Impact of astronomical research from different countries
介绍古代科学家英语作文
介绍古代科学家英语作文The world of science has been shaped by the remarkable contributions of countless individuals throughout history. Among these pioneers, the ancient scientists stand out as true visionaries, paving the way for our modern understanding of the natural world. In this essay, we will explore the lives and legacies of some of the most influential ancient scientists whose groundbreaking work continues to inspire and inform our scientific endeavors.One of the most renowned ancient scientists is Archimedes, the renowned Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, and inventor. Born in Syracuse, Sicily, around 287 BC, Archimedes is often regarded as one of the greatest scientists of the ancient world. His remarkable intellect and insatiable curiosity led him to make numerous important discoveries and inventions that have had a lasting impact on the field of science.Perhaps Archimedes' most famous contribution is the principle of buoyancy, which states that an object immersed in a fluid experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the fluiddisplaced by the object. This principle, now known as Archimedes' Principle, has applications in a wide range of fields, from ship design to the measurement of density. Archimedes' ingenious use of this principle to solve a problem for the king of Syracuse, involving the determination of the purity of a golden crown, is a testament to his problem-solving skills and his ability to apply scientific principles to real-world situations.In addition to his groundbreaking work in physics, Archimedes also made significant contributions to the field of mathematics. He is credited with the development of the method of exhaustion, a technique used to calculate the area and volume of curved shapes. This method laid the foundation for the concept of integration, a fundamental tool in calculus. Archimedes' mathematical prowess is further demonstrated by his work on the approximation of the value of pi, which he calculated to be between 3 10/71 and 3 1/7, a remarkably accurate estimate for the time.Another ancient scientist whose legacy continues to resonate is Ptolemy, the renowned Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer. Born in Alexandria, Egypt, around 100 AD, Ptolemy is best known for his geocentric model of the universe, which placed the Earth at the center of the solar system. Although this model was later proven to be inaccurate, Ptolemy's work laid the foundation for the development of modern astronomy.Ptolemy's magnum opus, the Almagest, is a comprehensive treatise on astronomy that includes detailed observations and calculations of the motions of the Sun, Moon, and planets. This work, which remained the standard reference for astronomical knowledge for over a millennium, demonstrates Ptolemy's meticulous attention to detail and his commitment to the scientific method. Additionally, Ptolemy's contributions to the field of geography are equally notable, as he produced the first comprehensive atlas of the known world, which included detailed maps and descriptions of various regions.Another ancient scientist whose influence has endured is Hippocrates, the renowned Greek physician often referred to as the "Father of Medicine." Born around 460 BC on the island of Kos, Hippocrates is credited with establishing medicine as a distinct field of study, separating it from the realm of superstition and religion.Hippocrates' most significant contribution to the field of medicine was his emphasis on the importance of observation, diagnosis, and treatment based on empirical evidence. He rejected the prevailing belief that diseases were caused by supernatural forces and instead focused on the natural causes of illness, such as diet, environment, and lifestyle. Hippocrates' work laid the foundation for the development of the scientific method in medicine, and his writings, collectively known as the Hippocratic Corpus, remain an essentialresource for modern medical practitioners.One of the most fascinating ancient scientists is Aristotle, the renowned Greek philosopher and polymath who lived from 384 to 322 BC. Aristotle's contributions to the fields of science, philosophy, and logic are truly remarkable, and his influence can be seen in the work of countless scholars throughout history.Aristotle's scientific contributions span a wide range of disciplines, including biology, physics, and metaphysics. He was one of the first scientists to systematically classify living organisms, and his observations and theories on the natural world laid the foundation for the development of modern biology. Aristotle's work on physics, including his theories on motion and the nature of matter, also had a lasting impact on the field of science.In addition to his scientific achievements, Aristotle was also a pioneering thinker in the realm of philosophy. His writings on ethics, politics, and logic have had a profound influence on Western thought, and his work continues to be studied and debated by scholars today. Aristotle's emphasis on the importance of reason and empirical observation in the pursuit of knowledge has made him a central figure in the history of Western philosophy.Another ancient scientist whose work has had a lasting impact isEuclid, the renowned Greek mathematician who lived around 300 BC. Euclid is best known for his treatise on geometry, entitled "Elements," which is considered one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics.Euclid's "Elements" is a comprehensive treatise on the principles of geometry, including the definitions, postulates, and theorems that form the foundation of this branch of mathematics. The work is notable for its systematic and logical approach, which has made it a standard text for the teaching of geometry for centuries. Euclid's contributions to the field of mathematics extend beyond geometry, as he also made important contributions to the study of number theory and the theory of proportions.The legacy of these ancient scientists serves as a testament to the enduring power of human curiosity and the relentless pursuit of knowledge. Their groundbreaking work has laid the foundation for our modern understanding of the natural world and has paved the way for countless scientific advancements. As we continue to explore the frontiers of science, we would do well to draw inspiration from the visionary thinkers of the ancient world, whose contributions have shaped the course of human history.。
保护星空的倡议书英语作文
