勘探院地质学博士生入学考试2000年A题
2003中科院地震勘探博士试卷
2003年中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所
博士学位研究生入学加试题题
地震勘探
（第1题选择5个小题，第2－6题选择4个大题）
1、解释以下各词的物理含义：
A. 首波（4分）
B. 地震射线（4分）
C. 地震波阻抗（4分）
D.叠加速度（4分）
E.频散（4分）
F.体波（4分）
J. 面波（4分）
2、从质点的运动方程出发，使用广义虎克定律，导出P波和S波满足的波动方程。
从推导过程中阐明P波与S波的本质差别，并求出P、S波的速度表达式。
（20分）
3、证明：在边界两边的两点之间能量所有可能的传播路径中，满足Snell定律的路径所需时间最短。
（20分）
4．对于平界面地介质，如果速度随深度线形增加，证明地震射线的轨迹是圆弧。
对于球状地球，速度随深度线形变化时的射线形状又如何？（20分）
5、试推导克希霍夫定理（克希霍夫公式）。
（20分）
6、在水平层状介质和小炮检距条件下推导反射地震勘探中叠加速度与层速度关系（即Dix公式）（20分）。
中国石油勘探开发研究院石油地质学2004-2009博士入学专业考试试题资料
中国石油勘探开发研究院博士入学专业考试试题石油地质学（2004年）一、名词解释（3*10）1、沥青垫:油气藏中沥青质含量相当富集的含油储层带。
2、溢出点；指流体充满圈闭后，开始溢出的位置点，称为圈闭的溢出点。
3、坡折带；地形坡度发生突变地带。
一般可分为构造坡折带、沉积坡折带、古地貌坡折带和侵蚀坡折带。
（受陡坡带及其坡折和坡脚明显控制的侵蚀和沉积作用活跃地带）4、旋光性：凡具有能够使偏光面发生旋转的特性，称为旋光性。
5、块状油气藏；指一种储油岩体内没被非渗透岩层间隔，仅顶部为非渗透岩层所覆盖，下部全为底水承托，不受岩层层面控制的呈块体形状的油气藏。
6、关键时刻；是指生烃灶大量生烃与油气在主要圈闭中发生大规模聚集的时间。
7、充满度；含油高度与闭合高度的比值。
8、相对渗透率；如果岩石空隙只有一种流体（单相）存在，而且这种流体不与岩石起任何物理和化学反应，在这种条件下所反映的渗透率为岩石的绝对渗透率。
在有多相流体存在时，岩石对其中每相流体的渗透率称为有效渗透率。
相对渗透率=有效渗透率/绝对渗透率。
9、基底胶结；是碎屑岩胶结类型之一。
碎屑颗粒彼此不相接触呈漂浮或游离状分散在填隙物内，这种结构表明碎屑颗粒与基质是同时沉积的。
若以杂基填隙物为主，它通常是高密度流（例如浊流、泥石流）的快速堆积的产物。
它又称杂基支撑。
若以化学沉淀填隙物为主，则是同生期、成岩早期的产物。
10、欠压实作用和欠压实带欠压实作用泥质岩石在压实过程中由于压实流体排出受阻或来不及排出，孔隙体积不能随上覆负荷增加而减少，导致孔隙流体承受了部分上覆沉积负荷，出现孔隙流体压力高于其相应的静水压力的现象称为欠压实现象。
二、隐蔽油气藏和岩性-地层油气藏的异同（20）隐藏油气藏：以岩性、地层油气藏和裂缝油气藏为主的，一般技术手段难以发现的油气藏。
（李丕龙，2006）岩性地层油气藏：主要是指沉积、成岩、构造与火山等作用而造成的地层削截、超覆、相变，使储集体在纵、横向上发生变化，并在三度空间形成圈闭和聚集油气而形成的油气藏。
2000年中国地质大学水文地质学研究生考试真题-A
中国地质大学（北京）2000年硕士研究生入学考试试题试题名称：水文地质学试题代码： 519一、判断正误（以“√”和“×”分别表示正误）：（共15分）1、松散岩石的空隙度越大，透水性就越好，容水性也越大。
（）2、均质包气带中岩石的渗透系数随着岩石含水量的增加而增大，所以渗透系数是含水量的函数。
（）3、当有入渗补给或蒸发排泄时，潜水面可以看作一个流面。
（）4、地下水动态变化是由于地下水接受补给作用的结果。
（）5、影响天然条件下松散岩石空隙度大小的关键因素是颗粒的分选性。
（）二、填空（选择最佳答案）：（共15分）1、结合水与重力水的最根本的区别是结合水（）。
a.不能转化为气态水；b.具有抗剪强度；c.不能运动；d.结合水层薄。
2、地表水（河、渠等）的横断面的湿周必定是一条（）。
a.等水头线；b.流线；c.零通量线；d.最大通量线。
3、大气降水入渗以活塞式补给第四系潜水含水层时，下渗速率随降雨时间的增长而（）。
a.增大；b.减小；c.不变；d.趋于定值。
4、由深循环地下水补给的、温度较高的泉水中，阳离子通常以Na+为主，这是由于（）的结果。
a.溶滤作用；b.脱硫酸作用；c.浓缩作用；d.脱碳酸作用。
5、在大型地下水源地的供水资源评价时，应以（）的地下水补给量作为可开采资源量。
a.典型年丰水期；b. 典型年枯水期；c.多年平均；d. 多年枯水期。
三、论述题：（共30分）1、试举例说明含水层概念及其如何应用？2、画出间歇性河流对潜水的补给过程的横断面示意流网图，并说明间歇性河流变化规律对潜水含水层动态的影响。
3、山前冲洪积扇中地下水从山前向平原具有盐分增多的分带现象，试分析其原因。
四、根据所给王家山地区地质图试分析，并回答下列问题：（共40分）1、指出并说明本区的隔水层（体）和主要含水层；2、分别说明A泉与B泉形成的水文地质条件及其类型；3、天然条件下a.本区地下水的主要补给来源和主要排泄方式；b.本区有几个含水系统和几个径流系统？在图中用（……）示意标出地下分水岭的位置；4、拟定水源地开采后a. 若Q泉B <Q开<Q泉A时，本区的含水系统和径流系统是否发生变化？地下分水岭是否会移动？若移动，请出地下分水岭移动的趋势方向，并说明南北两侧地下水的排泄方式；c.若Q泉A<Q开<Q泉A+ Q泉B时，本区的含水系统和径流系统又如何发生变化？地下分水岭是否会移动？若移动，请出地下分水岭移动的趋势方向，并说明南北两侧地下水的排泄方式；(注：Q泉A表示A泉的流量，Q泉B表示B泉的流量，Q开表示拟定开采井群的开采量。
中科院考博真题
名词解释生物圈、气候、太阳辐射、降水、径流、风蚀作用、植物群落、土地退化、土壤剖面、地域分异规律简答1、气候变化2、基本地貌类型3、水量平衡4、成土学说5、生态系统的组分和结构论述1、试述地带性学说2、试述中国自然界的最基本特征名词解释矿物、地下水的总矿化度、季风、河流、地域分异规律、生物群落、对流层、土壤简答1、生物多样性的价值2、自然区划原则3、土壤的物质组成4、地球表面的基本特征5、影响地貌的形成因素论述1、陆地生态系统的主要类型2、自然地理学的研究对象分科及各学科的联系名词解释梅雨、基流、物候谱、山海经、光合潜力、焚风效应、超渗流、雅丹地貌、地域分异、地理大发现简答土壤侵蚀、尺度转化的概念和地理学意义、地理学发展方向名词解释变质作用、大气环流、风化作用、河流阶地、季风、降水强度、流量、生物多样性、土壤质地、纬度简答题1、气候形成的地理因子2、植被分类3、土壤的一般形态4、温室效应5、主要成土过程论述题1、试述地理地带性2、试述中国自然界的最基本特征简答题（10×3）1、自然区域划分原则2、成土学说3、地球表面的基本特征论述题1、陆地生态系统的主要类型（20）2、地球自转和公转的意义（20）3、中国的气候特征（30）中国科学院地理所博士入学考试试题1999年自然地理1.概述土地利用/土地覆被变化的研究及意义。
2.论述自然地域系统研究及其科学意义和应用前景。
3.试述黄河流域的主要环境问题及其管理。
4. 试述青藏高原作为我国一个独特地理单元的自然地理意义《自然地理学》2000年考试题1．关于自然地理学科发展；2．西部土地退化有哪几种类型3．西部开发面临的主要问题4．自然地域分界线（前两题为简答，后两题为论述）《自然地理学》2001年考试题一、简述种群、群落地理地带水量平衡构造地貌成土过程二、论述1. LUCC内容与进展2. 我国自然地理基本特征3. 温室效应与全球环境意义2001年自然地理学入学试题一．简答题1．构造地貌2．植物种群与植物群落3．水量平衡4．地理地带5．成土过程二．论述题1．中国自然地理环境的基本特征2．温室效应与全球变化3．土地利用/土地覆被变化的研究内容与进展《自然地理学》2002年考试题一、简述1.流水地貌2.水循环（或土壤地带性）3.生态系统（或生物多样性）（注，因是不同的人回忆的，有点差异，你都看看）二、论述1.简述我国自然地理地域性特征2.论述我国主要土地退化3.论述我国水问题自然地理2003一、种群、群落地理地带水量平衡构造地貌成土过程二、1.LUCC内容与进展2.我国自然地理基本特征3.温室效应与全球环境意义土地资源学2006土地资源学耕地保护的目标及其意义土地分类方法与步骤,,举例我国1:100万土地分类图分类体系FAO土地评价方法与美国土地潜力分级的特点与异同我国土地利用存在的问题和对策对<全国土地利用规划修编>的看法和建议2005年土地资源学：当前土地工作中的问题与对策自己设计一个土地相关课题，要研究路线，方法，创新美国和中国的分类体系适应性评价土地利用/土地覆被变化土地资源管理政策分析耕地保护现状问题对策，长效机制土地类型2001土地资源1.综合剖面制图方法（15）2.苏联、澳大利亚、中国土地分级系统（15）3.4.LUCC意义与内容（20）5.西部大开发战略中土地资源开发、利用、治理、保护问题（20）2002土地资源学1.简述土地资源研究中系列制图的综合制图与制图综合问题（10）2.简述联合国粮农组织的土地适宜性评价体系（15）3.简述土地质量指标体系研究中的PSR模型（15）4.论述土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究的意义和主要内容（20）5.论述土地资源开发的结构和布局（20）6.论述我国耕地保护的意义、目标和主要措施（20）生态历年考题书：蔡晓明2001年考题：1.名词解释：种群、群落、水量平衡？2.简答、论述：碳循环、氮循环；以森林生态系统为例，描述一下能量流动过程；生态系统健康对全球变化的理解2002年考题1.生态系统健康2.生态系统生产力3.碳氮循环4.生态系统调控（正、负反馈）恢复生态学。
