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建筑造价中英文对照外文翻译文献

建筑造价中英文对照外文翻译文献

建筑造价中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)The Cost of Building Structure1. IntroductionThe art of architectural design was characterized as one of dealing comprehensively with a complex set of physical and nonphysical design determinants. Structural considerations were cast as important physical determinants that should be dealt with in a hierarchical fashion if they are to have a significant impact on spatial organization and environmental control design thinking.The economical aspect of building represents a nonphysical structural consideration that, in final analysis, must also be considered important. Cost considerations are in certain ways a constraint to creative design. But this need not beso. If something is known of the relationship between structural and constructive design options and their cost of implementation, it is reasonable to believe that creativity can be enhanced. This has been confirmed by the authors’ observation that most enhanced. This has been confirmed by the authors’observation that most creative design innovations succeed under competitive bidding and not because of unusual owner affluence as the few publicized cases of extravagance might lead one to believe. One could even say that a designer who is truly creative will produce architectural excellence within the constraints of economy. Especially today, we find that there is a need to recognize that elegance and economy can become synonymous concepts.Therefore, in this chapter we will set forth a brief explanation of the parameters of cost analysis and the means by which designers may evaluate the overall economic implications of their structural and architectural design thinking.The cost of structure alone can be measured relative to the total cost of building construction. Or, since the total construction cost is but a part of a total project cost, one could include additional consideration for land(10～20percent),finance and interest(100～200 percent),taxes and maintenance costs (on the order of20 percent).But a discussion of these so-called architectural costs is beyond the scope of this book, and we will focus on the cost of construction only.On the average, purely structural costs account for about 25 percent of total construction costs, This is so because it has been traditional to discriminate between purely structural and other so-called architectural costs of construction. Thus, in tradition we find that architectural costs have been taken to be those that are not necessary for the structural strength and physical integrity of a building design.“Essential services”forms a third construction cost category and refers to the provision of mechanical and electrical equipment and other service systems. On the average, these service costs account for some 15 to 30 percent of the total construction cost, depending on the type of building. Mechanical and electrical refers to the cost of providing for air-conditioning equipment and he means on air distribution as well as other services, such as plumbing, communications, and electrical light and power.The salient point is that this breakdown of costs suggests that, up to now, an average of about 45 to 60 percent of the total cost of constructing a typical design solution could be considered as architectural. But this picture is rapidly changing.With high interest costs and a scarcity of capital, client groups are demanding leaner designs. Therefore, one may conclude that there are two approaches the designer may take towards influencing the construction cost of building.The first approach to cost efficiency is to consider that wherever architectural and structural solutions can be achieved simultaneously, a potential for economy is evident. Since current trends indicate a reluctance to allocate large portions of a construction budget to purely architectural costs, this approach seems a logical necessity. But, even where money is available, any use of structure to play a basic architectural role will allow the nonstructural budget to be applied to fulfill other architectural needs that might normally have to be applied to fulfill other architectural needs that might normally have to be cut back. The second approach achieves economy through an integration of service and structural subsystems to round out one’s effort to produce a total architectural solution to a building design problem.The final pricing of a project by the constructor or contractor usually takes a different form. The costs are broken down into (1) cost of materials brought to the site, (2)cost of labor involved in every phase of the construction process, (3)cost of equipment purchased or rented for the project, (4)cost of management and overhead, and(5) profit. The architect or engineer seldom follows such an accurate path but should perhaps keep in mind how the actual cost of a structure is finally priced and made up.Thus, the percent averages stated above are obviously crude, but they can suffice to introduce the nature of the cost picture. The following sections will discuss the range of these averages and then proceed to a discussion of square footage costs and volume-based estimates for use in rough approximation of the cost of building a structural system.2. Percentage EstimatesThe type of building project may indicate the range of percentages that can be allocated to structural and other costs. As might be expected, highly decorative or symbolic buildings would normally demand the lowest percentage of structural costs as compared to total construction cost. In this case the structural costs might drop to 10～15percent of the total building cost because more money is allocated to the so-called architectural costs. Once again this implies that the symbolic components are conceived independent of basic structural requirements. However, where structure and symbolism are more-or-less synthesized, as with a church or Cathedral, thestructural system cost can be expected to be somewhat higher, say, 15and20 percent (or more).At the other end of the cost scale are the very simple and nonsymbolic industrial buildings, such as warehouses and garages. In these cases, the nonstructural systems, such as interior partition walls and ceilings, as will as mechanical systems, are normally minimal, as is decoration, and therefore the structural costs can account for60 to 70 percent, even 80 percent of the total cost of construction.Buildings such as medium-rise office and apartment buildings(5～10 stories)occupy the median position on a cost scale at about 25 percent for structure. Low and short-span buildings for commerce and housing, say, of three or four stories and with spans of some 20 or 30 ft and simple erection requirements, will yield structural costs of 15～20 percent of total building cost.Special-performance buildings, such as laboratories and hospitals, represent another category. They can require long spans and a more than average portion of the total costs will be allocated to services (i.e., 30～50 percent), with about 20 percent going for the purely structural costs. Tall office building (15 stories or more) and/or long-span buildings (say, 50 to 60 ft) can require a higher percentage for structural costs (about 30to 35percent of the total construction costs),with about 30 to 40 percent allocated to services.In my case, these percentages are typical and can be considered as a measure of average efficiency in design of buildings. For example, if a low, short-span and nonmonumental building were to be bid at 30 percent for the structure alone, one could assume that the structural design may be comparatively uneconomical. On the other hand, the architect should be aware of the confusing fact that economical bids depend on the practical ability of both the designer and the contractor to interpret the design and construction requirements so that a low bid will ensue. Progress in structural design is often limited more by the designer’s or contractor’slack of experience, imagination, and absence of communication than by the idea of the design. If a contractor is uncertain, he will add costs to hedge the risk he will be taking. It is for this reason that both the architect and the engineer should be well-versed in the area of construction potentials if innovative designs ate to be competitively bid. At the least the architect must be capable of working closely with imaginative structural engineers, contractors and even fabricators wherever possible even if the architecture is very ordinary. Efficiency always requires knowledge and above all imagination, andthese are essential when designs are unfamiliar.The foregoing percentages can be helpful in approximating total construction costs if the assumption is made that structural design is at least of average (of typical) efficiency. For example, if a total office building construction cost budget is ﹩5,000,000,and 25 percent is the “standard”to be used for structure, a projected structural system should cost no more than ﹩1,250,000.If a very efficient design were realized, say, at 80 percent of what would be given by the “average” efficient design estimate stated above the savings,(20 percent),would then be﹩250,000 or 5 percent of total construction costs ﹩5,000,000.If the ﹩5,000,000 figure is committed, then the savings of ﹩250,000 could be applied to expand the budget for “other” costs.All this suggests that creative integration of structural (and mechanical and electrical) design with the total architectural design concept can result in either a reduction in purely construction design concept can result in either a reduction in purely construction costs or more architecture for the same cost. Thus, the degree of success possible depends on knowledge, cleverness, and insightful collaboration of the designers and contractors.The above discussion is only meant to give the reader an overall perspective on total construction costs. The following sections will now furnish the means for estimating the cost of structure alone. Two alternative means will be provided for making an approximate structural cost estimate: one on a square foot of building basis, and another on volumes of structural materials used. Such costs can then be used to get a rough idea of total cost by referring to the “standards” for efficient design given above. At best, this will be a crude measure, but it is hoped that the reader will find that it makes him somewhat familiar with the type of real economic problems that responsible designers must deal with. At the least, this capability will be useful in comparing alternative systems for the purpose of determining their relative cost efficiency.3. Square-foot EstimatingAs before, it is possible to empirically determine a “standard” per-square-foot cost factor based on the average of costs for similar construction at a given place and time. more-or-less efficient designs are possible, depending on the ability of the designer and contractor to use materials and labor efficiently, and vary from the average.The range of square-foot costs for “normal” structural systems is ﹩10 to ﹩16psf. For example, typical office buildings average between ﹩12 and ﹩16 psf, and apartment-type structures range from ﹩10 to ﹩14.In each case, the lower part of the range refers to short spans and low buildings, whereas the upper portion refers to longer spans and moderately tall buildings.Ordinary industrial structures are simple and normally produce square-foot costs ranging from ﹩10 to ﹩14,as with the more typical apartment building. Although the spans for industrial structures are generally longer than those for apartment buildings, and the loads heavier, they commonly have fewer complexities as well as fewer interior walls, partitions, ceiling requirements, and they are not tall. In other words, simplicity of design and erection can offset the additional cost for longer span lengths and heavier loads in industrial buildings.Of course there are exceptions to these averages. The limits of variation depend on a system’s complexity, span length over “normal” and special loading or foundation conditions. For example, the Crown Zellerbach high-rise bank and office building in San Francisco is an exception, since its structural costs were unusually high. However, in this case, the use of 60 ft steel spans and free-standing columns at the bottom, which carry the considerable earthquake loading, as well as the special foundation associated with the poor San Francisco soil conditions, contributed to the exceptionally high costs. The design was also unusual for its time and a decision had been made to allow higher than normal costs for all aspects of the building to achieve open spaces and for both function and symbolic reasons. Hence the proportion of structural to total cost probably remained similar to ordinary buildings.The effect of spans longer than normal can be further illustrated. The “usual” floor span range is as follows: for apartment buildings,16 to 25 ft; for office buildings,20 to 30 ft; for industrial buildings,25 to 30 ft loaded heavily at 200 to 300 psf; and garage-type structures span,50 to 60 ft, carrying relatively light(50～75 psf) loads(i.e., similar to those for apartment and office structures).where these spans are doubled, the structural costs can be expected to rise about 20 to 30 percent.To increased loading in the case of industrial buildings offers another insight into the dependency of cost estimates on “usual” standards. If the loading in an industrial building were to be increased to 500psf(i.e., two or three times), the additional structural cost would be on the order of another 20 to 30 percent.The reference in the above cases is for floor systems. For roofs using efficient orthotropic (flat) systems, contemporary limits for economical design appear to be onthe order of 150 ft, whether of steel or prestressed concrete. Although space- frames are often used for steel or prestressed concrete. Although space-frames are often used for steel spans over 150 ft the fabrication costs begin to raise considerably.At any rate, it should be recognized that very long-span subsystems are special cases and can in themselves have a great or small effect on is added, structural costs for special buildings can vary greatly from design to design. The more special the form, themore that design knowledge and creativity, as well as construction skill, will determine the potential for achieving cost efficiency.4. Volume-Based EstimatesWhen more accuracy is desired, estimates of costs can be based on the volume of materials used to do a job. At first glance it might seem that the architect would be ill equipped to estimate the volume of material required in construction with any accuracy, and much less speed. But it is possible, with a moderate learning effort, to achieve some capability for making such estimates.V olume-based estimates are given by assigning in-place value to the pounds or tons of steel, or the cubic yards of reinforced or prestressed concrete required to build a structural system. For such a preliminary estimate, one does not need to itemize detailed costs. For example, in-place concrete costs include the cost of forming, falsework, reinforcing steel, labor, and overhead. Steel includes fabrication and erection of components.Costs of structural steel as measured by weight range from ﹩0.50 to ﹩0.70 per pound in place for building construction. For low-rise buildings, one can use stock wide-flange structural members that require minimum fabrication, and the cost could be as bow as ﹩0.50 per pound. More complicated systems requiring much cutting and welding(such as a complicated steel truss or space-frame design) can go to ﹩0.70 per pound and beyond. For standard tall building designs (say, exceeding 20 stories),there would typically be about 20 to 30 pounds of steel/psf, which one should wish not to exceed. A design calling for under 20 psf would require a great deal of ingenuity and the careful integration of structural and architectural components and would be a real accomplishment.Concrete costs are volumetric and should range from an in-place low of ﹩150 per cu yd for very simple reinforced concrete work to ﹩300 per cu yd for expensive small quantity precast and prestressed work. This large range is due to the fact that the contributing variables are more complicated, depending upon the shape of the precisecomponents, the erection problems, and the total quantity produced.Form work is generally the controlling factor for any cast-in-place concrete work. Therefore, to achieve a cost of ﹩150 per cu yd, only the simplest of systems can be used, such as flat slabs that require little cutting and much reuse of forms. Where any beams are introduced that require special forms and difficulty in placement of concrete and steel bars, the range begins at ﹩180 per cu yd and goes up to ﹩300.Since, in a developed country, high labor costs account for high forming costs, this results in pressure to use the simplest and most repetitive of systems to keep costs down. It become rewarding to consider the possibility of mass-produced precast and prestressed components, which may bring a saving in costs and\or construction completion time. The latter results in savings due to lower construction financing costs for the contractor plus quicker earnings for the owner.To summarize, the range of cost per cubic yard of standard types of poured-in-place concrete work will average from $150 to $250, the minimum being for simple reinforced work and the maximum for moderately complicated post tensioned work. This range is large and any estimate that ignores the effect of variables above will be commensurately inaccurate.5.SummaryThe estimate and economical design of structure building are important and essential work, which should be valued by all architects and engineers and others. Better you do it, more profit you will receive from it!建筑结构的成本1.前言众所周知，建筑物的结构设计是一个相当复杂的过程，其中既包含处理很多物质因素，又考虑诸多非物质方面的因素。