Dear Fellow Citizens,As we navigate through the hustle and bustle of our daily lives,we often overlook the serene beauty of the night sky.The stars,once a beacon of guidance and inspiration,are now obscured by the relentless glow of city lights.It is high time we take a stand to protect our celestial heritage and preserve the starry night for future generations.This is a call to action for all of us to join hands in this endeavor.The Importance of Starry SkiesThe night sky is not merely a backdrop for romantic tales it is a testament to the vastness of our universe and a source of scientific knowledge.It has been a subject of fascination for astronomers,poets,and dreamers alike.The stars guide us,inspire us,and remind us of our place in the cosmos.However,light pollution is rapidly eroding this natural wonder,making it increasingly difficult for us to witness the splendor of the Milky Way or spot the constellations that have guided sailors for centuries.The Impact of Light PollutionLight pollution is not just an aesthetic issue it has farreaching consequences.It disrupts ecosystems,affecting the behavior and migration patterns of birds and insects.It also poses a threat to human health,as excessive exposure to artificial light can disrupt our circadian rhythms,leading to sleep disorders and other health issues.Moreover,it is a waste of energy,contributing to climate change and increasing our carbon footprint.Our InitiativeTo combat light pollution and protect our night sky,we propose the following initiatives:1.Promote EnergyEfficient Lighting:Encourage the use of LED lights and other energyefficient technologies that emit less light pollution.2.Implement Dark Sky Zones:Designate areas where outdoor lighting is strictly controlled to minimize light pollution and create sanctuaries for stargazing.cate the Public:Raise awareness about the importance of dark skies and the impact of light pollution through workshops,seminars,and community events.4.Support Astronomical Research:Advocate for the protection of dark sky reserves and support scientific research that relies on clear night skies.5.Adopt Responsible Lighting Practices:Encourage individuals and businesses to use lights responsibly,directing them downward and minimizing the use of unnecessary illumination.Join the MovementWe invite you to join us in this mission to protect our night sky.Whether you are a stargazer,an environmentalist,or simply someone who appreciates the beauty of the cosmos,your support is invaluable.Together,we can ensure that the wonder of the stars remains accessible to all.Let us not allow the darkness of our cities to overshadow the light of the stars.Let us act now,for the sake of our planet,our health,and our collective future.Sincerely,Your NameYour Position/RoleYour Organization,if applicable。
剑桥雅思阅读9原文翻译及答案（test2）
剑桥雅思阅读9原文翻译及答案(test2)为了帮助大家备考雅思口语，店铺为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读9真题：test2阅读原文翻译及答案解析，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩!剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.A. Hearing impairment or other auditory function deficit in young children can have a major impact on their development of speech and communication, resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to learn at school. This is likely to have major consequences for the individual and the population as a whole. The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss.B. A preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that classroom noise presents a major concern for teachers and pupils. Modern teaching practices, the organization of desks in the classroom, poor classroom acoustics, and mechanical means of ventilation such as air-conditioning units all contribute to the number of children unable to comprehend the teacher’s voice. Education researchers Nelson and Soli have also suggested that recent trends in learning often involve collaborative interaction of multiple minds and tools as much as individual possession of information. This all amounts to heightened activity and noise levels, which have the potential to be particularly serious for children experiencing auditory function deficit. Noise in classrooms can only exacerbate their difficulty in comprehendingand processing verbal communication with other children and instructions from the teacher.C. Children with auditory function deficit are potentially failing to learn to their maximum potential because of noise levels generated in classrooms. The effects of noise on the ability of children to learn effectively in typical classroom environments are now the subject of increasing concern. The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE), on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control for school rooms.D. While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom situations are not limited to children experiencing disability, those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication could be extremely vulnerable. The auditory function deficits in question include hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit disorders (ADD/ADHD).E. Autism is considered a neurological and genetic life-long disorder that causes discrepancies in the way information is processed. This disorder is characterized by interlinking problems with social imagination, social communication and social interaction. According to Janzen, this affects the ability to understand and relate in typical ways to people, understand events and objects in the environment, and understand or respond to sensory stimuli. Autism does not allow learning or thinking in the same ways as in children who are developing normally. Autistic spectrum disorders often result in major difficulties in comprehending verbal information and speech processing. Those experiencing these disorders often findsounds such as crowd noise and the noise generated by machinery painful and distressing. This is difficult to scientifically quantify as such extra-sensory stimuli vary greatly from one autistic individual to another. But a child who finds any type of noise in their classroom or learning space intrusive is likely to be adversely affected in their ability to process information.F. The attention deficit disorders are indicative of neurological and genetic disorders and are characterized by difficulties with sustaining attention, effort and persistence, organization skills and disinhibition. Children experiencing these disorders find it difficult to screen out unimportant information, and focus on everything in the environment rather than attending to a single activity. Background noise in the classroom becomes a major distraction, which can affect their ability to concentrate.G. Children experiencing an auditory function deficit can often find speech and communication very difficult to isolate and process when set against high levels of background noise. These levels come from outside activities that penetrate the classroom structure, from teaching activities, and other noise generated inside, which can be exacerbated by room reverberation. Strategies are needed to obtain the optimum classroom construction and perhaps a change in classroom culture and methods of teaching. In particular, the effects of noisy classrooms and activities on those experiencing disabilities in the form of auditory function deficit need thorough investigation. It is probable that many undiagnosed children exist in the education system with ‘invisible’ disabilities. Their needs are less likely to be met than those of children with known disabilities.H. The New Zealand Government has developed a NewZealand Disability Strategy and has embarked on a wide-ranging consultation process. The strategy recognizes that people experiencing disability face significant barriers in achieving a full quality of life in areas such as attitude, education, employment and access to service. Objective 