液压系统外文资料翻译

外文资料译文

液压系统

绪论

液压站又称液压泵站，是独立的液压装置。

它按逐级要求供油。并控制液压油流的方向、压力和流量，适用于主机与液压装置可分离的各种液压机械上。

用户购后只要将液压站与主机上的执行机构（油缸或油马达）用油管相连，液压机械即可实现各种规定的动作和工作循环。

液压站是由泵装置、集成块或阀组合、油箱、电气盒组合而成。各部件功能为：

泵装置－－上装有电机和油泵，是液压站的动力源，将机械能转化为液压油的压力能。

集成块－－由液压阀及通道体组装而成。对液压油实行方向、压力和流量调节。

阀组合－－板式阀装在立板上，板后管连接，与集成块功能相同。

油箱－－板焊的半封闭容器，上还装有滤油网、空气滤清器等，用来储油、油的冷却及过滤。

电气盒－－分两种型式。一种设置外接引线的端子板；一种配置了全套控制电器。

液压站的工作原理：电机带动油泵转动，泵从油箱中吸油供油，将机械能转化为液压站的压力能，液压油通过集成块（或阀组合）实现了方向、压力、流量调节后经外接管路并至液压机械的油缸或油马达中，从而控制液动机方向的变换、力量的大小及速度的快慢，推动各种液压机械做功。

1.1发展历程

我国液压（含液力，下同）、气动和密封件工业发展历程，大致可分为三个阶

进入80年代，在国家改革开放的方针指引下，随着机械工业的发展，基础件滞后于主机的矛盾日益突出，并引起各有关部门的重视。为此，原一机部于1982年组建了通用基础件工业局，将原有分散在机床、农业机械、工程机械等行业归口的液压、气动和密封件专业厂，统一划归通用基础件局管理，从而使该行业在规划、投资、引进技术和科研开发等方面得到基础件局的指导和支持。从此进入了快速发展期，先后引进了60余项国外先进技术，其中液压40余项、气动7项，经消化吸收和技术改造，现均已批量生产，并成为行业的主导产品。近年来，行业加大了技术改造力度，1991~1998年国家、地方和企业自筹资金总投入共约20多亿元，其中液压16亿多元。经过技术改造和技术攻关，一批主要企业技术水平进一步提高，工艺装备得到很大改善，为形成高起点、专业化、批量生产打下了良好基础。近几年，在国家多种所有制共同发展的方针指引下，不同所有制的中小企业迅猛崛起，呈现出

勃勃生机。随着国家进一步开放，三资企业迅速发展，对提高行业水平和扩大出口起着重要作用。目前我国已和美国、日本、德国等国著名厂商合资或由外国厂商独资建立了柱塞泵/马达、行星减速机、转向器、液压控制阀、液压系统、静液压传动装置、液压件铸造、气动控制阀、气缸、气源处理三联件、机械密封、橡塑密封等类产品生产企业50多家，引进外资2亿多美元。

1.2目前状况

1.21基本概况

经过40多年的努力，我国液压、气动和密封件行业已形成了一个门类比较齐全，有一定生产能力和技术水平的工业体系。据1995年全国第三次工业普查统计，我国液压、气动和密封件工业乡及乡以上年销售收入在100万元以上的国营、村办、私营、合作经营、个体、“三资”等企业共有1300余家，其中液压约700家，气动和密封件各约300余家。按1996年国际同行业统计，我国液压行业总产值23.48亿元，占世界第6位；气动行业总产值4.19亿元，占世界第10位。在软件设计采用模块化设计，不同的液压保护装置用在不同的矿中，这使高性能控制器的软件存在很大的差异。

1.22当前供需状况

通过技术引进，自主开发和技术改造，高压柱塞泵、齿轮泵、叶片泵、通用液压阀门、油缸、无油润滑气动件和各类密封件第一大批产品的技术水平有了明显的提高，并可稳定的批量生产，为各类主机提高产品水平提供了保证。另外，在液压气动元件和系统的CAD、污染控制、比例伺服技术等方面也取得一定成果，并已用于生产。目前，液压、气动和密封件产品总计约有3000个品种、23000多个规格。其中，液压有1200个品种、10000多个规格（含液力产品60个品种、500个规格）；气动有1350个品种、8000多个规格；橡塑密封有350个品种、5000多个规格，已基本能适应各类主机产品的一般需要，为重大成套装备的品种配套率也可达60%以上，并开始有少量出口。

