词汇测试1答案
星火英语词汇检测1(答案)
（v.） ） 加速
41 国内外 全神贯注于… home and abroad in… be absorbed in by accident take…into take into account(take of…) account of ) be accustomed to add up to to… be addicted to in addition to
星火英语词汇检测1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
遗弃、 遗弃、抛弃 v. abandon 积极的、 积极的、活跃的 adj. active 男演员 n. actor 能力； 能力； 才能 （n.） ability 到（在）国外 （adv.） abroad 缺席的， 缺席的， 不在的 （a.） absent 反常的， 反常的，不正常的 （a.） abnormal 事故， 事故，意外的事 (n.) accident 横过， 横过，穿过 (prep.) across 行动 (n.) action
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
实际的； 实际的； 现实的(a.) 地址(n.) 接受(vt.) 口音， 口音，音调(n.) 痛，疼痛(vi.& n) 达到， 达到，取得(vt.) 广告(n.)
actual adress accept accent ache achieve ad able accompany accountant
丰富， 43 ……丰富，富于 丰富 富于…… be abundant in sth.
指控某人（ 46 指控某人（犯）…… accuse sb. of (doing)sth. 47 习惯于 48 合计达 沉溺于…… 49 沉溺于 除了……之外 50 除了 之外
32 acknowledge 33 acquire v.） ） 34 accommodation 35 accomplis（v. （ 36 abuse （v.） ） absolute 37 （adj.） ） academic 38 （adj.） ） 39 adequate 40 accelerate
Module1词汇检测题外研版英语八年级上册含答案
外研版八年级上册Module!词汇检测II.词性变化5. mean--- （名词）1. practise --- （名词）2. pronounce--- ________ （名词） 6. suggest---______ （名词）3. nature--- ________ （形容词）7. quick--- （副词）4. advice--- ________ （动词）in.词组翻译1.犯错误2.欢迎回来3.谈论某事4.学英语的好办法5.在课堂上6.尽力做某事7.尽可能多地8.写下9.在我们的笔记本里10.正确的答案11.听收音机12对...有好处13.如此多的新单词14.需要做某事15.听关键词16.主要观点17.知道18.通过阅读19.笔友20给他们写信21.同意某人22.学英语的建议23通过录音机24.查找25.请求，要求26.提高他们的英语水平27.主要的问题28.好几次29.生词的意思30.每次31.新的东西32建议某人做某事33.害怕做某事34跟某人说话35.开始谈话36.向某人微笑37.把某物放在…里面38.擅长39.给一些建议40提高某人的口语水平41.练习口语42.带领某人参观43.给一些建议IV.根据句意及汉语提示拼写单词。
（1-5每空一词，6-10每空词数不限。
）1.当你遇到新单词时，不要总是查词典。
When you meet a new word, don,t always it in the.2.为什么不两人一组问答这些句子呢？ask and answer these sentences ?3.每天读半小时的英语报纸怎么样？How for half an hour every day?4.你为什么不在课堂上尽可能多地练习说英语？you practise speaking English___________ ___________ in class?5.在课堂上尽量认真听老师讲课。
初中英语短语词汇的经典测试题含答案(1)
一、选择题1．I have a poor memory so I have to ______ my phone number book every time I want to make a call.A．look up B．look at C．look for D．look over2．—The fire was finally____ in Jilin on June 3. Unfortunately, 119 people lost their lives.—I ho pe the accident like this won’t happen again.A．put down B．put away C．put out D．put up3．My cousin is heavy because he often eats fast food．A．too much；too many B．too many；too muchC．much too；too much D．too much；much too4．George couldn’t wait to _________ his new car.A．put off B．set off C．take off D．show off5．________, the Internet was only used by the government. But now it’s widely used in every field.A．As usual B．At first C．After all D．So far6．Millie Beijing now.A．don't live in B．doesn't lives inC．don't lives in D．doesn't live in7．—Let's go out for dinner.—Great! But Clean -Up Day is two weeks from now. We can't making a plan.A．take off B．see off C．put off D．cut off8．David Burt’s dream in China is to go into the west and ______ an early childhood school there. A．clean up B．look up C．give up D．set up9．It took me almost a whole day to _____ so many emails.A．deal with B．cut in C．cheer for D．run out 10．Vivien worked very hard at all her lessons. __________, she became the top student in her class.A．In order to B．As a result C．As usual D．For example 11．--You hate that TV play, don’t you?--Not _______. I just think it’s a bit boring.A．likely B．exactly C．nearly D．carefully12．The math problem is so difficult that only few students can _______.A．work on it B．work for it C．work it over D．work it out13．