外文翻译- 液压系统概述
液压动力系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：FEATURE-BASED COMPONENT MODELS FOR VIRTUALPROTOTYPING OF HYDRAULIC SYSTERMAbstract:This paper proposes a feature-based approach for the virtual prototyping of hydraulic systems. It presents a framework which allows the designer to develop a virtual hydraulic system prototype in a more intuitive manner, i.e. through assembly of virtual components with engineering data. The approach is based on identifying the data required for the development of the virtual prototypes, and separating the information into behaviour, structural, and product attributes. Suitable representations of these attributes are presented, and the framework for the feature-based virtual prototyping approach is established,based on the hierarchical structure of components in a hydraulic system. The proposed framework not only provides a precise model of the hydraulic prototype but also offers the possibility of designing variation classes of prototypes whose members are derived by changing certain virtual components with different features.Key words: Computer-aided engineering; Fluid power systems;Virtualprototyping1.IntroductionHydraulic system design can be viewed as a function-to-form transformation process that maps an explicit set of requirements into a physical realisable fluid power system. The process involves three main stages: the functional specification stage,the configuration design stage, and the prototyping stage.The format for the description of the design in each stage is different.The functional specification stage constitutes the initial design work. The objective is to map the design requirements. To achieve this, the design problems are specified Correspondence and offprint requests to: Dr S. C. Fok, Schoool of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798. The designer must identify the performance attributes, which can include pressure, force, speed, and flowrate, with the required properties such as size, cost, safety and operating sequence. performance requirements for each attribute. In this stage, the design is abstracted in terms of the performance attributes with associated values.The objective of the configuration design stage is to synthesise a hydraulic circuit that performs the required functions conforming to the performance standards within defined constraints. A typical hydraulic system is made up of many subsystems. The smallest building block in a subsystem is the standard hydraulic component (such as valves, cylinders,pumps, etc.). Each type of standard component serves a specific elemental function. The design effort in the configuration design stage is fundamentally a search for a set of optimal arrangements of standard components (i.e. hydraulic circuit) to fulfil the functional requirements of the system. Based on this framework, the designers would normally decompose the overall system functions in terms of subfunctions. This will partition the search space and confine the search for smaller hydraulic subcircuits to perform the subfunctions.Computers are often used to support the configuration design process. For example, Kota and Lee devised a graph-based strategy to automate the configuration of hydraulic circuits. After the development of the hydraulic circuits, digital simulation tools are often used to study and evaluate these configurations. With these tools, designers can compare the behaviour of different circuits and also analyse the effects when subcircuits are combined. In the configuration design stage, the design is traditionally represented as a circuit drawing using standard icons to symbolise the type of standard component. This is a form of directed graph S(C,E) where the circuit S contains components C in the form of nodes with relations between components denoted by edges E.The prototyping stage is the verification phase of the system design process where the proposed hydraulic circuit from the configuration design stage isdeveloped and evaluated. Physical prototyping aims to build a physical prototype of the hydraulic system 666 S. C. Fok et al. using industrial available components. The process of physical prototyping involves the following: Search for appropriate standard components from different manufacturers. Pre-evaluation and selection of components based on individual component cost, size, and specification, and compatibility factors between components. Procurement and assembly of the selected components.Test and evaluate the physical prototype based on the overall system requirements. Use other components or redesign the circuit (or subcircuits)if necessary.Besides dynamics, the development of the physical prototype must take into consideration other factors including structure,cost, and weight. The dynamics data are used to confirm the fluid power system behaviour whereas the geometric information is used to examine the assembly properties. The development of the physical prototype will provide the actual performance,structure, and cost of the design.The main disadvantage of physical prototyping is that it is very tedious and time consuming to look for a set of suitable combinations of standard components from among so many manufacturers. Although the basic functions of the same types of standard component from different manufacturers do not differ, their dynamics, structural and cost characteristics may not be similar, because of design variation. Hence, for a given hydraulic circuit, different combinations of parts from differentmanufacturers can have implications on the resulting system,in terms of dynamics, structure, and cost. Value engineering can be used at this stage to improve the system design by improving the attributes at the component level. This includes maximizing the performance-to-cost ratio and minimising the size-to-performance ratio. Virtual prototyping can be viewed as a computer-aided design process, which employs modelling and simulating tools to address the broad issues of physical layout, operationalconcept, functional specifications, and dynamics analysis under various operating environments. The main advantage of virtual prototyping is that a hydraulic system prototype can be assembled, analysed, and modified using digital computers without the need for physical components, thus saving lead time and cost.The main requirement of a virtual hydraulic system prototype is to provide the same information as a physical prototype for the designer to make decisions.To achieve this, the virtual prototype must provide suitable and comprehensive representations of different data. Furthermore, transformation from one representation to another should proceed formally. Xiang et al. have reviewed the past and current computer-aided design and prototyping tools for fluid power systems. The work revealed that the current tools could not provide a completerepresentation of the design abstractions at the prototyping stage for design judgement. Most of the tools concentrate on the dynamics behaviour. Vital geometrical and product information that relates to the system prototype consideration and evaluation