The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space
2023年(GCT)全国考试统考英语真题及答案
2023年(GCT)全国考试统考英语真题及答案第四部分2023年外语运用能力测试（英语）（50题，每题2分，满分100分）Part One Vocabulary and StructureDirections:There are ten incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET witha single line through the center.1. Every plant, animal, and human being needs water to ____ alive.A. stayB. makeC. runD. glow2. It ____ commonplace to think of sport as a “leisure industry” now.A. becameB. will becomeC. is becomingD. had become3. Changes in climate ____ slowly through the years.A. make progressB. take placeC. keep paceD. set sail4. Scientists can predict regions ____ new species are most likely to be found.A. whereB. whenC. whyD. how5. You should use _____and natural language when you write a personal letter.A. formalB. politicalC. magicD. plain6. Radios today seldom need _____ or the attention of a technician.A. to repairB. repairedC. repairingD. to have repaired7. It is a great pity for ____ to be any quarrel in the school board meeting.A. whereB. hereC. thereD. why8. Magicians ___ use techniques from science and the arts to deceive the mind and eye.A. generouslyB. geneticallyC. cleverlyD. subsequently9. To get the best view of Sydney Harbour, take a Sydney Seaplane flight ____ the Harbour and Bondi Beach.A. aboveB. underC. overD. across10. Chocolate manufacturers blend many types of beans to yield ____ and color desired in the final product.A. the shapeB. the flavorC. the functionD. the brandPart Two Reading ComprehensionDirections:In this part there are three passages and one announcement, each followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through thecenter.Questions 11-15 are based on the following passage:Jessica Bucknam shouts “tiao!” (tee-ow) and her fourth-grade students jump.“Dun!” (doo-wen) she commands, and they crouch (蹲). They giggle (吃吃地笑) as the commands keep coming in Mandarin Chinese.Half of the 340 students at the K-5 school are enrolled in the program. They can continue studying Chinese in middle and high schools. The goal: to speak like natives.About 24,000 American students are currently learning Chinese. Most are in high schoos. But the number of younger students is growing in response to China’s emergence as a global superpower.“China has become a strong partner of the United States,” says Mary Patterson, Woodstock’s principa. “Children who learn Chinese at a young age will have more oppoutunities for jobs in the future.”Isabel Weiss, 9, isn’t thinking about the future. She thinks learningChinese is fun. “when you her people speaking in Chinese, you know what they’re saying,” she says. “And they don’t know that you know.”11. What do the fourth-grade students seem to be doing in the first paragraph?A. They are learning how to jump.B.They are learning how to crouch.C. They are learning how to giggle.D. They are learning Chinese.12. The purpose of the program for Jessica’s students is to ____.A. enable them to learn how to commandB. get them enrolled in the language programC. help them to speak how to commandD. continue enrolling more students to learn Chinese13. In response to the fact that ____, more American students are learning Chinese.A. the United States is the only superpower in the worldB. international trading is becoming globalizedC. partnership is encouraging business and tradeD. China is emerging as a new superpower in the world14. Why do more and more young students personally choose to learnChinese in the United States?A. They will have more job opportunities in the future.B. They are more interested in the international trade.C. They will visit China for further education.D. They are curious about the corporate partnership.15. Isabel Weiss has also chosen to learn Chinese because ____.A. she wants a brighter futureB. she finds it fun to learn the languageC. she likes to do business in ChinaD. she watches people speak the languageQuestions 16-20 are based on the following passage:The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has announced plans to return people to the moon by 2023. “And this time,” according to a NASA press release, “we’re going to stay.”NASA wants to make a new spaceship for the missions using parts from the Apollo program, which first took people to the moon in 1969, and the space shuttle. NASA says the new Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) willbe “affordable, reliable, and sage.”The CEV will be able to hold four astronauts. The plan is to have the CEV dock (对接) in space with the lunar lander---the vehicle astronauts will use to land on the moon---which will be launched separately into space. The CEV will then travel to the moon and all four astronauts will walk on the moon.The first moon missions are expected to last up to seven days. Exploration and construction of a moon base will be the astronauts’ top priorities (先考虑的事). NASA hopes to have a minimum of two moon missions a year stating in 2023. This will allow for quick moon base construction, constant scientific study, and training for future missions to Mars.16. What is new in NASA’s plan to return to the moon by 2023?A. People will land and remain on the moon.B. Equipment will be carried and installed there.C. More CEVs will be made regularly.D. A special device will be used in landing.17. How will NASA make its new spaceship?A. It will base its design on that of the Apollo program.B. It will use parts only from the Apollo program.C. It will make use of the Apollo program and the space shuttle.D. It will develop new designs and make new components.18. How will CEV and the moon lander be launched?A. They will be launched separately.B. CEV will dock with the moon lander.C. They will be launched together.D. The moon lander will hold four astronauts.19. What will be the astronauts’ top priorities?A. Entering the orbit and landing on the moon.B. Landing and walking on the moon surface.C. Exploration and researches into the moon composition.D. Exploration and construction of a moon base.20. The reason why NASA hopes to carry out at least two moon missionsa year stating in 2023 is to ____.A. ensure the moon traveling and the moon base constructionB. speed up the moon base construction and other activitiesC. guarantee the quality of the researchers’ scientific studyD. set up new training laboratories for future missions to MarsQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage:At the end of the U.S. Civil War, about 4 million slaves were freed. Now, people around the world can hear some of the former slaves’ stories for the first time ever, as told in their own voices.