- Your room is in a terrible mess, Tom. Don’t leave your books here and there.- OK, _____. I’ll _____ in five minutes.A．I won’t; put them away B．I will; put them offC．I will; put them away D．I won’t; put off them14．Good learners often ask questions during or after class. They even ask each other and tryto_______ the answers by discussing.A．find out B．clear out C．look for15．---Hong Kong’s richest, Li Ka-shing, announced plans to retire before his 90th birthday in July. ---It is reported his fortune is up to $37 billion. However, he led a dog’s life during his childhood. A．had a happy life B．lived a hard life C．lived with a dog16．Pick up your pen and draw your own invention. Maybe it will be ____ a real product one day!A．turned on B．turned down C．turned into D．turned off 17．— Did you see Mike at the harbor (港口) yesterday?—No, I didn’t. When I arrived there, the ship had _____________.A．flown away B．looked around C．set sail18．The teachers and students are all friendly and the environment is quiet. ________, everything here is great.A．In case of B．In short C．Instead of19．The ancient buildings should be cared for________being pulled down.A．instead of B．against C．according to D．instead 20．—Could you help me _________ the knives and forks at the table before dinner? —Sure, I’d love to.A．go out B．give out C．put out D．lay out 21．—There is only a little money that is available________the trip.—________, you’d better prepare some more money.A．for, In that case B．to, In case that C．during, Anyway 22．—When I was two________the field, mum made sure I was safe and kept me from danger and when I fell and hurt myself, she gave me a hug and________me up.—Mom knows us best, and for us she wanted only the best!A．running across, lifted B．ran over,rose C．running through, lifted 23．Not until the police began to look into(调查) the accident did he tell me ________ what was on that afternoon.A．by mistake B．by accident C．in person D．in total24．To make room for 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, some old houses will be ________ and new ones will be built.A．cut out B．pulled down C．taken in D．picked up 25．(2016●苏州市)If the customer rings up for me again, please the call to the sales department .A．run through B．look through C．go through D．put through【参考答案】***试卷处理标记，请不要删除一、选择题1．A解析：A【解析】句意：我的记忆力很差，所以每次我想打电话的时候都要查一下电话号码簿。
词汇学模拟试卷1及答案
《英语词汇学》模拟试卷（一)I. Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets. （30%）1。
The minimal meaningful units in English are known as ______。
A。
roots B. morphsC。
stems D。
morphemes（)2. The most important of all the features of the basic word stock is ______。
A。
stability 。
B. productivityC. polysemy . D。
all national character（）3。
Old English vocabulary was essentially ______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.A. Celtic . B。
HellenicC。
Italic 。
D。
Germanic 。
（）4。
In modern times, ______ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. A。
borrowing B. backformationC。
creation D。
semantic change（)5。
The words “motel" and “comsat” are called ______。
A。
blends B. compoundsC。
acronyms D. initialisms 。
( )6. The word “teachers” contains three morphemes，but the word “shortenings” has ______ morphemes。
星火英语词汇检测1(答案)
Explanation: The correct answer to the multiple choice question is B because it is the only option that correctly completes the sentence with a verb that is in the present tense and agrees with the subject "she."