建筑施工质量管理体系外文翻译参考文献

建筑施工质量管理体系外文翻译参考文献

建筑施工质量管理体系外文翻译参考文献1. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Requirements《质量管理体系要求》2. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2015《质量管理体系应用指南》3. GB -2013 英文名称：Code for construction quality acceptance of building engineering《建筑工程质量验收规范》4. GB -2011 英文名称：Code for acceptance of constructional quality of masonry engineering《砌体工程施工质量验收规范》5. GB -2010 英文名称：Code for design of concrete structures《混凝土结构设计规范》6. GB -2013 英文名称：Standard for building drawing standardization《建筑施工图件编制规范》7. GB -2001 英文名称：Code for acceptance of construction quality of pile foundation engineering《桩基工程施工质量验收规范》8. /T 11-2017 英文名称：Technical specification for concrete structure of tall building《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规范》9. 63-2013 英文名称：Technical specification for strengthening of building structures using carbon fiber reinforced plastics 《建筑结构加固碳纤维布增强复合材料技术规范》10. 81-2002 英文名称：Technical specification for application of sprayed mortar in building construction and acceptance of quality 《建筑喷涂砂浆工程施工及质量验收技术规定》。

建筑设计外文翻译文献

建筑设计外文翻译文献

建筑设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Sloping Roof Abstract: This paper point out common mistakes and problems in actual engineering design according immediately poured reinforced concrete sloping roof especially common residential structure.It brings out layout and design concept use folded plate and arch shell structure in order to reduction or elimination beam and column Layout to reduce costs and expand use function for user of garret . The paper also discussed the need to open the roof holes, windows, and with other design with complex forms . The corresponding simple approximate calculation method and the structure treatment also described in this paper.Keywords : sloping roof;folded plate; along plane load;vertical plane load1. IntroductionIn recent years, reinforced concrete slope of the roof has been very common seen, the correct method of it’s design need establish urgently It’s target is to abolish or reduce the roof beams and columns, to obtain big room and make the roof plate "clean ". This not only benefits tructure specialty itself but also to the design of the building professionals to develop new field, and ultimately to allow users, property developers benefited,and so it has far-reaching significance.In the common practice engineering practice, a designer in the calculation of the mechanical model often referred sloping roof as vertical sloping roof under the projection plane Beam, or take level ridge, ramps ridge contour as a framework and increase unnecessary beam and tilt column . In fact ,the stress is similar between General square planar housing, double slope, multi-slope roof and arch, shell.Ping and oblique ridge are folded plate like “A”, whether layout beams and columns, its ridge line of the deformation pattern is different from the framework fundamentally. All these method will make the difference between calculation results and real internal structure force. During the construction process, housing backbone, plate bias department template has complex shapes, multi-angle bars overlap, installation and casting is very difficult. These projects are common in construction and is a typical superfluous. Some scholars use the elastic shell theory to analyze folded plate roof、internal force and deformation, reveals the vertical loads law of surrounding the base is neither level rise nor the vertical displacement which to some extent reflects the humps and shell’s features .But assume that boundary conditions which is very different from general engineering actual situation and covered the eaves of a vertical cross-settlement and bottom edge under the fundamental characteristics of rally, so it is not for general engineering design .2. Outlines of MethodsFor most frequently span, the way to cancel the backbone of housing, didn’t add axillary often. But in the periphery under the eaves to the framework need established grid-beam or beams over windows. For long rectangular planar multi-room, multi-column, building professionals in a horizontal layout of the partition wall between each pair of columns and the direction set deep into the same thickness width have possession of a gathering of the rafah beam profiles . Pull beam above has a two-slope roof plate affixed sloping beams expect smaller span. For residential,if it has no needs according construction professional, we will be able to achieve within the household no ceiling beams exposed, see figure 1. Similar lattice theory, this approach emphasizes the use of axial force component effe ct, But is different with the truss because it’s load distribution along the bar not only single but also along the axis of the plate. Generally each plate has force characteristics of folded plate, for bear gravity at the roof, wind, earthquake loads, caused the plate along with the internal force components, each plate is equivalent to strengthen the thin flange beams .Among vertical bearing , it is thin-walled beams anti-edge horizontal component to balance Wang thrust formed by arch shell effect. When plates bear the the vertical component load, each plate is equivalent to a solid edge embedded multilateral bearing plates .The design feature of this method is establish and perfect the sloping roof of the arch, folded plate system Consciously, at top of the roof, using a minimal level of rafah balance beam ramp at the level of thrust.It’s calculation methods can be divided into hand algorithm and computer paper, this paper focus on the hand algorithm.Hand algorithm take the single-slope plate of sloping roof plate as slider , through approximate overall analysis, Simplified boundary conditions of determine plate,solving load effect along level and vertical plane, Internal forces of various linear superposition under the condition of assumption of normal straight, testing stability and integrated reinforcement. The method pursuit of operational, use general engineer familiar calculation steps to address more complex issues.This method is suitable for the framework structure, little modifications also apply to masonrystructure or Frame-wall structure. General arch structure have good anti-seismic performance, if designed properly, the sloping roof will also do so. In this paper the pseudo-static is used to analysis earthquake effects.3. Analysis and Design for Along Plane Effect of LoadsFirst regard to cross profile of figure 1,we analysis equal width rectangular parts of long trapezoidal panels 1、2. as for approximate calculation,it is take plane loads along plane as a constant just like four rectangular plate can be simplified to one-way slab,we take along to long unit width narrow structure as analysis object ,take hinged arch model shown in figure 2.图2a图3a图2b图3b图2c图3cIn Figure 2 the right supports vertical linkage representatives roof beams supporting role, ramps connecting rod on behalf of the board itself thin beam reaction effect which is virtual and approximate equivalent. We would like to calculate two anti-bearing.Because the total pressure of physical project through two plate roof beams and transfer to the ends column, So Anti two numerical difference can be seen as two plates bear along with the plane load and roof beams bear the vertical load pressure. Two Anti power link expressions in Various conditions were given as follows, because the model take units width,so the results is line averageload distribution except it has Focus quality in house.They are bouth represent by N , English leftover subscript s, b, represent the plane along the roof panels and vertical role in the roof beam, g, w, e,represent gravity, air pressure and the level of earthquake separately. d, c, represent distribution of concentrated load or effect separately, In the formula h is thicness of every plate,g is gravitation acceleration, a is roof for the horizontal seismic acceleration value formula, Wk represent the standard value Pressure.m with number footnotesrepresent every numbered ramp the quality distribution per unit area ,m with english footnotes represent quality of per location.as to two symmetrical slopes, the formula can be more concise.Figure 2a represent situation of vertical gravity load ,these formulas as follows:()()'''111100110cos cos 38cos cos cos cos L AL L m L AL N l h l h l m ωαβμααββ-=++ ()()()()'10000000101'100000cos cos 2cos cos 8sin cos 8sin cos cos 8sin cos cos cos l l l l l h m m s h N l l h h l h l μαβωααηαβωμβββαββααβ++-=--++()()()()101101110100001012111cos 2cos cos 2L L L L L L L m LL L L mLL L L L L L N h B hL hL LIμξβαβ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫--+-+--+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦=++()()()()()001001110011200101021000110111121cos sin 2sin 2sin cos cos A L h L m LL L L mL L m a L L L L h h L m l m N L L L Ah L L k B h L h L δδββββαβ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-+--+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢⎥+⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦=+---++Figure 2b represent situation of bear wind load, these formulas as follows:()()222211122111cos cos cos 8cos cos cos cos wkL h L L S li N a L h h b ωαωββαβα-=++ ()()()()22222001111222212110cos cos cos 11cos cos cos cos sin 5cos sin cos cos sin cos k K L h l w L w w h w h m L N l l AL h L a h L αωαβαβλαβααββββαββ⎡⎤-⎡⎤+⎢⎥=+++-+⎢⎥++⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦Figure 2c represent situation of role of level earthquake, these formulas as follows:()()2222210011022001sin cos sin cos 3sin cos cos cos cos cos a a L h l L L N L h l hl αμβαωαβωβδαβαβδβ+=--+ ()()()()222221011120322222102101sin cos sin cos sin sin sin 3cos 2ln cos 5ln cos cos cos cos a l h m l m L m m m N n s l l l g h l h l δβααβαββββαβαβαβ++=++++ ()()()0010011012110121000111sin cos 2cos 2cos cos cos a a L L m L L L n L L L L L nh L N L l h l h l ββαβαβ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫-+-+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥=+⎢⎥+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()00000201sin 