2000年题库答案(石油地质学)
一、名词解释1．油气藏：是地壳上油气聚集的基本单元，是油气在单一圈闭中的聚集。
具有统一的压力系统和油、气、水界面。
2．油气聚集带：同一个二级构造带中，互有成因联系、油气聚集条件相似的一系列油气田的总和。
3．油气田：系受单一局部构造单位所控制的同一面积内的油藏、气藏、油气藏的总和。
4．干酪根：沉积岩中所有不溶于非氧化性的酸、碱和非极性有机溶剂的分散有机质。
干酪根是一种重要的成油母质。
5．圈闭：适合于油气聚集、形成油气藏的场所，称为圈闭。
包括储盖层及侧向遮挡层。
6．生油门限：随着沉积有机质埋藏深度加大，地温相应增高，当温度升高到一定数值，有机质才开始大量转化为石油，这时的有机质热演化程度称为有机质的生油门限。
也有人把此时的温度称为生油门限。
7．生油窗：液态烃生成的主要成熟度区间，相当于镜质体反射率值0.5%～1.2%。
8．相渗透率：在多相流体存在时，岩石对其中每相流体的渗透率称为相渗透率或有效渗透率。
9．异常压力：高于或低于相应深度静水压力的地层孔隙流体压力，称为异常压力。
10．含油气盆地：凡是地壳上具有统一的地质发展历史，发育着良好的生、储、盖组合及圈闭条件，并已发现油气田的沉积盆地，称为含油气盆地。
11．地温梯度：将深度每增加100m所升高的温度,称为地温梯度(或地热增温率),以℃/100m 表示。
12．流体势：地下单位质量（或单位体积）流体相对于基准面所具有的机械能的总和定义为流体势13．排替压力：就是岩样中非润湿相流体排驱润湿相流体所需的最小压力。
14．有效孔隙度：是指那些互相连通的，且在一般压力条件下，可以允许流体在其中流动的孔隙体积之和与岩石总体积的比值，以百分数表示之。
15．地层圈闭：地层圈闭是指储集层由于纵向沉积连续性中断而形成的圈闭，即与地层不整合有关的圈闭。
16．凝析气藏：在地下深处高温高压条件下的烃类气体,经采到地面后,温度、压力降低,反而凝结为液态,成为凝析油,这种气藏就是凝析气藏。
2000年博士生入学考试试题(英语)改
中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（2000年3月）THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2000PAPER ONEPART ⅡSTRUCTURE & VOCABULARY (15 points, 25 minutes)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.16. Much I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her for thoroughness, whatever the job.A. whenB. moreC. fartherD. as17. To support the general statement in the first sentence, each sentence in the paragraph provides adifferent example.A. relevantB. subsequentC. coherentD. antecedent18. A hefty 50% of those from ages 18 to 34 told the pollsters in the TIME/CNN survey that they“feminist” values.A. shareB. regardC. attachD. dominate19. I was not alone in my knowledge; the woman had also seen my father’s eyes gleaming withpride.A. contractedB. contestedC. contentedD. contrasted20. the writer’s craft through a consideration of rhetorical patterns is a useful way to study writing.A. ExploringB. ExploitingC. EmployingD. Embodying21. The first two assumptions made about the of TV were dead wrong: that it would bury radio and itwould be threat to movies.A. recessionB. adventC. diversityD. bias22. An education should enable a student to get a better job than be would be able to find or fill.A. consequentlyB. neverthelessC. otherwiseD. anyhow23. In addition to being physically sick, may dad was in the midst of a nervous , through none of us knew tocall it that at the time.A. breakupB. breakdownC. breakthroughD. breakout24. Although they are very succinct-that is why they caught on-cliches are wasted words because they are expression rather than fresh ones.A. staleB. stainlessC. stableD. spotted25. Though Americans do not currently abortions directly, costs are carried by other Americans through higher insurance premiums.A. implementB. terminateC. prohibitD. subsidize26. There are probably very few cases in which different races have lived in completein a single country for long periods.A. successB. revengeC. harmonyD. conscience27. In the last century and a half, scientific development has been breathtaking, but the understanding of thisprogress has changed.A. incidentallyB. dramaticallyC. rigorouslyD. temporarily28. It is always useful to have savings to .A. come out inB. live up toC. make a fuss ofD. fall back on29. We seek a society that has a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. at its endB. at its handC. at its coreD. at its best30. Modern man is careless when disposing his garbage.A. ofB. toC. atD. about31. Negro slavery, many claimed, was good for all .A. concernedB. is concernedC. to concernD. that concerns32. To cry over spilled milk is to cry .A. in a vainB. in the vainC. in vainD. in no vain33. “Do you want to see my driver’s license or my passport?”“Oh, ”.A. either does wellB. either one will doC. each one is goodD. each will be fine34. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over35. A 50-ft, wave travels at speeds 20 m.p.h., and anyone who’s too slow at the approach risks beingsmashed.A. in excess ofB. in the reach ofC. in exchange forD. in relation toSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D. Indicate which of the four parts is incorrectly used by drawing a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.36. Applicants will be considered provided that their files are complete due to theA B C Ddeadline.37. Elizabeth B. Browning, who has remembered for her love poems, published herA B Cfirst work at the age of twelve.D38.O n l y i f t e n m o r e s t u d e n t s r e g i s t e r t h i s a f t e r n o o n w i l l a n o t h e r p r o n u n c i a t i o nA B Csection be opening.D39.T h a t i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s a c t u a l l y g i v e a m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e o fA BA individuals are questioned by some eminent.C D40. Track lighting is one of the most popular types, if not the most popular type, ofA B Clighting on market todary.D41. In fact, there is perhaps only one human being in a thousand who are passionatelyA Binterested in his job for the job’s sake.C D42. Watching films of what hate turned those people into made me choose to reject it,A Bto deal with people individual and not to spot all whites with the same obscene images.C D43. After a grueling review session, some confusing students asked the teaching assistant forA B Cstill more help.D44. Flourish in the thirteenth century, traveling musicians, called minstrels, played anA B Cimportant part in the cultural life of the time.D45.T h e r e w a s h a r d l y s o me b o d y i n t h e r o o m w h o p a i d a n y a t t e n t i o n t o h i m e v e nA B Cthough everyone knew who he was.C DPART ⅢCLOSE TEST (15 points, 15 minutes)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets onyour Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 . For centuries the progress of civilization has been 47 by the rigid growth of cities. Now the world is 48 to pass a milestone: more people will live in urban areas than in the countryside.Explosive population growth 49 a torrent of migration from the countryside are creating cities that dwarf the great capitals of the past. By the 50 of the century, there will be fifty-one “megacities” with populations of ten million or more. Of these, eighteen will be in 51 countries, including some of the poorest nations in the world. Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, the swiftest 54of urbanization ever recorded.Is the trend good or bad? Can the cities cope? No one know 55 . Without question, urbanization has produced 56 so ghastly that they are difficult to comprehend. In Cairo, children who 57 might be in kindergarten can be found digging through clots of ox waste, looking for 58 kernels of corn to eat. Young, homeless thieves in Papua New Moresby may not 59 their last names or the names of the villages where they were born. In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.46. A. way B. life C. area D. people47. A. defined B. estimated C. created D. expected48. A. about B. up C. like D. already49. A. of B. like C. and D. or50. A. change B. wake C. beginning D. turn51. A. developing B. developed C. develop D. development52. A. makes B. has C. comes D. lives53. A. none B. few C. any D. some54. A. event B. work C. level D. rate55. A for good B. with clarity C. for sure D. in doubt56. A. miracles B. miseries C. mysteries D. misunderstandings57. A. elsewhere B. anywhere C. somewhere D. nowhere58. A. unrefined B. undigested C. unpolished D. unspoiled59. A. ask B. find C. have D. know60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D. dropsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (30 points, 60 minutes)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneG ordon Shaw the physicist, 66, and colleagues have discovered what’s known as the “Mozart effect”, the ability of a Mozart sonata, under the right circumstances, to improve the listener’s mathematical and reasoning