“That was in slavery time,” says Charlie Smith in one interview. “They sold the colored people. And they were bringing them from Africa. They brought me from Africa. I was a child.”The Library of Congress released the collection of recordings, Voices from the Days of Slavery, in January. The recordings were made between 1932 and 1975. Speaking at least 60 years after their emancipation (解放), the strorytellers discuss their experiences as slaves. They also tell about their lives as free men and women.Isom Moseley was just a by at the time of emancipation, but he recalls that things were slow to change. “It was a year before the folks knowed they was free,” he says.Michael Taft, the head of the library’s archive of folk culture, says the recordings reveal something that written stories cannot. “The power of hearing someone speak is so much greater than reading something from the page,” Taft says. “It’s how something is said---the dialect, the low pitches, the pauses---that helps tell the story.”21. What is new about the slaves’ stories?A. They are told in the slaves’ own voices.B. People travel around the world to hear them.C. Colored people were sold.D. They happened in the slavery time.22. What is the title of the collection of recordings?A. The End of the U.S. Civil War.B. The Library of CongressC. Voices from the Days of Slavery.D. The Recordings of Written Stories.23. How many years did it take to complete the collection of recordings?A. 26 years.B. 33 yearsC. 44 yearsD. 57 years.24. What do the storytellers tell us about?A. How they were brought to the United States from Africa.B. The release of the collection of recordings.C. What happened 60 years after their emancipation.D. Their experiences as slaves and their lives as free men and women.25. The recordings differ from written stories in that ____.A. the tellers and the government are contributing togetherB. the dialect, the low pitches, and the pauses are more revealingC. the hearing and reading both help tell the storiesD. the power of watching someone write is more engaging.Questions 26-30 are based on the following announcement:26. In order to be chosen, applicants must send in ____ before Nov. 30, 2023.A. their papers and application formsB. their papers and degree certificatesC. their application forms and diplomasD. their applications and registrations27. The number 92354 is the ____ of Loma Linda University SD.A. fax codeB. phone numberC. zip codeD. street number28. The qualifications for the application for the award include all of the following EXCEPT ____.A. hospital interns, resident or clinical fellowsB. undergraduates, masters or Health Science degree candidatesC. doctorial degree candidates or equivalentsD. Ph. D supervisors or former student award winners29. Journal of Biomaterials Research will publish ____.A. the abstract of the paper of the applicant chosenB. the presented paper of the applicant chosenC. the abstract and paper of the applicant selectedD. the application form and paper of the applicant30. It can be inferred that the criterion/criteria for the selection of qualified candidates is/are ____.A. the qualification of the applicantsB. the quality of the applicants’ papersC. the number of the papers presentedD. the abstract of the papers submittedPart Three ClozeDirections:There are ten blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.The hobby of collecting autographs （亲笔签名）is called philography, from a Greek word meaning love of writing. People -31- many kinds of autographs. Some collect signatures or other handwritten materials of authors, composers, movie stars, or sports heroes. Others focus on certain -32-such as the signing of the Declaration of Independence, a presidential election, or the space program. -33- collectors try to acquire a complete set of autographs of Novel Prize winners or Academy Award winners.Collectors may request autographs -34- celebrities either in person or by letter. Most beginning autograph collectors do not have the knowledge to determine -35- an autograph is genuine （真实的）. They may mistake other kinds of signatures for -36- handwritten signatures. For example, some people have secretaries who sigh their mail. Some individuals sendout mass-produced letters or signed photographs to collectors who -37-their autographs. Many famous people sue a mechanical device called an Autopen to sign autographs. The -38- can sign 3,000 signatures in eight hours. The only way to recognize an Autopen autograph is to compare two of them. All Autopen autographs are -39- , but no two handwritten autographs are -40- alike.31. A. neglect B. arrange C. read D. collect32. A. stories B. events C. actions D.plans33. A. Some B. Any C. No D. Several34. A, from B. in C. for D. to35. A. what B. how C. whether D. where36. A. false B. indirect C. open D. genuine37. A. copy B. request C. write D. mail38. A. actor B. machine C. collector D. secretary39. A. genuine B. false C. different D. identical40. A. fluently B. initially C. exactly D. convenientlyPart Four Dialogue CompletionDirections:In this part, there are ten short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each follwed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that most appropriately suits the conversational context and best completes the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41. Steve: Hi, my name is Steve. It’s nice to meet you.Jack: I’m Jack.