2cos a a L m L L L h L l θβα⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-⎢⎥ ⎪⎝⎭⎣⎦+()()()2000010121001sin sin cos sin cos sin cos cos 2sin cos a e L m L L L h L m m N l l h βααβαββαβββ⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-⎢⎥ ⎪+⎝⎭⎣⎦=-+ ()()()001001001221111221001sin 1sin cos 2cos 2cos cos cos sin a a L L L L L L m L L L L L h L h l L h l h ωαββαβαββ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫-+-+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥-+⎢⎥+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ When vertical seismic calculation required by Seismic Design ParametersIt’s calculate formula generally similar as formula 1 to 4 which only need take gravity g asvertical seismic acceleration a. Above formulas apply to right bearings in figure 2 and also to left when exchange data of two plate.As end triangle of Multi-slope roof ,for simplify and approximate calculation need, we assume two lines distribution load only produced by roof board of several load, effect.now II-II cross-section from figure is took to analysis Long trapezoidal plate two’s end triangle, assuming the structure symmetry approximately, take half of structure to establish model (figure 3). Because linked with the end triangular plate-3 plane has great lateral stiffness ,therefore assume the model leftist stronghold along the central component around which can not be shifted direction. Central Plate vertical stiffness small, in general gravity load of roughly symmetric midpoint only next movement happened possible, Therefore, the model used parallel two-link connection. Wind loading, and the general role of the earthquake in two slope was roughly antisymmetric,so plate model in the central use fixed hinge bearings which allow rotation and transtlateral force to plate 3near the plate beam. Under plate two triangular area is eaves of vertical beams and plates itself along with plane load distribution is functionshown in Figure 1 take the variable x as an argument,assume the distance from position of section II to end part is x 0s so the slope level length is y 0=x 0L 2/L 3,formula 11 to 14 is the value of Vertical triangle of gravity along the x direction arbitrary location of the two load distribution ,where h 3 is Slitting vertical thickness of plate 3.()22001cos 212cos e a a mkxL h x N L sh v l x ββ⎡⎤=-⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()211121001sin cos 212cos m kvL h x N l xh x L V βββ⎡⎤=+⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()22000002221100max 1123cos L La h L L L L N VL h h l a V L L αγβ⎡⎤⎛⎫=---⎢⎥ ⎪+-⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦ ()22201000112222201001ln 23cos a L L h l L L L n V s xl h v h L x x l L ββ⎡⎤⎛⎫=+-⎢⎥ ⎪+-⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦ As wind load and earthquake effect, sketch could use approximate figure 3b 、3c and use method of structural mechanics to solve But the process is cumbersome and reasonable extent is limited .the wind and earthquake effect is not important compare with the load effect. Moreover,the triangle area is small As approximate calculation, such direct-use rectangular plate slope calculation is more convenient and not obvious waste. The method of solve two load distribution of plate three is same as the solution of Long trapezoidal plate area just make the change of x and y、L2 and L3 in figure 1.The actual profile is part III-III shown in figure 1A B C图4a图4b BDFigure 4 is vertical launch plan and bear load portfolio value of roof ramp shown in Figure 1 to analysis inclined plate and the internal forces of the anti-bearing column . in the figure hypotenuse is oblique roof equal to strengthen frame, Similar wind ramp truss rod and the next edge portfolio, could form the dark truss system ,while long rectangular plate can be seen as part of thin-walled beams, which could also be seen as truss. Therefore, we called roof boarding the plane formed a "thin-walled beam-truss" system, in concrete theory, between the truss and the b eam have no natural divide . it’s no need hand count accurate internal forces and bearing force to such a joint system, Because on the one hand span more, big bending stiffness structure sensitive to the bearing uneven subsidence and have to stay safe reserves; on the other hand it has high cross-section, by increasing reinforced to increase capacity on the cost impact is not significant. Specific algorithm is: Single-ramp calculate by simple cradle, Multi-Span ramp’s bending moment, shear, and supporting anti-edge use the calculate value by the possible maximum numerical control methods, Moment is calculate by simple cradle two sides of supports middle Shear, negative moment and support force calculate according to bearing this continuous, two-hinged, about two span take the largest one. Pin-Pin bearing shear force that is supported by the inter-simple calculate according to simple cradle. But in this method the location of the various internal force’s safety level is uneven expansion, appropriate adjustmen t should be made is late calculation. No mater f the triangular or rectangular part of plate, Thin-plane bending rebar can get by method of moment right boards from the bottom point for the moment distance whichassigned to the eaves or roof. The author believe it has no necessary control number of reinforcement according to smallest beams reinforced rate. On the rim of triangle equivalent to ramp strut can shear entirety. when consider the end is weak can properly reinforced its roof beam below the reinforcement. If shear required stirrup in the rectangular part of thin-walled, should superposition to the beam, generally it’s no need to intentionally imaginary abdominal strengthening reinforcement at rod position.4. Calculation and Design of Pull Beam and Roof BeamsBy column in figure 1 marked calculated value of supporting force and their level of vertical component, horizontal component of the total force multiplied by the cosine of angle. Take column A as example, the first footnotes in R A2 is column number, the first footnotes represent the force generated by the panel two. Their horizontal component balanced by triangle three under the eaves of beams. horizontal component of intermediate support reaction is balanced by the two-level pull beam in deep direction. Then pull beam and above the sloping beams constitutes steel Arch. Because of the existence of antisymmetric load, bilateral role in the anti-power-level components may be inconsistent and pull beam should take the average lag. consider the support impact of uneven settlement, the level pull beam design should take bigger value.Roof beams general under four internal forces: First of the above is levels Rally, The second is axial force generated when oblique roofing in the flange plate plane bending. The third is the vertical load to bear as the roof slab edge beams under bending moment, shear ,like board supported by multi-faceted, Actual force is smaller than bear calculated by one-way plate N b,Fourth is the effect of lateral framework of internal forces .it should linear superposition ,Composite Reinforced, in the situation of weight Load, span and the small dip, checking computations should be took for tension beams cracking, appropriate intensify the section, with fine steel, including the side beams of steel beams rafah terminal should take two meander anchorage,just like letter L With ng as 10d long bends, meander 135 degrees angle and put pull beam intersection with the vertical reinforcement column touting the Meander overcast horn.This paper take model in figure 1 as example, ignore tigers window , 4 sloping roof are 35 o angle, the length of roof slab dimensions are shown in figure 4. Plate unit area quality is 350kg/m2,Overhaul live load is 0.50 kN/m2, Pressure standard of windward side is 0.21 kN/m2, Leeward face is -0.45 kN/m2, Design value of roof horizontal seismic acceleration is 0.1g, Calculate the bearing capacity limit by standardizing, Considered separately with and without seismic load effect of the combination basic design value,we use combination of without earthquake force through compare，Load calculation and analysis results of every position shown in table 1:5. Analysis and Design for Roof of the Vertical Loads Under Sloping RoofSlabs as a Multilateral Support PlateFolded plate structure has character of “unified of borad and frame”: General intersection of each pair of ramps are for mutual support, both sides of the transition line’ plate can be counted dogleg small rotation and transmission, distribution Moment.Under load control which is the role of gravity the two sloping geometry load roughly symmetrical occasions, there is no corner at symmetry capital turning point, Approximate seen as the plate embedded solid edge.if take out a distance by plate of eaves, plate of inside ridge also formation to negative moment,and long roof slabs in the plate sloping beams department and neighbor plate linked together, these all can be approximated as embedded-plate edge to process.For antisymmetric load like horizontal seismic load,the Ping roof should be treated as shear,but it is not control load usually. Plate final design moment value is the status of various unfavorable combination of linear superposition, from the cross-sectional direction plate reinforced by the columns, Reference, balance the require of concrete deep beams of tectonic, upper plate for Moment of negative reinforcement should be reinforced at all or an entire cross-leader, as they also serve as a deep beam distribution lumbartendons or stirrup. plate in the bottom vertical with reinforcement eaves, Negative reinforcementin accordance with their respective calcualte requirements,and it is different after superpositionstirrups requirementBoth sides of "stirrup" in this situation cann’t linked at awnings edge follow shape “U”, can bebent to shape "L" follow upper and down direction,legnth of packs could equal