‎talk about‎b. thing‎s that are said, contr‎a sted‎with thing‎s that are donec. the promi‎s e one has maded. spoke‎n comma‎n d or signa‎le. infor‎m atio‎nf. piece‎of news; messa‎g e(2) Do you know of any other‎ usage‎s the word “word” has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summa‎ri ze the five crite‎ri a intro‎d uced‎by David‎Cryst‎a l here?Poten‎tial pause‎:The pause‎ , which‎happe‎n s when you say a sente‎n ce, will tend to fallbetwe‎e n words‎, and not withi‎n words‎.Indiv‎i sibi‎l ity: The extra‎i tems‎ will be added‎betwe‎e n the words‎and not withi‎n them.Minim‎a l free forms‎: the small‎e st units‎of speec‎h that can meani‎n g ful‎ly stand‎on their‎o wn. Phone‎tic bound‎a ries‎: It is somet‎i mes possi‎b l e to tell from the sound‎of a word where‎i t begin‎s or ends.Seman‎tic units‎: each word in a sente‎n ce has a clear‎meani‎n g.(2) Do you think‎these‎ crite‎ri a are quest‎i onab‎l e in any way? Can they be appli‎e d to the ident‎ifica‎ti on of zi, the rough‎Chine‎se equiv‎al ent‎ of the Engli‎sh“word”?No, as the above‎analy‎si s expla‎i ned. No , they canno‎t. For examp‎l e, 流连and‎蹒跚，they are danch‎u ci(单纯词) which‎ canno‎t be analy‎z ed indep‎e nden‎t ly.3.(1) Suppo‎se we want to know what are the ten most frequ‎e ntly‎used Engli‎s h words‎. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about‎Chine‎se?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are there‎any simil‎a ri ti‎e s and diffe‎rence‎s betwe‎e n the ten most frequ‎e ntly‎used words‎i nEngli‎sh and those‎i n Chine‎se?They are basic‎a lly funct‎i onal‎words‎. Both have posse‎ssive‎ word,(of, 的) numbe‎r words‎(a,一), copul‎a words‎(i s, 是), conju‎n ctio‎n s(and, 和) and local‎i zers‎(i n, 在).; Engli‎s h has the defin‎i te artic‎l e the and sever‎a l prono‎u ns, you , that and it which‎are absen‎t in Chine‎s e.4. Accor‎d i ng to Ferdi‎n and de Sauss‎u re, there‎i s no intri‎n si c relat‎i on betwe‎e n the form of a word and what it stand‎s for. In other‎words‎, words‎are arbit‎rary (i.e. not motiv‎a ted) in terms‎of meani‎n g desig‎n atio‎n. Howev‎e r, there‎seem to be abund‎a nt cases‎i n natur‎a l langu‎a ges that defy this gener‎a liza‎ti on. For examp‎l e, onoma‎t opoe‎i c words‎ seem to exist‎i n all the langu‎a ges known‎to us. To a lesse‎r degre‎e, the meani‎n g of some words‎can be partl‎y deduc‎e d from thei r‎compo‎n ents‎. For examp‎l e, “sl-“ is highl‎y sugge‎stive‎of the meani‎n g of the words‎that conta‎i n it, such as “slide‎”, “slip”, and “slush‎”.ASK:(1)Babbl‎e, bang, grunt‎,s plas‎h; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these‎words‎are only a small‎ part of Engli‎s h or Chine‎s e vocab‎u lary‎(2)Footb‎a ll and handb‎all conce‎rn the body part which‎take the ball from one place‎to anoth‎e r, and baske‎t ball‎i s named‎after‎ a baske‎t into which‎the ball is put in the beggi‎n g stage‎of the game. (3)Peopl‎e have bodil‎y embed‎d ed knowl‎e dge to infer‎ these‎motiv‎a tion‎s of such usage‎. The fi rst‎examp‎l e conce‎rns the metap‎h or and secon‎d meton‎y my(4) Do you know other‎ types‎of words‎o r usage‎s that are motiv‎ated in one way or anoth‎e r? Some figur‎a tive‎u sage‎s are also highl‎y motiv‎a ted. For examp‎l e:Neces‎s ity is the mothe‎r of inven‎t ion.5. Briti‎s h Engli‎s h (BE for short‎) and Ameri‎c an Engli‎s h (AE for short‎) are two major‎varie‎ties of the Engli‎s h langu‎a ge.Thoug‎h they have funda‎m enta‎l simil‎ariti‎es in terms‎of gramm ‎ar and vocab‎ulary‎, they also diffe‎r subst‎antia‎lly in many ways. On the vocab‎ulary‎level‎, sever‎al disti‎nct disti‎nctio‎ns are found‎. First‎, there‎are diffe ‎rence‎s in the pronu‎n ciat‎i on of some words‎, mostl‎y i n the vowel‎ sound‎s, as illus‎t rate‎d in the follo‎wi ng table‎:Some conso‎n ants‎are also prono‎u nced‎di ffe‎rentl‎y. Parti‎c ular‎l y, in BE，the lette‎r r befor‎e a conso‎n ant is not prono‎u nced‎, but that at the end of a word is prono‎u nced‎if the next word begi n‎s with a vowel‎, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a membe‎r of /☜ memb☜☜f /; in AE, the lette‎r r is prono‎u nced‎i n all posit‎i ons.Secon‎dl y, BE and AE diffe‎r in the spell‎i ng of some words‎. Usual‎l y, the AE varia‎n ts are simpl‎er than their‎B riti‎s h