is frequently missing.To advance the development of computer-aided virtual prototyping tools for fluid power systems, there is a need to address the formal representations of different abstractions of behaviour,structural, and product data along with their integration. This paper focuses on these issues and proposes the formalism of a unified component model and the taxonomy based on the feature-based approach. In Section 2, we discuss the feature- based approach focusing on the key information and their representations required for hydraulic system prototyping. Section 3 presents a formalism of the feature-based model and structure for the development of virtual hydraulic system prototypes.The structure is illustrated with an example. Future work and conclusions are given in Section 4.2. Feature-Based ApproachFeatures can be defined as information sets that refer to aspects of attributes that can be used in reasoning about the design, engineering or manufacturing processes. The concept of using features to integrate CAD/CAPP/CAM is not new and there are many papers on the application of this approach in CIM. In all these applications, the feature model is regarded as the basis whereas design by features is the key for the integration. To develop a feature model, the relevant information concerning the design must be identified and grouped into sets based on the nature of the information. The relevant information should contain sufficient knowledge for activities such as design, analysis, test, documentation, inspection, and assembly, as well as support various administrative and logistic functions. Design by features is the process of building a model of the design using features as primitive entities. The feature model provides the standardisation of relevant data. Through the design by features approach, vital knowledge of the design will be generated and stored. Together, the feature model and the design by features approach will provide the essential information, which can be used, not only for the simultaneous consideration of many different concerns with the design, but also to interface the many activities in the design realisation process, including the life cycle support operations. The main drawback of the feature-based design approach is that the feature model should be properly defined . This can be difficult, as features are sets of knowledge that are application dependent. The organisation of the features can also be application specific. Non-trivial data-management problems could arise if the feature model is not properly defined. To avoid these problems, the type,representation and structure of the features should be resolved prior to using the feature-based design methodology. The main concern when developing afeature model is that it is application-specific. In the domain of virtual prototyping of hydraulic systems, the details of the constituent standard components must be able to be used to describe the overall system. The component features are bearers of knowledge about that part. To create a suitable feature model for hydraulic system design based on the assembly of standard components, the relevant information associated with various standard components must be identified and classified. This definition Feature-Based Component Models 667 of the component feature set can then be extended to encompass the subsystem feature set based on the hierarchical structure between the components in the subsystem. In the same manner, a hierarchical structure for the hydraulic system feature representation would evolve by considering the system as a hierarchy of subsystems.The necessary information required for a proper description of the virtual prototype must be no less than that derived by the designer from a physical prototype for decision making. These data should generally include the shape, weight, performance properties, cost, dimensions, functionality data, etc. Comparison with the physical prototyping process, the information required for each standard component could be separated into three distinct groups: behaviour attributes, structural attributes, and product attributes.2.1 Behaviour AttributesThe behaviour of a hydraulic component can be defined in terms of the dynamics characteristics used to satisfy the functional requirements. Consider a hydraulic cylinder connected to a load. Its function is to transmit a force from the stroke of the piston to the load. The maximum force it can transmit can be used to define the functionality and the behaviour requirements can be specified in terms of the desired load acceleration characteristics. Hence for a hydraulic component, behaviour attributes express functionality and can be reflected in the dynamics characteristics. The designer is responsible for the proper definition of the overall system behaviour characteristics in terms of the desired dynamics. A standard component will have its own behaviour and provide a specific plex functions that cannot be achieved by a single standard component are derived using a combination of components. Hence, the behaviour of the standard component will play an important role as the individual behaviours of components together with their arrangement can alter the overall system function .The behaviour of a standard component can be nonlinear and can be dependent on the operating conditions. When two components are combined, it is possible that their behaviours can interact and produce undesired or unintended characteristics. These unwanted behaviours are assumed to have been resolved during the configuration design stage. The hydraulic circuit used in theprototyping stage is assumed to be realisable and without any undesirable interacting behaviours. This means that the output behaviour of a component will provide the input to the subsequent component.The representation of behaviours for hydraulic systems has been widely investigated. These representations include transfer functions, state-space and bond graphs. Transfer functions (for single-input–single-output systems) and state-space equations (for multiple-input–multiple-output systems) are based on the approximation of the dynamics about a nominal operating condition. The power bond graph model is based on the causal effects that describe the energy transformations in the hydraulic system. This approach is appealing for hydraulic system analysis. The main disadvantage is that the derivation of the dynamics equation in a bond graph of a complicated fluid power system can become very tedious. As a result, recent work has concentrated on the used of artificial intelligence to represent the nonlinear mapping between the input and output data, which can be obtained via experimental work. These nonlinear mappings can be accomplished using artificial neural networks .It is quite natural for a hydraulic system designer to use input–output data to describe the behaviour of a hydraulic component. The configuration design of a hydraulic system is often achieved through steps of function decomposition. To design a hydraulic system, the designer often tries to decompose the functions and their requirements down to the component level.译文：基于原型液压系统特征的机构模型摘要：本文为原型液压系统的设计提出了一种基于特征的方法。