to thickness ofplate.It should enhenced at the node of ramp at the intersection appropriately. It recommended thatuse swagger tectonic shown as in Figure 5 considing simple structure without axillary at thesituation of Cloudy angle without pull. To ensure all reinforced Installing accuracy, Few of therhombus with the supports and rebar stirrups could be added to formed positioning Skeleton atstrengthening reinforced department in the figure, Let two later installed sloping steel plate tie toits lashing,designers should use a three-dimensional geometric method to accurately calculate thediamond stirrups limb edge length and Forming a swagger construction plans6. Calculating and processing of open window and hole in sloping roofAssume the plate in figure 6 has a big hole whose wideth is b ,height is h 0 ,assuming that tungcenter along with the plane bending moment, shear, respectively are M and V through overall calculation, use vierendeel calculation method get about middle cave:1XO MM T τ= 2NR MM T τ=3113312h V V h h =+ 0XO NR M M M V h --= Where I 1、I 2 、I respectively represent upp er and down plate limb’s Section moment of inertia anddouble limbs section moment of inertia.while Edge Moment by hole is:1113I M V b M α=+ 2212I M V b M μ=+not very big by the hole, close to the neutral axis in most cases overall, under the no-hole design of the reinforced the opening hole after the plane can meet the demands by calculation,under the no-hole design of the reinforced the opening hole after the plane can meet the demands by calculation.General tiger win dow’s form prominent roof Facade which a hole had opened up and the other faces a concrete slab closed.when analysis of vertical slab roof slab surface loads ,compare with without windows and roof slabs hole window sheet increased load. profiles of window’s folded plate form make it reduce the bending stiffness compare with without hole roof board, But with the profile hole edge which parallel to the vertical plate is a partial increase in bending stiffness. In the absence of the vertical plate window subordinate legislation should have upturns beam to increase stiffness of the surrounding caves near.in this way i can temporarily ignore the plate stiffness variation acording to the actual load, size and boundary conditions by entities plate to calculate psitive and negative moment and further processing nodes.it should point out that theRoof ramp layout hole edge ideal location is near the plate-bending line, especially in the open side of the window because it was cut down byvertical transmission line of the moment. If the roof slab roof beams department no outward roof then the actual plate-bending force on the line near the roof beam reversed also true, Because of this architects should strive for when determine oosition of tiger position take appropriate care.When pin tung far away from line-bending window wall and roofing in the intersection must bear folded plate and transmission moment, but compare with plate without hole its capacity is weaken surely,and it’s node turn into weak parts. To fill thy judgment and calculation errorstwo panels can be double reinforcement. When the hole is less than line-bending scope should increase negative reinforcement around to keep overall security plate bearing capacity. To ensure steel plate in place accuratly,also should use positioning stirrups and longitudinal reinforcement constitute skeleton similar as figure 5. Hoop end within vertical bars should be strengthen steel and end cave corner should be harvested more than one anchor length to make sure that bottom of the cave 4 tensile stress concentration.7. Stabilize Roof SlopeIn China's V-shaped folded plate structure design norms,the method prevent both sides of theflanges at local instability is limit its generous ratio,This requirement come from the use of isotropic plate buckling theory analysis. In research the flanges outside instability in critical state, the boundary conditions of winglets suppose as freedom outside, fixed interior, pre - and post-hinged on both sides,the situation plates subjected to the bending stress to solve width and height ratio corresponding with the critical pressure compressive stress. When the grade of concreteIs C30,the limit of width and height(b/t)ratio is 47, take 35 as stress non-normative value. Concrete elastic modulus and strength levels is not a linear relationship if use high-strength concrete other study should be taken. In the actual slope roof only a long row to the middle plate bearing plate outside may receive pressure. And here is just the pouringplate affixed roof sloping beams and horizontal pull beam cast together.Have no possible of rollover and foreign rising displacement. norms limited of folded plate span is 21m. roof below and the vertical column spacing generally much smaller it. And the board which into one with roof beams changed boundary conditions of plate, anti-great instability role also very big. For other locations ramp vertical compression edge May also set up the appropriate plate edge beams all these method will receive beyond the norms of redundant safety. Taking into account the plate shear plane, while the vertical direction of the load caused the exit plane effects, Therefore, the grasp of security of caution should cautious. This paper proposed ramp thickness not less than to the short span of 1 / 35 which also conform to design experience of generally confined SLABS, Concrete should graded between C25 and C35 while Steel should I or class II.puter Calculation Method of Local Sloping Roof Structure andOverall ICC of Overall StructureAny calculate software with inclined plate shell modules and the modules bar structural finite element can calculation of competent sloping roof. Shell element of each node have 3 membrane freedom and three panels freedom and can analysis the plane board and internal forces Of out-of-plane effects. However, the current prevalence of certain spatial structure finite element computer program which although have shell model but some are not inclined plate, some not right at the same plane, the stress state and foreign integrated reinforcement are not perfect. Withstructures becoming more diverse, complex and ramp space problems often encountered. Such software should expand its pre - and post-processing functions for conversion of shell element stiffness matrix and loading vector in the direction of freedom and further analysis of ramp space, the space of concrete against stress integrated reinforcement. In a fundamental sense manual method and the finite element method are interchangeable but the result may be very different. As long as layout roof component as this concept,then use the software to calculate can fast, precise, to achieve this goal of this paper.From the eaves to the roof elevation areas, the whole roof of anti-lateral stiffness lower than mutation, quality small than lower,this could not easy to simulate in calculation of whole housing. At the top construction of the seismic as higher-mode response which is also whiplash effect, the earthquake-lateral force may be abnormal and have effect on under layers. Therefore, in the partial hand count roof occasions when take ICC analysis to the overall structure, it proposed roof layer use model of tilt rod ramp support to reduce effect on the overall results distortion.If use software with function of space ramp handling and sloping roof modeling with shell element,all will be wrapped from top to bottom. Top results can be directly used and the distortion of the overall impact would cease to exist.10. Conclusion1）Concrete ramps, side beams in different directions superposition of internal forces, reinforced and ramp stability, the hole limits all to be do in-depth study related this research. Similar typical problems are top floor of structural transformation layer and box-type base box side wall all their research results can be used to adopt.It’s a important method do observation on project; finite element analysis ICC will be more economical, practical and popular. Currently existing completed sloping roof no matter the subjective designers use what kind of assumptions and analysis and whether reinforcement is reasonable as long as the overall structure of the objective reality, create a space folded plate and the arch system that their current work state can be used to summarize and draw upon.2）This structure forms make a new world of design concept of use the top floor and impact on people's living habits.The economic, social benefits it taked will gradually revealed,however it need interaction of architectural and structural professionals and People’s awareness andinformation and even real estate management policies and other support aspects.This method is hard for structure professional,some specific details have no norms to follow at present. This is the challenges sructure staff faced and also the happy exist.references[1]Francis D.K.Ching A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, International Thomson Publishing Inc. 1997.[2]Jiang Fengqing :internal forces of Simply supported two-way pack square plate, Civil Engineering Journal,1982(2)[3]Lai Mingyuan.Zhang Guxin:Deflection and internal forces of Simple peripheral portfolio folded plate roof, Civil Engineering Journal,1992(2)[4] ]Lai Mingyuan: Deflection and internal forces of Simple flattened four folded plate roof slope, Civil Engineering Journal, 1995(1)[5]Li Kaixi.Cui Jia:Local Stability About Yan Beam, Building Structures ,1996(1) [6]user manuals and technical conditions of Multi-storey high-rise building and the space finite element structural analysis and design software SATWE, PKPM CAD department of China Building Research Academy[7]Chen Xinghui.Lin Yuankun: Several calculation problems in the design of V-folded plate roof , Scientific publishing house,1985[8]current building structure norms, China Construction Industry Press,2002译文：钢筋混凝土坡屋顶的结构设计简介：本文对于现浇钢筋混凝土坡屋顶，尤其是常见的住宅结构，指出实际工程中常见的设计错误及问题。