____A. My name is Jack, you know.B. How are you, Steve?C. It’s pleasure to meet you, Steve.D. You’re busy, aren’t you?42. Jill: Hi, Jane, this is Jill. Do you have time to talk?Jane: Hi, Jill, ____. I was just watching TV.A. so whatB. no doubtC. some timeD. sure43. Salesman: Good morning, sir. May I help you?Customer: That’s OK. ____.Salesman: Fine. Please take your time.A. I’m just looking aroundB. I’m just playing aroundC. I’m just sneaking aroundD. I’m just hanging around44. Customer: Could you hold the door open for a moment, please? Salesman: Certainly. ____.A. lease take your timeB. I’m sorry I can’tC. No worry, pleaseD. Never mind it45. Harry: I didn’t know you play billiards. Are you having fun?John: I’m having a great time. ____ What are you doing?A. Great!B. How about you?C. I miss it so much.D. Do you know billiards?46. Bob: Why didn’t you come to my party last night?Bill: I’m sorry, ____. I had to visit my grandmother at the hospital.A. I did itB. I still remember itC. I couldn’t make itD. I will come47. Cashier: How can I help you, Miss?Nancy: ____Cashier: Sure. How do you want it?A. Why didn’t you say it then?B. No, I don’t need your help.C. Could you break a 20 for me?D. No, I can manage it.48. Friend A: This meal is on me. ____.Friend B: Thanks, but isn’t it my turn to treat you?A. It’s none of your businessB. I’ll treat youC. I invite youD. My pleasure49. Stewardess: Please put your seat up. We’ll be serving dinner shortly. Passenger: I’d like to, but there seems to be something wrong with it. ____A. Can you help with it?B. Can you stay a few minutes?C. It’s your duty to fix it.D. Hold on, please.50. Student A: Thanks a lot. I really enjoyed your company.Student B: Don’t mention it. ____.A. Sorry to keep you outB. Many happy returns of the dayC. Same hereD. You’re too polite答案：1-10 BCBAD CCCCB 11-20 DCDAB ACADD 21-30 ACCDB ACDBB31-40 DBABC ABBDC 41-50 CAAAB CCBA。
MTI翻译硕士翻译专有名词
MTI翻译专有名词NAFTA 北美自由贸易区= North American Free Trade Agreement of Canada, Mexico and the U.S. EFTA/AFTA 欧洲自由贸易区/东盟自由贸易区APEC 亚太经济合作组织=Asia-Pacific Economic CooperationASEAN 东南亚国家联盟=Association of South East Asian NationsNATO 北大西洋公约组织=North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationInternational Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织European Free Trade Association 欧洲自由贸易联盟International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能机构WWF 世界自然基金会=World Wildlife FundICC 国际商务委员会（美洲国际）= The Interstate Commerce Commission of U.S.A.WTO 世界贸易组织/世界旅游组织= World Trade Organization/ World Tourism Organization= Warsaw Treaty Organization 华沙条约组织WHO 世界卫生组织= World Health OrganizationUNESCO 联合国教科文组织=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUN = United Nations 联合国Security Council 安理会World Bank 世界银行NASA 美国国家航天局=National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationA@ at 每a.a.r against all risks 全险ac account 帐目AC account current 往来帐目acc acceptance;accepted 承兑;已承兑a.g.b a good brand 任何名牌ao account of 记入...帐目a.p. additional premium 附加保险a.r. all risks 全险AS;accs account sales 售货清单av;A V average 平均数BBB bill book 出纳簿BD bank draft 银行汇票bd. bond 债券bds. boards 董事会BE bill of exchange 汇票bk. bank book 帐簿bkg. banking 银行业BL bill of lading 提货单B.P.B bank post bill 银行汇票BR bank rate 银行贴现率BR;b.r. bill receivable 应收票据B.S;b.s. balance sheet 资产负债表bt bought 购入CC currency,coupon 现金,息单CA capital account 资本帐户CAD cash against document 凭单付款canclg. cancelling 取消cat. catalogue 目录CB cash book 现金簿CD cash dividend 现金折扣c.d. cum dividend 付股息报关单C and D collection and delivery 收款发货cert. certificate 证明CF carried forward 转下页cge. carriage 运费CH custom house 海关ch.ppd charges prepaid 预付费c I certificate insurance 保险证明书c&I cost and insurance 保险费在内价CIF cost,insurance and freight 到岸价格CO cash order 现金汇票C.O.t. change over to 转入COD cash on delivery 货到付款com. commercialcommission 商业;佣金cont. contract 合同cr. credit 货方ctge cartage 车费cur. current 本月;现付CWO cash with order 订货即付款cy. currency 货币DDC. deviation 贴现dd. delivered 交付de. deferred 延期deg. degree 等级dft. draft 汇票div dividend;division 红利;部门DN debit note 欠单;借项清单dols. dollars 美元DP documents against payment 付款交单dr. debtor drawer 债务人,借方d.r. dock receipt 存款收条DW deposit warrant 码头仓单dely. delivery 交付Eea. each 每e.d. ex dividend 股息除外eq. equivalent 等值exd. examined 已检查exs. expenses 费用Ff.i.t. free of income tax 免所得税FOB free on board 离岸价格FO for order 准备出售f.p;FP fully paid 付讫frt. freight 运费Ggrs.wt gross weight 毛重g.t.c. good till cancelled 未注销前有效H-Z1HHp horse power 马力h.p.n. horse power nominal 标称马力IB invoice book 发票簿ib ibidem(in the same place) 同前;出处同上id idem(the same) 同上i.e. id est(that is) 即,就是IL import licence 进口许可证int. interest 利息inv. invoice 发票IOU I owe you 借据,欠条JJA joint account 共同帐户LLC letter of credit 信用证led. ledger 总帐簿LIP life insurance policy 人寿保险单LS locus sigil(place of seal) 盖印处MMA my account 本人帐户MC marginal credit 限界信贷MD memorandum of deposit 存款单min minimum,minute 最低额;分钟mks. marks 商标Mo money order 邮汇mos. months 月NNE;ne no effects 无存款ND no dated 未注明日期nf.n.f no funds 无款NM no mark 无商标;无标志NP notary public 公证人OOA on account of 因为od on demand 见票即付PPA private account 私人帐户PC price current 时价表pc. prices;piece 价格;个p.c.b petty cash book 零用现金簿pkg. package 包裹PN promissory note 期票PO postal order 汇票POB post office box 邮政信箱ppd. prepaid 预付pref. preference or preferred 优先prox. proximo(of the next month) 下月(拉) P.T.O. please turn over 转下页Qq.v. quod vide(which see) 请查阅q.y. query 查核RRD refer to drawer(banking) 请与出票接洽re. with reference to 关于recd. received 收到r.i. reinsurance 再保险r.l receipt for a loan 借据;欠条RSVP reply please 候复sect. section 部分sgd signed 已签署shr. share 股份std. standard 标准,本价stk. stock 存货,股票TMO telegraph 电汇票TT;TT telegraphic transfers 电汇汇票VV;VS versus(against) 对,相反vid vide(see) 参阅viz. videlicet(namely) 即v.i vending list 售货清单Ww.r.t. with regard to 关于1 C&F(cost&freight)成本加运费价2 TT(telegraphic transfer)电汇3 DP(document against payment)付款交单4 DA (document against acceptance)承兑交单5 C.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证6 G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制7 CTNCTNS(cartoncartons)纸箱8 PCEPCS(piecepieces)只、个、支等9 DLDLS(dollardollars)美元10 DOZDZ(dozen)一打11 PKG(package)一包,一捆,一扎,一件等12 WT(weight)重量13 G.W.(gross weight)毛重14 N.W.(net weight)净重15 CD (customs declaration)报关单16 EA(each)每个,各17 W (with)具有18 wo(without)没有19 FAC(facsimile)传真20 IMP(import)进口21 EXP(export)出口22 MAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的23 MIN (minimum)最小的,最低限度24 M 或MED (medium)中等,中级的25 MV(merchant vessel)商船26 S.S(steamship)船运27 MT或MT(metric ton)公吨28 DOC (document)文件、单据29 INT(international)国际的30 PL (packing list)装箱单、明细表31 INV (invoice)发票32 PCT (percent)百分比33 REF (reference)参考、查价34 EMS (express mail special)特快传递35 STL.(style)式样、款式、类型36 T或LTX或TX(telex)电传37 RMB(renminbi)人民币38 SM (shipping marks)装船标记39 PR或PRC(price) 价格40 PUR (purchase)购买、购货41 SC(sales contract)销售确认书42 LC (letter of credit)信用证43 BL (bill of lading)提单44 FOB (free on board)离岸价45 CIF (cost,insurance&freight)成本、保险加运费价补充:CR=credit贷方,债主DR=debt借贷方(注意:国外常说的debt card,就是银行卡,credit card就是信誉卡。
Space Shuttle Spaceship and rocket
Spaceship
Spaceship
• A spacecraft (or spaceship) is a vehicle, vessel or machine designed to fly in outer space. Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, earth observation, meteorology, navigation, p lanetary exploration and transportation of humans and cargo.
• Rocket engines work by action and reaction. Rocket engines push rockets forward simply by throwing their exhaust backwards extremely fast.
