词汇笔记1

Lexicology: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.
The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：
English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.
The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：
English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学)
The reason for a student to study English lexicology：
According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.
A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help le arners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of t he historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of w ord-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding a nd their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills o f using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.
Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
Word: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that ca n function alone in a sentence
sound and meaning: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thin g or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”
sound and form: the sound should be similar to the form
Vocabulary: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary
The 3 Stages of Development of E Vocabulary: Old English vocabulary, Middle EV, Modern EV
Classification of English Words According to Different Criteria
The basic word stock: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the co mmon core of the language.
Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.
The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock:
1)All-National character（全民通用性most important）2)Stability（相对稳定性）
3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）
words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语）(7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressi ons, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)
Content words (cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words (on, of, and, be, but)
Native Words and Loan Words
Native words: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th ce ntury by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks)
Loan words: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)
4 Types of loan words:
1) denizens(同化词) (shirt from skyrta(ON))
2) aliens（外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (ko wtow (CH)磕头)
3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语long time no see from China
4) semantic loans（借义词）：their meanings are borrowed。