建筑施工质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文献

建筑施工质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文献

建筑施工质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文
献
摘要：
本文研究了建筑施工质量控制的相关文献，提供了中英文对照的外文翻译文献。

旨在帮助读者了解国内外建筑施工质量控制的最新发展和经验，以提升我国建筑施工质量管理水平。

引言：
建筑施工质量是确保建筑物安全、稳定和可持续使用的重要因素。

因此，建筑施工质量控制是建筑项目管理中不可忽视的一环。

本文通过搜集和翻译了有关建筑施工质量控制的外文文献，旨在为我国建筑业的质量管理提供借鉴和参考。

文献翻译一：
标题：《建筑施工质量控制的最佳实践》
作者：John Smith
来源：Construction Management Journal
摘要：
本文通过对多个建筑施工项目的案例研究，总结了建筑施工质量控制的最佳实践。

其中包括建立全面的质量管理体系、制定详细的施工规范、加强监督和检测等方面的措施。

该研究可为其他建筑项目提供有益的经验和教训。

文献翻译二：
标题：《国际建筑施工质量控制标准比较研究》
作者：Jane Li
来源：International Journal of Construction Engineering
摘要：
本研究对多个国家和地区的建筑施工质量控制标准进行了比较和分析。

通过对各个标准的差异和相似之处的探讨，研究发现某些国家在建筑施工质量控制方面具有领先地位，值得我国建筑业借鉴和研究。

结论：
建筑施工质量控制是确保建筑项目质量的关键环节。

通过研究和借鉴国内外的最佳实践和标准，我国建筑业能够不断提高施工质量管理水平，促进行业的可持续发展。

建筑行业全面质量管理外文文献翻译2019-2020

建筑行业全面质量管理外文文献翻译2019-2020

外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：建筑行业全面质量管理外文翻译2019-2020文献出处：Idris Othman, Siti Norfarahhanim Mohd Ghani, Shim Woon Choon[J] Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 6 December , 2019,1-8译文字数：4000 多字英文The Total Quality Management (TQM) journey of Malaysian buildingcontractorsIdris Othman, Siti Ghani, Shim Woon ChoonAbstractMalaysian Government has announced that for construction industry to transform by 2020, quality in construction is needed to be improved. Total Quality Management (TQM) could facilitate this motive. Thus, the purpose of this research is to identify, rank and analyze the factors affecting TQM implementation in a construction company so that industrial practitioners avoid poor quality products. A case study concept was used and a questionnaire survey was collected from 32 respondents. The reliability test was conducted using Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient. Employee related factor was identified to be the most crucial factors affecting TQM implementation. Contractor group of respondents showed excellent level of internal consistency (overall reliability) with the validation value of 0.956 using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient. In conclusion this research able to give a series of recommendation and a clear quality management which can be followed by the industry practitioners to ensure that Total Quality Management can be implemented.Keywords: Total Quality Management, Construction, Contractor,MalaysiaIntroductionConstruction sector plays a critical part in the economy of Malaysia seeing its contribution in capital formation, employment creation and revenue generation which bolster the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the financial advancement of Malaysia. Economic Performance Fourth Quarter 2018, Malaysia’s economy growth accelerates to 4.7% with construction being sector being one of the main contributors. Construction is as fourth key contributors to the economic growth with 2.6% contributions to the GDP after Services, Manufacturing and Agriculture as shown in Table.Despite the growth and construction industry contribution to national GDP, the performance of the projects are not fully satisfied by many clients. Sustainable quality improvement is hardly achieved because of the construction quality management setting is loosely structured. However, Harrington, Voehl and Wiggin suggested otherwise. They narrated Teixeira in their studies that by referring to main guidelines, anybody has a great freedom to develop solution for TQM. Therefore, organization should develop framework with consideration of their managers’ view of Quality Management (QM). However, many contractors are not motivated to improve quality in their projects and organization. In order to improve quality issues faced by the contractors,TQM is suggested to be implemented in construction s etting.In January 1st, 2009, all Grade G7 contractors has been made compulsory to be certified with the ISO 9000 Quality Management System by Construction Industrial Development Board (CIDB). Failure to do so, the companies will be downgraded, which effect their business activities. In order to overcome problems such as inferior quality of construction materials, building defects, construction delays, high accident rates and environmental impact issues, many contractors have started ISO certification. In the last four decades, TQM has achieved improvement in term of continuous improvement in the system of holistic management. TQM has been proved very successful in many industries especially manufacturing sector. Therefore, by integrating TQM into contractor’s system of management will improve the problems of quality. Likita et al found that when TQM is fully implemented, processes in construction sector will be controlled in much better. In Malaysia’s construction industry context, few studies have been undertaken related to TQM in term of theories, techniques, concepts, model, framework, implementation, impact, efficiency and performance. However, no evidence is found that there has been statistical research on the actual extent of TQM practiced by building contractors in Malaysia.Literature reviewThis section presents TQM overview by explaining its brief history,definition and principles. Benefits of TQM also will be elaborated to get a feel of what impact it could give to the organizations that decided to adopt it. Author also presents related work on TQM in Malaysian construction environment by recording the strengths and weaknesses of each work and provide the way forward to expand TQM’s body of knowledge in this sector.Total Quality Management (TQM)?OverviewTQM is the result of evolution in quality. It was started by Walter Shewhart in early 1920s when product quality control was applied with statistical theory. After that in the 1940s led by Americans such as Deming, Juran, Feigenbaum and Crosby, the concept was further developed in Japan. The focus widened to quality of all issues within the organization. The four evolutionary phases of quality are inspection, quality control, quality assurances then TQM. TQM is a philosophy to meet quality output satisfying the expectation of customer. Quality level in TQM is determined by customers. Quality standards inclusive of the Deming Prize and the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Awards (MBNQA) ISO 9000 series, specify principles and processes that comprise TQM. Fig sums up eight principles of TQM.TQM benefitsTQM benefits should be understand in order to appreciate itsimportance. For improving competitiveness around the world, TQM has been utilized as an applied process. TQM could boost performance in two ways according to Ghobadian and Ghallear. In short term, TQM via premium pricing could increase profitability. However, TQM could increase market share in the long term. The financial performance and market share can be increased by utilizing the strategic pursuit of quality. TQM also could give positive impact on speed of response, productivity, customer services and quality of product. On top of that, Heltondescribed the impressive financial gains made by most Baldridge Award winners apart from improvement in business performance.Those firms in construction sector specifically that successfully implemented TQ can reduced workforce rework, workforce, nonconformities, improved overall project schedule and increase of market share. Besides that, TQM in construction industry also proven that company reputation can be increased, considerable market share can be won, and customer delight can be achieved. TQM is a philosophy that delivers long-term benefits. There are many cases showing the successfully implementation of TQM. However, there are also failure cases. Therefore, TQM must be implemented completely.TQM journey of Malaysia construction industryHighly interested in Quality Management (QM) activities can be seen since 1990s in Malaysia. Lasserre and Probert, recorded thatMalaysia has a better quality sophistication and expectations than other growing countries in Asia. Malaysia also embarked by 2020 to attain the status of industrialized nation. Therefore, Malaysia becoming a practical area for the studies of THQM in a developing economy arena. Since then, research on TQM in manufacturing industry also been conducted on in Malaysia service industries and a few other sectors. However, research in construction industry is still very limited. While abundant of TQM research was found in other countries’ construction industry, author had found only five previous studies directly related to Malaysian construction industry from database; which reviewed in the following Table.From Table , the strengths and weaknesses of the related works are identified. Thiagaran, Zairi and Dale work has strength in premiering guidelines to implement TQM in Malaysian construction industry but lacks in assessment of TQM implementation. It is understandable since there were limited studies of TQM implementation in construction industry during the time that assessment of TQM implementation is yet to be done. Janipha and Ismail proposed work has strength in identifying issues of quality in construction. They were right when they reported that the initial steps in implementing successful quality in construction environment are to recognize issues in the construction environment itself and the issues in construction quality. However, they were not able tosupport their hypothesis on the companies which implement quality practice will have direct, positive impact to their business. There was also no TQM assessment practice done in the study.The strength of Seng and Loon work lies in issues and barriers exploration, which can help those construction companies that intended to implement TQM be aware of the barriers and overcome them first before implementing. However, their target sample was from engineers which cannot represent the whole suggestion of TQM implementation, resulting less reliability of the results. Further studies can be done by distributing the survey to all level of organizations from top to bottom and focused on the companies that adopted ISO series in their organizations only since this ensure that the companies applied TQM in their operations and managements. There was also no TQM practice assessment conducted in the study. Likita et al are researchers from Malaysian local universities with the article title of “An Overview of TQM in Construction”, however none of the selected studies to be reviewed were on TQM in Malaysian construction industry, which clearly there were available studies on that since 2000 by Thiagaran, Zairi and Dale. Furthermore, the number of selected studies reviewed were only five, which cannot be considered as overview of TQM implementation in construction because there are a lot of studies about TQM in construction sector worldwide. There was also no assessment of TQM practice study reviewed or mentioned in work.Finally, Jong, Sim and Liew work has strength in providing further insights of TQM roles for improvement the performance of the project. However, several weaknesses are identified such as the data analysis and discussion were only based on questionnaire response and literature review. They did not conduct interview on experts to further find the how and why of each outcome of their study which could give better knowledge of the relationship between performance of project and the TQM. Besides, the questionnaire distributed were designed to find relationship between the performance of project and TQM.From the comparisons, it can be summarized that there is gap in current TQM studies of Malaysian construction industry which is no assessment conducted. An assessment to explore the extent of actual TQM practice in current Malaysian construction environment. The significance of having this assessment is that it could give a picture and definition of actual TQM practice in Malaysian construction sector. TQM has been widely accepted and discussed since the last four decades, but where is Malaysia in the TQM journey? How far has our construction industry come? Available studies on other sectors other than construction in Malaysia is a lot especially in manufacturing, service, food processing, automotive and SMEs, but there are still very limited studies in construction sector. More research significance or contributions are further described in section 5 of this paper. But, the way forward in TQMstudy of Malaysian construction industry is to assess the extent of the TQM practiced by the Malaysia’s large-sized (G7) contractors with ISO 9001:2008 certification by self-assessment questionnaire survey. Based on the findings, research objectives are formulated in subsequent section.ConclusionThis research has achieved its objectives which are to identify and rank factors affecting TQM implementation based on Relative Importance Index (RII), find correlations between Clients, Consultants and Contractors and validate the factors identified using case study of this research utilizing information obtained from the respondents.The rank of factors affecting TQM implementation based on overall perspectives was identified as follows: (1) Employee Related, (2) Strategic Planning, (3) Teamwork, (4) Communication Related, (5) Organizational Culture, (6) Top Management Commitment, (7) Continuous Improvement and (8) Customer Related. Slight changes occur when analyzed based on companies’ group. Clients and Contra ctors agreed on the similar rank for the top three TQM implementation factors which are (1) Employee Related, (2) Organizational Culture and (3) Communication Related. However, Consultants ranked the factors as (1) Teamwork, (2) Employee Related and (3) Organizational Culture.The correlation between three group of companies were identified; Client/Consultant showed highest Spearman correlation coefficient(β = 0.909) which classified as very strong correlation. Contractor/Consultant showed st rong correlation (β = 0.675) while Contractor/Client showed moderate correlation (β = 0.573) on quality management factors. These indicated that Client/Consultant have more similar views on quality management than Client/Contractor or Consultant/Contractor.Finally, this research also was able to give a series of recommendation and a clear quality management framework which can be followed by the industry practitioners to ensure that Total Quality Management can be implemented and total quality products can be achieved.Recommendation for the future workTo further improve this research and make it more significant in the future, several future works can be considered. Those future works are explained below:(i) High rise or large scale project as case studyThe study should be focusing on high rise and large scale project because those type of projects implement TQM in more specific method compared to low rise projects. The projects too have more challenging scenario in term of quality needed to be taken care or compared to low rise.(ii) Focus research populationFor best results on the subject studied, the questionnaire should only be distributed to the quality department of particular organizations such as Quality Assurance and Quality Control division since quality is their expertise. Their opinion and views could be more valid and reliable.(iii) Increase the number of respondentsIncreasing the number of respondents will boost up reliability and validity obtained from the questionnaire survey. Larger sample will give more discrete and focused results.(iv) Incorporate TQM with Quality Assessment and ISOFor bigger scope in quality management, research on quality assessment such as QLASSIC and CONQUAS and ISO 9001 can be done and the researcher could try to find the point of correlation between them and develop framework out of it.中文马来西亚建筑承包商的全面质量管理摘要马来西亚政府宣布，要使建筑业在2020 年之前完成转型，要实现这一目标，就必须提高建筑质量。

外文翻译 建筑施工 外文文献 英文文献 文献翻译

外文翻译 建筑施工 外文文献 英文文献 文献翻译

反思前瞻规划优化施工流程Farook Hamzeh Glenn Ballard Iris D. Tommelein摘要研究的问题：如何改善前瞻规划在建设行业的做法来提高生产计划的可靠性？目的：为了评估前瞻规划的性能，寻找一个标准化的做法，使前瞻规划与活动执行有紧密的联系，来提高生产计划的可靠性。

研究设计/方法：本研究采用案例分析，行业访谈，和行业调查，以评估目前在北美、南美和欧洲的建设项目执行的前瞻规划。

研究结果：研究结果显示存在与去年规划系统规则的不符合，前瞻规划与标准化做法的不足，识别和清除限制的迟缓，而且没有对计划失败的分析。

关键词：前瞻规划，生产计划，生产控制，精益建设，最后的规划系统，规划建设。

简介建筑、工程与施工是受变化问题的困扰的，即破坏项目绩效和扰乱施工流程导致对项目时间、成本和质量造成的不利影响（Hamzeh等，2007年，霍普和Spearman2008年，萨利姆等。

