Lesson 6 Analog to Digital Converters
电气工程及其自动化专业英语作业
专业英语作业（C2S3—P40）alog-DigitalConversionAnMany quantities have continuous values, including temperature, pressure,许多变量都有连续的量值，如温度，压力，displacement, rotation, voltage, current, and intensity of light and sound.位移，旋转角，电压，电流以及光和声音的强度。
The task of quantizing the continuous values into a binary scale is called analog-to-digital conversion (ADC).将连续量化为二进制数字的工作称为模数转换（ADC）Digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) is the inverse process,in which data in discrete values, are converted or restored to a continuously variable form.数模转换是一个相反的过程，它将离散的数据转化或恢复为一个连续可变的形式。
The transducer is the name of the device that produces a voltage or a current proportional to the physical phenomenon to which it responds.传感器是一种装置，它能产生与所反映的实际现象成比例的电压或者电流Analog-to-digital conversion模数转换Only two basic techniques exist for analog-to-digital conversion (ADC).ADC有两种基本方法One is to compare the analog voltage amplitude to a binary voltage scale in which the match yield the binary number that corresponds to the amplitude.一种方法是将模拟电压幅值和二进制电压作比较，在此比较过程中产生与幅值相对应的二进制数。
单片机原理英语作文
单片机原理英语作文Title: Understanding the Principles of Microcontrollers。
Microcontrollers, also known as MCU or microcontroller units, are compact integrated circuits designed to control specific operations within embedded systems. These systems range from simple household appliances to complexindustrial machinery. Understanding the principles behind microcontrollers is crucial for anyone involved in electronics or embedded systems development.Introduction to Microcontrollers:Microcontrollers consist of a central processing unit (CPU), memory (both volatile and non-volatile),input/output (I/O) ports, and various peripherals, all integrated into a single chip. The CPU executesinstructions stored in memory and interacts with the peripherals to carry out specific tasks.Basic Architecture:The architecture of a microcontroller typically includes:CPU Core: This is the heart of the microcontroller, responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.Memory: Microcontrollers have both volatile (RAM) and non-volatile (ROM, Flash) memory. RAM is used for data storage during program execution, while ROM or Flash memory stores the program code permanently.Peripherals: These are additional features integrated into the microcontroller, such as timers, communication interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C), analog-to-digital converters (ADC), and digital-to-analog converters (DAC). Peripherals enable the microcontroller to interface with the external world and perform a wide range of tasks.I/O Ports: These ports allow the microcontroller tocommunicate with external devices or sensors. They can be configured as inputs or outputs depending on theapplication requirements.Programming Microcontrollers:Microcontrollers are programmed using low-level languages like assembly language or high-level languages like C or C++. Assembly language provides direct control over the microcontroller's hardware, making it suitable for tasks requiring precise timing or resource optimization. High-level languages offer greater abstraction and ease of programming, making them preferred for most applications.Key Concepts:Interrupts: Microcontrollers use interrupts to handle external events or prioritize tasks. When an interrupt occurs, the CPU temporarily suspends its current task to execute the interrupt service routine (ISR) associated with the interrupt source.Clock Systems: Clock signals synchronize the operations of various components within the microcontroller. Clock sources may include internal oscillators or external crystals, and the clock frequency affects the execution speed of the microcontroller.Power Management: Microcontrollers often include features for power management, such as sleep modes or low-power operation, to conserve energy in battery-powered applications.Embedded Systems Design: Understanding microcontroller principles is essential for designing embedded systems. Engineers must consider factors such as power consumption, processing speed, memory requirements, and peripheral compatibility when selecting a microcontroller for a specific application.Applications of Microcontrollers:Microcontrollers are ubiquitous in modern technology and find applications in diverse fields, including:Consumer electronics: Remote controls, smart home devices, and wearable technology.Automotive: Engine control units (ECUs), dashboard displays, and driver-assistance systems.Industrial automation: Programmable logic controllers (PLCs), motor control, and process monitoring.Medical devices: Patient monitoring systems, infusion pumps, and diagnostic equipment.Conclusion:In conclusion, microcontrollers play a vital role in modern electronics and embedded systems. Understanding the principles of microcontroller architecture, programming, and key concepts such as interrupts and power management is essential for engineers and developers working in this field. With their versatility and compact design,microcontrollers continue to drive innovation across various industries, shaping the future of technology.。
测控技术与仪器专业英语unit
全句译为：然而，微处理器技术的出现使得传感器必须要 有电信号输出，这样便于接口以实现无人测控。
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Unit3 Smart Sensors
That also required the analog signal level to be amplified and converted to digital format prior to （在……之前） being supplied to the process controller. Today’s MCUs and analog-to-digital (A/D) converters typically have a 5V power supply, which has dictated the supply voltage for many amplified and signal conditioned sensors.