Thank y spaceflight, a spacecraft enters space and then returns to the surface, without having gone into an orbit. For orbital spaceflights, spacecraft enter closed orbits around the Earth or around other celestial bodies. • Spacecraft used for human spaceflight carry people on board as crew or passengers from start or on orbit (space stations) only, while those used for robotic space missions operate either autonomously or telerobotically. • Robotic spacecraft used to support scientific research are space probes. Robotic spacecraft that remain in orbit around a planetary body are artificial satellites. Only a handful of interstellar probes, such as Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2, and New Horizons, are currently on trajectories that leave our Solar System. • Orbital spacecraft may be recoverable or not. By method of reentry to Earth they may be divided in non-winged space capsules and winged space planes.
介绍nasa英文作文
介绍nasa英文作文英文：NASA, also known as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, is a United States government agency responsible for the country's civilian space program andfor aeronautics and aerospace research. It was established in 1958, succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), and has since been at the forefront of space exploration and scientific discovery.One of NASA's most notable achievements was the Apollo program, which successfully landed astronauts on the moon in 1969. This was a major milestone in human history and demonstrated the incredible capabilities of NASA's technology and expertise. Since then, NASA has continued to push the boundaries of space exploration, launching numerous missions to study our solar system and beyond.In addition to space exploration, NASA also conductsresearch and development in aeronautics, studying ways to improve aircraft efficiency and safety. This includes developing new technologies such as supersonic flight and electric propulsion systems.Overall, NASA plays a crucial role in advancing scientific knowledge and technological innovation. Its work has inspired countless individuals and helped to shape our understanding of the universe around us.中文：NASA，全称为美国国家航空航天局，是美国政府负责国家民用航天计划以及航空航天研究的机构。
航空航天英语词汇
载人航天mannedspaceflight 多人多天太空飞翔multi-manned andmulti-day spaceflight载人航天方案mannedspaceprogram航天飞机spaceshuttle载人飞船mannedspaceship/spacecraft无人飞船unmannedspaceship/spacecraft试验太空船ExperimentalSpacecraft多级火箭multistagerocket太空舱capsule返回式卫星recoverablesatellite通讯卫星communicationsatellite太阳同步轨道卫星satelliteinSun-synchronousorbit同步轨道卫星geosynchronoussatellite遥感卫星remotesensingsatellite运载火箭carrierrocket;rocketlauncher长征二号F运载火箭LongMarchIIFcarrierrocket有效载荷能力payloadcapability近地轨道lowEarthorbit调整轨道fine-tuneorbit绕地球飞翔orbittheearth气象卫星weathersatellite/meteorologicalsatelliteannedspaceflight多级火箭multistagerocket太空舱capsule运载火箭carrierrocket;rocketlauncher长征二号F运载火箭LongMarchIIFcarrierrocket有效载荷能力payloadcapability绕地球飞翔orbittheearth气象卫星weathersatellite/meteorologicalsatellite太阳同步轨道卫星satelliteinSun-synchronousorbit同步轨道卫星geosynchronoussatellite轨道舱orbitalmodule返回舱re-entrymodule推动舱propellingmodule指令舱commandmodule效力舱servicemodule登月舱lunarmodule发射台launchpad紧迫供氧装置emergencyoxygenapparatus空间物理探测spacephysicsexploration国际空间站InternationalSpaceStation 太阳能电池板solarpanel太空起落舱spaceelevator哈勃太空望远镜HubbleSpaceTelescope月球车lunarrover外太空outerspace;deepspace银河系MilkyWay阿波罗号宇宙飞船Apollo中国空间技术研究院CAST(theChineseAcademyof SpaceTechnology)中国航天局CNSA〔China National SpaceAdministration〕美国航空航天管理局NASA(The National Aeronauticsand SpaceAdministration)太空服spaceoutfits(spacesuits〕太空食品spacefood着陆区landingarea主着陆场 mainlandingfield/primarylandingsiteaccessflap接口盖antenna天线artificialsatellite人造卫星ascentstage上涨段astronaut 航天员capsule太空舱根源carrierrocket;rocketlauncher 运载火箭CAST(theChineseAcademyofSpaceTechnology)中国空间技术研究院CNSA〔ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration 〕中国航天局commandmodule 指令舱communicationsatellite 通讯卫星descentstage降落段directionalantenna定向天线emergencyoxygenapparatus应急供氧装置ExperimentalSpacecraft试验太空船fine-tuneorbit 调整轨道geosynchronoussatellite同步轨道卫星hatch 舱口HubbleSpaceTelescope哈勃太空望远镜InternationalSpaceStation国际空间站ladder 扶梯landingarea着陆区landingpad 着陆架launchasatellite 发射卫星launchpad 发射台lifesupportsystem 生命保持系统LM-maneuveringrockets 登月舱灵活火箭LongMarchIIFcarrierrocket 长征二号F运载火箭lowEarthorbit 近地轨道lunarmodule 登月舱lunarrover月球车mainlandingfield/primarylandingsite主着陆场mannedspace载人航天方案mannedspaceflight 载人航天mannedspaceship/spacecraft载人飞船MilkyWay银河系multi-mannedandmulti-dayspaceflight多人多天太空飞行multistagerocket 多级火箭multistagerocket 多级火箭NASA(TheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration)美国航空航天管理局nozzleofthemainengine 主发动机喷嘴orbit 轨道orbittheearth绕地球飞翔orbitalmodule轨道舱outerspace;deepspace外太空payloadcapability有效载荷能力propellingmodule推动舱recoverablesatellite返回式卫星re-entrymodule返回舱remotesensingsatellite遥感卫星satelliteinSun-synchronousorbit 太阳同步轨道卫星secondstage第二级servicemodule效力舱solarcell太阳电池solarpanel太阳能电池板spaceelevator太空起落舱spacefood太空食品spaceoutfits〔spacesuits，gloves，boots，helmetetc.〕太空服spacephysicsexploration空间物理探测spacesuit航天服spacecraft航天器Telstar通讯卫星thirdstage第三级神舟七号ShenzhouVII(spacecraft) 载人飞船mannedspaceship/spacecraft载人航天mannedspaceflight多人多天太空飞行multi-mannedan 神舟七号ShenzhouVII(spacecraft)载人飞船mannedspaceship/spacecraft载人航天mannedspaceflight多人多天太空飞翔multi-mannedandmulti-dayspaceflight载人航天方案mannedspaceprogram航天飞机spaceshuttle无人飞船unmannedspaceship/spacecraft试验太空船ExperimentalSpacecraft多级火箭multistagerocket太空舱capsule返回式卫星recoverablesatellite通讯卫星communicationsatellite遥感卫星remotesensingsatellite运载火箭carrierrocket;rocketlauncher长征二号F运载火箭LongMarchIIFcarrierrocket有效载荷能力payloadcapability近地轨道lowEarthorbit调整轨道fine-tuneorbit绕地球飞翔 orbittheearth气象卫星weathersatellite/meteorologicalsatellite太阳同步轨道卫星satelliteinSun-synchronousorbit同步轨道卫星geosynchronoussatellite轨道舱orbitalmodule返回舱re-entrymodule推动舱propellingmodule指令舱commandmodule效力舱servicemodule登月舱lunarmodule发射台launchpad紧迫供氧装置emergencyoxygenapparatus空间物理探测spacephysicsexploration国际空间站InternationalSpaceStation太阳能电池板solarpanel太空起落舱spaceelevator哈勃太空望远镜HubbleSpaceTelescope月球车lunarrover外太空outerspace;deepspace银河系MilkyWay阿波罗号宇宙飞船Apollo中国空间技术研究院CAST(theChineseAcademyofSpaceTechnology)中国航天局CNSA〔ChinaNationalSpaceAdministration〕美国航空航天管理局NASA(TheNationalAeronauticsand SpaceAdministration)太空服spaceoutfits(spacesuits〕太空食品spacefood着陆区landingarea主着陆场mainlandingfield/primarylandingsiteaccessflap接口盖antenna天线Apollo阿波罗号宇宙飞船artificialsatellite 人造卫星ascentstage上涨段astronaut航天员capsule太空舱descentstage降落段directionalantenna定向天线emergencyoxygenapparatus 应急供氧装置ExperimentalSpacecraft试验太空船fine-tuneorbit 调整轨道geosynchronoussatellite同步轨道卫星hatch 舱口lunarrover月球车mainlandingfield/primarylandingsiteMilkyWay 银河系主着陆场orbittheearth绕地球飞翔orbitalmodule 轨道舱outerspace;deepspace外太空payloadcapability 有效载荷能力propellingmodule 推动舱spacephysicsexploration空间物理探测spaceshuttle 航天飞机spacesuit 航天服spacecraft 航天器Telstar 通讯卫星thirdstage 第三级unmannedspaceship/spacecraftweathersatellite;meteorologicalsatellite无人飞船气象卫星句子翻译：1992年8月9日，长征二号丁运载火箭在酒泉卫星发射中心成功发射第十三颗返回式卫星。