abilities. But the findings are controversial and have launched all kinds of crank notions about using music to make kids smarter. The hype, he warns, has gotten out of hand.But first, the essence: Is there something about the brain cells work to explain the effect? In 1978 the neuroscientist Ver non Mountcastle devised a model of the neural structure of the brain’s gray matter. Looking like a thick band of colorful bead work, it represents the firing patterns of groups of neurons. Building on Mountcastle, Shaw and his team constructed a model of t heir own. On a lark, Xiaodan Leng, who was Shaw’s colleague at the time, used a synthesizer to translate these patterns into music. What came out of the speakers wasn’t exactly toe-tapping, but it was music. Shaw and Leng inferred that music and brain-wave activity are built on the same sort of patterns.“Gordon is a contrarian in his thinking”, says his longtime friend, Nobel Prize-winning Stanford physicist Martin Perl. “That’s important. In new areas of science, such as brain research, nobody knows how to do it.”What do neuroscientists and psychologists think of Shaw’s findings? They haven’t condemned it, but neither have they confirmed it. Maybe you have to take them with a grain of salt, but the experiments by Shaw and his colleagues are intriguing. In March a team led by Shaw announced that young children who had listened to the Mozart sonata and studied the piano over a period of months improved their scores by 27% on a test of ratios and proportions. The control group against which they were measured received compatible enrichment courses-minus the music. The Mozart-trained kids are now doing math three grade levels ahead of their peers, Shaw claims.Proof of all this, of course, is necessarily elusive because it can be difficult to do a double-blind experiment of educational techniques. In a double-blind trial of an arthritis drug, neither the study subjects nor the experts evaluating them know which ones got the test treatment and which a dummy pill. How do you keep the participants from knowing it’s Mozart on the CD?61. In the first paragraph Gordon Shaw’s concern is shown overA.the open hostility by the media towards his findings.B.his strength to keep trying out the “Mozart effect”.C.a widespread misunderstanding of his findings.D.the sharp disagreement about his discovery.62. Shaw and Leng’s experiment on the model of their own seems to be based on the hypothesis thatA.listening to Mozart could change the brain’s hardware.B.brain-waves could be invariably translated into music.C.listening to music could stimulate brain development.D.Toe-tapping could be very close to something musical.63. The remarks made by Martin Perl in Paragraph 3 about Gordon Shaw could be taken asA.neuroscientists and psychologists.B. Shaw and his colleagues.C. Shaw and his colleagues.D. the experiments by Shaw and his teamE. Shaw’s findings.66. According to the author, proof of what Shaw claims is difficult becauseA.the control group will also enjoy the same kind of Mozart.B.some educational techniques need re-evaluation.C.the double-blind experiment is not reliable and thus rejected by Shaw.D.participants cannot be kept from knowing what is used in the test.Passage TwoSometimes opponents of capital punishment horrify with tales of lingering death on the gallows, of faulty electric chairs, or of agony in the gas chamber. Partly in response to such protests, several states such as North Carolina and Texas switched to execution by lethal injection. The condemned person is put to death painlessly, without ropes, voltage, bullets, or gas. Did this answer the objections of death penalty opponents? Of course not. On June 22, 1984, The New York Times published an editorial that sarcastically attacked the new “hygienic” method of death by injection, and stated that “execution can never be made humane through science”. So it's not the method that really troubles opponents. It’s the death itself they consider barbaric.Admittedly, capital