Lexical context
总结词
根据上下文推断词汇含义
详细描述
在理解词汇时，需要结合上下文语境进行分析。通过分析句子结构和整体意义，可以推断出词汇在特定语境中的 具体含义。这种推断能力对于提高阅读理解能力至关重要。
03
Vocabulary application
Vocabulary sentence construction
详细描述：拼写应遵循英语规范，使用标准英语拼写， 避免使用非标准或错误的拼写形式。
详细描述：在整篇文章中，应保持拼写的一致性，避免 同一个词出现不同的拼写形式，影响文章的整体性和流 畅性。
word usage
总结词：语境合适 总结词：语法正确 总结词：丰富多样
详细描述：在词汇使用中，应确保词汇的语境合适，即 所选词汇应符合题目的语境和上下文，能够恰当地表达 意思。
Spark English Vocabulary Test 1
(Answer)
目录
• Vocabulary detection • Vocabulary comprehension • Vocabulary application • Answer Analysis
高考听力相关话题词汇测试一答案
1.delay 推迟，延迟2.double 翻倍，双倍3.twice 两次，双倍4.triple 三倍5.couple 一对，夫妻6.quarter 四分之一/十五分钟/7.fortnight 两星期，14天8.decade 十年9.century 100年，一世纪10.increase 增加11.decrease 降低，减少12.dozen 一打，1213.score 二十，得分14.renew 续借，重新15.be due 到期16.overdue 逾期，过期17.pay fine 付罚款18.reference book 参考书19.bookshelf 书架20.librarian 图书管理员21.flu 流感22.cough 咳嗽23.headache 头疼24.stomachache 胃痛25.sore throat 喉咙痛26.pill 药片27.tablet 药丸28.capsule 胶囊29.dentist 牙医30.chemist 药剂师31.patient 病人32.clinic 诊所33.emergency room 急诊室34.perform an operation on 做手术35.appointment 约会，预约36.file 文件37.copy 复制，份数38.typewriter 打字机39.message 信息40.book (v.) 预订41.reserved 预订42.check in 登记住宿43.check out 结帐退房44.reception desk 前台，咨询台45.luggage 行李46.single room 单人房47.double room 双人房48.room service 房间服务49.tip 小费，尖端50.assignment 作业51.course 课程，功课52.freshman 大一新生53.junior 大学三年级学生54.senior大学四年级学生55.grade 分数，年级56.paper 试卷，论文；纸（不可数）57.campus校园58.semester/term 学期59.required courses 必修课60.selective courses 选修课61.school record 成绩单62.schedule/ timetable 功课表，时间表63.lecturer 讲师64.professor 教授b/laboratory 实验室66.subject 科目67.mathematics 数学68.physics 物理69.politics 政治70.chemistry 化学71.geography 地理72.biology 生物73.order(V.) 点菜，点餐，提供，命令74.menu 菜单75.soup 汤76.beef 牛肉77.steak 牛排78.tender 嫩的79.well-done 全熟的80.dessert 餐后甜点81.waiter 男服务生82.waitress 女服务生83.A table for two？要一张两人的桌子？84.main dish 主菜单85.go Dutch 各付各的，AA制86.on one’s treat 谁请客87.open an account 开帐户88.check 支票；核对，检查89.cash 现金90.credit card 信用卡91.department store 百货商店92.bargain 讨价还价，便宜货93.for sale 销售，出售94.on sale 降价出售95.discount 打折，折扣96.5% off 九五折，降价5%97.charge 要价98.change 零钱99.a special sale 特价100.half price 半价101.the cashier’s desk收银台102.postage 邮资103.stamp 邮票104.envelop 信封105.parcel/package 包裹106.express mail 特快邮件107.receipt 回执，收据108.postcode 邮政编码109.airmail 航空邮件110.barbershop 理发店111.Customs House 海关112.visa 签证113.passport 护照114.express train 特快列车115.round trip/ return ticket 往还票116.single trip/ one way ticket 单程票117.refund 退票118.platform 站台，月台119.ticket/booking office 售票处120.airline 航空公司121.flight 航班122.departure time 起飞时间123.departure gate 登机口124.boarding card 登机牌125.first class 头等舱126.flight reservation 预订机票127.non-stop / direct flight 直航128.library 图书馆129.patient 病人130.hurt 受伤131.injection 注射，打针132.no appetite 没胃口133.take one’s temperature量体温134.take X-ray 照X光线135.boss 老板136.manager 经理，主管137.secretary 秘书138.clerk 职员139.receptionist 接待员140.tourist 观光者，旅游者141.hotel 旅馆142.host 男主人143.hostess 女主人144.guest 客人145.pupil 小学生146.absent 缺席147.present 出席148.attendance 出席149.falling grade 不及格150.full mark 满分151.hand in 上交152.monitor 班长153.passing grade 及格154.scholarship 奖学金155.score 分数156.term paper 学期论文157.restaurant 餐馆158.bar 酒吧159.café咖啡馆160.tasty 美味的161.brand 牌子162.shopping center 购物中心163.shopping mall 购物商场，大型购物商城164.stand(n.) 摊165.sell out 售完166.customer 顾客167.hairdresser 理发师168.barber 理发店169.address 地址170.bank rate 银行汇率171.deliver 运输，运送pany 公司173.firm公司174.factory 工厂175.employ 雇佣bor 劳动，劳力177.actor 男演员178.actress 女演员179.player 运动员，演奏家180.engineer 工程师181.scientist 科学家182.merchant 商人183.business 生意184.headmaster 校长185.servant 佣人，仆人186.nurse 护士187.shop assistant 商店售货员188.driver 司机189.conductor 列车员190.guide 导游191.passenger 乘客192.editor 编辑193.reporter 记者194.writer 作家195.journalist 记者196.artist 艺术家197.poet 诗人198.musician 音乐家199.pianist 钢琴家200.painter 画家201.pilot 飞行员202.soldier 士兵，军人203.policeman 警察wyer 律师205.judge 法官206.housewife 家庭主妇207.cook 厨师208.farmer 农民209.peasant 农民210.tailor 裁缝211.gardener 园丁212.operator 操作员，接线员213.typist 打字员214.postman 邮递员215.officer 军官216.official (n.)