航空词汇知多少——液压系统
航空词汇知多少——液压系统
hydraulics
[英][haɪˈdrɒlɪks][美][haɪˈdrɔːlɪks]
[名]1.水力学
2.液压装置，液压系统
词汇解读
“hydraulics”的词根hydr来源于希腊神话中的九头蛇怪物海德拉（hydra），表示水。
所以hydraulics指与水有关系的知识集合，水力学。
到了现代，hydraulics变成了液压系统的专有名词。
液压系统可通过改变压强来增大作用力。
因为功率密度大、快速性好、刚度大，所以液压系统广泛应用于航空领域，被称为“飞行器的血管和肌肉”。
液压系统可分为两类：液压传动系统和液压控制系统。
机载液压
系统多为传递动力和运动之用，如操控舵机驱动、起落架收放等。
为保证飞行安全，飞机液压系统往往由几套相互独立的液压源系统组成。
作动力来自液压作动筒。
A380则将液压能与电能有效结合，采用了“2套液压系统和2套电系统”的配置。
电力作动技术的最大优势是取消了复杂的液压管路，减轻了系统重量。
但是需要增加的电缆和作动器，可能抵消这一优势。
未来很长一段时间内，传统机载液压系统和新型多电系统将并行发展。
DOC-机械专业毕业设计外文翻译--什么是液压-液压系统
DOC-机械专业毕业设计外文翻译--什么是液压-液压系统What is Hydraulic?A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, no parts and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydraulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic valves can be divided into the village of force control valve, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be dividedinto the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set thevalue of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oildollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories.Hydraulic principleIt consists of two cylinders of different sizes and composition of fluid in the fluid full of water or oil. Water is called "hydraulic press"; the said oil-filled "hydraulic machine." Each of the two liquida sliding piston, if the increase in the small piston on the pressure of a certain value, according to Pascal's law, small piston to the pressure of the pressure through the liquid passed to the large piston, pistontop will go a long way to go. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. Thus, a small piston on the liquid pressure to P = F1/SI, Can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. "By the large piston is also equivalent to the inevitable pressure P. If the large piston is the cross-sectional area S2, the pressure P on the piston in the upward pressure generated F2 = PxS2Cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known to add in a small piston of asmaller force, the piston will be in great force, for which thehydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil, extract heavy objects, such as forging steel.History of the development of hydraulicAnd air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascal's principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of theworld's first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced byoil-water and further improved.World War I (1914-1918) after the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century Constantine (G • Constantimsco) fluctuations of the ener gy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic transmission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of development.The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan thanEurope and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in1955, the rapid development of Japan's hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, "Hydraulic Industry." Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japan's fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader.Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general workers. Plastic processing industry, machinery, pressure machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel industry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil waterprojects with flood control the dam gates and devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship deck crane (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valves, such as the sternthruster ; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measurement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti-rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devices.什么是液压,一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成，即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、无件和液压油。
液压系统的应用
武器装备中的液压系统液压系统,英文名称：hydraulic system 。
液压系统是以油液作为工作介质，利用油液的压力能并通过控制阀门等附件操纵液压执行机构工作的整套装置。
一个完整的液压系统由四个部分组成，即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元件。
液压技术的发展与武器装备的发展和进步几乎是不可分割的。
19世纪90年代法国在其野炮上首先使用了液压助腿机，有效解决了火炮发射中的能量耗散、储存与再利用的问题，使火炮技术产生了突破性进展。
1906年，美国战舰在战舰炮塔抚养装置的液压系统中首次使用油代替水做工作介质以及密封问题的逐步解决对于液压系统的发展意义深远。
第二次世界大战期间，由于军事上的需要，出现了以高射炮自动瞄准电液伺服系统为代表的响应迅速、精确度高的液压元件和控制系统，在航空器中也开始使用液压技术。
20世纪50年代以来，这些在战争中使用和发展的先进技术很快转入民用工业，并在世界各国国民经济各行业的装备中获得了应用并推动了世界各国经济的快速发展。
一、地空导弹发射装置液压控制系统（1）主机功能结构该地对空导弹发射装置为四联装置，左右配置在双联弹载发射梁上。
发射梁的俯仰运动由液压控制系统驱动。
其功能为：根据火控计算机的指令，使发射梁在俯仰方向精确自动跟踪瞄准飞行目标；根据载弾情况的不同，自动平衡负载的不平衡力矩；在俯仰方向的手动操作。
发射装置的液压控制系统，由左右双联载弹发射梁的俯仰电液伺服系统、变载液压自动平衡系统积极首要泵操作系统等组成。
变载液压平衡系统，有效解决了不同载弹情况下不平衡力矩的平衡问题，改善了伺服系统的负载条件，同时也为系统提供了外液压阻尼作用。
如图所示为双联弹载发射梁的结构和受力关系示意图。
由于发射梁的耳轴O远离梁和导弹中心O1，从而带来很大的负载和不平衡力矩，最大可达4.4kN.m。
另外，单发导弹重达1.2kN，这样随载弹情况的不同，其不能横力矩的差别也很大故采用弹簧平衡机3和液压平衡缸1共同作用，用于平衡负载的不平衡力矩。
液压系统外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Hydraulic systemW Arnold1 IntroductionThe hydraulic station is called a hydraulic pump station and is an independent hydraulic device. It is step by step to supply oil. And control the direction of hydraulic oil flow, pressure and flow, suitable for the host and hydraulic equipment can be separated on the various hydraulic machinery.After the purchase, the user only needs to connect the hydraulic station and the actuator (hydraulic or oil motor) on the mainframe with different tubings. The hydraulic machine can realize various specified actions and working cycles.The hydraulic station is a combination of manifolds, pump units or valve assemblies, electrical boxes, and tank electrical boxes. Each part function is:The pump unit is equipped with a motor and an oil pump, which is the power source of the hydraulic station and can convert mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure energy.V alve combination - its plate valve is mounted on the vertical plate, and the rear plate is connected with the same function as the manifold.Oil manifolds - assembled from hydraulic valves and channel bodies. It regulates hydraulic oil pressure, direction and flow.Box--a semi-closed container for plate welding. It is also equipped with an oil screen, an air filter, etc., which is used for cooling and filtering of oil and oil.Electrical box - divided into two types: one is to set the external lead terminal board; one is equipped with a full set of control appliances.The working principle of the hydraulic station: The motor drives the oil pump to rotate, then the pump sucks oil from the oil tank and supplies oil, converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure energy, and the hydraulic oil passes through the manifold (or valve assembly) to adjust the direction, pressure and flow and then passes through the external tube. The way to the hydraulic cylinder or oil motor in the hydraulic machinery, so as to control the direction of the hydraulic motor, the strength of the speed and speed, to promote all kinds of hydraulic machinery to do work.