count‎e rpar‎t s, as manif‎e sted‎below‎.A furth‎e r notic‎e able‎di ffe‎rence‎relat‎e s to the lexic‎al meani‎n g of some words‎. For insta‎n ce, “bill” means‎“bank note” in AE but “a deman‎d for payme‎n t of a debt” in BE.ASK:(1) Can you suppl‎y more words‎that are prono‎u nced‎diffe‎rentl‎y i n Briti‎s h Engli‎s h and Ameri‎c anEngli‎shhalf, advan‎c e, advan‎t age, after‎, answe‎r, ask, glanc‎e, glass‎, grasp‎(2) Do you know of any gramm‎a ti ca‎l diffe‎rence‎s betwe‎e n Briti‎s h Engli‎s h and Ameri‎c an Engli‎sh? In Ameri‎c an Engli‎s h we say “gradu‎a te from schoo‎l”; while‎i n Briti‎s h Engli‎s h, we say “leave‎schoo‎l”. In Ameri‎c an Engli‎s h, it has “put up price‎”, while‎i n Briti‎s h Engli‎s h, it is “raise‎pri ce‎”(3) Are there‎speci‎a l words‎for which‎AE and BE have very disti‎n ctiv‎e spell‎i ngs?For Chine‎s e chara‎c ters‎“博览会”, Briti‎s h Engli‎s h has “fair” while‎ Ameri‎c an Engli‎s h usees‎ trade‎show. “ Life and eleva‎t or” , and “autum‎n and fall” are more examp‎l es.(4) Can you find more examp‎l es of the same words‎ wi th diffe‎rent meani‎n g s in AE and BE?one billi‎o n/ first‎floor‎/ pants‎one billi‎o n(Brit) the numbe‎r 10000‎00000‎000 万亿之数(US) the numbe‎r 10000‎00000‎十亿之数first‎floor‎In Briti‎s h Engli‎s h the floor‎of a build‎i ng at stree‎t level‎is the groun‎d floor‎and the floor‎above‎thatis the first‎floor‎.In US Engli‎s h the stree‎t-level‎floor‎is the first‎floor‎and the one above‎is the secon‎d floor‎Pants‎(Brit) men's under‎p ants‎; women‎'s or child‎r en's knick‎e rs(US) trous‎e rs6. The follo‎wi ng excer‎p t comes‎ from Barac‎k Obama‎’s speec‎h on Fathe‎r’s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it caref‎u l ly, and pay speci‎a l atten‎t i on to his choic‎e of words‎.ASK:(1) How does Obama‎disti‎n guis‎h“empat‎h y” from “sympa‎t hy”?Empat‎h y means‎ Ident‎i fica‎t ion with and under‎s tand‎i ng of anoth‎e r's situa‎t ion, feeli‎n gs.The abili‎t y to stand‎in someb‎o dy‎else’s‎shoes‎Sympa‎t hy is defin‎e d as feeli‎n g of pity and sorro‎w (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama‎bothe‎r to defin‎e“hope”– a famil‎i ar word to all?Hope, accor‎d i ng to Obama‎, is somet‎h ing bette‎r is waiti‎n g‎for‎us‎if‎we’re‎willi‎n g to work for it and fight‎for it. If we are willi‎n g to belie‎v e. He diffe‎r enti‎a tes hope from what is blind‎optim‎i sm or willf‎u l ignor‎a nce of the probl‎e ms we face(3) What other‎l exic‎al choic‎e s i mpre‎s s you deepl‎y as well?“As‎fathe‎r s and paren‎t s”, why not as fathe‎rs and mothe‎r s,Open to discu‎ssion‎Post-Class‎Tasks‎1. What chara‎c teri‎s ti cs‎do funct‎i onal‎ words‎have？Read the follo‎wi ng excer‎p t from Georg‎e W.2. How do you under‎s tand‎recep‎ti ve and produ‎ctive‎l exic‎al knowl‎e dge? Use your own examp‎l es to illus‎t rate‎their‎di ffe‎rence‎s. Which‎type of vocab‎ulary‎i s proba‎b l y the large‎st for a langu‎a ge user, readi‎n g vocab‎ul ary‎, writi‎n g vocab‎ul ary‎, liste‎ni ng vocab‎ul ary‎, or speak‎i ng vocab‎ul ary‎? Give one reaso‎n that convi‎n ces you most.For examp‎l e, we learn‎that “word”can be used to refer‎ to “rumor‎”, and we know it means‎“rumor‎”‎in the sente‎n ce “The word is that he's left the count‎r y.(据说他已经‎离开这个国‎家了).”But actua‎l ly, we will not write‎the sente‎n ce, esp., say the sente‎n ce in daily‎conve‎rsati‎o n s. By this examp‎l e, we show that recep‎ti ve lexic‎al knowl‎e dge conce‎rns what you learn‎e d and produ‎cti ve‎lexic‎al knowl‎e dge conce‎rn s what you would‎put into pract‎i c e. Readi‎n g vocab‎ul ary‎may be the large‎st type of vocab‎ulary‎, becau‎s e you may recog‎n ize the meani‎n g of a word witho‎u t using‎i t in daily‎ excha‎n ges or in acade‎m i c writi‎n g.3. Is lexic‎al compe‎t ence‎the same thing‎as produ‎ctive‎l exic‎al knowl‎e dge? How do you under‎stand‎the two conce‎p ts on the basis‎o f the discu‎ssion‎i n Pre-Class‎Readi‎n g?No, lexic‎a l compe‎t ence‎ cover‎s a large‎r scope‎that that of produ‎ctive‎l exic‎al knowl‎e dge.4. Can we say lexic‎o l ogy‎i s the scien‎ti fic‎ study‎of the words‎i n a langu‎a ge? How impor‎t ant is the notio‎n of word equiv‎al ent‎?Read the follo‎wi ng excer‎p t from Barra‎ck Obama‎’s V icto‎ry Speec‎h in 2008 and under‎l ine the word equiv‎alent‎s. What types‎of word equiv‎alent‎s are conta‎ined in this passa‎g e?group‎s (or compo‎u nd words‎), chunk‎s such as idiom‎s, formu‎l ai c seque‎n ces, and so. The latte‎r i s attra‎cting‎more and more schol‎a rly atten‎t i on these‎days. Thus, lexic‎ol ogy‎i s more preci‎s ely defin‎ed as the scien‎ti fic‎ study‎of the words‎and word equiv‎al ent‎s in a langu‎a ge.5. Ident‎i c al syste‎m s of stres‎s and rhyth‎m are used by BE and AE. There‎are, howev‎e r, a fewwords‎that have their‎ stres‎s on a diffe‎rent sylla‎bl e. Write‎out the speci‎fi c pronu‎n ciat‎i ons of the follo‎wi ng words‎:Omitt‎e d。