3 of the New Zealand Disability Strategy is to ‘Provide the Best Education for Disabled People’ by improving education so that all children, youth learners and adult learners will have equal opportunities to learn and develop within their already existing local school. For a successful education, the learning environment is vitally significant, so any effort to improve this is likely to be of great benefit to all children, but especially to those with auditory function disabilities.I. A number of countries are already in the process of formulating their own standards for the control and reduction of classroom noise. New Zealand will probably follow their example. The literature to date on noise in school rooms appears to focus on the effects on schoolchildren in general, their teachers and the hearing impaired. Only limited attention appears to have been given to those students experiencing the other disabilities involving auditory function deficit. It is imperative that the needs of these children are taken into account in the setting of appropriate international standards to be promulgated in future.Questions 1-6Reading Passage 1 has nine sections, A-I.Which section contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.1 an account of a national policy initiative2 a description of a global team effort3 a hypothesis as to one reason behind the growth inclassroom noise4 a demand for suitable worldwide regulations5 a list of medical conditions which place some children more at risk from noise than others6 the estimated proportion of children in New Zealand with auditory problemsQuestions 7-10Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.7 For what period of time has hearing loss in schoolchildren been studied in New Zealand?8 In addition to machinery noise, what other type of noise can upset children with autism?9 What term is used to describe the hearing problems of schoolchildren which have not been diagnosed?10 What part of the New Zealand Disability Strategy aims to give schoolchildren equal opportunity?Questions 11 and 12Choose TWO letters, A-F.Write the correct letters in boxes 11 and 12 on your answer sheet.The list below includes factors contributing to classroom noise.Which TWO are mentioned by the writer of the passage?A current teaching methodsB echoing corridorsC cooling systemsD large class sizesE loud-voiced teachersF playground gamesQuestion 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.What is the writer’s overall purpose in writing this article?A to compare different methods of dealing with auditory problemsB to provide solutions for overly noisy learning environmentsC to increase awareness of the situation of children with auditory problemsD to promote New Zealand as a model for other countries to followREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Venus in transitJune 2004 saw the first passage, known as a ‘transit’, of the planet Venus across the face of the Sun in 122 years. Transits have helped shape our view of the whole Universe, as Heather Cooper and Nigel Henbest explainA. On 8 June 2004, more than half the population of the world were treated to a rare astronomical event. For over six hours, the planet Venus steadily inched its way over the surface of the Sun. This ‘transit’ of Venus was the first since 6 December 1882. On that occasion, the American astronomer Professor Simon Newcomb led a party to South Africa to observe the event. They were based a t girls’ school, where — it is alleged — the combined forces of three schoolmistresses outperformed the professionals with the accuracy of their observations.B. For centuries, transits of Venus have drawn explorers and astronomers alike to the four corners of the globe. And you can put it all down to the extraordinary polymath Edmond Halley. In November 1677, Halley observed a transit of the innermost planet, Mercury, from the desolate island of St Helena in the South Pacific. He realized that, from different latitudes, the passage of the planet across the Sun’s disc would appear to differ. By timing the transit from two widely-separated locations, teams of astronomers could calculate the parallax angle — the apparent difference in position of an astronomical body due to a difference in the observer’s position. Calculating this angle would allow astronomers to measure what was then the ultimate goal: the distance of the Earth from the Sun. This distance is known as the ‘astronomical unit’ or AU.C. Halley was aware that the AU was one of the most fundamental of all astronomical measurements. Johannes Kepler, in the early 17th century, had shown that the distances of the planets from the Sun governed their orbital speeds, which were easily measurable. But no-one had found a way to calculate accurate distances to the planets from the Earth. The goal was to measure the AU; then, knowing the orbital speeds of all the other planets round the Sun, the scale of the Solar System would fall into place. However, Halley realized that Mercury was so far away that its parallax angle would be very difficult to determine. As Venus was closer to the Earth, its parallax angle would be larger, and Halley worked out that by using Venus it would be possible to measure the Sun’s di stance to 1 part in 500. But there was a problem: transits of Venus, unlike those of Mercury, are rare, occurring in pairs roughly eight years apart every hundred or so years. Nevertheless, he accurately predicted that Venus wouldcross the face of the Sun in both 1761 and 1769 — though he didn’t survive to see either.D. Inspired by Halley’s suggestion of a way to pin down the scale of the Solar System, teams of British and French astronomers set out on expeditions to places as diverse as India and Siberia. But things weren’t helped by Britain and France being at war. The person who deserves most sympathy is the French astronomer Guillaume Le Gentil. He was thwarted by the fact that the British were besieging his observation site at Pondicherry in India. Fleeing on a French warship crossing the Indian Ocean, Le Gentil saw a wonderful transit —but the ship’s pitching and rolling ruled out any attempt at making accurate observations. Undaunted, he remained south of the equator, keeping himself busy by studying the islands of Maurtius and Madagascar before setting off to observe the next transit in the Philippines. Ironically after travelling nearly 50,000 kilometres, his view was clouded out at the last moment, a very dispirting experience.E. While the early transit timings were as precise as instruments would allow, the measurements were dogged by the ‘black drop’ effect. When Venus begins to cross the Sun’s disc, it looks smeared not circular — which makes it difficult to establish timings. This is due to diffraction of light. The second problem is that Venus exhibits a halo of light when it is seen just outside the sun’s disc. While this showed astronomers that Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases refracting sunlight around it, both effects made it impossible to obtain accurate timings.F. But astronomers laboured hard to analyse the results of these expeditions to observe Venus transits. Johann Franz Encke,Director of the Berlin Observatory, finally determined a value for the AU based on all these parallax measurements: 153,340,000 km. Reasonably accurate for the time, that is quite close to today’s value of 149,597,870 km, determined by radar, which has now superseded transits and all other methods in accuracy. The AU is a cosmic measuring rod, and the basis of how we scale the Universe today. The parallax principle can be extended to measure the distances to the stars. If we look at a star in January —when Earth is at one point in its orbit — it will seem to be in a different position from where it appears six months late. Knowing the width of Earth’s orbit, the parallax shift lets astronomers calculate the distance.G. June 2004’s transit of Venus was thus more of an astronomical spectacle than a scientifically important event. But such transits have paved the way for what might prove to be one of the most vital breakthroughs in the cosmos — detecting Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars.Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 examples of different ways in which the parallax principle has been applied15 a description of an event which prevented a transit observation16 a statement about potential future discoveries leading on from transit observations17 a description of physical states connected with Venus which early astronomical instruments failed to overcomeQuestions 18-21Look at the following statements (Questions 18-21) and the list of people below.Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.18 He calculated the distance of the Sun from the Earth based on observations of Venus with a fair degree of accuracy.19 He understood that the distance of the Sun from the Earth could be worked out by comparing obsevations of a transit.20 He realized that the time taken by a planet to go round the Sun depends on its distance from the Sun.21 He witnessed a Venus transit but was unable to make any calculations.List of PeopleA Edmond HalleyB Johannes KeplerC Guillaume Le GentilD Johann Franz EnckeQuestion 22-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this22 Halley observed one transit of the planet Venus.23 Le Gentil managed to observe a second Venus transit.24 The shape of Venus appears distorted when it starts to pass in front of the Sun.25 Early astronomers suspected that the atmosphere on Venus was toxic.26 The parallax principle allows astronomers to work out how far away distant stars are from the Earth.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.A neuroscientist revealshow to think differentlyIn the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific part of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field know as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can’t be done.This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limitedresources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is product of the brain.Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the a verage person’s brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain’s best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say.The best way to see things differently to other people is tobombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while mot people avoid things that are different.The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brain’s fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-thirds of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions.Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someone’s enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal.Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules aren’t important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.Questions 27-31Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.27 Neuroeconomics is a field of study which seeks toA cause a change in how scientists understand brain chemistry.B understand how good decisions are made in the brain.C understand how the brain is linked to achievement in competitive fields.D trace the specific firing patterns of neurons in different areas of the brain.28 According to the writer, iconoclasts are distinctive becauseA they create unusual brain circuits.B their brains function differently.C their personalities are distinctive.D they make decisions easily.29 According to the writer, the brain works efficiently becauseA it uses the eyes quickly.B it interprets data logically.C it generates its own energy.D it relies on previous events.30 The writer says that perception isA a combination of photons and sound waves.B a reliable product of what your senses transmit.C a result of brain processes.D a process we are usually conscious of.31 According to the writer, an iconoclastic thinkerA centralizes perceptual thinking in one part of the brain.B avoids cognitive traps.C has a brain that is hardwired for learning.D has more opportunities than the average person.Questions 32-37Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-37 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this32 Exposure to different events forces the brain to think differently.33 Iconoclasts are unusually receptive to new experiences.34 Most people are too shy to try different things.35 If you think in an iconoclastic way, you can easily overcome fear.36 When concern about embarrassment matters less, other fears become irrelevant.37 Fear of public speaking is a psychological illness.Questions 38-40Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.38 Thinking like a successful iconoclast is demanding because it39 The concept of the social brain is useful to iconoclasts because it40 Iconoclasts are generally an asset because their way of thinkingA requires both perceptual and social intelligence skills.B focuses on how groups decide on an action.C works in many fields, both artistic and scientific.D leaves one open to criticism and rejection.E involves understanding how organizations manage people.剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test2)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：帮助新西兰听觉障碍儿童A儿童的听觉障碍或其他听觉功能的缺陷会对他们的言语与交流能力的发展产生重大的影响，导致他们在学校的学习能力也受到不利影响。
我长大当天文学家英语作文
我长大当天文学家英语作文In the tapestry of life, where dreams take flight like ethereal stars, I embarked on a celestial voyage that would forever illuminate my path. From my tender years, I was captivated by the vast, enigmatic expanse of the night sky. The shimmering constellations, like celestial hieroglyphs, beckoned me to unravel their celestial secrets.As I delved deeper into the realm of astronomy, I was awestruck by the sheer grandeur of the cosmos. The Milky Way, a celestial river of swirling stardust, mirrored the Milky Way within me—a longing to comprehend the boundless wonders of the universe. With each passing celestial encounter, my fascination grew, fueling an unquenchable thirst for astronomical knowledge.I spent countless hours poring over star charts, deciphering the cosmic blueprint and learning the dance of the planets. Through telescopes, I embarked on nocturnal expeditions, seeking a glimpse into distant galaxies,supernova remnants, and the elusive rings of Saturn. Each observation was a revelation, a testament to the boundless nature of the universe and the interconnectedness of all things.Astronomy