(1) Development history of hydraulic pressureThe development history of hydraulics (including hydraulic power, the same below), pneumatics, and seals industry in China can be roughly divided into three stages, namely: the starting stage in the early 1950s to the early 60s; and the professional in the 60s and 70s. The growth stage of the production system; the 80-90's is a stage of rapid development. Among them, the hydraulic industry began in the early 1950s with thedevelopment of hydraulic machines such as Grinding Machines, broaching machines, and profiling lathes, which were produced by the machine tool industry. The hydraulic components were produced by the hydraulic workshop in the machine tool factory, and were produced for self use. After entering the 1960s, the application of hydraulic technology was gradually promoted from the machine tool to the agricultural machinery and engineering machinery. The original hydraulic workshop attached to the main engine plant was independent and became a professional manufacturer of hydraulic components. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the continuous development of mechanization of production, particularly in the provision of highly efficient and automated equipment for the second automobile manufacturing plant, the hydraulic component manufacturing industry witnessed rapid development. The batch of small and medium-sized enterprises also began to become specialized manufacturers of hydraulic parts. In 1968, the annual output of hydraulic components in China was close to 200,000 pieces. In 1973, in the fields of machine tools, agricultural machinery, construction machinery and other industries, the professional factory for the production of hydraulic parts has grown to over 100, and its annual output exceeds 1 million pieces. Such an independent hydraulic component manufacturing industry has taken shape. At this time, the hydraulic product has evolved from the original imitation Su product intoa combination of imported technology and self-designed products. The pressure has been developed towards medium and high pressures, and electro-hydraulic servo valves and systems have been developed. The application of hydraulics has been further expanded. The pneumatic industry started a few years later than hydraulics, and it was only in 1967 that it began to establish a professional pneumatic components factory. Pneumatic components began to be manufactured and sold as commodities. Its sealing industry including rubber seals, flexible graphite seals, and mechanical seals started from the production of common O-rings, oil seals, and other extruded rubber seals and asbestos seal products in the early 1950s. In the early 1960s, it began to develop and produce flexible products. Graphite seals and mechanical seals and other products. In the 1970s, a batch of batches of professional production plants began to be established one after another in the systems of the former Ministry of Combustion, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Agricultural Machinery, formally forming the industry, which laid the foundation for the development of the seal industry.In the 1980s, under the guidance of the national policy of reform and opening up, with the continuous development of the machinery industry, the contradiction between the basic components lags behind the host computer has become increasingly prominent and caused the attention of all relevant departments. To this end, the former Ministry of Machinesestablished the General Infrastructure Industry Bureau in 1982, and unified the original pneumatic, hydraulic, and seal specialties that were scattered in the industries of machine tools, agricultural machinery, and construction machinery, etc. The management of a piece of office, so that the industry in the planning, investment, the introduction of technology and scientific research and development and other aspects of the basic parts of the bureau's guidance and support. This has entered a period of rapid development, it has introduced more than 60 foreign advanced technology, of which more than 40 hydraulic, pneumatic 7, after digestion and absorption and technological transformation, are now mass production, and has become the industry's leading products . In recent years, the industry has intensified its technological transformation. From 1991 to 1998, the total investment of national, local, and corporate self-raised funds totaled about 2 billion yuan, of which more than 1.6 billion were hydraulic. After continuous technological transformation and technological breakthroughs, the technical level of a group of major enterprises has been further improved, and technological equipment has also been greatly improved, laying a good foundation for forming a high starting point, specialization, and mass production. In recent years, under the guidance of the principle of common development of multiple ownership systems in the country, various small and medium-sized enterprises with different ownership have rapidly emerged and haveshown great vitality. With the further opening up of the country, foreign-funded enterprises have developed rapidly, which plays an important role in raising industry standards and expanding exports. So far China has established joint ventures with famous manufacturers in the United States, Germany, Japan and other countries or directly established piston pumps/motors, planetary speed reducers, hydraulic control valves, steering gears, hydraulic systems, hydrostatic transmissions, and hydraulic components. The company has more than 50 manufacturing enterprises such as castings, pneumatic control valves, cylinders, gas processing triplets, rubber seals, and mechanical seals, and has attracted more than 200 million U.S. dollars in foreign capital.(2) Current statusBasic profileAfter more than 40 years of hard work, China's hydraulics, pneumatics and seals industry has formed a complete industrial system with a certain level of production capacity and technical level. According to the statistics of the third n ational industrial census in 1995, China’s state-owned, privately-owned, cooperative, village-run, individual, and “funded enterprises” have annual sales income of more than 1 million yuan in hydraulic, pneumatic, and seal industrial townships and above. There are a total of more than 1,300 companies, including about 700 hydraulics, and about 300 pneumatic and sealing parts. According to thestatistics of the international industry in 1996, the total output value of the hydraulic industry in China was about 2.448 billion yuan, accounting for the 6th in the world; the total output value of the pneumatic industry was about 419 million yuan, accounting for the world’s10 people.2. Current supply and demand profileWith the introduction of technology, independent development and technological transformation, the technical level of the first batch of high-pressure plunger pumps, vane pumps, gear pumps, general hydraulic valves, oil cylinders, oil-free pneumatic components and various types of seals has become remarkable. Improve, and can be stable mass production, provide guarantees for all types of host to improve product quality. In addition, certain achievements have also been made in the aspects of CAD, pollution