英语词汇学课本习题答案

英语词汇学课本习题答案Unit 1Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class Activities1. The word ―wor d‖is diverse in terms of its meaning. Consider its usages in the following contexts:a. May I say a word about that?b. Actions speak louder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finally the general gave the word to retreat.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they‘re divorcing.ASK:(1) What does ―word‖ mean in each of the contexts?a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; message(2) Do you know of any other usages the word ―word‖ has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summarize the five criteria introduced by David Crystal here?Potential pause :The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fallbetween words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own. Phonetic boundaries: It issometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to theidentification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English ―word‖?No, as the above analysis explained. No , they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚，they are danchuci(单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.3.ASK:(1) Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、⼀、是、在、了、不、和、有、⼤、着(2) Are there any similarities and differences between the ten most frequently used words inEnglish and those in Chinese?They are basically functional words. Both have possessive word,(of, 的) number words(a,⼀), copula words(is, 是), conjunctions(and, 和) and localizers(in, 在).; English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you , that and it which are absent in Chinese.4. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, there is no intrinsic relation between the form of a word and what it stands for. In other words, words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated) in terms of meaning designation. However, there seem to be abundant cases in natural languages that defy this generalization. For example, onomatopoeic words seem to exist in all the languages known to us. To a lesser degree, the meaning of some words can be partly deduced from their components. For example, ―sl-― is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as ―slide‖, ―slip‖, and ―slush‖. ASK:(1)Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2)Football and handball concern the body part which take the ball from one place to another, and basketball is named after a basket into which the ball is put in the begging stage of the game. (3)People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy(4) Do you know other types of words or usages that are motivated in one way or another?Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5. British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short) are two major varieties of the English language.Though they have fundamental similarities in terms of grammar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabulary level, several distinct distinctions are found. First, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words, mostly in the vowel sounds, as illustrated in the following table:Some consonants are also pronounced differently. Particularly, in BE，the letter r before a consonant is not pronounced, but that at the end of a word is pronounced if the next word beginswith a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of /? memb??f /; in AE, the letter r is pronounced in all positions. Secondly, BE and AE differ in the spelling of some words. Usually, the AE variants are simpler than their British counterparts,as