punishment is not a pleasant topic. However, one does not have to like the death penalty in order to support it any more than one must like radical surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy in order to find necessary these attempts at curing cancer. Ultimately we may learn how to cure cancer with a simple pill. Unfortunately, that day has not yet arrived. Today we are faced with the choice of letting the cancer spread or trying to cure it with the methods available, method that one day will almost certainly and would certainly delay the discovery of an eventual cure. We may not like the death penalty, but it must be available to punish crimes of cold-blooded murder, cases in which any other form of punishment would be inadequate and, therefore, unjust. If we create a society in which injustice is not tolerated, incidents of murder-the most flagrant form of justice-will diminish.67. How did Texas respond to the protests mentiond in Paragraph 1?A.No one was ever executed there later on.B.The criminal there was put to death in the gas chamber instead.C.Life of the condemned person there was terminated with a shot of drug.D.The murderer there was punished with life imprisonment instead.68. What is the main idea of Paragraph?A.The objections of death penalty have become less severe.B.The death itself is considered inhumane and unacceptable.C.Death penalty opponents only care about how one is put to death.D.The “hygienic” was of execution is even more barbaric.69. It can be safely inferred that the authorA.supports capital punishment.B.Is trying to learn how to cure cancer.C.Fears that someone might be punished by mistake.D.Likes radical surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.70. The author’s analogy between cancer and murder is made in order to showA.the lack of perfect solution to the present problems.B.the new discovery of modern science.C.the necessity of doing nothing till an ultimate cure is available.D.the availability of adequate punishment.71. Which of the following stands for the author’s attitude?A.Letting the injustice spread if we don't want to be barbarous.B.Minimizing incidents of murder by means of death penalty.C.Being tolerant of people’s choice of not having any medical treatment.D.Looking for a better form of punishment than death penalty.72. What type of writing is mostly adopted in this passage?A.Narration.B.Classification.C.Exemplification.D.Persuasion.Passage ThreeShyness is a nearly universal human trait. Almost everyone has bouts of it, and half of those surveyed describe themselves as shy. Perhaps because it’s so widespread, and because it suggests vulnerability, shyness is often an endearing trait: Princess Dian a, for example, won millions of admirers with her “Shy Di” manner. The human species might not even exist if not for an instinctive wariness of other creatures. In fact, the ability to sense a threat and a desire to flee are lodged in the most primitive regions of the brain.But at some life juncture, roughly 1 out of every 8 people becomes so timid that encounters with others turn into a source of overwhelming dread. The heart races, palms sweat, mouth grows dry, words vanish, thoughts become cluttered, an d an urge to escape takes over. This is the face of social phobia (also known as “social anxiety disorder”), the third most common mental disorder in the United States, behind depression and alcoholism. Some social phobics can hardly utter a sentence without obsession over the impression they are making. Others refuse to use public restrooms or talk on the telephone. Sometimes they go mute in front of the boss or a member of the opposite sex. At the extreme, they built a hermitic life, avoiding contact with others.Though social anxiety’s symptoms have been noted since the time of Hippocrates, the disorder was a nameless affliction until the late 1960s and didn’t make it way into psychiatry manuals until 1980. As it became better known, patients previously thought to suffer panic disorder were recognized