control, and proportional servo technology for hydraulic pneumatic components and systems, and have been used for production. So far, the hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products have a total of about 3,000 varieties and more than 23,000 specifications. Among them, there are about 1,200 types of hydraulic pressure, more than 10,000 specifications (including 60 types of hydrodynamic products, 500 specifications); about 1350 types of pneumatic, more than 8,000 specifications; there are also 350 types of rubber seals, more than 5000 The specifications are now basically able to adapt to the general needs ofvarious types of mainframe products. The matching rate for major equipment sets can reach more than 60%, and a small amount of exports has started.In 1998, the domestic production of hydraulic components was 4.8 million pieces, with sales of about 2.8 billion yuan (of which mechanical systems accounted for 70%); output of pneumatic components was 3.6 million pieces, and sales were about 550 million yuan (including mechanical systems accounting for about 60%) The production of seals is about 800 million pieces, and the sales volume is about 1 billion yuan (including about 50% of mechanical systems). According to the statistics of the annual report of the China Hydraulic and Pneumatic Sealing Industry Association in 1998, the production and sales rate of hydraulic products was 97.5% (101% of hydraulic power), 95.9% of air pressure, and 98.7% of seal. This fully reflects the basic convergence of production and sales.Although China's hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industries have made great progress, there are still many gaps compared with the development needs of the mainframe and the world's advanced level, which are mainly reflected in the variety, performance and reliability of products. . Take hydraulic products as an example, the product varieties are only 1/3 of the foreign country, and the life expectancy is 1/2 of that of foreign countries. In order to meet the needs of key hosts, imported hosts, and majortechnical equipment, China has a large number of imported hydraulic, pneumatic, and sealing products every year. According to customs statistics and relevant data analysis, in 1998, the import volume of hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products was about 200 million U.S. dollars, of which the hydraulic pressure was about 140 million U.S. dollars, the pneumatics were 30 million U.S. dollars, and the seal was about 0.3 billion U.S. dollars. The year is slightly lower. In terms of amount, the current domestic market share of imported products is about 30%. In 1998, the total demand for hydraulic parts in the domestic market was about 6 million pieces, and the total sales volume was 4 billion yuan; the total demand for pneumatic parts was about 5 million pieces, and the total sales volume was over 700 million yuan; the total demand for seals was about 1.1 billion yuan. Pieces, total sales of about 1.3 billion yuan. (3) Future developments1. The main factors affecting development(1) The company's product development capability is not strong, and the level and speed of technology development can not fully meet the current needs for advanced mainframe products, major technical equipment and imported equipment and maintenance;(2) Many companies have lagged behind in manufacturing process, equipment level and management level, and their sense of quality is not strong, resulting in low level of product performance, unstable quality,poor reliability, and insufficiency of service, and lack of user satisfaction. And trusted branded products;(3) The degree of professional specialization in the industry is low, the power is scattered, the duplication of the low level is serious, the product convergence between the region and the enterprise leads to blind competition, and the prices are reduced each other, thus the efficiency of the enterprise is reduced, the funds are lacking, and the turnover is difficult. Insufficient investment in development and technological transformation has severely restricted the overall level of the industry and its competitive strength.(4) When the degree of internationalization of the domestic market is increasing, foreign companies have gradually entered the Chinese market to participate in competition, coupled with the rise of domestic private, cooperative, foreign-funded, and individual enterprises, resulting in increasing impact on state-owned enterprises. .2. Development trendWith the continuous deepening of the socialist market economy, the relationship between supply and demand in the hydraulic, pneumatic and sealed products has undergone major changes. The seller market characterized by “shortage” has basically become a buyer’s market characterized by “structured surplus”. Replaced by. From the perspective of overall capacity, it is already in a trend of oversupply, and in particular,general low-grade hydraulic, pneumatic and seals are generally oversupply; and like high-tech products with high technological content and high value and high value-added products that are urgently needed by the host, Can not meet the needs of the market, can only rely on imports. After China's entry into the WTO, its impact may be greater. Therefore, during the “10th Five-Y ear Plan” period, the growth of the industry’s output value must not only rely on the growth of quantity. Instead, it should focus on the structural contradiction of the industry and intensify efforts to adjust the industrial structure and product structure. It should be based on the improvement of quality. Product technology upgrades in order to adapt to and stimulate market demand, and seek greater development.2. Hydraulic application on power slide(1) Introduction of Power Sliding TableUsing the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to analyze and study the sliding effect and the smoothness of the sliding table of the combined machine tool, the dynamics of the hydraulic drive system of the sliding table—the self-regulating back pressure regulating system are established. mathematical model. Through the digital simulation system of the computer, the causes and main influencing factors of the slide impact and the motion instability are analyzed. What kind of conclusions can be drawn from those, if we canreasonably design the structural dimensions of hydraulic cylinders and self-regulating back pressure regulators ——The symbols used in the text are as follows:s 1 - flow source, that is, the flow rate of the governor valve outlet;S el —— sliding friction of the sliding table;R - the equivalent viscous friction coefficient of the slide;I 1 - quality of slides and cylinders;12 - self-adjusting back pressure valve core quality;C 1, c 2 - liquid volume without cylinder chamber and rod chamber;C 2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve spring compliance;R 1, R2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve damping orifice fluid resistance;R 9 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve valve fluid resistance;S e2——initial pre-tightening