manifested below.A further noticeable difference relates to the lexical meaning of some words. For instance, ―bill‖ means ―bank note‖ in AE but ―a demand for payment of a debt‖ in BE.ASK:(1) Can you supply more words that are pronounced differently in British English and AmericanEnglishhalf, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any grammatical differences between British English and American English? In American English we say ―graduate from school‖; while in British English, we say ―leave school‖. In American English, it has ―put up price‖, while in British English, it is ―raise price‖(3) Are there special words for which AE and BE have very distinctive spellings?For Chinese characters―博览会‖, British English has ―fair‖ while American English usees trade show. ― Life and elevator‖ , and ―autumn and fall‖ are more examples.(4) Can you find more examples of the same words with different meanings in AE and BE?one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000⼗亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above that is the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorPants(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers(US) trousers6. The following excerpt comes from Barack Obama‘s speech on Father‘s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefully, and pay special attention to his choice of words.The first is setting an example of excellence for our children — because if we want to set high expectations for them, we‘ve got to set high expectations for ourselves. It‘s great if you have a job; it‘s even better if you have a college degree. It‘s a wonderful thing if you are married and living in a home with your children, but don‘t just sit in the house and watch ―Sports Center‖ all weekend long. That‘s why so many children are growing up in front of the television. As fathers and parents,we‘ve got to spend more time with them, and help them with their homework, and replace the video game or the remote control with a book once in a while. That‘s how we build that foundation…..The second thing we need to do as fathers is pass along the value of empathy to our children. Not sympathy, but empathy —the ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoes;to look at the world through their eyes. Sometimes it‘s so easy to get caught up in ―us,‖ that we forget about our obligations to one another. There‘s a culture in our society that says remembering these obligations is somehow soft —that we can‘t show weakness, and so therefore we can‘t show kindness……And the final lesson we must learn as fathers is also the greatest gift we can pass on to our children —and that is the gift of hope.…I‘m not talking about an idle hope that‘s little more than blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face. I‘m talking about hope as that spirit inside us that insists, despite all evidence to the contrary, that something better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe.ASK:(1) How does Obama distinguish ―empathy‖ from ―sympathy‖?Empathy means Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoesSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama bother to define ―hope‖– a familiar word to all?Hope, according to Obama, is som ething better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) What other lexical choices impress you deeply as well?―As fathers and parents‖, why not as fathers and mothers,Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. What characteristics do functional words have？Read the following excerpt from George W. Bush‘s Farewell Address in 2009 and underline the functional words used in it.Like all who have held this office before me, I have experienced setbacks. There are things I would do differently if given the chance. Yet I have always acted with the best interests of our country in mind. I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right. You may not agree with some tough decisions I have made. But I hope you can agree that I was willing to make the tough decisions.2. How do you understand receptive and productive lexical knowledge? Use your own examplesto illustrate their differences. Which type of vocabulary is probably the largest for a language user, reading vocabulary, writing vocabulary, listening vocabulary, or speaking vocabulary? Give one reason that convinces you most.For example, we learn that ―word‖can be used to refer to ―rumor‖, and we know it means ―rumor‖ in the sentence ―The word is that he's left the country.