官员，官方的217.carpenter 木匠218.cousin 堂兄妹，表兄妹219.nephew 侄子220.niece侄女221.guest 客人222.neighbor 邻居223.study(n.) 书房，学习，研究224.kitchen 厨房225.shower 沐浴226.wallet 钱包227.rent 租228.tidy 整洁的，干净的229.furniture 家具230.fridge 冰箱231.surroundings 环境232.stream 小溪233.valley 山谷234.rock 岩石235.desert 沙漠236.island 岛屿237.ocean 海洋238.beach 沙滩239.coast 海岸240.seaside 海滨241.farm 农场242.pollution 污染243.rubbish 垃圾244.flood 洪水245.population 人口246.wildlife 野生动物247.space 空间248.kindergarten 幼儿园249.institute 学院250.graduate 毕业，毕业生251.degree 学位252.lecture 演讲，讲座253.diary 日记254.dictation 听写255.favorite 最喜爱的256.collect stamp 集邮257.poem 诗歌258.match 比赛259.soccer 足球。
词汇测试1
练习一词汇与搭配1.Californians and New Englanders speak the same language and abide ______ the same federal laws.2.Apart from blue eyes, blonde hair is also characteristic ______ Swedish people.3. A bridge can be defined______a structure getting over an obstacle, such as a river, a road or railways.4.Prejudice sometimes hampered a person______doing the right thing.5.You can take the books with you and read them______your leisure.6.He was running______the pace he had learnt from the natives.7.To protect his new invention, he took out a patent ______ it.8.I could scarcely keep pace______the new discoveries in biology.9.When I was about twelve, I suddenly developed a great passion______writing poetry.10.Try our delicious three-course meal, offering you superb value______money.11.Susan put a value of a thousand dollars ______the necklace.12.The match was canceled because most of the members objected______ having a match without a standard court.13.Mary is occupied______ the translation of a French novel.14.I don’t think it is wise of you to show______your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.15.On the voyage abroad they were caught ______a storm and had a narrow escape from death.16.The door squeaks. It needs oiling. Will you please see______it?17.Richard doesn’t think he could ever take______what is called “free-style” poetry.练习二词汇辨析1.He soon received promotion, for his superiors realized that he was a man of considerable___A futureB possibilityC abilityD opportunity2.The _____of the speech contest is made up of four professors and a famous broadcaster.A committeeB boardC panelD leadership3.We have_____the system of exploitation of man by man.A canceledB abolishedC refusedD rejected4. A child has_____trust in its mother.A completeB perfectC absoluteD thorough5.The storage vessel has a_____of 10,000 liters.A capacityB capabilityC abilityD faculty6.That sound doesn’t_____in his language. So it’s difficult for him to pronounce.A happenB take placeC occurD run7.Getting up is an everyday_____ .A happeningB occurrenceC incidentD event8.Because of financial difficulties, the project was _____A abandonedB desertedC discardedD excluded9.The English language is the result of the fusion of many different_ ____ .A particlesB ingredientsC elementsD principles10.Although this child is only sixteen years old, he is so_____that he has one hundred dollars.A thriftyB economicalC financialD economic11.He runs three miles every morning; that’s why he’s so_____.A wellB healthyC soundD fit12.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would_____her long effort.A justifyB testifyC rectifyD verify13.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families_____ the fact that children from healthy homes also commit crimes.A consideringB ignoringC highlightingD discarding14.That problem is beyond the_____of this article, so I’ll discuss it here.A scaleB extentC scopeD range15.The concert_____with a solo by the leading tenor.A finishedB terminatedC ceasedD stopped16.He is the only person who can _____ in this case, because the other witnesses were killed mysteriously.A testifyB chargeC accuseD rectify练习三英语知识运用1.Estimates _____anywhere from 600.000 to 3 million. Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is increasing, one of the federal government’s studies predicts that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.A coverB changeC rangeD differ2.Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the admission of some kind of organization with a supportive adult _____visible in the background.A particularlyB barelyC definitelyD rarely3.The key to the industrialization of space is the U.S. Space shuttle. With it, astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle _____ of flying into space and returning many times. Powered by reusable rockers that can lift a load of 65,0000 pounds, the shuttle will carry devices for scientific inquiry, as well as a variety of military hardware.A capableB suitableC efficientD fit4.Tough the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many _____be impossible. The next remedy is to absorb it on its way to the ear. Domestic noises may be controlled by forethought and courtesy and industrial noises by good planning and technical improvement.A casesB conditionsC presentationsD circumstances5. In trying to accumulate knowledge about the universe and to find common factors which underline and account for the facts that he knows, the scientist often chooses the method of the “controlled experiment”. If he wants to find out the effect of light _____ growing plants, he takes many plants, as alike as possible.A onB ofC byD to6.For example in the desert areas of the southwestern United States, the Indians cooked their food by beating it on a flat stone in the hot sun. They cooked pieces of meat and thin cakes of corn meal in this____A zoneB sectorC methodD fashion .7.Another way to divide the study of geography is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the____starts with human beings and studies how human beings and their environment act upon each other.A secondB nextC laterD latter8.But more significantly, it will____ materials and machines into space for industrial purposes unimagined two decades age when “sputnik” (artificial satellite )was added to the vocabulary. In short, the ultimate importance of the shuttle lies in its promise as an economic toolA supplyB introduceC deliverD transfer9.We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earliest years to be acquisitive. Our possessions, “mine’and “yours’, are clearly____from early childhood. When we grow older enough to earn a living, it does not surprise us to discover that success is measures in terms of the money we earn.A signedB notedC impressedD labeled10.Although there are disagreements over the definition of revolution, there is a standard view that revolution ate successful social movements on a much grander____. That is, involving more people and much more social change. Although social movements like the U.S. Civil Rights Movement may be working to enact some law or produce some reform in the society, revolutions like the Chinese Revolution are aimed at major social change.A levelB scaleC degreeD range11.Americans choose pasta, fruit, and vegetables, which supply them with carbohydrates, to give them strength for physical activities. For romantic dinners, however Americans choose shrimp and lobster. Americans’awareness of nutrition, along with their changing tastes and needs, leads them to consume a wide____of foods.A sortB varietyC kindD variation12.Wealth, in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money bu on things that money can buy: “goods”such as food and clothing, and “services’such as transport and entertainment. A country’s capacity to____wealth is influenced by many factors, most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth is dependent to a great extent upon a country’s natural resources.A controlB assembleC yieldD benefit13.For example, changes in the economy that ____to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.A pointB leadC comeD amount14.Today, most countries in the world have canals. Many countries have built canals near the