as being anxious only in social settings. A decade ago, 40 percent of people said they were shy, but in today’s “nation of strangers” – in which computers and ATMs make face-to-face relations less and less common – that often favored by those who fear human interaction, greases the slope from shyness to social anxiety. If people were slightly shy to begin with, they can now interact less and less, and that will make the shyness much worse.73. According to Paragraph One, shyness isA.against human nature.B. completely an endearing trait.C. so widespread that a problem may arise.D. essential to the survival of the human species.74. The author suggests that our ability to sense a threat and desire to fleeA.are connected with types of shyness.B.make us more timid and less successfulC.distinguish humans from other creatures.D.are the results of the influence of our environment.75. Which is NOT mentioned as a sign of social anxiety disorder?A.Speechl ess in front of one’s supervisor.B.Unwilling to go to the public toilets.C.Getting drunk in social settings.D.The heart pumping fast.76. The term “social anxiety disorder” was coinedA. at the time of ancient meditation.B. in the 1960s.C. in 1980.D. a decade ago.77. It is shown that the most common mental disorder in the U.S. isA. depression.B. alcoholism.C. social phobia.D. panic disorder.78. What is the cited attitude of some psychologists towards the Internet culture?A.It is the main cause of social phobia.B.It is destructive and thus should be kept away from the youth.C.It encourages peple who are rather inhibited to communicate more freely.D.It helps accelerate the degradation from shyness to social phobia.Passage FourBenjamin Day was only 22 years old when he developed the idea of a newspaper for the masses and launched his New York Sun in 1833, which would profoundly alter journalism by his new approach. Yet, several conditions had to exist before a mass press could come into existence. It was impossible to launch a mass-appeal newspaper without invention of a printing press able to produce extremely cheap newspaper affordable almost to everyone. The second element that led to the growth of the mass newspaper was the increased level of literacy in the population. The then increased emphasis on education led to a concurrent growth of literacy as many people in the middle and lower economic groups acquired reading skills. The trend toward “democratization” of business and politics fostered the creation of a mass audience responsive to a mass press.Having seen others fail in their attempts to market a mass-appeal newspaper, he forged ahead with his New York Sun, which would be a daily and sell for a penny, as compared to the other dailies that went for six cents a copy. Local happenings, sex, violence, features, and human-interest stories would constitute his content. Conspicuously absent were the dull political debates t hat still characterized many of the six-cent papers. Within six months the Sun achieved a circulation approximately 8,000 issues, far ahead of its nearest competitor. Day’s gamble had paid off, and the penny press was launched.James Gordon Bennett, perhaps the most significant and certainly the most colorful of the individuals imitating Day’s paper, launched his New York Herald in 1835, even more of a rapid success than the Sun. Part of Bennett’s success can be attributed to his skillful reporting of crime news, the institution of a financial page, sports reporting, and an aggressive editorial policy. He looked upon himself a reformer, and wrote in one of his editorials: “I go for a general reformation of morals. … I mean to begin a new movement in the progress of civilization.”Horace Greeley was another important pioneer of the era. He launched his New York Tribune in 1841 and would rank third behind the Sun and Herald in daily circulation, but his weekly edition was circulated nationally and proved to be a great success. Greeley’s Tribune was not as sensational as its competitors. He used his