2006年，克莱顿1966年）。

组织使用许多种不同的方法来维持生产流程的一致性和屏蔽产量内部业务流程以及外部环境的变化。

汤普森（1967）着重介绍了这些方法，其中包括：•预测•缓冲•平滑各种预测方法是用于预测在内部流程和生产原料中的变化。

然而，预测不能满足所有的变化，并且有许多限制：越详细的预测越不准确，越遥远的预测越容易出错。

（纳米亚斯2009年）。

缓冲用于减轻同时在输入侧和输出侧的工艺变化。

输入通常需要成功执行的任务包括：信息，先决条件工作，人力资源，空间，材料，设备，外部条件和资金（巴拉德＆Howell公司1994年，科斯基拉2000年）。

缓冲区可以采取的三种主要形式：时间，库存和产能。

时间缓冲是分配松弛的活动，利用额外的库存缓冲库存以应对供应的变化，以及用容量缓存，保留额外的容量，如加班或只在需要的时候维持机器工作，以适应激增的负荷。

平滑的供应和需求的变化是另一种方法，组织申请由于缓冲可能的不足，以满足所有的变化，是昂贵的，并可能导致满荷。

建筑方面的英文文献.1doc_secret

建筑方面的英文文献.1doc_secret

本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 文献、资料来源：International Journal文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2005.5.30院（部）：城市建设学院专业：建筑环境与设备工程专业班级：4姓名：XXX学号：指导教师：翻译日期：中文译文：动应力下304L不锈钢振动时效的成效评估摘要振动时效是一种程序，通过动应力振动的方式来减少残余应力。

目前，定时和定量考核振动时效的成效问题十分重要，荷载或动应力在振动时效期间对焊接结构减少残余应力有直接影响。

本文论述了304L不锈钢振动时效期间焊接试样的循环应力应变及儒变机制。

根据实验结果，提出了残余应力对动应力松弛的数学模型，此模型用于评价制造HT—7U Tokamak焊接结构振动时效的影响。

残余应力测量值与计算值之间的差额约为11%，结果表明，采用动态应力振动时效效果评价是实用的。

关键词：振动时效；残余应力；荷载；动态应力；焊接1 引言振动时效表示动应力下残余应力的减少量，虽然已广泛应用了40多年的振动时效机理仍在调查中，但振动时效的定量考核依然是一个十分重要的问题。

一般来说，振动时效处理机附属于要求应力松弛结构的偏心大电机，相结合的动态应力和残余应力可超过材料的屈服强度，从而引发局部塑性变形和应力松弛。

残余应力的减少影响了振动块的自然特性，振动时效效果往往根据比较前后振动时效振动响应曲线[2]来评估，例如移频共振[3]。

但这种方法的有效性，虽然于振动时效后很快步入但却只是定性评价。

定量评价结果可以通过测量振动时效前后同一点处的残余应力得出。

可采用钻孔和XRD两种方法测量焊接残余应力但复杂而费时，由于两种测量方法必需同时采用，故这种评估方法并不常用。

焊接结构振动时效期间评价残余应力的减少需要一种简单而且定性的方法。

残余应力是没有外部载荷情况下自我平衡的内应力。

焊接结构振动时效期间，循环应力或动态应力对结构减少残余应力有直接影响。

建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Housing Problems and Options for the Elderly 1. IntroductionHousing is a critical element in the lives of older persons. The affordability of housing affects the ability of the elderly to afford other necessities of life such as food and medical care. Housing that is located near hospitals and doctors, shopping, transportation, and recreational facilities can facilitate access to services that can enhance the quality of life. Housing can also be a place of memories of the past and a connection to friends and neighbors. Housing with supportive features and access to services can also make it possible for persons to age in place. In this session, we will be examining housing problems andoptions for the elderly. Along the way, we will be testing your housing IQ with a series of questions and exercises.2. Housing Situation of Older PersonsHow typical is the housing situation of the olders?We will begin by examining five areas :（1）Prevalence of home ownership （2）Length of stay in current residence （3）Living arrangements （4）Attachments of older persons to where they live （5）Moving behavior.With whom older persons live can influence housing affordability, space needs, and the ability to age in place. About 54% of older persons live with their spouses, 31% live alone, almost 13% live with related persons other than their spouse and about 2% live with unrelated persons. With increasing age, older persons (primarily women) are more likely to live alone or with a relative other than a spouse. Frail older women living alone are the persons most likely to reside in homes with ‘extra’ rooms and to need both physically supportive housing features and services to "age in place". This segment of the population is also the group most likely to move to more supportive housing settings such as assisted living.Many older persons have strong psychological attachments to their homes related to length of residence. The home often represents the place where they raised their children and a lifetime of memories. It is also a connection to an array of familiar persons such as neighbors and shopkeepers as well as near by places including houses of worship, libraries and community services. For manyolder persons, the home is an extension of their own personalities which is found in the furnishings . In addition, the home can represent a sense of economic security for the future, especially for homeowners who have paid off their mortgages. For owners, the home is usually their most valuable financial asset. The home also symbolizes a sense of independence in that the resident is able to live on his or her own. For these types of reasons, it is understandable that in response to a question about housing preferences, AARP surveys of older persons continue to find that approximately 80% of older persons report that what they want is to "stay in their own homes and never move." This phenomena has been termed the preference to "age in place."Although most older persons move near their current communities, some seek retirement communities in places with warmer weather in the southwest, far west and the south.3. The Federal Government's Housing Programs for the ElderlyThe federal government has had two basic housing strategies to address housing problems of the elderly. One strategy, termed the "supply side" approach, seeks to build new housing complexes such as public housing and Section 202 housing for older persons. Public housing is administered by quasi-governmental local public housing authorities. Section 202 Housing for the elderly and disabled is sponsored by non-profit organizations including religious and non-sectarian organizations. Approximately 1.5 million olderpersons or 3% of the elderly population live in federally assisted housing, with about 387,000 living in Section 202 housing. Over time, the government has shifted away from such new construction programs because of the cost of such housing, the problems that a number of non-elderly housing programs have experienced, and a philosophy that the government should no longer be directly involved with the building of housing. Section 202 housing, a very popular and successful program, is one of the few supply-side programs funded by the federal government, although the budget allocation during the last ten years has allowed for the construction of only about 6,000 units per year compared to a high of almost 20,000 units in the late 1970s. Instead of funding new construction, federal housing initiatives over the last decade have emphasized ‘demand side’ subsidies that provide low-income renters with a certificate or a voucher that they can use in a variety of multiunit settings, including apartments in the private sector that meet rental and condition guidelines. These vouchers and certificates are aimed at reducing excessive housing costs. Some certificates are termed ‘project based’ subsidies and are tied to federally subsidized housing such as Section 202. Because housing programs are not an entitlement, however, supply-side and demand side programs together are only able to meet the needs of about 1/3 of elderly renters who qualify on the basis of income.While advocates for housing have been trying to hold on to the existing programs in the face of huge budget cuts at HUD, much of the attention has been shifting towards meeting the shelter and service needs of the frail elderly. This emphasis reflects the increasing number of older persons in their eightiesand nineties who need a physically supportive environment linked with services. This group of older persons includes a high percentage of older residents of public and Section 202 housing. Initially built for independent older persons who were initially in the late sixties and early seventies, this type of housing now includes older persons in their eighties and nineties, many of whom have aged in place. Consequently, the government is faced with creating strategies to bring services into these buildings and retrofit them to better suit the needs of frail older persons. A major initiative of the early 1990s, which may be stalled by current budget problems at HUD, has been for the federal government to pay for service coordinators to assess the needs of residents of government assisted housing complexes and link them with services. As of 1998, there were approximately 1,000 service coordinators attached to government assisted housing complexes across the country.4. The Housing Continuum: A Range of Options for ElderlyA long-standing assumption in the field of housing has been that as persons become more frail, they will have to move along a housing continuum from one setting to another. As the figure on housing options suggests, along this continuum are found a range of housing options including single family homes, apartments, congregate living, assisted living, and board and care homes (Kendig & Pynoos, 1996). The end point of the housing continuum has been thenursing home. These options vary considerably in terms of their availability, affordability, and ability to meet the needs of very frail older persons.The concept of a continuum of supportive care is based on the assumption that housing options can be differentiated by the amount and types of services offered; the supportiveness of the physical setting in terms of accessibility, features, and design; and the competency level of the persons to whom the housing is targeted. The figure on housing options indicates how such options generally meet the needs of older persons who are categorized,as independent, semi-dependent and dependent. Semi-dependent older persons can be thought of as needing some assistance from other persons with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as cooking, cleaning, and shopping. In addition to needing assistance with some IADLs, dependent older persons may require assistance with more basic activities such as toileting, eating and bathing. Although semi-dependent and dependent older persons can be found throughout the housing continuum, independent older persons are very unlikely to reside in housing types such as assisted living specifically designed and equipped to meet the needs of frail older persons unless their spouses require these needs.Although the continuum of housing identifies a range of housing types, there is increasing recognition that frail older persons do not necessarily have to move from one setting to another if they need assistance. Semi-dependent or dependent older persons can live in a variety of settings, including their own homes and apartments, if the physical environment is made more supportive, caregivers are available to provide assistance and affordable services areaccessible.5. ConclusionsHousing plays a critical role in the lives of older persons. Most older homeowners who function independently express a high level of satisfaction with their dwelling units. However, high housing costs, especially for renters, remain a financial burden for many older persons and problems associated with housing condition persist especially for low- income renters and persons living in rural areas. Federal housing programs such as public housing, Section 202 housing, and Section 8 housing certificates have only been able to address the basic housing problems of only about one-third of eligible older persons because of limited budgets. Moreover, a shortage of viable residential options exists for frail older persons. Up until the last decade, housing for the elderly was conceived of primarily as shelter. It has become increasingly recognized that frail older persons who needed services and physically supportive features often had to move from their homes or apartments to settings such as board and care or nursing homes to receive assistance. Over time, however, the concept of a variety of housing types that can be linked has replaced the original idea of the continuum of housing. It is possible for frail older persons to live in a variety of existing residential settings, including their own homes and apartments with the addition of services and home modifications. Consequently, the last decade has seen a number of efforts to modify homes, add service coordinators to multi-unit housing and create options such as accessory and ECHO units. Although thesestrategies have been enhanced by a somewhat greater availability of home care services, Medicaid policy still provides incentives to house frail older persons in nursing homes. The most visible development in the field of housing for frail older persons has been the growth of private sector assisted living which is now viewed by many state governments as a residential alternative to nursing homes. The AL movement itself has raised a number of regulatory and financing issues that cross-cut housing and long term care such as what constitutes a residential environment, insuring that residents can age in place, accommodating resident preferences, protecting the rights of individuals and insuring quality of care. Nevertheless, the emergence of AL along with a wider range of other housing options holds out the promise that older persons will have a larger range of choices among living arrangements.译文：老年人的住宅问题与选择一、简介住宅在老年人生活的极为重要。