1998年国产液压件产量480万件，销售额约28亿元（其中机械系统约占70%）；气动件产量360万件，销售额约5.5亿元（其中机械系统约占60%）；

密封件产量约8亿件，销售额约10亿元（其中机械系统约占50%）。据中国液压气动密封件工业协会1998年年报统计，液压产品产销率为97 .5%（液力为101%），气动为95.9%，密封为98.7%。这充分反映了产销基本衔接。

我国液压、气动和密封工业虽取得了很大的进步，但与主机发展需求，以及和世界先进水平相比，还存在不少差距，主要反映在产品品种、性能和可靠性等方面。以液压产品为例，产品品种只有国外的1/3，寿命为国外的1/2。为了满足重点主机、进口主机以及重大技术装备的需要，每年都有大量的液压、气动和密封产品进口。据海关统计及有关资料分析，1998年液压、气动和密封件产品的进口额约2亿美元，其中液压约1.4亿美元，气动近0.3亿美元，密封约0.3亿美元，比1997年稍有下降。按金额计，目前进口产品的国内市场占有率约为30%。1998年国内市场液压件需求总量约600万件，销售总额近40亿元；气动件需求总量约500万件，销售总额7亿多元；密封件需求总量约11亿件，销售总额约13亿元。

现场总线的使用上，在德国的EEP公司采用现场总线技术实现信息的传递，而MARCO公司使用自定义格式收集器技术。开放集电极技术。目前，在国内运用成熟和广泛的的CAN总线技术是德国BOTCH公司提出的。在实际系统中控制器之间的通信是由双RS422传递大量数据实现的。现场总线地下工作时需要特殊处理。由于本质安全要求的考虑，电源的电量应受到严格控制。通常每个电源只能提供五或六个控制器，电磁先导阀的电量。因此，这个系统需要大量的独立电源。为了为了避免电流不平衡导致破坏原有的安全性，控制器之间的数据信号需通过信号隔离器，可以实现电气信息的通断连接。

1.3今后发展走势

1.31影响发展的主要因素

(1)企业产品开发能力不强，技术开发的水平和速度不能完全满足先进

主机产品、重大技术装备和进口设备的配套和维修需要；

(2)不少企业的制造工艺、装备水平和管理水平都较落后，加上质

量意识不强，导致产品性能水平低、质量不稳定、可靠性差，服务不及

时，缺乏使用户满意和信赖的名牌产品；

(3)行业内生产专业化程度低，力量分散，低水平重复严重，地区

和企业之间产品趋同，盲目竞争，相互压价，使企业效益下降，资金缺

乏、周转困难，产品开发和技术改造投入不足，严重地制约了行业整体

水平的提高以及竞争实力的增强；

(4)国内市场国际化程度日益提高，国外公司纷纷进入中国市场参

与竞争，加上国内私营、合作经营、个体、三资等企业的崛起，给国有

企业造成愈来愈大的冲击。

1.32发展走势

随着社会主义市场经济的不断深化，液压、气动和密封产品的市场供求关系发生较大变化，长期来以“短缺”为特征的卖方市场已基本成为以“结构性过剩”为特征的买方市场所取代。从总体能力看，已处于供大于求的态势，特别是一般低档次液压、气动和密封件，普遍供过于求；而主机急需的技术含量高的高参数、高附加值的高档产品，又不能满足市场需要，只能依赖于进口。在我国加入WTO后，其冲击有可能更大。因此，“十五”期间行业产值的增长，决不能依赖于量的增长，而应针对行业自身的结构性矛盾，加大力度，调整产业结构和产品结构，也就是应依靠质的提高，促进产品技术升级，以适应和拉动市场需求，求得更大的发展。

Hydraulic system

Introduction

Hydraulic Pump Statio n also known as the statio ns are independent hydraulic device.

It requested by the oil gradually. And contro lling the hydraulic oil flow direction, pressure and flow rate, applied to the mainframe and hydraulic devices separability of hydraulic machinery.

Users will be provided after the purchase hydraulic statio n and host of imp lementing agencies (motor oil or fuel tanks) connected with tubing, Hydraulic machinery can be realized from these movements and the work cycle.

Hydraulic pump station is installed, Manifo ld or valve combination, tanks, a comb inatio n of electrical boxes.

Functio nal components :

Pump device -- is equipped with motors and pumps, hydraulic statio n is the source of power. to mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure can be.