editorial page for crusades and causes. He opposed capital punishment, alcohol, gambling and tobacco. Greeley also favored women’s rights. Greeley never talked down to the mass audience and attracted his readers by appealing to their intellect more than to their emotions.The last of the major newspapers of the penny-press era began in 1851. The New York Times,edited by Henry Raymond, promised to be less sensational than the Sun or Herald and less impassioned than Greeley. The paper soon established a reputation for objective and reasoned journalism. Raymond stressed the gathering of foreign news and served as foreign correspondent himself in 1859. The Times circulation reached more than 40,000 before the Civil war.79. Which is NOT mentioned as the contributing element in the launch of the mass press?A.The upgraded educational level of the masses.B.The increased wealth of the population as a whole.C.The democratic background and drive of the general publicD.The lowered cost of newspaper production.80. The New York Sun rarely featuredA.business newsB.women’s pages.C.lengthy discussion about politics.D.local shipment information.81. Which of the following papers issued a nationally circulated edition?A. The New York Tribune.B.The New York Sun.C.The New York Herald.D.The New York Times.82. Which of the following papers is viewed as the most dispassionate one?A The New York Tribune.B. The New York Sun.C. The New York Herald.D. The New York Times.83. The penny-press approach was pioneered byA.Henry Raymond.B. James Gordon Bennett.C. Benjamin day.D. Joseph Pulitzer84. It can be inferred thatA.the New York Times had the largest daily circulation at that time.B.the papers before the penny-press era only appealed to a small circle of readers.C.the success of the four papers lies in their endeavor to improve peple’s literacy.D.the paper’s being sensational was not favored by a majority of American readers.85. The main purpose of the passage is toA.give a brief introduction to the growth of the mass newspaper.B.trace the cause of the failures of the six-cent papers.C.find out which was the most significant newspaper of that time.D.show how a mass-appeal newspaper made a great fortune.Passage FiveInstead of advancing the public discussion of biotechnology, David Shenk succeeds merely in displaying his general ignorance and unfounded fears in his recent article “Biocapitalism”. His claim that “no living creature has ever before been able to upgrade its own operating system” ignores transduction (the act or process of transferring genetic material or characteristics from one bacterial cell to another) and bacterial conjugation (the temporary union of two bacterial cells), which are ways organisms have “upgraded” their own genomes with novel DNA f or hundreds of millions of years. A first-year biology major could have told him that. For Shenk to suggest that his daughter may someday use a before-birth genetic test for “quick-wittedness” is extremely dull-witted, ignoring the complexity of polygenetic traits while embracing a shallow genetic determinism. Nurture-utterly absent from his discussion-really does matter.Finally, worrying about the effects on the gene pool of a “culture in which millions choose the same desirable genes” is worse than point less. The United Nations projects an approximate human population of eight billion by the year 2020. Even if Shenk’s worst fears are realized, and the wealthy parents of 100 million children can and do select for a polygenetic trait-say, blue eyes-this would represent only a modest shift in the gene pool of 1 in 80, or 1.25 percent, assuming that none of those children would otherwise have been born with blue eyes. But what truly matters for the gene pool in the 1,000-year-long run is the capacity of this trait to grant reproductive success in subsequent generations. Whatever advantage blue eyes currently grant in acquiring a mate presumably derives in part from the trait’s relative scarcity. Elementary economics shows that if you flood