became my sanctuary, a place where I couldlose myself amidst the celestial tapestry. I would oftensit alone at night, gazing up at the starlit sky, feeling a profound connection to something ancient and profound. The celestial bodies whispered tales of cosmic evolution, of stars born and dying, of galaxies colliding and expanding.It was a symphony of celestial wonders that filled me with awe and wonder.As I grew older, my passion for astronomy only intensified. I joined astronomy clubs, attended lectures, and eagerly participated in stargazing events. I met like-minded individuals who shared my fascination with the cosmos, and together we explored the depths of the universe.My academic pursuits followed a similar celestial trajectory. I excelled in physics, mathematics, andespecially astronomy. I sought out mentors who guided me down the path of scientific research, introducing me to the cutting-edge discoveries and theories that were shaping our understanding of the universe.My undergraduate research focused on the study of extrasolar planets, celestial bodies orbiting stars other than our own. These enigmatic worlds tantalized me with their diversity and the potential they held for harboring life beyond Earth. I spent countless hours analyzing data, searching for patterns and clues that could shed light on the formation and evolution of these distant worlds.As I approached the culmination of my undergraduate journey, I knew that I wanted to pursue a career in astronomy. I applied to graduate school with a focus on astrophysics, eager to delve even deeper into the mysteries of the universe. My graduate research focused on the study of active galactic nuclei, the enigmatic centers of galaxies that emit vast amounts of energy in various forms.I sought to unravel the physics behind these celestial behemoths, understanding their role in the evolution ofgalaxies and the wider universe.My doctoral dissertation was a significant milestone in my astronomical journey. It was the culmination of years of research, pouring over data, running simulations, and formulating models to explain the observed phenomena. The dissertation committee lauded my work for its originality, rigor, and the valuable insights it provided into the nature of active galactic nuclei.Upon graduating with a doctorate in astrophysics, I embarked on a postdoctoral fellowship at a prestigious research institution. This fellowship afforded me the opportunity to work alongside world-renowned scientists and to continue my research on the most pressing questions in astrophysics. I investigated the formation of the first stars and galaxies, the nature of dark matter and dark energy, and the ultimate fate of the universe.As I continued my research journey, I also embraced the role of mentorship. I supervised graduate students, guiding them through their own research projects and sharing mypassion for astronomy. I believed it was essential to pass on my knowledge and enthusiasm to the next generation of astronomers, fostering a spirit of curiosity and scientific discovery.Over the years, I have been fortunate to share my love of astronomy with the broader community. I have given public lectures, written popular science articles, and participated in outreach programs aimed at inspiring the next generation of scientists. I believe that astronomy has the power to ignite a sense of wonder and curiosity in people of all ages, and it is a privilege to be a part of that process.The path to becoming an astronomer was not always easy. There were setbacks, disappointments, and moments of doubt. But through it all, I was driven by an unyielding passion for understanding the universe. The challenges only served to strengthen my resolve, and the rewards have far outweighed the sacrifices.Today, I stand humbled and grateful for the journeythat has led me to the forefront of astronomical research.I am surrounded by brilliant colleagues, mentors, and students who share my passion for the cosmos. Together, we continue to explore the uncharted realms of the universe, pushing the boundaries of human knowledge and uncovering the secrets that have captivated us for centuries.The universe is a vast and mysterious place, and there is always more to discover. As I look towards the future, I am filled with a sense of excitement and anticipation. There are countless unanswered questions that beckon us forward, and I am eager to play a part in unraveling the cosmic tapestry that surrounds us.For me, astronomy is more than just a profession; it is a way of life. It is a constant source of wonder, inspiration, and awe. The universe is my laboratory, my classroom, and my playground. It is a place where I can explore the deepest mysteries of existence and feel a profound connection to the cosmos.As I continue my journey as an astronomer, I willstrive to live up to the legacy of those who came before me and to inspire the next generation of scientists. I will never cease to be amazed by the wonders of the universe, and I will continue to seek answers to the most fundamental questions that have tantalized humankind for centuries.。
且让对方介绍太空爱好者俱乐部的英语作文
且让对方介绍太空爱好者俱乐部的英语作文The Space Enthusiasts Club is a vibrant community of individuals who share a deep fascination with the wonders of the cosmos. Established over a decade ago, this club has become a hub for those captivated by the mysteries of the universe, offering a platform for exploration, education, and camaraderie.At the heart of the club lies a diverse membership, ranging from seasoned astronomers to budding stargazers, all united by their insatiable curiosity about the celestial realm. Whether it's the awe-inspiring images captured by the Hubble Space Telescope, the captivating theories of black holes and dark matter, or the tantalizing prospect of extraterrestrial life, the members of the Space Enthusiasts Club are constantly seeking to expand their knowledge and deepen their understanding of the cosmos.One of the club's primary objectives is to foster a love for astronomy and space exploration among its members and the broader community. To this end, the club organizes a wide range of activities and events throughout the year, each designed to ignite theimagination and inspire a sense of wonder.The club's monthly meetings are a highlight for many members, providing a platform for guest speakers, educational presentations, and lively discussions. These gatherings often feature renowned astronomers, astrophysicists, and space program representatives, who share their latest research, insights, and experiences with the eager audience. From exploring the latest discoveries in exoplanetary science to delving into the challenges of human spaceflight, these meetings offer a unique opportunity for members to engage with the cutting edge of space exploration.In addition to the monthly meetings, the Space Enthusiasts Club also organizes regular stargazing sessions, allowing members to observe the night sky through high-powered telescopes and learn about the celestial bodies that populate it. These events are particularly popular during meteor showers, lunar eclipses, and other astronomical phenomena, as members gather to witness these awe-inspiring natural