Manifo ld -- fro m hydraulic valve body and channel assemb led. Right direction for imp lementatio n of hydraulic oil, pressure and flow control.

Valve portfo lio -- plate valve is installed in up board after board connects with the same functional IC.

Tank -- plate welding semi-closed containers, also loaded with oil filtering network, air filters, used oil, oil filters and cooling.

Electrical boxes -- at the two patterns. A set of external fuse terminal plate; distrib ution of a full range of electrical control.

Hydraulic Station princip le : motor driven pump rotation, which pump oil absorption fro m the oil tank. to mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure to the station, hydraulic oil through Manifo ld (or valve comb inations) realized the direction, pressure, After adjusting flow pipe and external to the cylinder hydraulic machinery or motor oil, so as to control the direction of the motive

fluid transformatio n force the size and speed the pace of promoting the various acting hydraulic machinery.

1.1A development course

China Hydraulic (includ ing hydraulic, the same below), pneumatic and seals industrial development process can be broadly divided into three phases, namely : 20 early 1950s to the early 1960s, the initial stage; 60's and 70 for specialized production system ;80~90's growth stage for the rapid development stage. Which, hydraulic industry in the early 1950s from the machine tool industry production of fake Soviet Union grinder, broaching machine, copying lathe, and other hydraulic drive started, Hydraulic Components from the plant hydraulic machine shop, self-occupied. After entering the 1960s, the applicatio n of hydraulic technology from the machine gradually extended to the agricultural machinery and mechanical engineering fields, attached to the original velocity of hydraulic shop some stand out as pieces of hydraulic professional production. To the late 1960s, early 1970s, with the development of mechanized production, especially in the second automobile factory in providing efficient, auto mated equipment, along with the Hydraulic Components manufacturing has experienced rapid development o f the situation, a group of SME have become professional hydraulic parts factory. 1968 China's annual output of hydraulic components have nearly 200,000 in 1973, machine tools, agricultural machinery, mechanical engineering industries, the production of hydraulic parts factory has been the professio nal develop ment of more than 100 and an annual output more than one million. an independent hydraulic manufacturing ind ustry has begun to take shape. Then, hydraulic pieces of fake products fro m the Soviet Union for the introduction of the product develop ment and technical design comb ining the products to the pressure, Hypertension, and the development of the electro-hydraulic servo valves and systems, hydraulic application areas further expanded. Aerodynamic than the start of the ind ustrial hydraulic years later, in

1967 began to establish professional pneumatic components factory, Pneumatic Components only as commodity production and sales. Sealed with rubber and plastics, mechanical seals and sealing flexib le graphite sealing industry, the early 1950s from the production ordinary O-rings. rubber and plastics extrusion, such as oil seal sealing and seal asbestos products start to the early 1960s, begun production o f mechanical seals and flexible graphite sealing products. 1970s, the burning of the former Ministry, a Ministry, the Ministry of Agricultural Mechanization System, a group of professional production plants have been established, and the official establishment of industries to seal ind ustrial development has laid the foundatio n for growth.

Since the 1980s, in the country's reform and opening up policy guidelines, with the development of the machinery industry, based mainframe pieces behind the conflicts have become increasingly prominent and attracted the attentio n of the relevant departments. To this end, the Ministry o f the original one in 1982, formed the basis of common p ieces of Industry, will be scattered in the original machine tools, agricultural machinery, mechanical engineering industries centralized hydraulic, pneumatic and seals specialized factories, placing them under common management infrastructure pieces Bureau, so that the industry in the planning, investment, technolo gy and scientific research and development in areas such as infrastructure pieces Bureau of guidance and support. Since then entered a phase of rapid development, has introduced more than 60 items of advanced technology from abroad, includ ing more than 40 items of hydraulic, pneumatic 7. After digestion and absorptio n and transformation, now have mass production, and ind ustry-leading products. In recent years, the industry increased the techno logical transformatio n efforts, in 1991, Local enterprises and the self-financing total input o f about 20 b illion yuan, of which more than 1.6 billion yuan Hydraulic. Through techno logical transformatio n and techno logy research, and a number of major enterprises to further improve the level o f techno logy, technique and equip ment to be greatly improved. In order to form a higher starting point, specialization, and run production has laid a good foundation. In

recent years, many countries in the develop ment of common owners hip guidelines, under different ownership SME rapid rise showing great vitality. With the further opening up, three-funded enterprises rapid development of industry standards for improving and expanding exports play an important role. Today, China has and the United States, Japan, Germany and other countries famous manufacturers joint ventures or wholly-owned by foreign manufacturers to establish a piston pump / motor, planetary reductio n gears, steering gear, hydraulic control valve, hydraulic system, hydrostatic transmission, hydraulic Casting. pneumatic contro l valve, cylinder, gas processing trip le pieces, mechanical seals, rubber and seal products more than 50 production enterprises, attracting foreign investment over 200 millio n U.S. dollars.