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贯彻落实科学发展观大力发展节能与绿色建筑（2005年2月23日）中华人民共和国建设部节能建筑是按节能设计标准进行设计和建造、使其在使用过程中降低能耗的建筑。

绿色建筑是指为人们提供健康、舒适、安全的居住、工作和活动的空间，同时在建筑全生命周期（物料生产，建筑规划、设计、施工、运营维护及拆除过程）中实现高效率地利用资源（能源、土地、水资源、材料）、最低限度地影响环境的建筑物。

绿色建筑也有人称之为生态建筑、可持续建筑。

一、发展节能与绿色建筑的重要意义建筑作为人工环境，是满足人类物质和精神生活需要的重要组成部分。

然而，人类对感官享受的过度追求，以及不加节制的开发与建设，使现代建筑不仅疏离了人与自然的天然联系和交流，也给环境和资源带来了沉重的负担。

据统计，人类从自然界所获得的50％以上的物质原料用来建造各类建筑及其附属设施，这些建筑在建造与使用过程中又消耗了全球能源的50％左右；在环境总体污染中，与建筑有关的空气污染、光污染、电磁污染等就占了34％；建筑垃圾则占人类活动产生垃圾总量的40％；在发展中国家，剧增的建筑量还造成侵占土地、破坏生态环境等现象日益严重。

中国正处于工业化和城镇化快速发展阶段，要在未来15年保持GDP年均增长7％以上，将面临巨大的资源约束瓶颈和环境恶化压力。

严峻的事实告诉我们，中国要走可持续发展道路，发展节能与绿色建筑刻不容缓。

绿色建筑通过科学的整体设计，集成绿色配置、自然通风、自然采光、低能耗围护结构、新能源利用、中水回用、绿色建材和智能控制等高新技术，具有选址规划合理、资源利用高效循环、节能措施综合有效、建筑环境健康舒适、废物排放减量无害、建筑功能灵活适宜等六大特点。

它不仅可以满足人们的生理和心理需求，而且能源和资源的消耗最为经济合理，对环境的影响最小。

胡锦涛同志指出：要大力发展节能省地型住宅，全面推广节能技术，制定并强制执行节能、节材、节水标准，按照减量化、再利用、资源化的原则，搞好资源综合利用，实现经济社会的可持续发展。

温家宝和曾培炎同志也多次指出，建筑节能不仅是经济问题，而且是重要的战略问题。

发展节能与绿色建筑是建设领域贯彻“三个代表”重要思想和十六大精神，认真落实以人为本，全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观，统筹经济社会发展、人与自然和谐发展的重要举措；是调整房地产业结构和转变建筑业增长方式，转变经济增长方式，促进经济结构调整的迫切需要；是按照减量化、再利用、资源化的原则，促进资源综合利用，建设节约型社会，发展循环经济的必然要求；是坚持走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路的重要体现；是节约能源，保障国家能源安全的关键环节；是探索解决建设行业高投入、高消耗、高污染、低效益的根本途径；是改造和提升传统的建筑业、建材业，实现建设事业健康、协调、可持续发展的重大战略性工作。

二、我国在发展节能与绿色建筑方面所做的主要工作我国抓建筑节能是以1986年颁布北方地区居住建筑节能设计标准为标志启动的。

经过近二十年的努力，建筑节能工作得到了逐步推进，取得了较大成绩，主要体现在以下几个方面：一是已初步建立起以节能50％为目标的建筑节能设计标准体系；二是初步形成了以《民用建筑节能管理规定》为主体的法规体系；三是初步形成了建筑节能的技术支撑体系；四是通过建筑节能试点示范工程，有效带动了建筑节能工作的发展；五是通过国际合作项目，引入了国外先进的技术和管理经验。

据不完全统计，到2002年，全国城镇共建成节能建筑面积3.2亿平方米，实现节能1094万吨标准煤，减排CO22326万吨。

与此同时，伴随着可持续发展思想在国际社会的认同，绿色建筑理念在中国也逐渐受到了重视。

1999年在北京召开的国际建筑师协会第二十届世界建筑师大会发布的《北京宪章》明确要求将可持续发展作为建筑师和工程师在新世纪中的工作准则。

中国在绿色建筑发展上做了大量的工作，开展了绿色建筑关键技术研究，设立了“全国绿色建筑创新奖”，在办公建筑、高等院校图书馆、城市住宅小区、农村住宅等建筑类型进行了绿色建筑的实践。

三、目前存在的主要问题（一）认识不到位尚未将节能与绿色建筑工作放到贯彻科学发展观、全面建设小康社会、保证国家能源安全、实施可持续发展的战略高度来认识。

（二）缺乏有效的激励政策和强有力的法律法规长期以来，国家对能源的管理偏重工业和交通节能，缺乏有效的激励政策引导和扶植节能与绿色建筑。

我国现行的法律法规对能源、土地、水资源、材料的节约也没有可操作的奖惩方法来强制各方利益主体必须积极参与；而我部颁发的《民用建筑节能管理规定》，作为一个部门规章，力度远远不够。

（三）缺乏行之有效的新技术、新材料、新配件和新的设计及管理模式的推广交流平台在西方发达国家，节能与绿色建筑已经有几十年的成功发展史。

有的国家甚至已经取得经济发展和能耗持续下降的突出成就。

及时、系统、广泛地引进它们的成功经验和技术，对引导我国刚起步的节能与绿色建筑的发展尤为重要。

这对于我们少走弯路，加快节能与绿色建筑的新技术、新产品和管理经验的推广是不可替代的。

（四）标准规范体系还未形成虽然已先后颁布实施针对三个气候区的节能50％的设计标准，初步形成了比较完善的民用建筑节能标准体系；但针对公共建筑、工业建筑的节能标准尚未出台；关于建筑节能、节地、节水、节材和环境保护的综合性的标准体系还没有建立。

（五）缺乏有效的行政监管体系对节能与绿色建筑工作相关的行政管理职能尚未予以高度的重视，缺乏有效的行政监管体系，管理薄弱，个别地方甚至放任自流。

（六）城市能源结构不合理，资源浪费现象严重目前我国还是以煤为主要燃料，城市能源结构不合理，天然气等优质能源和太阳能、地热、风能等清洁可再生能源在建筑中利用率还很低。

目前我国每年城乡新建房屋建筑面积近20亿m2，其中80％以上为高耗能建筑；既有建筑近400亿m2，95％以上是高能耗建筑。

我国单位建筑面积能耗是发达国家的二至三倍，对社会造成了沉重的能源负担和严重的环境污染，已成为制约我国可持续发展的突出问题。

同时建设中还存在土地资源利用率低、水污染严重、建筑耗材高等问题。

四、发展节能与绿色建筑的主要工作发展节能与绿色建筑的指导思想是贯彻落实科学发展观，大力开展节能、节地、节水、节材等资源节约和环境保护工作，努力推进节能与绿色建筑的发展，实现建设事业可持续发展。

工作思路：一是全方位推进，包括在法规政策、标准规范、推广措施、科技攻关等方面开展工作；二是全过程监管，包括在立项、规划、设计、审图、施工、监理、检测、竣工验收、核准销售、维护使用等环节加强监管；三是全面展开，制定并强制执行包括节能、节地、节水、节材和环境保护标准；四是实行分类指导、区域统筹、整体推进、分阶段实施的工作方法；五是全社会参与，从政府到设计单位、施工图审查机构、施工单位、监理单位、质量监督机构、房地产开发企业、物业管理企业以至广大人民群众都要积极参与。

工作目标是：通过全面推广节能与绿色建筑工作，争取到2020年，大部分既有建筑实现节能改造，新建建筑完全实现建筑节能65％的总目标，东部地区要争取实现更高的节能水平；基本实现新增建筑占地与整体节约用地的动态平衡；实现建筑建造和使用过程中节水率在现有基础上提高30％以上；新建建筑对不可再生资源的总消耗比现在下降30％以上；到2020年，我国建筑的资源节约水平接近或达到现阶段中等发达国家的水平，节能、节地、节水、节材和环境保护的经济和社会效益显著，转变经济的增长方式的成效突出。

主要措施为：1、建立健全发展节能与绿色建筑的政策与法规体系；2、完善节能与绿色建筑的技术标准支撑体系；3、建立有效的发展节能与绿色建筑的行政监管体系；4、加强节能与绿色建筑领域的国际交流与合作和培训宣传工作。

当前，构筑节能与绿色建筑先进技术与管理经验交流平台已经迫在眉睫。

将于今年3月份召开的“首届国际智能与绿色建筑技术研讨会”暨“首届国际智能与绿色建筑技术与产品展览会”即是我部为加强国内外绿色建筑领域的交流与合作，促进我国绿色建筑技术与管理水平的提高，推动我国绿色建筑的发展而与国内外有关部门共同设立的一个交流平台。

我们将把这个研讨会打造成为一年一度具有权威性、前沿性、广泛性的国际盛会。

我部部长汪光焘同志任大会组委会主任，我任执行主任，我部原副部长、两院院士周干峙先生为大会学术指导委员会主任。

本届大会的主办单位是中国建设部、科技部、英国贸易投资总署、加拿大住房署、新加坡建设局、印度建筑业发展委员会等。

共有五大主题：一是智能、绿色建筑整体设计理论、方法和实例；二是建筑智能化技术；三是建筑节能技术及产品；四是绿色生态技术；五是绿色建材技术与设备。

现在大会各项准备工作已基本就绪，预计将有近2000名来自国内外的智能和绿色建筑方面的政府官员、企业家、专家和学者参与技术交流和合作，这不仅对中国的建筑节能和绿色建筑发展有着积极的促进作用，而且对全球的可持续发展也将产生深远的影响。