spectacles.The club's commitment to education extends beyond its own members, as it actively engages with the local community through outreach programs. Members volunteer at schools, libraries, and community centers, delivering interactive presentations and hands-on activities that spark the interest of children and adults alike. Bysharing their knowledge and enthusiasm, the club hopes to inspire the next generation of space enthusiasts and foster a deeper appreciation for the wonders of the universe.One of the club's most ambitious initiatives is the annual Space Expo, a large-scale event that attracts space enthusiasts from across the region. The expo features a diverse array of exhibits, workshops, and interactive displays, showcasing the latest advancements in space technology, exploration, and research. Visitors can explore virtual reality simulations of interplanetary missions, participate in robotics challenges, and engage with representatives from leading space agencies and private aerospace companies.The Space Enthusiasts Club also maintains a strong online presence, with a comprehensive website and active social media channels. These digital platforms serve as a hub for members to connect, share resources, and engage in discussions on a wide range of space-related topics. From astrophotography tutorials to citizen science projects, the club's online community provides a wealth of opportunities for members to deepen their knowledge and contribute to the advancement of space exploration.Beyond its educational and outreach initiatives, the Space Enthusiasts Club also fosters a sense of community and camaraderie among its members. Regular social events, such as stargazing parties,movie screenings, and summer picnics, allow members to connect on a personal level and share their passion for the cosmos. These gatherings often feature friendly competitions, such as model rocket launches and astronomy-themed trivia, further strengthening the bonds between members.The club's commitment to inclusivity and diversity is also a point of pride. The Space Enthusiasts Club actively encourages participation from individuals of all ages, backgrounds, and skill levels, ensuring that everyone who shares a love for space exploration feels welcome and valued. This inclusive approach has fostered a vibrant and supportive community, where members can learn from one another, collaborate on projects, and form lasting friendships.As the Space Enthusiasts Club looks to the future, its members remain steadfast in their dedication to advancing the understanding and exploration of the universe. With the rapid pace of technological advancements and the increasing prominence of private space companies, the club is poised to play a vital role in shaping the next chapter of space exploration.Through its educational programs, community outreach, and collaborative initiatives, the Space Enthusiasts Club aims to inspire a new generation of space enthusiasts, fostering a deeper appreciation for the wonders of the cosmos and the importance of continuedspace exploration. Whether it's supporting the development of cutting-edge space technologies, advocating for increased funding for space agencies, or simply sharing the joy of stargazing with the local community, the members of the Space Enthusiasts Club are committed to making a lasting impact on the field of space exploration.As the club continues to grow and evolve, its members remain steadfast in their belief that the exploration of the cosmos is not just a pursuit of scientific knowledge, but a fundamental part of the human experience. By sharing their passion and inspiring others, the Space Enthusiasts Club aims to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of space exploration and the continued advancement of our understanding of the universe.。
2023届高考英语 时文阅读 航天航空
2022届高考英语时文阅读航天航空“It will be marvelous. It will be spiritual.” This is the ____1____ tagline that Virgin Galactic used in 2004 to attract potential customers to its planned space tourism services. It promised that, within five years, it would take a total of over 3,000 passengers on life-changing trips in its spaceships. On July 11, 2021, after a last 90-minute delay, Virgin Galactic finally began its fulfillment of that original ____2____. For four minutes, its six temporarily weightless passengers, including the firm’s British co-founder, Sir Richard Branson, saw the planet against the blackness of outer space.Back on the ground, Sir Richard called the experience “magical”. He may have ____3____ the fact that he was able to reach space earlier than Jeff Bezos, a fellow billionaire but much wealthier. On July 20, Bezos would go slightly higher, for slightly less time, in a vehicle that had been built by his own spacefaring company, Blue Origin.The two tycoons (大亨) are among a growing number of ____4____ who believe that space tourism’s time has come. Suborbital (亚轨道的) tourism is part of a broader space economy that has rapidly grown over the past decade ____5____ technological advances. However, it is highly ____6____ that this will be true.For now, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic will offer ____7____ suborbital flights to payingcustomers. Blue Origin is focusing much more on the development of a large new rocket that will be used for the launching of satellites, on selling advanced rocket engines to other companies, and on bidding (投标) on NASA contracts such as the recently announced plan to send humans back to the moon. ____8____, Bezos doesn’t see Blue Origin as a provider of services to adventure-seekers.Even this 4-minute suborbital travels have a(n) ____9____, apparently. A major survey found that nearly two in five people with a net worth of over five million dollars would consider paying $250,000, Virgin Galactic’s current price, for a ticket. The business could be ____10____, once regular flights begin to offset (抵消)the rockets’ development costs. But how fast and by how much is ____11____. Without tourist-friendly destinations to visit (the capacity of the International Space Station is strictly limited), orbital tourism, with its far higher ticket prices, will not be a huge earner.Another challenge —and the industry’s biggest remaining uncertainty — relates to ____12____. History has shown that a disaster, ____13____ in the early stages of an industry, can set progress back by years. NASA ____14____ its plan to send the untrained to orbit in 1986 after a school teacher was killed along with the rest of the crew in the Challenger tragedy. It was another 15 years before the next untrained person would ____15____ the journey on a Russian craft.1．A．modest B．demanding C．motivational D．unclear 2．A．obligation B．commitment C．requirement D．survey 3．A．felt ashamed of B．kept an eye on C．felt content with D．got upset with 4．A．optimists B．opponents C．experts D．objectors 5．A．thanks to B．but for C．apart from D．in spite of6．A．impossible B．undoubted C．probableD．favorable7．A．long-lasting B．inexpensiveC．automatic D．brief8．A．On the contrary B．What’s more C．In the long run D．Above all9．A．shortcoming B．limitation C．advantage D．appeal10．A．profitable B．uneconomic C．eco-friendly D．globalized11．A．predictable B．essential C．