1.2the current situation

1.2.1Basic Profiles

After 40 years of efforts, China hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing ind ustry has formed a relatively comp lete categories. a certain level of technical capacity and the industrial system. According to the 1995 Third Natio nal Industrial Census statistics, hydraulic, Pneumatic seals and industrial 370,000 annual sales income of 100 million yuan in state-owned, village-run, private and cooperative enterprises, individual, "three capital" enterprises with a total of more than 1,300, of which about 700 hydraulic, Pneumatic seals and the approximately 300 thousand. By 1996 with the international trade statistics, the total output value of China's industry hydraulic 2.348 billion yuan, accounting for the world's 6; Pneumatic industry output 419 million yuan, accounting for world No. 10.

1.22 the current supply and demand profiles

Through the introduction of technology, independent develop ment and technological innovation, and high-pressure piston pump, gear pumps, vane pump, General Motors hydraulic valves, tanks, Non-lubricated aerodynamic pieces and various seals of the first large techno logy products has increased

noticeably. stability of the mass production may, for various mainframe products provide a level of assurance. In addition, hydraulic and pneumatic components of the CAD system, pollution contro l, proportional servo techno logy has scored some achievements, and is already in production. Currently, hydraulic, pneumatic and seals products total about 3,000 species, more than 23,000 specifications. Among them, there are 1,200 hydraulic varieties, more than 10,000 specificatio ns (includ ing hydraulic products 60 varieties 500 specifications); Pneumatic are 1,350 varieties, more than 8,000 specifications; Rubber seal 350 species more than 5,000 specifications have been basically cater to the different types of mainframe products to the general needs, comp lete sets of equipment for major varieties of matching rate was over 60%, and started a small amount of exports.

1998 p ieces of homemade hydraulic output 4.8 million. sales of about 28 billion (of which about 70% mechanical systems); aerodynamic pieces yield 3.6 million. sales of about 5.5 billion (of which about 60% of mechanical systems); Seals output o f about 800 million. sales of about 10 billion (of which about 50% mechanical systems). According to the China Hydraulic Pneumatic Seals Industry Association 1998 annual report, hydraulic product sales rate of 97. 5% (101% for hydraulic), pneumatic 95.9%, 98.7% sealed. This fully reflects the basic marketing convergence.

My hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industry has attained a great deal of progress, but with mainframe development needs, and the world's advanced level, there are still many gaps, mainly reflected in the product variety, performance and reliability, and so on. Hydraulic products as an examp le, products abroad only one-third, life for half abroad. In order to meet key mainframe, and mainframe imports of major techno logy and equip ment needs, every year a large number of hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing products imports. According to customs statistics and the analysis of data, in 1998 hydraulic, pneumatic and seals in the import about 200 million U.S. dollars, Hydraulic which about 1.4 billion dollars, aerodynamic nearly 030 millio n U.S. do llars, sealed about 030

million U.S. dollars. compared with a slight decline in 1997. By sums, currently imported products on the do mestic market share of about 30%. 1998 pieces of the domestic market demand for hydraulic total o f about six million, the total sales of nearly 40 billion; aerodynamic pieces of the total demand of about 5 millio n, with sales more than 700 million yuan; Seals total demand of about 1.1 billio n. total sales of about 1.3 billion.

1.3the development trend of the future

1.31 affect the development of the main factors

(1) product development ability, and the level o f techno logical development and speed can not comp letely meet the advanced mainframe products, major equip ment and technology imported equipment and maintenance support;

(2) the number of enterprises manufacturing techno logy, the level of equip ment and management standards are comparatively backward, coupled with a strong sense of quality, resulting in low levels of product performance, quality, Reliability poor services in a timely manner, lack of user satisfaction and trust of the brand-name products;

(3) ind ustry specializatio n of production low, scattered strength, low repeat serio us, between regions and enterprises of convergence products, blind ly compete with each other, driving down prices, the decline of enterprise returns, lack of funds, liq uidity difficulties, product development and technolo gical transformation is inadequate and seriously restricted the industry to improve the overall level of competition and the increase of strength;

(4) The internationalization of the domestic market and the increasing degree of foreign companies have entered the Chinese market and participate in competition with the domestic private and cooperative enterprises, individuals, foreign-funded enterprises, such as the rise of state-owned enterprises due to the growing impact.