nasa雅思阅读
nasa雅思阅读【中英文实用版】Section 1: Aim and History of NASAASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, is an independent ernment agency responsible for space exploration, research, and development.Established in 1958, NASA has played a significant role in various space-related activities, including the Moon landing, the Space Shuttle program, and the International Space Station (ISS).Its main objective is to expand human knowledge and exploration of space, while also advancing scientific and technological advancements.美国国家航空航天局（NASA）是一个独立的美国政府机构，负责太空探索、研究和开发。
成立于1958年，NASA在各种太空相关活动中发挥了重要作用，包括月球登陆、航天飞机计划和国际空间站（ISS）。
它的主要目标是扩大人类对太空的知识和探索，同时推动科学和技术进步。
Section 2: Missions and AchievementsOver the years, NASA has embarked on numerous successful missions, pushing the boundaries of space exploration.Some of its notable achievements include the first manned mission to the Moon, the Mars Rover missions, and the Hubble Space Telescope, which has provided invaluable insights into the universe.Additionally, NASA has developed various technologies and innovations that have benefited not only the space industry but also everyday life on Earth.多年来，NASA已经发起了许多成功的任务，推动太空探索的边界。
美国航空航天工程专业介绍(世毕盟留学)
美国航空航天工程专业介绍（世毕盟留学）美国是飞机的诞生地，但是美国的航空航天技术曾长期落后于欧洲，在第一次世界大战中，美国的空军的飞机几乎都出自欧洲设计师之手。
1915年3月3日，美国组建了联邦政府机构：国家航空咨询委员会（英语：National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics，缩写：NACA），负责航空科学研究的执行、促进与制度化，后来美国国家航空航天局（英语：National Aeronautics and Space Administration，缩写为NASA）取代了NACA。
之后，各大学也开始设置航空航天专业，慢慢提升了美国航空航天技术的发展。
下面为大家介绍美国航空航天工程相关专业：1. 加州理工学院(CIT) California Institute of Technology加州理工学院是航空学人才培养的基地，在美国享有盛誉，其航空航天专业隶属于工程与应用科学学院，包含流体(Fluids)、固体(Solids)、生物系统(Biosystems)和宇宙空间(Space)等研究领域，是美国精英学府的典范。
加州理工学院航空航天专业可授予航空学硕士、航空航天工程硕士和航空学博士学位。
此外，航空航天专业还可授予航空学工程师证书。
中国著名科学家钱学森即是加州理工学院航空航天专业的毕业生，他于1939年获得了该专业的博士学位。
2. 麻省理工学院(MIT) Massachusetts Institute of Technology麻省理工学院是举世公认的顶级理工殿堂，学院的航空航天系目前可授予航空航天学硕士、航天科技与政策硕士、工程与管理学硕士以及航空航天学博士学位。
该系目前研究的范围主要包括喷气式飞行器(Jet Aircraft)、固定翼和旋翼飞机(Fixed-wing & Rotorcraft)、火箭及外太空飞行器(Rocket and Outer-space Aircraft)，以及飞行器赖以运行的信息和导航系统(Information and Guidance System)。
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationUnder the President’s leadership, we have turned our economy around and created 14 million jobs. Our unemployment rate is below five percent for the first time in almost eight years. Nearly 18 million people have gained health coverage as the Affordable Care Act has taken effect. And we have dramatically cut our deficits by almost three-quarters and set our Nation on a more sustainable fiscal path.Yet while it is important to take stock of our progress, this Budget is not about looking back at the road we have traveled. It is about looking forward and making sure our economy works for everybody, not just those at the top. It is about choosing investments that not only make us stronger today, but also reflect the kind of country we aspire to be – the kind of country we want to pass on to our children and grandchildren.The Budget makes critical investments in our domestic and national security priorities while adhering to the bipartisan budget agreement signed into law last fall, and it lifts sequestration in future years so that we continue to invest in our economic future and our national security. It also drives down deficits and maintains our fiscal progress through smart savings from health care, immigration, and tax reforms.The Budget shows that the President and the Administration remain focused on meeting our greatest challenges – including accelerating the pace of innovation to tackle climate change and find new treatments for devastating diseases; giving everyone a fair shot at opportunity and economic security; and advancing our national security and global leadership – not only for the year ahead, but for decades to come.The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s mission is to drive ad vances in science, technology, and exploration, and to enhance knowledge, education, innovation, economic vitality, and stewardship of Earth. To achieve this, NASA develops aeronautics and space technologies, studies Earth from space, and pushes out into the Solar System not just to visit, but to stay. The Budget provides $19 billion for investments to ensure continued U.S. leadership in space and help create new industries and new capabilities. The Budget also supports research and development to strengthe n NASA’s ability to answer important scientific questions about Earth, the solar system, and the universe. The Budget prioritizes technology development and innovative commercial programs to reduce costs, enable new space commerce and increase U.S. capabilities.Funding Highlights:The President’s FY 2017 Budget provides $19 billion for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), prioritizing research and development, space technology, and other initiatives that will enable the increased use and exploration of space. The Budget also supports commercial partnerships that will reinforce the Nation’s preeminence in Earth orbit and extend humanity’s reach further into space – ultimately along the Journey to Mars that the President has set forth. This includes:∙Implementing the Administration’s commitment that NASA be a catalyst for the growth of a vibrant American commercial space industry and partnering with that industry both to regain the capability to send astronauts into space cost-effectively and safely fromAmerican soil, and to create long-term habitation capabilities that will play a key role in the journey to Mars.∙Investing in space technologies, including the demonstration of space-to-ground laser communications, satellite servicing and advanced in-space propulsion, which willincrease America’s capabilities in space, reduce the cost of space exploration, and lower barriers to new commercial space activities.∙Continuing development of the Orion crew vehicle and Space Launch System that will send astronauts on deep space missions in the 2020s and beyond.∙Providing $2 billion to support a range of Earth science missions to study climate, weather, and natural hazards.∙Supporting current operations and new missions to better understand the Sun, our solar system, and the Universe.∙Enabling a cleaner and more efficient air transportation system through investments in revolutionary aircraft technologies and designs.