coast, and parallel to the coast. Even in the twentieth century, goods can be moved more cheaply by boat than by any other____of transport.A wayB meansC methodD approach15.Having no money but____to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.A not to want anyoneB not wanting anyoneC wanted no oneD to want no one16.Since she knows only a little English, she did not____any of the jokes.A catch up withB flare upC get hold ofD catch on to17.What makes the space shuttle____is that it takes off like a rocket but lands like an airplane. Thus, when it has accomplished its mission, it can be ready for another trip in about two weeks.A exceptionalB strangeC uniqueD rare18.Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased availability of drugs and alcohol. And the growing____of child abuse and child neglect.A incidenceB awarenessC exposureD popularity19.Most Asian business leaders are instinctively good at relationship building____direct communications. But they don’t use the mass media so well.A throughoutB throughC therebyD during20.The Puritans, the religious sect that dominated the early British colonies in North American, regarded idleness as a sin and believed that life in an underdeveloped country made it absolutely necessary that each member of the community perform an____function.A politicalB economicC institutionalD economical练习四语法与词汇1.The vacuum tube, invented near the beginning of our century, gave us the use of radio waves, an energy source never before____, and later opened the road for television.A was capturedB capturedC capturingD has been captured2.Prof. Lee’s book will show you____, can be used in other contexts.A that you have observedB that how you have observedC how that you have observedD how what you have observed3.Without computer, medical science____, so much headway in the last few decades.A would not makeB will not have madeC could not makeD would not have made4.The Mayor and Corporation of Hamelin were____,for some way of ridding the town of rats.A at their wit’s endB at their wits’ endC in their wit’s endD for their wits’ end5.There has been a strong advertising____,to try and get people to give up smoking.A activityB eventC campaignD occasion6.____,in a atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.A the girl was educatedB the girl educatedC the girl’s being educatedD the girl to be educated7.They had a fierce____, as to whether their company should restore the trade relationship which was broken years ago.A debateB clashC disagreementD contest8.Major earthquakes are among nature’s most decaying events, causing an ____, loss of life and property.A unmentionableB unprofitableC insurmountableD incalculable9.The work in the office was___ _, by a constant steam of visitors.A confusedB hamperedC reversedD perplexed10.The children cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloons____ slowly into the sky.A floatingB raisingC heavingD ascending。
大学英语词汇学Unit1答案
CheckY our Unders tandi ngState whethe r each of the followi ng statem entsi s TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-ClassActivi ties1. The word “wor d” is divers e in termsof its meanin g. Consid e r its usages in the followi ng contexts:a. May I say a word aboutthat?b. Action s speaklouder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finall y the genera l gave the word to retrea t.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they’re divorc ing.ASK:(1) What does “word” mean in each of the contex t s?a. Someth ing he wouldtalk aboutb. things that are said, contra stedwith things that are donec. the promis e one has maded. spoken comman d or signale. inform ationf. pieceof news; messag e(2) Do you know of any other usages the word “word” has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summari ze the five criteri a introd ucedby DavidCrysta l here?Potential pause:The pause , whichhappen s when you say a senten ce, will tend to fallbetwee n words, and not within words.Indivi sibil ity: The extrai tems will be addedbetwee n the wordsand not within them.Minima l free forms: the smalle st unitsof speech that can meanin g fully standon theiro wn. Phonetic bounda ries: It is someti mes possib l e to tell from the soundof a word wherei t begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a senten ce has a clearmeanin g.