译为：应用微电子技术之前，传感器或转换器用于测量 物理量，如温度，压力，流量，通常直接与读数装置相连， 通常一个仪表有一个观察员读数。
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Unit3 Smart Sensors
The transducer converted the physical quantity being measured to a displacement. The observer initiated system corrections to change the reading closer to a desired value. The typical blocks of a measurement system are shown in Figure 3.1.
译为：在今天几乎一切的技术领域都将智能一词作为 其前缀的候选。智能传感器这一术语是在20世纪80年代 中期出现的，从那以后，一些设备已被称之为智能传感器。
AD和DA转换器的分类及其主要技术指标
AD和DA转换器的分类及其主要技术指标AD和DA转换器（Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog converters）是电子设备中常用的模数转换器和数模转换器。
AD转换器将连续的模拟信号转换成对应的离散数字信号，而DA转换器则将离散的数字信号转换成相应的连续模拟信号。
本篇文章将介绍AD和DA转换器的分类以及它们的主要技术指标。
一、AD转换器分类AD转换器主要分为以下几个类型：1.逐次逼近型AD转换器（Successive Approximation ADC）逐次逼近型AD转换器是一种常见且常用的AD转换器。
它采用逐渐逼近的方法逐位进行转换。
其基本原理是将模拟输入信号与一个参考电压进行比较，不断调整比较电压的大小，确保比较结果与模拟输入信号的差别小于一个允许误差。
逐次逼近型AD转换器的转换速度相对较快，精度较高。
2.模数积分型AD转换器（Sigma-Delta ADC）模数积分型AD转换器是一种利用高速和低精度的ADC与一个可编程数字滤波器相结合的技术。
它通过对输入信号进行高速取样并进行每个采样周期的累积和平均，降低了后续操作所需的带宽。
模数积分型AD转换器具有较高的分辨率和较好的线性度，适用于高精度应用。
3.并行型AD转换器（Parallel ADC）并行型AD转换器是一种通过多个比较器并行操作的AD转换器。
它的转换速度较快，但其实现成本相对较高。
并行型AD转换器适用于高速数据采集和信号处理。
4.逐渐逼近型AD转换器（Ramp ADC）逐渐逼近型AD转换器是一种通过线性递增电压与输入信号进行比较的转换器。
它利用逐渐逼近的方法寻找与输入信号最接近的电压值，然后以此电压值对应的时间来估计输入信号的值。
逐渐逼近型AD转换器转换速度较慢，但精度较高。
5.其他类型AD转换器除了上述几种常见的AD转换器类型外，还有其他一些特殊的AD转换器类型，如比例调制型AD转换器、索耳转换器等。
专业英语教学大纲.doc
《专业英语》课程教学大纲一、课程基本情况屮文名称：专业英语英文名称：Specialty English课程号：1020046授课对象：电了信息工程专业、电了信息科学与技术专业木科生开课学期：秋学时数：36学分数：2. 5课程性质：选修专业课考核方式：考查先修课程：大学英语后续课程：无开课教研室：电了信息教研室执笔人：李红二、课程教学目标1.任务和地位木课稈是对于电了专业学生专业英语能力训练和培养的一门重要课程，是对大学高年级学生继公共英语课程Z后的一个重要补充和提高。
2.知识要求木课稈着重从实用角度出发，使学生掌握电子信息类专业中大量的专业词汇、英语术语及用法, 提高学生阅读和撰写英文科技文章的能力。
3.能力要求通过教师讲解，结合学生课后杳阅英文资料，培养学生听、说、写的综合能力，掌握本专业的当前动态和前沿发展。
三、教学内容的基本要求和学时分配1.教学内容及要求(1)Unit 1 Electronic DevicesLesson 1 VLSI Technology； Lesson 2 Memory Devices；Lesson 3 Microprocessors； Exercises基木要求：掌握超大规模集成技术、存储器件和微处理器的基木知识。
(2)Unit 2 Electronic CircuitsLesson 4 Operaticnal Amplifiers； Lesson 5 Low pass Filters；Lesson 6 Analog to Digital Converters； Exercises 基木要求：掌握常用的放大器、低通滤波器、模数转换器的基木结构及原理。
(3)Unit 3 Electronic System ComponentsLesson 7 Switching Power Supply； Lesson 8 Clock Sources；Lesson 9 Intercorinect； Exercises 基木要求：掌握常用的开关电源、时钟信号源和互连器件的基木结构。
比较器小信号延迟小信号仿真结果如...