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).‖But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing.3. Is lexical competence the same thing as productive lexical knowledge? How do you understand the two concepts on the basis of the discussion in Pre-Class Reading?No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. Can we say lexicology is the scientific study of the words in a language? How important is the notion of word equivalent? Read the following excerpt from Barrack Obama‘s V ictory Speech in 2008 and underline the word equivalents. What types of word equivalents are contained in this passage?So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility, where each of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves but eachother.Let us remember that, if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.In this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one people. Let's resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity thathas poisoned our politics for so long.Let's remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House, a party founded on the values ofself-reliance and individual liberty and national unity.Those are values that we all share. And while the Democratic Party has wona great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination toheal the divides that have held back our progress.Language is composed of not just individual words, but also word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.5. Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. There are, however, a few words that have their stress on a different syllable. Write out the specific pronunciations of the following words:OmittedUnit 2Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1.(1) How are the three allomorphs conditioned by their adjoining sounds?S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].(2) Does the plurality morpheme have other allomorphs apart from those mentioned above?Y es, for example,the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as ―men‖.(3) What about the allomorphs of the morpheme for the past tense in English?The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id]2. In English, there are quite a few prefixes that connote negation. They include a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-, and the like.symmetry→asymmetrytypical→atypicalforgettable →unforgettabletie→untiearticulate →inarticulate,discreet →indiscreetmature →immature,partial →impartiallegal →illegallegible →illegiblerelevant →irrelevantreverent →irreverentlike→dislikeable→disableuse →misuselead →misleadsense →nonsensecommercial→noncommercialform→deformconstruction→deconstruction(2) How would you distinguish between un- and non- in terms of their meaning and use? Can weprefix un- to adjectives like ―tall‖, ―ill‖, and ―black‖? Why or why not?Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such asemployment→unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential→non-essential, and nouns, such as existence→non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.3.ASK:(1) Could we cut ―unwomanly‖ into ―unwoman‖ and ―-ly‖?No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun. (2) Can you analyze the morphological structure of the word ―inaccessibility‖?inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleaccess -ible(3) According to some feminists, words like ―history‖ and ―human‖ encode sex inequality. Do youagree?These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind. Both words have been part of our culture.4.ASK:(1) What are the words in the pictures that stem from conversion?Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) Are they instances of partial conversion or complete conversion?complete conversions5.ASK:(1) What words undergo shortening here? What is the full form of PM (or sometimes p.m.)?Tue Tuesday, Sun Sunday, post meridiem.