(2) Do you thinkthese criteri a are questi onabl e in any way? Can they be applie d to the identificati on of zi, the roughChinese equival ent of the English“word”?No, as the aboveanalysi s explai ned. No , they cannot. For exampl e, 流连and蹒跚，they are danchu ci(单纯词) which cannot be analyz ed indepe ndent ly.3.(1) Suppose we want to know what are the ten most freque ntlyused Englis h words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How aboutChinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are thereany simila ri tie s and differences betwee n the ten most freque ntlyused wordsi nEnglish and thosei n Chinese?They are basica lly functi onalwords. Both have possessive word,(of, 的) number words(a,一), copula words(i s, 是), conjun ction s(and, 和) and locali zers(i n, 在).; Englis h has the defini te articl e the and severa l pronou ns, you , that and it whichare absent in Chines e.4. Accord i ng to Ferdin and de Saussu re, therei s no intrin si c relati on betwee n the form of a word and what it stands for. In otherwords, wordsare arbitrary (i.e. not motiva ted) in termsof meanin g design ation. Howeve r, thereseem to be abunda nt casesi n natura l langua ges that defy this genera lizati on. For exampl e, onomat opoei c words seem to existi n all the langua ges knownto us. To a lesser degree, the meanin g of some wordscan be partly deduce d from thei rcompon ents. For exampl e, “sl-“ is highly suggestiveof the meanin g of the wordsthat contai n it, such as “slide”, “slip”, and “slush”.ASK:(1)Babble, bang, grunt,s plash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, thesewordsare only a small part of Englis h or Chines e vocabu lary(2)Footba ll and handball concern the body part whichtake the ball from one placeto anothe r, and basket balli s namedafter a basket into whichthe ball is put in the beggin g stageof the game. (3)People have bodily embedd ed knowle dge to infer thesemotiva tions of such usage. The fi rstexampl e concerns the metaph or and second metony my(4) Do you know other typesof wordso r usages that are motivated in one way or anothe r? Some figura tiveu sages are also highly motiva ted. For exampl e:Necess ity is the mother of invent ion.5. Britis h Englis h (BE for short) and Americ an Englis h (AE for short) are two majorvarieties of the Englis h langua ge.Though they have fundam ental similarities in termsof gramm ar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabularylevel, several distinct distinctions are found. First, thereare diffe rences in the pronun ciati on of some words, mostly i n the vowel sounds, as illust rated in the followi ng table:Some conson antsare also pronou nceddi fferently. Partic ularl y, in BE，the letter r before a conson ant is not pronou nced, but that at the end of a word is pronou ncedif the next word begi ns with a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of /☜ memb☜☜f /; in AE, the letter r is pronou ncedi n all positi ons.Secondl y, BE and AE differ in the spelli ng of some words. Usuall y, the AE varian ts are simpler than theirB ritis h counte rpart s, as manife stedbelow.A furthe r notice abledi fferencerelate s to the lexical meanin g of some words. For instan ce, “bill” means“bank note” in AE but “a demand for paymen t of a debt” in BE.ASK:(1) Can you supply more wordsthat are pronou nceddifferently i n Britis h Englis h and Americ anEnglishhalf, advanc e, advant age, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any gramma ti cal differences betwee n Britis h Englis h and Americ an English? In Americ an Englis h we say “gradua te from school”; whilei n Britis h Englis h, we say “leaveschool”. In Americ an Englis h, it has “put up price”, whilei n Britis h Englis h, it is “raisepri ce”(3) Are therespecia l wordsfor whichAE and BE have very distin ctive spelli ngs?For Chines e charac ters“博览会”, Britis h Englis h has “fair” while Americ an Englis h usees tradeshow. “ Life and elevat or” , and “autumn and fall” are more exampl es.