1.32 the development trend

As the socialist market economy continues to deepen, hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing products in the market supply and demand and there is a greater change, long ago to a "shortage" of the seller's market has basically become a "structural surplus" of the characteristics of the buyer's market place . Overall capacity, is already in oversupply situation, in particular the general low level of hydraulic, pneumatic and seals, the general oversupp ly; and the host of urgent high-tech high-parameter, high value-added high-end products, and they do not satisfy the market needs, only dependent on imports. China joins the WTO, its impact may be even greater. Therefore, the "15" during the growth of the output value of ind ustry, must not depend on volume growth and the industry sho uld address the structural problems of their own, increase the intensity of the adjustment of the industrial structure and product mix, is, we should rely on the improvement of quality, and promote technical upgrading of products to meet market demand and stimulating, seek greater development.

英文论文及中文翻译

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.360docs.net/doc/0f16238763.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能李专，肖鹏，熊翔粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日）摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材

液压系统及液压缸-外文翻译

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液压传动系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别工程技术系专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名彭江鹤学号 05211534 指导教师王泽河职称教授 2015 年 5 月 4 日

液压传动系统作者：Hopmans, ArthurH. 摘要液压传动是由液压泵、液压控制阀、液压执行元件和液压辅件组成的液压系统。液压泵把机械能转换成液体的压力能，液压控制阀和液压辅件控制液压介质的压力、流量和流动方向，将液压泵输出的压力能传给执行元件，执行元件将液体压力能转换为机械能，以完成要求的动作。关键词：液压传动；气压传动；传动系统；许多液压传动先前已经设计出允许操作者无限变化输出的变速器，或甚至逆转的传动装置的输出作为相对于输入。通常情况下，这已经通过使用一个旋转斜盘是要么由操作者手动或操作液压动机来改变通过旋转泵头部具有轴向移动的活塞流动的液压流体的。液压流体从泵头活塞的流动，依次转动的马达头通过激励相应的一组活塞在其中违背一固定凸轮的，因此，旋转安装在电动机头的输出轴。通常情况下，在现有技术的变速器已被被设置有各种功能，例如齿轮减速，刹车设定装置等。不幸的是，这些功能通常是提供外部发送的和显著增加整个装置的体积和质量。申请人确定，这是很期望具有其中基本上所有的这些需要或希望的功能，可以在内部提供的发送，同时还产生一个非常有效的和非常有效的传输的综合传输。特别是，这种类型的变速器上经常使用的设备，如“零转动半径”剪草机之类的其中一个潜在的危险情况面对操作者，旁观者和设备本身，如果设备我们允许继续被推进应的操作者释放控制，由于当操作者无意中从装置抛出或变得受伤。因此，“故障自动刹车”机制经常被设置为传输自动地返回到中立配置在这种情况下，使得该装置不会继续供电，如果控制被释放。先前传输这种类型的一般依靠某种外部设备，比如其目的是为了在操作者控制轴返回到中立位置应操作者释放所述轴的反操作偏压弹簧。这种类型的外部设备，可以容易地由用户或篡改损坏。这种回归函数中性到传输本身的整合允许在外部零件的减少可被损坏或不适当取出并大大降低，以支持传输的各种功能所需的外部结构。在这种类型的用于割草机的使用和类似的传输经常遇到的另一个问题是，操作时会略生涩或有弹性，因为操作者通常无法顺利地控制从一个速度到另一个的过渡，往往试图使突然变化。从这些生涩的操作震动有一种倾向，穿更重的机器和操作上也是如此。因此，理想的是抑制这种传输的输出，以防止这种不平稳的运动。不仅是它是期望能够有一个返回到中立的功能，如desribed以上，但还希望为操作者有积极的感觉为中立位置时，不论操作者从空档移动到前进或从中立扭转。此功能在本文中称为积极中性功能，并且在一般情况下，该功能需要操作者在从发送到任何一个正向或反向方向的中立姿势变换扩展更多的能量或运动相比，量能量消耗或运动需从一个速度转移到另一个在一个特定的方向。与上面提到的其它特征，最好是需要提供此功能的结构的发送本身内掺入。