(2) Do you know how the month names are shortened in English?1⽉January Jan 2⽉February Feb 3⽉March Mar. 4⽉April Apr. 5⽉May May 6⽉June Jun. 7⽉July Jul. 8⽉August Aug. 9⽉September Sept. 10⽉October Oct. 11⽉November Nov. 12⽉December Dec.6.ASK:(1) Can you provide more examples instantiating analogy?Marathon--telethon/talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-(2) Is this process of word formation also found in Chinese? Support your answer with evidence.⽆微不⾄－⽆胃不治；其乐⽆穷－棋乐⽆穷7.(1) What semantic relation holds the two lexemes together in each case?a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line :B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) Does ―safety line‖ mean the same as ―safe line‖? Can you come up with similar compounds? NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(Y ou can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class T asks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D;b.B;c. D;d. C;e. A;f. D2. Learners need to be able to recognize word parts in words. Read the example and break up the following words into meaningful parts. (e.g. unhappiness -- un/happi/ness)a. intangibilityb. unevenlyin/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistimmi/grate/ion psych/ology/isti. occurrences j. assumptionoc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Study the following Security Tips collected from an American Holliday Inn and exemplify the various processes of word formation with words from the passage.Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionV aluable: conversion4. What kinds of adjectives undergo partial conversion? What kinds of verbs often undergo complete conversion?Adjectives like ―poor‖, ―rich‖, ―fat‖, ―sick‖, ―wounded‖, ―deaf‖, ―mute‖, ―Chinese‖, ―Danish‖, ―best‖, ―most‖,―least‖, ―latest‖, ―accused‖, ―condemned‖, (for) ―good‖, ―thick‖ (and) ―thin‖, etc. undergo partial conversion; stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. Some affixes have not only lexical meanings but affective meanings as well. Some personal nouns formed by the suffix –ling, for example, have derogatory meanings,as in hireling, weakling; some personal nouns taking the suffix –ish are also derogatory, as in mannish, womanish and bookish. Can you provide more examples suffixed with –ling and –ish that are negative in attitude?Prince/princelingUnder/underlingWorld/worldingChild/childishSelf/selfishFool/foolish6. Read the following piece of news. What are the acronyms or initialisms used in this passage? What are their full forms?Obama brings hope for warmer relations to TurkeyANKARA, Turkey – U.S. President Barack Obama is reaching out to Turkey to help him wind down the Iraq war and bring stability to the Middle East. He is also counting on the only Muslim member of NATO to remain a steadfast ally in the Afghanistan conflict.Obama's visit is being closely watched by an Islamic world that harbored deep distrust of his predecessor, George W. Bush.Obama was spending two days in Turkey as he wrapped up an event-packed, eight-day international trip that also saw stops in Britain, France, Germany and the Czech Republic.In his inaugural address in January, Obama pledged to reach out to the Muslim world.At a luncheon Sunday for leaders of the European Union's 27 nations in Prague, he said the West should seek greater cooperation and closer ties with Islamic nations. He suggested one way was by allowing Turkey to join the European Union — a contentious subject for some European countries. French President Nicolas Sarkozy said after Obama's remarks that the decision was the EU's to make, not Washington's.Americans remain unsure of what to make of Islam even as most people in the U.S.think Obama should seek better relations with the Muslim world, according to a Washington Post-ABC News poll. About 55 percent of Americans say they lack a good, basic understanding of the religion, the poll found, and 48 percent have an unfavorableview of it.Obama's trip to Turkey, his final scheduled country visit, ties together themes of earlier stops. He attended the Group of 20 economic summit in London, celebrated NATO's 60th anniversary in Strasbourg, France, and on Saturday visited the Czech Republic, which included a summit of European Union leaders in Prague.Turkey is a member of both the G-20 and NATO and is trying to get into the EU with the help of the U.S.Acronyms: NATOInitialisms: EU, ABC, U.S.Unit 3Keys to the exercises in Check Your Understandinga. False;b. False;c. True;d. False;e. FalseKeys to the exercises in In-class Activities1.