(4) Can you find more exampl es of the same words wi th different meanin g s in AE and BE?one billio n/ firstfloor/ pantsone billio n(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000十亿之数firstfloorIn Britis h Englis h the floorof a buildi ng at street levelis the ground floorand the floorabovethatis the firstfloor.In US Englis h the street-levelflooris the firstfloorand the one aboveis the second floorPants(Brit) men's underp ants; women's or childr en's knicke rs(US) trouse rs6. The followi ng excerp t comes from Barack Obama’s speech on Father’s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefu l ly, and pay specia l attent i on to his choice of words.ASK:(1) How does Obamadistin guish“empath y” from “sympat hy”?Empath y means Identi ficat ion with and unders tandi ng of anothe r's situat ion, feelin gs.The abilit y to standin somebo dyelse’sshoesSympat hy is define d as feelin g of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obamabother to define“hope”– a famili ar word to all?Hope, accord i ng to Obama, is someth ing better is waitin gforusifwe’rewillin g to work for it and fightfor it. If we are willin g to believ e. He differ entia tes hope from what is blindoptimi sm or willfu l ignora nce of the proble ms we face(3) What otherl exical choice s i mpres s you deeply as well?“Asfather s and parent s”, why not as fathers and mother s,Open to discussionPost-ClassTasks1. What charac teris ti csdo functi onal wordshave？Read the followi ng excerp t from George W.2. How do you unders tandrecepti ve and productivel exical knowle dge? Use your own exampl es to illust ratetheirdi fferences. Whichtype of vocabularyi s probab l y the largest for a langua ge user, readin g vocabul ary, writin g vocabul ary, listeni ng vocabul ary, or speaki ng vocabul ary? Give one reason that convin ces you most.For exampl e, we learnthat “word”can be used to refer to “rumor”, and we know it means“rumor”in the senten ce “The word is that he's left the countr y.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).”But actual ly, we will not writethe senten ce, esp., say the senten ce in dailyconversatio n s. By this exampl e, we show that recepti ve lexical knowle dge concerns what you learne d and producti velexical knowle dge concern s what you wouldput into practi c e. Readin g vocabul arymay be the largest type of vocabulary, becaus e you may recogn ize the meanin g of a word withou t usingi t in daily exchan ges or in academ i c writin g.3. Is lexical compet encethe same thingas productivel exical knowle dge? How do you understandthe two concep ts on the basiso f the discussioni n Pre-ClassReadin g?No, lexica l compet ence covers a larger scopethat that of productivel exical knowle dge.4. Can we say lexico l ogyi s the scienti fic studyof the wordsi n a langua ge? How import ant is the notion of word equival ent?Read the followi ng excerp t from Barrack Obama’s V ictory Speech in 2008 and underl ine the word equivalents. What typesof word equivalents are contained in this passag e?groups (or compou nd words), chunks such as idioms, formul ai c sequen ces, and so. The latter i s attractingmore and more schola rly attent i on thesedays. Thus, lexicol ogyi s more precis ely defined as the scienti fic studyof the wordsand word equival ents in a langua ge.5. Identi c al system s of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. Thereare, howeve r, a fewwordsthat have their stress on a different syllabl e. Writeout the specifi c pronun ciati ons of the followi ng words:Omitte d。