irrelevant D．uncertain12．A．development B．security C．stability D．novelty 13．A．particularly B．critically C．precisely D．unforeseeably 14．A．initiated B．drafted C．modified D．suspended 15．A．brave B．abandon C．steer D．pause02After circling Earth for six months, the three crew members of China’s Shenzhou XIII mission have departed from the Tiangong space station and returned to the mother planet on Saturday morning, finishing the nation’s longest manned spaceflight.Zhai Zhigang, who was the mission commander, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu breathed fresh air for the first time after the half-year space journey as ground recovery staff opened the door of their reentry capsule (返回舱) at 10: 03 am.Medical service workers on the site told China Central Television that the astronauts are in good condition. Carrying the mission crew, the Shenzhou XIII spacecraft left from the Tiangong station at 12: 44 am. In the last hours of their stay inside the Tiangong, the astronauts worked with ground controllers to adjust the station, sending some experimental data back to Earth and sorting out materials.The crew has set a new record for China’s longest spaceflight, almost doubling the previous record of 92 days created by their colleagues in the Shenzhou XII mission who travelled with Tiangong from mid-June to mid-September last year.During the Shenzhou XIII mission, the astronauts carried out two spacewalks that totaled more than 12 hours. They tested components on the station’s robotic arm and used it to practice spacewalk. Wang took part in the first spacewalk on Nov 7, becoming the first female Chinese spacewalker.The crew members also carried out two science lectures from the space station for Chinese students. In one experiment, Wang used a Bing Dwen Dwen toy, the popular mascot (吉祥物) of the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games, to display how objects fly in weightless environment. The space-based lessons marked the start of the Tiangong Class series, China’s first space lecture series that aims to popularize space science and inspire youngsters to pursu e their “science and space dreams”, according to the manned space agency.1．What mission did the crew members accomplish?A．Living in space for half a year.B．Controlling the space station on their own.C．Opening the door of the reentry capsule.D．Departing from the planet on Saturday morning.2．Which was the achievement of the astronauts?A．They completed a 12-hour spacewalk.B．They conducted two science experiments.C．They became the first Chinese spacewalkers.D．They checked parts on the station’s roboti c arm.3．What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．Teenagers will be sent into space station to explore.B．There will definitely be more space lectures in the future.C．“Science and space dreams” will be the top aim among teenagers.D．Astronauts will use more Bing Dwen Dwen toys to do experiments.4．Which is the best title of the text?A．Inspire Youngsters to Pursue Space DreamsB．The Mission Commander of Tiangong StationC．Space-based Lessons Marked the Start of the Tiangong ClassD．Crew Members of the Shenzhou XIII Mission Returned to Earth03阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
关于航天的高中生英语作文
关于航天的高中生英语作文Aerospace has been a fascinating field of study for generations of students around the world. As a high school student, I have been captivated by the incredible advancements in space exploration and the technology that enables us to reach beyond our planet. In this essay, I will delve into the significance of aerospace and its profound impact on our lives.Firstly, the field of aerospace encompasses a vast array of disciplines, from aeronautical engineering to astronautics and astrophysics. The development of aircraft and spacecraft has been a testament to human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of knowledge. The Wright brothers' historic first powered flight in 1903 paved the way for the rapid advancements in aviation that have transformed the way we travel and transport goods globally.Beyond the realm of aviation, the achievements in space exploration have been truly awe-inspiring. The launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, by the Soviet Union in 1957 marked the beginning of the space age. This momentous event sparked a fiercecompetition between the United States and the Soviet Union, known as the Space Race, which drove rapid technological progress and the eventual manned missions to the Moon.The Apollo program, in particular, stands out as one of the greatest accomplishments in human history. The successful landing of astronauts on the lunar surface in 1969 and their subsequent explorations have captivated the imagination of people worldwide. The images of the Earth from space, the footprints left on the Moon, and the technological marvels that enabled these feats have all become iconic symbols of human achievement.However, the significance of aerospace extends far beyond the realm of space exploration. The technologies developed for aerospace applications have had a profound impact on our daily lives. The advancements in materials science, electronics, and computer systems have led to the creation of numerous consumer products that we now take for granted. From GPS navigation systems to high-speed internet and advanced medical imaging techniques, the spin-off technologies from aerospace research have revolutionized our world.Moreover, the field of aerospace has played a crucial role in advancing our scientific understanding of the universe. Telescopes and other astronomical instruments, both on Earth and in space,have enabled us to peer deeper into the cosmos, unraveling the mysteries of black holes, exoplanets, and the origins of the universe itself. The data collected by these instruments has not only expanded our knowledge but has also sparked new avenues of research and exploration.In addition to its scientific and technological contributions, the aerospace industry has also had a significant economic impact. It is a major driver of innovation, creating high-skilled jobs and generating billions of dollars in revenue worldwide. The development of new aircraft, satellites, and space vehicles has led to the creation of entire industries, providing employment opportunities for engineers, technicians, and support staff.Furthermore, the aerospace industry plays a crucial role in national defense and security. The development of advanced military aircraft, missiles, and surveillance satellites has been essential for maintaining global stability and protecting national interests. The ability to gather intelligence, engage in strategic operations, and respond to threats from the air and space has become a critical component of modern warfare.As a high school student, I am particularly excited about the future of aerospace and the opportunities it presents for the next generation. With the rise of private space companies and the increasingdemocratization of space exploration, the possibilities for young people to contribute to this field are more accessible than ever before.Whether it is through pursuing a degree in aerospace engineering, participating in student rocketry competitions, or engaging in citizen science projects, there are countless ways for young people to get involved and make their mark on the industry. The future of aerospace holds the potential to address some of the most pressing challenges facing our planet, from developing sustainable energy sources to mitigating the effects of climate change.In conclusion, the field of aerospace is a testament to human ingenuity, curiosity, and the relentless pursuit of knowledge. From the Wright brothers' first flight to the ongoing exploration of the solar system and beyond, the advancements in aerospace have transformed our world and our understanding of the universe. As a high school student, I am excited to be a part of this incredible journey and to contribute to the next chapter of aerospace innovation and discovery.。