(1) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a,―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(2) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a,―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(3) The words ―high‖ and ―highly‖ cannot be used interchangeably in the two sentences in GroupC. In Sentence C-a, ―high‖ is an adjective and fuctions as the complement, while in Sentence C-b, ―highly‖ is an adverb and functions as the modifier.(4) a1. I felt pretty nervous going into the exam, but after I got started I loosened up some.a2. The woman chairing the meeting speaks prettily.b1. When he saw her, he stopped dead in his tracks.b2. I'm deadly serious. This isn't a game!c1. Someone left the back door wide open.c2. These laws were widely regarded as too strict.2.(1) a. The old man smiled his refusal to the young man request.b. He lived a long life and died a natural death.(2) a. 每听完⼀个笑话，那个⽼⼈都咯咯地笑出他的喜悦之情。

专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-1词汇及课后答案

专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-1词汇及课后答案Unit 1Excuse NotesWord Bankanthology: n. a collection of artistic works which have a similar form or subject, often those considered to be the best 诗选/文选attest :v. to show sth. or to say or prove that sth. is true 证明choke: v. to stop breathing 窒息，哽住devilment : n. behavior that causes trouble but is usually intended to be playful or amusing 恶作剧distribute: v. to give sth. out to several people, or to spread or supply sth. 分发，发送epiphany: n. understanding 理解forge: v. to make an illegal copy of sth. in order to deceive 伪造，铸造gem: n. sb. or sth. that is very good, pleasing or useful 精品，非常有用的人genuine: adj. sth. genuine is what it seems to be; real 真的lucid: adj.clearly expressed and easy to understand or (of a person) thinking or speaking clearly 易懂的，明白的，清醒的omit: v. to fail to include or do sth. 省略，疏忽plight: n. an unpleasant condition, especially a serious, sad or difficult one 处境，状态seduction: n. the attractive quality of sth. 诱惑superintendent: n. people who is in charge of work done in a particular department, office, etc. 主管，负责人treason: n. lack of loyalty to one’s country, especially by helping its enemies or attempting to defeat its government 通敌，叛国罪vulgar: adj. rude and likely to upset or anger people 无理的，粗俗的Phrases and Expressionsbe evicted from: to be forced to leave somewhere 驱逐，赶走be worth of: deserving respect, admiration or support 值得的glance at: to give a quick short look 一瞥turn into: to change into 进入，（使）变成Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. According to the passage, the teacher ____D____.A. is angry with his students.B. does not like his students forging excuse notes.C. blames the parents.D. teaches a successful writing class.2. Mikey missed school ____D____.A. because his grandmother fell down from the stairsB. because he did not like his teacherC. because his parents wanted him to be homeD. because he did not want to go to school3. When the students forged the excuse notes, they were ____A____.A. very smart and imaginativeB. boredC. indifferentD. excited4. The principal of the school ____B____.A. blamed the teacher for what he had done in class.B. praised the teacher for what he had done in class.C. was disappointed with the teacher.D. fired the teacher.5. Which of the following statements is NOT true? ( D )A. The students enjoyed the teacher’s writing class very much.B. The students were very creative in forging excuse notes.C. The teacher enjoyed teaching writing.D. The students did not enjoy the teacher’s writing class.II. Complete the following summary (summarize) of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.His methods anything but conventional, Mr. McCourt created a lasting impact on his students through imaginative assignments in his (1)creative writing. He found that some of his students (2) forged excuse notes in the name of their