the market with an asset, you diminish the relative value of that asset: more blue eyes will make blue eyes less sexy. Is it really too much to expect familiarity with either biology or economics from an essay entitled “Biocapitalism”?86. The purpose of David Shenk’s writing is most probably toA.draw the public’s attention to “biocapitalism”.B.cover his general ignorance about “biocapitalism”.C.show his approval of the advancement in biotechnology.D.Report his success in biotechnological research.87. According to the author, Dav id Shenk’s claim about the upgrading of living creaturesA.is obviously a fault.B. is comprehensible to college students.C. is identical to his own argument.D. will be testified by his daughter.88. What does David Shenk worry about?A.The capacity of the gene pool.B.The nurture of subsequent generations.C.The dramatic increase of world population.D.The consequences of excessive genetic shifts.89. The author’s explanation of people’s preference to blue eyes is thatA.blue eyes are purely inherited.B.few people have blue eyes.C.blue eyes are less sexy.D.people with blue eyes are usually wealthy.90. The tone of this passage is mainlyA. humorous.B. matter-of-fact.C. bitter and ruthless.D. emotional.PAPER TWOPART V TRANSLATION (10 points, 25 minutes)Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II.世界先进水平的一流大学应该是培养和造就高素质创造性人才的摇篮，应该是认识世界、探求客观真理、为人类解决面临的重大课题提供科学依据的前沿，应该是知识创新、推动科学技术成果向现实生产力转化的重要力量，应该是民族优秀文化与世界先进文明成果交流借鉴的桥梁。
地质大学博士入学试题
地质大学（北京）博士入学试题（地层学）一、名词解释1．层型stratotype：也叫典型剖面，已命名的成层地层单位或地层界线的原来或后来指定的参考标准。
它是特定岩层序列中的一个特定间隔或一个特定点，并构成了该地层单位或被确定的地层界线的定义和特征说明的标准。
2．延限带range zone：也叫极顶带，指从地层序列的化石组合中，经过选择的任何一个或几个化石分子的已知延限所代表的那段地层体。
它包括分类单元延限和共存延限两种类型。
3．地层穿时diachronism：包括岩石地层和生物地层等在内的所有非年代地层单位在不同地点所代表的时间不同的现象。
它表现为地层单位的顶底界面与时间面斜交和顶底界面之间的时间间隔在不同地点不相等。
4．退积序列retrogressive succession：当湖平面或海平面下降时，由于水体分别范围不断缩小，在滨岸地带，特别是在沉积物底面坡度较大的地方（如三角洲），会发生岩相带向陆方向的海侵式迁移。
这种沉积序列就是退积序列。
5．事件地层event stratigraphy：地层学的一个分支，侧重于利用稀有的突发事件及其地质记录，去划分和对比地层，按自然特征确定地层界线。
6．初始海泛面first flooding surface：层序地层学的一个术语，为层序内部准层序之间的界面，它代表了海平面的相对上升，其下是低位体系域或陆架边缘体系域，其上是海侵体系域。
7．生物相biofacies：以所含化石来表现出地层单位或间隔的生物地层面貌。
8．混合极性带mixed polarity chrone：地磁记录表现为正向和反向频繁交替特征的一个岩石单位，是磁极性地层分类的重要单位。
9．沉积层序depositional sequence：层序地层学中一个重要的概念和基本单位，它由一系列的沉积体系域组成，并被认为是全球海平面变化曲线前一个下降拐点至后一个下降拐点之间的产物。
10．生物区系faunal province：由于地理隔离，不同地区的生物群独立发展，产生组成分子多数不同、面貌存在较大差异的不同生物群，即生物地理分区。
勘探院博士考题
构造地质学（2004）一、名词解释（3分*10）1.沉积盆地2. 克拉通3.相似褶皱4.褶皱冲断带5.共轴递进变形6.简单剪切7.轴面8.剪节理9. 应力10.应变二、简答题（10分*4）1..断层的标志有哪些？如何判断断层两盘的相对运动方向？2.褶皱形成的机制有哪些？3.断层与褶皱的关系？例举几种断层相关褶皱。
4.简述威尔逊旋回的含义。
三、试述题（15分*2，1、2选一，3、4选一）1.盆地分类的原则？盆地分析的内容与指导思想？2.说说盆山耦合的内容。
3.前陆盆地的地质特点与油气聚集的控制因素。
4.断陷盆地形成与演化的控制条件？制约断陷盆地油气聚集与分布的主要因素？构造地质学（2005）一、名词解释（3分*10）1. 反转褶皱2. 逆牵引构造3.岩石圈4.俯冲带5.推覆构造（披覆构造？）6.相似褶皱7.应变8.共轴递进变形9. ？10.？二、简答题（10分*4）1. 不整合的类型及识别标志、研究意义？2. 伸展盆地的剖面构造样式。
3. 断层相关褶皱？例举几种断层相关褶皱。
4. 蛇绿岩套的识别标志及研究意义。
三、试述题（15分*2，1、2选一）1. 前陆盆地的构造特征及其对油气聚集的影响。
2. 克拉通的沉降机制及其石油地质特征。
3. 结合某一具体盆地，说明盆地分析的内容及其注意事项？构造地质学（2006）新增题：韧性剪切带、断层断距平衡剖面？列举平衡剖面分析的基本原则天然气地质学（2005）一、填空题（20分）1.国内含气盆地__________盆地__________盆地国外含气盆地__________盆地__________盆地__________盆地2.中亚气聚集域包括的主要盆地有__________、__________、__________、__________、__________盆地。
3.H2S含量大于1%的天然气分布在__________地层中，__________储层中H2S含量均小于1%。
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博士生入学考试2000年《沉积学原理》试题A及答案
一、名词解释(计20分，每个名词2分)
01、沉积学
02、佛罗德数
03、牛顿流体
04、洪水沉积作用
05、火山碎屑流
06、等深流
07、网状河
08、热气底浪沉积
09、震积岩
10、生物礁
二、叙述题(计80分，1、2、3题必答；4、5题选答一题；6、7题选答一题)
01、试述当代碳酸盐岩沉积学研究现状与发展趋势(14分)。
02、试述冲积扇沉积过程并对比泥石流、片流、河道沉积和筛状沉积特征(18分)。
03、试述沉积物重力流四种类型的支撑机制或支撑结构并图示1-2种相关典型沉积构造(18分)。
04、试述洪水-漫湖沉积作用及其识别标志(12分)。
05、简述陆相湖泊风成波浪动力学主要影响因素(12分)。
06、试述风暴岩概念及特征相标志并图示碎屑风暴岩理想沉积序列(18分)。
07、试列表对比等深流和浊积岩沉积特征(18分)。
博士生入学考试2000年《沉积学原理》试题B及答案
一、词汇解释(计30分，每个名词6分)
01、何谓典型相模式，作为典型相模式应具有哪四种作用？并列举3个目前已比较公认的沉积相模式(相层序)。
02、何谓事件沉积作用，其与正常沉积作用对比具有哪些特点，并举2-3个事件沉积作用的典型实例。
03、何谓牛顿流体和非牛顿流体，两类流体的机械搬运和沉积作用方式有什么不同？
04、何谓滨岸沉积环境，根据海水水动力条件划分出几个亚环境。
05、何谓等深流沉积和等深积岩，并图示一个完整的具逆-正递变层等深积岩相层序。
二、试概述沉积学发展的四个阶段及其主要方面和代表著作(20分)。
三、试概述陆源碎屑沉积学研究现状及展望(20分)。
四、试概述碳酸盐岩沉积学研究现状及展望(20分)。
五、试概述我国中-新代陆相沉积盆地的沉积相类型和沉积体系(15分)。