探月方面英语作文模板
探月方面英语作文模板英文回答：Lunar Exploration: Advancing Human Knowledge and Technological Capabilities。
Lunar exploration has been a captivating endeavor for humankind for centuries, driven by an insatiable thirst for knowledge and the desire to push the boundaries of our technological capabilities. In recent years, the resurgence of lunar missions has reignited global interest in our celestial neighbor, paving the way for groundbreaking discoveries and the establishment of a sustainable human presence on the Moon.Scientific Exploration。
The Moon serves as a natural laboratory for studying the origins and evolution of our solar system. Lunar rocks and regolith hold valuable clues to the early history ofthe Earth and the bombardment events that have shaped our planet. By analyzing lunar samples, scientists have gained insights into the composition and formation of the Moon, as well as the impact history and geological processes that have occurred on its surface.Moreover, the Moon's unique environment provides an ideal platform for astrophysics and astronomy research. Its lack of atmosphere and magnetic field minimizesinterference from Earth-based observations, allowing for unparalleled views of the universe. Lunar observatories can study cosmic rays, solar wind, and other astronomical phenomena without the distortions caused by our atmosphere.Technological Advancements。
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A.N. S.F.Sa´nchez & C.R.Benn: Impact of astronomical research from different countries
1
Table 1. Citation impact by country, for all countries with at least one paper in the top-cited 1000 published 1991-8
(7)
(8) (9) (10)
(11)
Australia AU
18
1.6
3.3 191
0.8
2.2 393 18.8
10.2
Austria
AT
1
0.1
31
0.7 184 8.1
3.8
Belgium
BE
2
0.2
1.1 88
1.1 236 10.2
8.6
Brazil
BR
2
0.1
109
0.6 1035 171.1
Correspondence to: ssanchez@aip.de
bias arises from the tendency of each community to over-cite its own results, e.g. through preferentially reading and citing national journals (e.g. Durrani 2000 found that papers from large countries receive more citations than papers from small countries). These biases are likely to favour over-citation of papers from the large north American and UK astronomy communities.
Received Nov 11, 2003; accepted Jan 6, 2004
Abstract. The impact of astronomical research carried out by different countries has been compared by analysing the 1000 most-cited astronomy papers published 1991-8 (125 from each year). 61% of the citations are to papers with first authors at institutions in the USA, 11% in the UK, 5% in Germany, 4% in Canada, 3% in Italy and 3% in France. 17% are to papers with first authors in ESO countries. The number of citations is approximately proportional to the number of IAU members in a given country. The number of citations per IAU astronomer is highest in the USA, Switzerland and the UK. Within continental Europe, the number of citations per IAU astronomer varies little from country to country, but is slightly higher in the north than in the south. The sample of 1000 papers maps regional subject preferences. 62% of the extragalactic papers in the sample were published from the USA, 15% from the UK, 23% from other countries (mainly in continental Europe). 62% of the papers on stars were also published from the USA, but the fractions from the UK and from other countries are 2% and 36% respectively.
Key words: scienciometric; bibliometric; scientific productivity
1. Introduction
Nearly all developed countries support vigorous programmes of research in astronomy, but there have been few comparisons of the relative scientific impact of astronomical research in different countries. Research environments and strategies differ from country to country, so a detailed comparison may shed light on which policies are more successful.
Astron. Nachr./AN 32X (200X) X, XXX–XXX
arXiv:astro-ph/0401228v2 20 Jan 2004
Impact of astronomical research from different countries
S.F. SA´ NCHEZ1,2 C.R. BENN1
Country
ISO ΣPapers ΣCitns% All astro IAU Citns% Science GDP Popn.
IAU/
code top-1000 top-1000 papers% mem /100 IAU
% $109 106 106 popn.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) (6)
2. Citation impact by country
Each of the 1000 top-cited papers was credited to the country of the institution hosting the first author. The number of papers generated by each country, and the corresponding fractions of citations are given in Table 1. The breakdown of citation fractions by country is shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 2, we compare the citation fractions for each country with four measures which are likely to correlate with the resources invested by that country in astronomical research: the number of IAU members; the country’s share of all-science citations; gross domestic product (GDP); and total population (CIA, 1999). The number of citations is approximately proportional to the number of IAU members in each country, and to the country’s all-science citation share, over 2 orders of magnitude (Figs. 2a, b). The correlations with GDP and total population (Figs. 2c, d) are weaker (i.e., larger dispersion), as one would expect, given that countries spend different fractions
1 Isaac Newton Group, Apt. 321, 38700 Santa Cruz de La Palma, Spain 2 Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, And der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
7.1
France
FR
35
2.9
8.7 609
0.5
5.7 1320 59.0
A list of the 125 most-cited astronomy/space papers for each year 1991-8, 1000 papers in all, was purchased from the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in Philadelphia. In Benn & Sanchez (2001, hereafter Paper I), we used these data to compare the scientific impact of different telescopes. Here we use the same dataset to compare the scientific impact of research from different countries. See Paper I for details of the sample and analysis, and also for a discussion of the various biases which affect citation anlayses. Biases against both publication and citation need to be considered when comparing citation counts for different countries. Language bias operates at a number of levels. (1) A requirement to publish in English favours native speakers of the language. (2) English-speaking scientists tend not to read or cite papers written in other languages (e.g. Rees 1997, Nature 2002b). (3) Citation databases provide uneven coverage of foreignlanguage journals (e.g. Ziman 2001, Moed 2002). A separate