∙The FY 2017 Budget contains both discretionary and mandatory funding to ensure sufficient support for NASA’s science, technology, aeronautics, and explorationprograms.Reforms:∙Invests in expanding the use and capabilities of small satellites, unleashing their potential to conduct or enhance space missions at relatively low costs.∙Realigns Agency-wide Information Technology (IT) governance and investments under the Chief Information Officer to improve the management, use, and oversight of NASA IT.∙Leverages NASA technologies to strengthen the US innovation ecosystem by building partnerships with startups and regional innovation networks.Leads the World in Space ExplorationPartners with American Commercial Space Enterprises. The Budget reaffirms NASA’s partnership with the U.S. commercial space industry to develop and operate safe, reliable, and affordable systems to transport crew to and from the International Space Station (ISS) and Earth orbit in coming years. The Budget also supports continued use of commercial cargo services thatare essential to ISS research. This critical partnership continues to produce a more globally competitive U.S. space launch industry, and enables the United States to take advantage of the Station’s research capabilities, advancing our knowledge on a range of research areas with applications on Earth and in space. The Budget funds early-stage public-private partnerships leading to the development of habitation capabilities near the moon. By extending habitation capabilities into this “proving ground,” humans will learn to better survive and operate in deep space, advancing critical capabilities needed for eventual exploration missions to Mars and providing benefits to the commercial space economy closer to Earth.Invests in Developing Space Technologies. New technologies will increase the affordability, capability, and safety of NASA, other federal government, and industry space activities. The Budget funds the testing and development of new technologies in laboratories on the ISS, and on other space missions. One of the key technologies this Budget supports is a high-powered solar electric propulsion (SEP) capability that will give future NASA, other government, and commercial missions new capabilities. SEP will power a robotic mission that will visit an asteroid, test approaches for changing its course, and bring a boulder back to the vicinity of the Moon for further study.Develops the Building Blocks for an Ambitious Deep Space Exploration Program That will Send American Astronauts Out into the Solar System. The Budget keeps development of the Space Launch System rocket and Orion spacecraft on track to send astronauts on deep space missions in the 2020s and beyond. The Budget also furthers development of critical technologies for exploration in areas including life support and deep space habitation. Finally, the Budget supports research on living and operating in space on the ISS – work that will continue on commercial space stations after the end of the ISS program in the 2020sInvests in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM).Through NASA Education programs, the Budget strengthens the research capabilities of the Nation’s colleges and universities and provides opportunities that attra ct and prepare an increasing number of students for STEM and NASA-related careers.Improves Our Understanding of the Earth and the UniverseAdvances Science Needed to Understand our Home Planet. The Budget provides $2 billion for multiple Earth science missions to study Earth as a complex, dynamic system of diverse components. This includes the oceans, atmosphere, continents, ice sheets, and life. The Budget supports increased funding for research to analyze data from Earth-observing satellites and accelerates the launch of the next land-imaging satellite in the Landsat series from 2023 to 2021. Continues Exploration of the Solar System and Unlocks Mysteries of the Universe. The Budget includes $3.6 billion for space science, including funding for the James Webb Space Telescope, the next Mars rover mission, and a mission to Jupiter’s moon Europa. The Budget continues formulation activities for WFIRST, a space telescope with a field of view that will be 100 times larger than the images provided by the Hubble Telescope.Invests in Revolutionary Low-Carbon Air TransportationPromotes Innovation in Aviation. The Budget provides $790 million in FY 2017 for aeronautics research aimed at transforming the safety, capacity, and efficiency of the air transportation system while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The Budget initiates a series of large-scale demonstration projects to test cutting-edge technologies in realistic environments and enable their widespread adoption. The Budget includes $3.7 billion over the next ten years to accelerate the realization of low-carbon air transportation, as part of the Administration’s 21st Century Clean Transportation Plan.Advances Innovation and EfficiencySupports Innovation in Small Satellites. The Budget triples funding for CubeSat (a type of small satellite) proposals in NASA Science and supports a new initiative to investigate the use of small satellite constellations to observe the Earth. Small satellites are a potentially disruptive technology that may offer additional opportunities to meet science and technology development objectives at substantially lower costs and with more rapid development cycles than traditional missions. The United States is an early leader in this game-changing technology, and additional investments by NASA programs will help maintain that position. Additionally, the Budget increases funding for the Small Spacecraft Technologies program by nearly 50 percent. Additional funding allows the program to expand its opportunities to small and large businesses and partner with NASA experts and academia to develop new technologies to improve the capabilities of small satellites.Realigns Agency-wide IT Governance and Investments Under the Chief Information Officer. The Budget supports steps to improve the management, use, and oversight of NASA IT investments with the development of a new governance structure and the transfer of existing resources to the NASA Chief Information Officer. These steps will enable NASA to consolidate existing IT investments resulting in a more cost-effective IT program across the agency. Leveraging NASA Technologies to Strengthen the U.S. Innovation Ecosystem. The Budget continues to make new investments in technology transfer, Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) commercialization, and regional economic development activities that support the commercialization of NASA funded research and development. In support of the Administration’s Lab-to-Market Cross Agency Priority goal, NASA is putting tools in the hands of every NASA Center to build partnerships with startups and regional innovation networks across the nation.。