force of self-adjusting back pressure valve spring;I 4, I5 - Equivalent liquid sense of the pipeline;C 5, C 6 - equivalent liquid capacity of the pipeline;R 5, R7 - Equivalent liquid resistance of the pipeline;V 3, V4 - cylinder rodless cavity and rod cavity volume;P 3, P4—pressure of the rodless cavity and rod cavity of the cylinder;F - the slide bears the load;V - speed of slide motion;In this paper, the power bond diagram and the state space splitting method are used to establish the system's motion mathematical model, and the dynamic characteristics of the slide table can be significantly improved.In the normal operation of the combined machine tool, the magnitude of the speed of the slide, its direction and the load changes it undergoes will affect its performance in varying degrees. Especially in the process of work-in-process, the unsteady movement caused by the advancing of the load on the slide table and the cyclical change of the load will affect the surface quality of the workpiece to be machined. In severe cases, the tool will break. According to the requirements of the Dalian Machine Tool Plant, the author used the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to establish a dynamic mathematical model of a self-adjusting back pressure and speed adjustment system for the new hydraulic drive system of the combined machine tool slide. In order to improve the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table, it is necessary to analyze the causes and main influencing factors of the impetus and movement of the sliding table. However, it must pass the computer's digital simulation and the final results obtained from the research.(2) Dynamic Mathematical ModelThe working principle diagram of the self-adjusting back pressure speedregulation system of the combined machine tool slide hydraulic drive system is shown in the figure. This system is used to complete the work-cycle-stop-rewind. When the sliding table is working, the three-position four-way reversing valve is in the illustrated position. The oil supply pressure of the oil pump will remain approximately constant under the effective action of the overflow valve, and the oil flow passes through the reversing valve and adjusts the speed. The valve enters the rodless chamber of the cylinder to push the slide forward. At the same time, the pressurized oil discharged from the rod chamber of the cylinder will flow back to the tank through the self-regulating back pressure valve and the reversing valve. During this process, there was no change in the operating status of both the one-way valve and the relief valve. The complex and nonlinear system of the hydraulic drive system of the self-adjusting back pressure governor system is a kind of self-adjusting back-pressure governor system. To facilitate the study of its dynamic characteristics, a simple and reasonable dynamic mathematical model that only considers the main influencing factors is established. Especially important [1][2]. From the theoretical analysis and the experimental study, we can see that the system process time is much longer than the process time of the speed control valve. When the effective pressure bearing area of the rodless cavity of the fuel tank is large, the flow rate at the outlet of the speed control valve is instantaneous. The overshoot is reflected in thesmall change in speed of the slide motion [2]. In order to further broaden and deeply study the dynamic characteristics of the system so that the research work can be effectively performed on a miniature computer, this article will further simplify the original model [2], assuming that the speed control valve is output during the entire system pass. When the flow is constant, this is considered to be the source of the flow. The schematic diagram of the dynamic model structure of this system is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of a cylinder, a sliding table, a self-adjusting back pressure valve, and a connecting pipe.The power bond graph is a power flow graph. It is based on the transmission mode of the system energy, based on the actual structure, and uses the centralized parameters to represent the role of the subsystems abstractly as a resistive element R, a perceptual element I, and a capacitive element. Three kinds of role of C. Using this method, the physical concept of modeling is clear, and combined with the state-space analysis method, the linear system can be described and analyzed more accurately. This method is an effective method to study the dynamic characteristics of complex nonlinear systems in the time domain. According to the main characteristics of each component of the self-adjusting back pressure control system and the modeling rules [1], the power bond diagram of the system is obtained. The upper half of each key in the figure represents the power flow. The two variables that makeup the power are the force variables (oil pressure P and force F) and the flow variables (flow q and velocity v). The O node indicates that the system is connected in parallel, and the force variables on each key are equal and the sum of the flow variables is zero; 1 The nodes represent the series connection in the system, the flow variables on each key are equal and the sum of the force variables is Zero. TF denotes a transformer between different energy forms. The TF subscripted letter represents the conversion ratio of the flow variable or the force variable. The short bar on the key indicates the causal relationship between the two variables on the key. The full arrow indicates the control relationship. There are integral or differential relationships between the force and flow variables of the capacitive and perceptual elements in the three types of action elements. Therefore, a complex nonlinear equation of state with nine state variables can be derived from Fig. 3 . In this paper, the research on the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table starts from the two aspects of the slide's hedging and the smoothness of the motion. The fourth-order fixed-length Runge-Kutta is used for digital simulation on the IBM-PC microcomputer.