东南大学模拟实训MPW流片报告课题名称：预放大再生比较器设计姓名：学号：指导老师：摘要比较器是电子系统中应用较为广泛的电路之一。
比较器的设计以开环高增益放大器的设计为基础。
虽然和运算放大器相比，比较器的应用范围相对狭窄，但比较器仍在很多应用中不可或缺，尤其在模数转换器(Analog-to-digital converters，简称ADC)中。
比较器作为流水线型ADC的关键模块，其速度、功耗等性能对整个模数转换器的速度和功耗都有着至关重要的影响。
在各种比较器结构中，预放大再生比较器速度快、功耗低、失调电压小，被广泛应用于高速比较器。
本文基于预放大再生理论，采用TSMC 3.3V 0.35μm CMOS 工艺，设计一种适用于流水线型ADC 的高速低功耗比较器电路。
该比较器由前置放大器，比较器和SR锁存电路构成。
经过Cadence软件下的Virtuoso 平台对电路进行前仿真，比较器工作电压为3.3V，共模输入电压1.6V，在500MHZ 的时钟频率下，能够实现精度为30uV的比较，功耗为5.6mW，传输时延为4ns，翻转电压0.4mV。
关键词：比较器，预放大锁存，高速低功耗AbstractComparator is one of the most important units widely used in electronic systems. The design of a comparator is based on loop gain amplifier. Compared with amplifiers, comparators are not that widely used, but it is really necessary especially in Analog-to-digital converters (ADC). The comparator is a crucial part of ADC. Its speed and power have great impact on the characteristic of the whole ADC.Being one of various architectures, preamplifier-latch is widely used as high-speed comparator due to its high-speed, low-power and small offset voltage. Based on preamplifier-latch comparator, adopted TSMC 0.13μm CMOS process, a high-speed, low-power comparator applied for pipelined-ADC is proposed in this paper. This comparator consists of three blocks:pre-amplifier, comparator and SR latch. The pre-simulations use Virtuoso simulation of Cadence, the comparator’s work voltage is 1.8V, and common input voltage is 1.6V, the simulation results indicate that the resolution of the comparator is 30uV, transmission delay is less than 4ns and power dissipation is about 5.6mW under the 500MHZ clock.Key W ords: Comparator, Preamplifier-latch, High-speed low-power目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)第一章绪论 (1)1.1 背景 (1)1.2 本文的研究内容和结构安排 (1)第二章比较器电路的基本模型 (2)2.1 比较器电路的系统参数分析 (2)2.1.1 主要性能参数 (3)2.1.2 比较器静态分析 (5)2.1.3 比较器动态特性 (6)2.2 比较器的电路结构与分析模型 (7)2.2.1 开环比较器 (8)2.2.2 离散时间比较器 (9)2.2.3 高速比较器 (13)2.3 几种常见的比较器结构 (15)2.3.1 电阻分配式比较器 (15)2.3.2 差分对比较器 (16)2.3.3电荷分配型比较器 (16)2.4 小结 (17)第三章高速低功耗比较器设计 (18)3.1 前置放大器设计 (18)3.1.1 二极管负载差分放大器 (18)3.1.2 差分放大器的级联 (22)3.2 锁存比较器的结构 (24)3.2.1 两种锁存比较器的结构对比 (24)3.2.2 锁存器优化 (26)3.3 输出缓冲级设计 (28)3.4 比较器整体结构和参数 (30)3.5 小结 (31)第四章比较器电路功能仿真 (32)4.1 比较器的逻辑仿真 (32)4.2 比较器的速度与精度 (33)4.3 比较器的传输延迟 (35)4.4 比较器的翻转电压 (37)4.5 比较器的功耗 (38)4.6 小结 (38)第五章比较器的版图设计和后仿 (40)5.1 比较器的版图设计 (40)5.2 比较器的版图验证 (44)5.3 比较器的后仿真 (45)5.4 小结 (47)第六章总结和心得 (48)致谢 (50)参考文献 (51)第一章绪论1.1 背景从国际和国内发展情况来看，比较器的研究趋势就是高速度、低功耗和高温度等。
数模摸数转换 科技英语
For large numbers of bits (e. g. >14 bits), the number of resistors needed ( 2 N − 1 ) becomes prohibitively large for most practical applications. Also, the power consumption is considerably higher than some of the slightly slower and more exotic solutions.