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THE WCRP/GEWEX SURFACE RADIATION BUDGET PROJECT RELEASE 2: AN ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE FLUXES AT 1 DEGREE RESOLUTIONP. W. Stackhouse, Jr.NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, VA 23681S. K. Gupta, S. J. Cox, M. Chiacchio and J. C. MikovitzAnalytical Services and Materials, Inc.Hampton, VA 23666ABSTRACTThe U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) based Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) Project in association with the World Climate Research Programme Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (WCRP/GEWEX) is preparing a new 1o x 1o horizontal resolution product for distribution scheduled for release in early 2001. The new release contains several significant upgrades from the previous version. This paper summarizes the most significant upgrades and presents validation results as an assessment of the new data set.1. INTRODUCTIONThe energy exchange at the surface is key to climate and climate processes. The radiative part of this exchange provides for the net absorption/emission of energy (solar and thermal infrared wavelengths) at the land surface and in the oceans. The Surface Radiation Budget project at NASA was therefore initiated to better quantify the radiative exchange at the Earth’s surface over time. The project has been associated with the WCRP and now GEWEX to foster international collaboration in understanding these processes.Here, we present an overview of the GEWEX SRB Release 2 data set that is being processed and archived at the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Sciences Data Center (ASDC). Release 2 (R2) represents a significant upgrade from the v1.1 WCRP SRB Shortwave (SW) 4-year data set (Whitlock et al., 1995) and NASA Langley 8 year data sets (Gupta et al., 1999). Among many upgrades the most important are: the addition of longwave (LW) flux algorithms, the increase of resolution from the 280 km x 280 km equal area grid system (hereafter, 280 km) to 1o x1o and the use of reanalysis meteorology from a data assimilation project. This R2 data set will provide SW and LW surface and top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes for at least a 10-year period (1984-1993) for the globe. The fluxes will be produced at a variety of time resolutions including 3-hourly, daily, monthly and a monthly averaged 3-hourly.Section 2 gives an overview of the upgrades to the input data sets. Section 3 gives a brief summary of the SW and LW algorithms and section 4 gives the results from comparison of the new data sets with surface observations. Finally, section 5 presents a brief summary. With planned archival in early 2001, the NASA WCRP/GEWEX SRB R2 data set will be the first observational surface radiation data set to span over a decade.2. IMPROVEMENTS TO INPUT DATA SETS 2.1 ISCCP DX ProcessingTo achieve the higher resolution of 1o x1o, the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) DX pixel data set is used to build cloud statistics at each grid box. The ISCCP D series represents an upgrade over the C series used in the earlier SRB data sets (Rossow and Schiffer, 1999). Each pixel (4 km pixels, sampled to nom-inal 30 km spatial resolution) contains the cloud decision threshold and retrieval information as provided by ISCCP (Rossow et al., 1996). Pixels from either a geo-synchronous or polar orbiting satellite are selected for each grid box and the statistics from these pixels are computed analogously to the procedures of ISCCP at 280 km.Figure 1 gives two panels comparing the instantaneous cloud optical depth between the 280 km from ISCCP D1 and the higher 1o resolution clouds averaged from ISCCP DX for 11 October 1986 at 18UT. Figure 2 shows the D1 and DX 3-hourly optical depth histogram distributions for the entire month of October 1986. The higher resolution changes the statistical distribution of clouds. The peaks of each distribution are located at nearly the same optical depth, but the DX peak frequency is significantly less. The means are within 4%, but the wider distribution gives more thin and thick clouds at the higher resolution than at the coarser resolution. The ramifications of these changes are still being studied.2.2 Reanalysis MeteorologyUnlike 280 km ISCCP C1 and D1 data sets, the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) meteorology is not included in the ISCCP DX pixel data sets. To provide the necessary meteorological profile information including temperature and humidity, a global reanalysis is used. Acloud and aerosol optical properties. The model also treats non-black surfaces and will use as input surface emissivity maps (Wilber et al., 1999). Cloud bases are prescribed by using cloud top temperatures to infer cloud top level and a cloud thickness (in mb) depending on latitude and height. Random cloud overlap is assumed to better estimate the distribution of cloud base in a particular grid box. The algorithm is used to estimate both TOA and surface fluxes.The GEWEX LW QC algorithm is the same as described in Gupta et al. (1992). This algorithm uses broadband parameterizations of narrow band (10 cm-1) radiative transfer calculations as a function of water vapor and temperature to compute a clear-sky flux given the meteorological profile of the grid box. The model uses cloud fraction and the cloud top temperatures to prescribe the effects of clouds on the clear-sky flux using the same assumptions about cloud thickness mentioned above. TOA fluxes are currently not computed with this algorithm, but the model does allow for non-black surface emittances.4. VALIDATION AND ASSESSMENTTo upgrade the GEWEX SRB to 1o resolution, the input data sets and SRB algorithms had to be recoded and imple-mented into a new processing system. To test the algorithm upgrades and processing system, a set of 10 test months was processed including all the mid-seasonal months for 1986 and 1992. Here, we compare R2 flux estimates to measurements of surface SW and LW fluxes providing an assessment of data quality obtained in 1986 and 1992.Table 1 presents the monthly averaged differences between R2 SW surface flux estimates and measurements for all sites and sites grouped according to each major continent for January and July of 1986. These measurements are archived at the World Radiation Data Centre (WRDC) in St. Petersburg, Russia and are used in the Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA). Although the continent of Europe is best