(3) Slide advanceThe swaying phenomenon of the slide table is caused by the sudden disappearance of the load acting on the slide table (such as drilling work conditions). In this process, the table load F, the moving speed V, and thepressure in the two chambers of the cylinder P3 and P4 can be seen from the simulation results in Fig. 4. When the sliding table moves at a uniform speed under the load, the oil pressure in the rodless cavity of the oil cylinder is high, and a large amount of energy is accumulated in the oil. When the load suddenly disappears, the oil pressure of the cavity is rapidly reduced, and the oil is rapidly reduced. When the high-pressure state is transferred to the low-pressure state, a lot of energy is released to the system, resulting in a high-speed forward impact of the slide. However, the front slide of the sliding table causes the pressure in the rod cavity of the oil cylinder to cause the back pressure to rise, thereby consuming part of the energy in the system, which has a certain effect on the kicking of the slide table. We should see that in the studied system, the inlet pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is subject to the comprehensive effect of the two-chamber oil pressure of the oil cylinder. When the load suddenly disappears, the pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve rapidly rises and stably exceeds the initial back pressure value. It can be seen from the figure that self-adjusting back pressure in the speed control system when the load disappears, the back pressure of the cylinder rises more than the traditional speed control system, so the oil in the rod cavity of the cylinder absorbs more energy, resulting in the amount of forward momentum of the slide It will be about 20% smaller than traditionalspeed control systems. It can be seen from this that the use of self-adjusting back-gear speed control system as a drive system slider has good characteristics in suppressing the forward punch, in which the self-adjusting back pressure valve plays a very large role.(4) The smoothness of the slideWhen the load acting on the slide changes periodically (such as in the case of milling), the speed of the slide will have to fluctuate. In order to ensure the processing quality requirements, it must reduce its speed fluctuation range as much as possible. From the perspective of the convenience of the discussion of the problem, assume that the load changes according to a sine wave law, and the resulting digital simulation results are shown in Figure 5. From this we can see that this system has the same variation rules and very close numerical values as the conventional speed control system. The reason is that when the change of the load is not large, the pressure in the two chambers of the fuel tank will not have a large change, which will eventually lead to the self-regulating back pressure valve not showing its effect clearly.(5) Improvement measuresThe results of the research show that the dynamic performance of a sliding table with self-regulating back pressure control system as a drive system is better than that of a traditional speed control system. To reduce the amount of kick in the slide, it is necessary to rapidly increase the backpressure of the rod cavity when the load disappears. To increase the smoothness of the sliding table, it is necessary to increase the rigidity of the system. The main measure is to reduce the volume of oil. From the system structure, it is known that the cylinder has a large volume between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe, as shown in Fig. 6a. Its existence in terms of delay and attenuation of the self-regulating back pressure valve function, on the other hand, also reduces the rigidity of the system, it will limit the further improvement of the propulsion characteristics and the smoothness of the motion. Thus, improving the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table can be handled by two methods: changing the cylinder volume or changing the size of the self-regulating back pressure valve. Through the simulation calculation of the structural parameters of the system and the comparison of the results, it can be concluded that the ratio of the volume V4 between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe to the volume V3 between the rodless cavity and the oil inlet pipe is changed from 5.5 to 5.5. At 1 oclock, as shown in the figure, the diameter of the bottom end of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is increased from the original 10mm to 13mm, and the length of the damper triangle groove is reduced from the original lmm to 0.7mm, which will enable the front of the slide table. The impulse is reduced by 30%, the transition time is obviously shortened, and the smoothness of the slide motion will also be greatly improved.中文译文液压系统W Arnold1. 绪论液压站称液压泵站,是独立的液压装置。
液压系统组成
液压系统组成液压系统（hydraulicsystem）是由一系列由液压部件组合而成的一种动力传动系统，它通过压力来提供动力，以实现各种机械运动。
液压系统组成结构由液压比例阀、液压缸、油泵、液压马达、元件和安装部件组成。
液压比例阀由阀体、驱动马达和外加弹簧组成，可以控制液压流体的流量和压力，是液压系统的核心元件。
通过比例阀的驱动马达，可以通过变化外加弹簧的压力，实现液压马达和其他液压部件的负载控制和自动调节。
液压缸（hydraulic cylinder）是液压系统中的重要部分，它利用液压能量来实现机械运动。
它由缸体、缸头、活塞杆、活塞、填料和活塞密封等组成。
活塞的运动由液压流体的流动和压力控制而实现，它转换液压能量为机械能量。
油泵（oil pump）是液压系统中最常用的元件，它将驱动动力转换为高压液压流体，以支持液压系统的正常运行。
根据不同的工作原理，油泵可以分为柱塞式油泵、旋转式油泵、螺杆式油泵和泵泵式油泵等。
柱塞式油泵是最常用的油泵，它利用柱塞、偏心轮以及叶轮等元件，将外力转换为液压能量。
液压马达是液压系统中的重要元件，它可以把液压能量转换为机械能量，用于实现机械运动。
液压马达分为回转式液压马达和往复式液压马达两种，它们可以用于车辆、液压叉车、机械手臂等应用环境。
回转式液压马达的基本结构由液压马达的转子、轴、定子、动力源等组成，它可以通过液压制动实现无级调速功能。
液压系统的固定元件和安装部件是液压系统的重要部分，其主要由液压油箱、液压油管路、液压阀和液压联轴器等组成。
液压油箱起着储存液压油和控制液压流量的作用，液压油管路负责将液压油引导到液压比例阀、液压缸和液压马达等部件。
液压阀可以控制液压流量和压力，液压联轴器是用于接受控制信号，调整输出动力的重要元件。
总而言之，液压系统由液压比例阀、液压缸、油泵、液压马达、元件和安装部件组成，它们可以将驱动动力转换为高压液压流体以驱动各种机械运动。
液压系统广泛应用于工厂生产线、汽车制造、船舶制造以及机器人等行业，为现代工业生产提供了重要动力支持。
液压系统-外文翻译
Hydraulic SystemThere are only three basic methods of transmitting power: electrical, mechanical, and fluid power. Most applications actually use a combination of the three methods to obtain the most efficient overall system. To properly determine which principle method to use, it is important to know the salient features of each type. For example, fluid systems can transmit power more economically over greater distances than can mechanical types. However, fluid systems are restricted to shorter distances than are electrical systems.Hydraulic power transmission system are concerned with the generation, modulation, and control of pressure and flow, and in general such systems include:1.Pumps which convert available power from the prime mover to hydraulic power at the actuator.2.Valves which control the direction of pump-flow, the level of power produced, and the amount of fluid-flow to the actuators. The power level is determined by controlling both the flow and pressure level.3.Actuators which convert hydraulic power to usable mechanical power output at the point required.4.The medium, which is a liquid, provides rigid transmission and control as well as lubrication of components, sealing in valves, and cooling of the system.5.Connectors which link the various system components, provide power conductors for the fluid under pressure, and fluid flow return to tank (reservoir).6.Fluid storage and conditioning equipment which ensure sufficient quality and quantity as well as cooling of the fluid.Hydraulic systems are used in industrial applications such as stamping presses, steel mills , and general manufacturing , agricultural machines , mining industry , aviation , space technology , deep-sea exploration ,transportation , marinetechnology , and offshore gas petroleum exploration . In short, very few people get through a day of their lives without somehow benefiting from the technology of hydraulics.The secret of hydraulic system’s success and widespread use is its versatility and manageability. Fluid power is not hindered by the geometry of the machine as is the case in mechanical systems. Also, power can be transmitted in almost limitless quantities because fluid systems are not so limited by the physical limitations of materials as are the electrical systems. For example, the performance of an electromagnet is limited