Adhering to the Scientific View of Development & Promoting the Development of Energy Efficient and Green BuildingsMinistry of Construction of the People's Republic of China23 February, 2005Energy efficient buildings refer to those meeting energy efficient standards during design and building process and thus consuming less energy in use.Green buildings refer to those providing occupants with healthy, comfortable and safe living, working and leisure space, achieving high efficiency in utilizing resources (including energy, land, water, and materials) during the life cycle of buildings (including building materials production, planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance, and demolition), and minimizing the buildings' impact on the environment. Green buildings are also labeled as “Eco-Buildings” or “Sustainable Buildings”.I. The significance of promoting the energy efficient and green buildings.As a man-made environment, buildings play an integral part in physically and spiritually satisfying the demand of human being. However, due to the excessive pursuing of physical pleasure plus the over-exploitation of the natural resources, modern buildings have not only segregated the connection and communication between human beings and the nature, but also produced heavy burden on the natural environment and resources. According to statistics, more than 50％of the materials man gathered from the nature are used for the construction of all kinds of buildings and their attached utilities, and another 50％of the world energy are consumed during the construction and utilization of those buildings. Among environmental pollutions, construction-related air pollution, light pollution and electromagnetic pollution accounts for 34％; construction waste makes up 40％of the trash produced by human. In the developing countries, the skyrocketing construction aggravates the misuse of land and the destruction of the ecological environment. China, in its process of industrialization and urbanization and with the objective of maintaining 7％-above annual growth rate of GDP in the next 15 years, will be faced with serious bottleneck of resource limitation and environmental deterioration. The situation shows that it is imperative for China to promote energy efficient and green buildings in the process of sustainable development.Through the scientific and systematic design, incorporated with such new and high technologies as green fittings, natural ventilation, natural lighting, low energy exterior protection system, new energy, water reuse, green building materials, intelligent control and so on, green buildings have with it six features: calculated site planning, efficient energy circulation, effective and comprehensive energy saving, healthy and comfortable building environment, innocuous and small amount of waste discharge, and flexible and convenient in functions. It could not only satisfy the physical and mental need of human beings, but also reduce the impact on the natural environment with its efficient energy consumption.Mr.President, Hu Jintao has pointed out that we shall develop land-saving housing, popularize energy efficient technology, and establish energy saving, material saving and water saving code; we shall utilize the resources in a thrifty way and apply the recycling methods in order to pursue the sustainable development of the economic society. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and Vice-Premier ZengPeiyan has reaffirmed that construction energy saving is not only an economic issue but also an important strategy.The development of energy saving technology and green buildings is an important approach in the construction field for pursuing the essential thought of “Three Represents” and the spirit of the 16th National Congress. It carries out the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific view of development, emphasizes the value of human beings, integrates the development of the economy and the society, and promotes the harmonization between the human beings and the nature. The purpose of this approach is to adjust the real estate structure, transform the mode of increase in the building and economy sector and promote the adjustment of economic structure. The principle lies in the thrifty utilization and recycling of the energy, thus facilitating the comprehensive utilization of the resources, building the saving-type society and developing the cyclic economy. It reflects that China is now sticking to its healthy developing path towards production development, wealthy life and sound environment. As a critical link in the process of energy saving and safeguarding national energy safety, this approach constitutes an essential method to solve such problems in the construction field as high investment, high consumption, heavy pollution and low profit, and it is the strategic work for the reform and upgrading of the traditional construction and construction material industry, facilitating the healthy, coordinated and sustainable development of the construction cause.II. Works have been done relating to energy efficient and green buildingsThe Designing Standard for Energy Conservation in Civil Building of the Northern Areas 1986 was the landmark of Chinese energy efficient work. After almost two decades, great achievements have been made in the following aspects:(1). Energy efficient design standard system with the goal of saving 50％of the energy has been set up;(2). Law system with The Regulations for the Administration of Energy Conservation in Civil Buildings as the principle has been set up; (3). Technology supporting system of energy efficient building has been set up;(4). Several pilot projects of energy efficient building has played the leading role of Chinese energy efficient building construction;(5). Through international cooperation, advanced technologies and management experience have been introduced in China.According to incomplete statistics，there were 320 million square meters of energy efficient buildings in urban China, saving 10.94 million tons of standard coal, discharging CO2 223.26 million tons. At the same time, the ideology of sustainable development has been widely accepted by the international community, and green architecture has been more and more attached importance to. Beijing Charter, which had been issued in the 20th World Architect Convention Beijing 1999 of World Architect Association, clearly required that the sustainable development would be the working standard of all architects and engineers in the new century. China has done great job in the development of green buildings: the key tech-research of green architecture has been developed; “National for Green Buildings Innovation Award” has been set; many practices have been made in office buildings, libraries of colleges and institutions, urban residential communities, rural housing and other types of building.III. Problems to be addressed(1) The lack of acquaintanceshipWe shall place energy conservation and green buildings at the strategic level as implementing the scientific view of development, building a well-off society in an all-round way, safeguarding national energy and promoting the sustainable development.(2). The lack of efficient incentive policies and powerful law and regulationsThe national policies have long laid particular stress on the energy efficient of industry and traffic, while energy efficient and green buildings lacks efficient encouragement policies and powerful laws and regulations. There are no existing laws and regulations in China with operational rewards and punishment methods to force all benefit parties to participate in the saving of energy, land, water and materials. The Designing Standard for Energy Conservation in Civil Buildings issued by Ministry of Construction as a ministry regulationhas far less strength.(3). The lack of the communication platform of new technology, new material, new fittings and new design and management patterns.In the western developing countries, the energy efficient and green architecture has decades of histories. In some country, great achievement of economic development and lower the energy consumption has been made. To systematically introduce those successful experience and technology into China would help China to promote energy efficient and green architecture and spreading the relating new technology, new product and new management patterns.(4). The system of standards and norms has not been formed.The comparatively improved standard system of energy efficiency for residential buildings has preliminarily been shaped up, which enforces the designing standard for energy saving as 50％for three climate areas one after another, but the standards for public and industrial buildings have not yet been promulgated and the comprehensive standard system for the building energy saving, the land, water and material efficiency and the environmental protection has not been set up.(5). The effective administrative regulatory framework is not in place.Importance has not been attached to the administrative functions related to energy efficiency and green buildings. Present administrative system is not effective with weak regulation. In some localities, management is even out of control.(6). The energy structure in cities is not reasonable and resources are wasted severely.Nowadays, by maintaining coal as the major energy source, the Chinese cities still remain unreasonable energy structure. The high quality energy such as natural gas and other clean renewable resources such as solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy etc. are slimly utilized in buildings. At present, 2 billion square meters of new housing are built annually in urban and rural areas in China, over 80％of which are the ones with high-energy consumption. Among 40 billion square meters of existing buildings, over 95％are the ones with high-energy consumption. The energy consumption per construction unit area in China is twice to three times the one in thedeveloped countries. This caused heavy energy burden and serious environmental pollution that become the outstanding problem constraining the sustainable development of China. Meanwhile, during the construction, there exist problems such as low utilizing rate of land resources, serious water pollution and high consumption of building materials.IV. The main tasks of developing energy efficient and green buildings The guiding ideas to develop energy efficient and green buildings are, with a view to adhering to the scientific view of development and fulfilling the sustainable development of construction sector, to make major efforts to launch the campaigns of resource conservation and environmental protection including the efficiency of energy, land, water and materials and promote the development of energy efficient and green buildings.The train of thought:1.To push the work on from all aspects including regulations and policies, norms and standards, disseminating measures, and tackling hard-nut problems in science and technology, etc.2.To regulating the overall process from setting-up a project, planning, designing, examining drawings, construction, supervising, checking up, checking upon completion, approving the selling to maintenance.3.To promulgate and enforce the standards of energy, land, water and material efficiency as well as environmental protection.4.To use work methods featured by guiding according to classifications, regional coordination, promoting comprehensively and implementing by dividing different stages.5.To encourage the involvement of the whole society, besides the governments, designing units, organizations for examining drawings, constructors, supervisors, quality supervision organizations, developers, property management enterprises and the broad masses of the people.The objectives:Through overall promotion, by 2020 the general objective will be fulfilled, i.e. upgrading projects to improve the energy efficiency ofmost existing buildings will be finished and all the new buildings will save 65％energy. At the same time, the eastern areas are encouraged to reach a higher level of energy saving; the dynamic equilibrium between newly-constructed areas and overall saved lands is expected sustained basically; the water saving rate in the process of construction and utilization can be improved by more than 30％comparing with the present level; and the total consumption of irrenewable resources by new buildings can be dropped by over 30％nowadays amount.By the year 2020, the level of resource saving in construction sector in China is expected to approach or reach the one in the moderately developed countries at present. The remarkable economic and social effect will be achieved which can change the way of economic growth notably.Major measures:1.To establish and improve the policies and regulation framework of developing intelligent and green buildings;2.To perfect the technical standard supporting system of intelligent and green buildings;3.To set up the effective administrative regulatory system for developing intelligent and green buildings;4.To intensify the international exchanges and cooperation, training and publicity campaign as well.At present, to put up a platform for exchanging advanced technology and management experience of intelligent and green buildings is extremely urgent. “The 1st International Confer ence on Technologies of Intelligent and Green Buildings & the 1st International Expo on Technologies and Products of Intelligent and Green Buildings” which will be held in this March is such a platform jointly put up by our Ministry and relevant departments home and abroad in order to enhance the international exchanges and cooperation and improve the technical and management level of green buildings in China. We are doing efforts to make the Conference an annual great international event with authoritative, forward-looking and wide-ranging characteristics. Mr. Wang Guangtao, our Minister is the chairman of organizing committee, I am the executive director, Mr. Zhou Ganzhi, our former vice minister and members for the two如有帮助，欢迎下载支持！Academies is the director of academic guiding committee of the Conferece. The sponsors are the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Department of Trade and Industry of the United Kingdom, Housing Department of Canada, Construction Department of Singapore, and the Construction Development Commission of India.The five themes of the Conference are as follows:1.The overall designing theory, methods and cases of intelligent and green buildings;2.The intelligent technology for buildings;3.The technology and products of energy efficiency;4.The technology of green ecology;5.The technology and equipment of green building materials.Up to now, the preparation work has been already finished. 2,000 participants including government officials, entrepreneurs, experts and scholars devoting to the field of energy efficient and green buildings from all over the world will attend the conference. It will not only give a strong impetus to the development of intelligent and green buildings in China, but also exert a great influence to the global sustainable development.。

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