Figure 2.6 shows the output spectrum of a typical flash converter as determined by taking an FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) of the converter output samples for a pure sine wave input. One thing is immediately apparent.
One example is a modem which turns signals from digital to analog before transmitting those signals over communication lines such as telephone lines that carry only analog signals. The signals are turned back into digital form (demodulated) at the receiving end so that the computer can process the data in its digital format.
测控技术与仪器专业英语unit 6
Unit 6
Signal Conditioning
Usually, a signal conditioner is required to convert the primary element output into an electrical (or pneumatic) signal suitable for use by a controller or display device. A signal conditioner prepares a signal for use by another component. The input to a signal conditioner is usually the output from a sensor (or primary element). 译为：通常，一个信号调制器被用来将基本元件的输出 变换为一个便于被处理器或显示设备使用的电（或气）信 号。一个信号调节器将信号准备好以备其他设备使用，信 号调制器的输入通常是传感器的输出（或基本元件）。
译为：一个测量传感器由两部分组成：一个基本元件 （传感器）和一个信号调制器。基本元件利用其材质的特 性和结构将被测量转化为电的、机械的或者流体的信号。
Unit 6
Signal Conditioning
The output of the primary element may be a small voltage or an electrical resistance. It may be a force, a displacement, a pressure, or some other phenomenon. No matter what form it takes, the primary element output depends on the value of the measured variable.
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Reference in dictionary
• An act of referring: • Significance in a specified context: • Meaning or denotation. • The state of being related or referred: • with reference to; in reference to. • A mention of an occurrence or a situation:
– essentially a highly over-sampling 1-bit ADC (the comparator) followed by digital filtering and decimation
• The comparator, just like in the analogue version, decides whether its input value is higher or lower than a certain threshold and puts out a single bit signal, the bitstrem. In order to obtain the bitstream in the digital modulator it is sufficient to strip off the comparator's input MSBit.
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Reference in use
• backward reference • baseline reference • black-level reference • luminance reference • page reference • phase reference • speed reference
• The output spectrum of a typical flash converter…
SNR 6.02N 1.76dB
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Flash ADC
Figure 2.5 Flash ADC Block Diagram
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Flash ADC
Figure 2.6 FFT of Typlta Converters
Figure 2.9 Quantization Noise Shaping in Sigma-Delta Converters
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Summary
• In fact, there are many tens of ADC methods in use, Successive Approximation, Multipass, Interpolating, Subranging, Bit-Per-Stage to name but a few of the flavors, each potentially having some benefit in performance over its rivals. Luckily, it is not usually necessary to understand how the ADC works in order to make the correct choice of converter for the application. Instead, careful study of the performance specifications on the data sheet will determine the best choice for your application.
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Backgrounds
• Terminology
– successive approximation – reference voltage – GSM: Global System for Mobile
communications
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Text tour
• Outline
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Language in use
• Vocabulary
– reference, solution, respectable, interpolate, notion
• Reading/writing techniques
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Vocabulary
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Reference in dictionary
• To supply references to • To mention in a reference; refer to:
– He referenced her book in his speech.
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Reference in text
8
Over-sampling to Achieve Processing Gain
Figure 2.7 Over-Sampling and Quantization Noise
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Sigma-Delta Converters
• A block diagram of a basic sigma–delta converter
• A simple formula for the maximum processing gain
processing gain (dB) = 10 log (sample rate/ 2 × signal bandwidth).
• Examples
– PC sound cards
– GSM
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Solution in dictionary
• A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these.
• The process of forming such a mixture. • The state of being dissolved. • The method or process of solving a problem. • The answer to or disposition of a problem.
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Solution in text
• For large numbers of bits (e.g. >14 bits), the number of resistors needed (2N–1) becomes prohibitively large for most practical applications. Also, the power consumption is considerably higher than some of the slightly slower and more exotic solutions.
– very high-speed conversion – can accommodate high sampling rates – very power hungry
• The flash converter operates by …
– 2N–1 comparators – For large numbers of bits (e.g. >14 bits), …
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Respectable in dictionary
• Meriting respect or esteem; worthy. • Of or appropriate to good or proper behavior or conventional conduct. • Of moderately good quality: • Considerable in amount, number, or size: • Acceptable in appearance; presentable:
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Over-sampling to Achieve Processing Gain
• oversampling is the process of sampling a signal with a sampling frequency significantly higher than the Nyquist rate.
Unit 2 Electronic Circuits
Lesson 6 Analog to Digital Converters
Lesson 6 Analog to Digital Converters
• Backgrounds • Text tour • Language in use
– Vocabulary – Reading/writing techniques