represented in the WRDC database, there are enough SW measurement sites available on each continent to study the differences based upon region. Since water vapor, cloudiness, aerosol distributions, and surface albedos change on a regional basis, this database will be useful for studying the dependence of errors as a function of many different variables. The R2 SW fluxes show a general decrease in the average difference (or bias) relative to the 280 km ISCCP C1 based data set. The RMS differences remain nearly the same. Subsequent analysis has shown that the general decrease in bias is due mostly to the differences between the ISCCP C and D series data sets. Region by region, bias differences in R2 show a systematic decrease and now are usually much less than 5% of the observed insolation. As the lone exception, the bias differences for the Central and South America sites are dramatically improved but are still about 8%. RMS differences are generally within a few W m-2 of the v1.1 data set. Table 1: Monthly average and RMS differences between the solar insolation estimates and measurements for v1.1 SRB (v1.1, 280 km) and R2 (R2, 1o) data sets in 1986.Figure 3 gives the SW and LW flux estimates versus Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) measurements for all available sites and 5 months (Jan, Apr., Jun., Jul., Oct.) in 1992. The top two panels present the comparison of the daily averaged estimated and measured fluxes and the bottom two panels present the monthly averages. The RMS differences (est. – obs.) between the daily and monthly averages decrease by a factor of 2 for the SW, but only about 33% for the LW. This is attributable to the higher degree of variability in the SW that is more difficult to replicate than in the LW. However, the RMS differences between SW and LW are comparable on the monthly averaged basis. The biases relative to both SW and LW are within +/- 4 W m-2. The BSRN measurements represent a significant upgrade in the quality of the surface radiation measurements including surface LW measurements which are rare before 1992. The agreement shown here between these SW measurements and R2 SW fluxes is comparable if not better than the historical measurements.Figure 4 gives the monthly averaged solar diurnal cycles for Bermuda in 1992. The integrated % difference is the difference between the integral of the surface measurements and the SRB flux measurements. Since BSRN measurements are hourly, these data are used to evaluate the ability of the 3-hourly flux data to estimate the diurnal cycle. The results indicate that the solar cycle is well estimated at this site, despite its island location. BSRN, SURFRad and ARM IOP networks will provide crucial surface validation points for flux estimates after 1992.AverageDifference(Est. – Obs.)R.M.S.Difference(Est. – Obs.) Contin-entalRegionMonthMeanObs.Fluxv1.1 R2 v1.1 R2Jan. 110.4 8.4 2.9 21.5 19.0 AllJul. 218.1 9.8 0.9 28.9 28.5Jan. 48.5 -1.4 -0.6 9.9 8.1 NorthAmerica Jul. 229.5 3.4 -10.0 16.1 19.5Jan. 51.4 4.5 3.0 10.6 11.7 EuropeJul. 237.5 3.0 -5.228.0 29.0Jan. 111.7 13.4 6.0 21.3 20.0 AsiaJul. 204.6 25.5 12.3 24.2 30.0Jan. 193.9 26.4 14.8 37.2 32.7 Cent./S.America Jul. 204.6 22.6 14.0 36.6 33.0Jan. 220.6 13.7 1.3 33.9 32.2 AfricaJul. 222.3 12.4 6.8 35.0 34.7Jan. 292.3 8.2 -8.2 20.2 28.1 Aus-tralia Jul. 116.6 9.4 5.0 12.8 13.6Figure 3: Comparisons between GEWEX SRB R2 fluxes and BSRN measurements for 5 months in 1992 for daily averaged LW (a) and SW (b) and monthly averaged LW (c) and SW (d) fluxes.5. SUMMARYA new version of the GEWEX SRB climatology is being prepared for archival. The new version has improved algorithms, 1o spatial and 3 hourly temporal input/output resolution using ISCCP and GEOS-1, and improved surface properties including spectral surface emissivity. Comparisons to WRDC measurements in 1986 give meandifferences that are systematically reduced relative to the previous SRB version. SW RMS differences remain about the same. Comparisons of R2 fluxes to all available BSRN sites in 1992 for daily, monthly, and monthly averaged diurnal cycle show very good agreement. Future work will focus upon validation, processing and archival. Processing information will be made available on the GEWEX SRB homepage:/Pilot_homepage.htmlACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work is being conducted with the support from the NASA EOS/IDS program (NRA-99-OES-04) and under the auspices of the GEWEX Radiation Panel.REFERENCESDarnell, W. L., W. F. Staylor, S. K. Gupta, N. A. Ritchey, and A. C. Wilber, 1992: Seasonal variation of surface radiation budget derived from ISCCP-C1 data. J. Geophy. Res., 97, 15741-15760.Fu, Q., K.-N. Liou, M.C. Cribb, T.P. Charlock and A. Grossman, 1997: Multiple Scattering Parameterization in Thermal Infrared Radiative Transfer. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2799-2812.Gupta, S. K., W. L. Darnell, and A. C. Wilber, 1992: A parameterization of longwave surface radiation from satellite data: Recent improvements. J. Appl. Meteor ., 31, 1361-1367.Gupta, S. K, N. A. Ritchey, A. C. Wilber, C. H. Whitlock, G. G. Gibson, and P. W. Stackhouse Jr.: 1999: A Climatology of Surface Radiation Budget Derived From Satellite Data. J. Climate ., 12, 2691-2710.Pinker, R. and I. Laszlo, 1992: Modeling of surface solar irradiance for satellite applications on a global scale. J. Appl. Meteor ., 31, 194-211.Rossow, W.B., L.C. Gardner, P.-J. Lu, and A. Walker, 1996: International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) documentation of new cloud data sets. WMO/ TD-No. 737, World Climate Research Programme (ICSU and WMO), Geneva, February 1996, 115pp. Rossow, W.B. and R. Schiffer, 1999: Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc ., 80, 2261-2287.Whitlock, C.H., T.P. Charlock, W.F. Staylor, R.T. Pinker, I. Laszlo, A. Ohmura, H. Gilgen, T. Konzelman, R.C. DiPasquale, C.D. Moats, S.R. LeCroy, and N.A. Ritchey, 1995: First Global WCRP Shortwave Surface Radiation Budget Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc ., 76, 905-922. Wilber, A. C., D. P. Kratz, S. K. Gupta, 1999: Surface emissivity maps for use in satellite retrievals of Longwave Radiation. NASA Technical Publication 1999-209362, 35 pp.Jan5101520hour0200400600800S o l a r I n s o l a t i o n (W m -2)Integrated % difference=-11%Jul5101520hour0200400600800S o l a r I n s o l a t i o n (W m -2)Integrated % diff =7.15Apr5101520hour0200400600800S o l a r I n s o l a t i o n (W m -2)Integrated % diff=-0.24%Oct5101520hour0200400600800S o l a r I n s o l a t i o n (W m -2)Integrated % diff=0.35%Figure 4: Monthly averaged solar insolation diurnal cycles for Bermuda in 1992 for SRB (3-hourly) and BSRN (hourly).。