parents. He does not angry with what the students had done; instead, he divided those notes into two (3)piles, one for the (4)genuine ones written by parents, the other for forgeries. The students were so smart that they could create a variety of (5)excuses. So the teacher decided to dig up their (6)talent in writing by asking them to write excuse notes. The students were so (7)absorbed in the writing that they almost forgot to have (8)lunch.At last the principal (9)praised the teacher for this successful teaching method. Both the teache and the students were happy about the writing class. And the teacher realized everyone (10)needed an excuse. Understanding is essential to the teacher and the students.VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. A number of __D___ works of art have been sold as genuine.A. falseC. famousD. forged2. To ___B__ one’s power is to commit a crime and eventually end up in jail.A. accuseB. abuseC. deduceD. excuse3. Seeing the speeding car, the policeman __B__ the driver to pull up at the curb.A. reckonedB. beckonedC. softenedD. stiffened4. Unfortunately, he hit a traffic jam and missed the train __B___ a few minutes.A. withB. byC. beforeD. for5. She gave a clear and __A___ account of her plans for the company's future.A. lucidB. dullC. unclearD. ambiguous6. Isn't it rather __C___ to talk about how much money you earn?A. politeC. vulgarD. pleasant7. The books will be __D___ free to local schools.A. contributedB. tributeC. attributedD. distributed8. The editor required him to __A___ some details of the article.A. omitB. permitC. summitD. illuminate9. Few of us can be unmoved by the __C___ of the Romanian orphans.A. lightB. mightC. plightD. moonlight10. I have to __B___ my reputation.A. detectB. protectC. intactD. preventII. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. superintendent choke attest forge gemgenuine lucid omit turn into excuseglance at evicted disguise worthy imagination1. In the US. a school is superintendent in charge of the schools in a particular area.2. Thousands of people came out onto the streets to attest their support for the democratic opposition party.3. The expensive purse is made of genuine leather.4. Can you turn this article into English?5. She took a glance at her watch.6. I know why this happened. You don't have to find any excuse.7. He was evicted from the pub for drunken and violent behavior.8. This emperor is said to have paid many personal visits to various counties disguise as an ordinary citizen.9. Every year she makes a large donation to a worthy cause.10. Children often have very vivid imagination.TranslationPut the following paragraphs into Chinese.1. Most parental-excuse notes I received back in those days were penned by my students. They'd been forging excuse notes since they learned to write, and if I were to confront each forger I'd be busy 24 hours a day.2. My heart sank as the principal entered, along with the superintendent of schools. Neither acknowledged me. They walked up and down, peering at papers. The superintendent picked one up, showed it to the principal.3. Sooner or later, I figured, everyone needed an excuse. Also, if we sang today we could sing tomorrow, and why not? You don’t need an excuse for singing.参考译文：1.我每天收到以父母名义写的请假条，很多是学生自己写的。

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1.青少年.n. Teenager 儿童, n Children 童年n Childhood
2.提示，小费n .Tip 零钱n. Change
3.使不安，使心烦v. Upset 惹恼，打搅v Annoy
4.安家，解决，安排v. Settle 定居者，n Settler 结算; 解决; 定居点n. Settlement
5.积满灰尘的adj. Dusty 灰尘n. Dust
6.遭受，忍受，经历v. Suffer 痛楚，苦难n, Suffering 受难者，n, Sufferer
7.在户外，在野外adj. Outdoor 反义词，在户内，adj Indoor
8.能力，力量，权力n. Power 有力量的，有权力的adj. Powerful
9.痊愈，恢复v. Recover 痊愈，康复，n. Recovery
10.确实如此，正是adv. Exactly 准确的，精确的, adj Exact
11.整个的，完全的adj. Entire 完全地adv. Entirely
12.不理睬，忽视v. Ignore 无知，忽视n.Ignorance 无知的adj Ignorant
13.松的，松开的adj. Loose 紧的，adj Tight
14.使平静，使镇静v. Calm （词组）使平静，镇定下来Calm down
15.感激的adj. Grateful 感激，感恩n Gratefulness
16.黎明，拂晓n. Dawn 黄昏. n. Dusk
17.词汇量，词汇n.V ocabulary (短语) 丰富某人的词汇量enrich one’s vocabulary
18.请求，要求v. Request 命令，要求v. Command
19.直的，笔直的，正直的adj. Straight
20.确定，识别v. Identify 身份，本身n. Identity
21.表达，表示v Express 表达，表示n, Expression
22.不同意v. Disagree 分歧，不一致n. Disagreement。