by the saturation limit of steel. On the other hand, the power limit of fluid systems is limited only by the strength capacity of the material.Industry is going to depend more and more on automation in order to increase productivity. This includes remote and direct control of production operations, manufacturing processes, and materials handling. Fluid power is the muscle of automation because of advantages in the following four major categories.Ease and accuracy of control. By the use of simple levers and push buttons, the operator of a fluid power systems can readily start, stop, speed up or slow down, and position force which provide any desired horsepower with tolerances as precise as one ten-thousandth of an inch.Multiplication of force. A fluid power system (without using cumbersome gears, pulleys, and levers) can multiply forces simply and efficiently from a fraction of an ounce to several hundred tons of output.Constant force or torque. Only fluid power systems are capable of providing constant force or torque regardless of speed changes. This is accomplished whether the work output moves a few inches per hour, several hundred inches per minute, a few revolutions per hour, or thousands of revolutions per minute.Simplicity, safety, economy. In general, fluid power systems use fewer movingparts than comparable mechanical or electrical systems. Thus, they are simpler to maintain and operate. This, in turn, maximizes safety, compactness, and reliability. For example, a new power steering control designed has made all other kinds of power systems obsolete on many off-highway vehicles. The steering unit consists of a manually operated directional control valve and meter in a single body. Because the sterring unit is fully fluid-linked, mechanical linkages, universal joints, bearings, reduction gears, ect . are eliminated. This provides a simple,compact systems.In addition, very little input torque is required to produce the control needed for the toughest applications. This is important where limitations of control space require a small sterring wheel and it becomes necessary to reduce operator fatigue.Additional benefits of fluid power systems include instantly reversible motion, automatic protection against overloads, and infinitely variable speed control. Fluid power systems also have the highest horsepower per weight ratio of any known power source. In spite of all these highly desirable features of fluid power, it is not a panacea for all power transmission problems. Hydraulic systems also have some drawbacks. Hydraulic oils are messy, and leakage is impossible to completely. Also, most hydraulic oils can cause fires if an oil leak occurs in area of hot equipment. There are only three basic methods of transmitting power: electrical, mechanical, and fluid power. Most applications actually use a combination of the three methods to obtain the most efficient overall system. To properly determine which principle method to use, it is important to know the salient features of each type. For example, fluid systems can transmit power more economically over greater distances than can mechanical types. However, fluid systems are restricted to shorter distances than are electrical systems.Hydraulic power transmission system are concerned with the generation, modulation, and control of pressure and flow, and in general such systems include:Pumps which convert available power from the prime mover to hydraulic power at the actuator.Valves which control the direction of pump-flow, the level of power produced, and the amount of fluid-flow to the actuators. The power level is determined by controlling both the flow and pressure level.Actuators which convert hydraulic power to usable mechanical power output at the point required.The medium, which is a liquid, provides rigid transmission and control as well as lubrication of components, sealing in valves, and cooling of the system.Connectors which link the various system components, provide power conductors for the fluid under pressure, and fluid flow return to tank (reservoir).Fluid storage and conditioning equipment which ensure sufficient quality and quantity as well as cooling of the fluid.Hydraulic systems are used in industrial applications such as stamping presses, steel mills , and general manufacturing , agricultural machines , mining industry , aviation , space technology , deep-sea exploration ,transportation , marine technology , and offshore gas petroleum exploration . In short, very few people get through a day of their lives without somehow benefiting from the technology of hydraulics.The secret of hydraulic system’s success and widespread use is its versatility and manageability. Fluid power is not hindered by the geometry of the machine as is the case in mechanical systems. Also, power can be transmitted in almost limitless quantities because fluid systems are not so limited by the physical limitations of materials as are the electrical systems. For example, the performance of an electromagnet is limited by the saturation limit of steel. On the other hand, the power limit of fluid systems is limited only by the strength capacity of the material.Industry is going to depend more and more on automation in order to increase productivity. This includes remote and direct control of production operations, manufacturing processes, and materials handling. Fluid power is the muscle of automation because of advantages in the following four major categories.1. Ease and accuracy of control. By the use of simple levers and push buttons, the operator of a fluid power systems can readily start, stop, speed up or slow down, and position force which provide any desired horsepower with tolerances as precise as one ten-thousandth of an inch.2. Multiplication of force. A fluid power system (without using cumbersome gears, pulleys, and levers) can multiply forces simply and efficiently from a fraction of an ounce to several hundred tons of output.3. Constant force or torque. Only fluid power systems are capable of providing constant force or torque regardless of speed changes. This is accomplished whether the work output moves a few inches per hour, several hundred inches per minute, a few revolutions per hour, or thousands of revolutions per minute.4. Simplicity, safety, economy. In general, fluid power systems use fewer moving parts than comparable mechanical or electrical systems. Thus, they are simpler to maintain and operate. This, in turn, maximizes safety, compactness, and reliability. For example, a new power steering control designed has made all other kinds of power systems obsolete on many off-highway vehicles. The steering unit consists of a manually operated directional control valve and meter in a single body. Because the sterring unit is fully fluid-linked, mechanical linkages, universal joints, bearings, reduction gears, ect . are eliminated. This provides a simple,compact systems.In addition, very little input torque is required to produce the control needed for the toughest applications. This is important where limitations of controlspace require a small sterring wheel and it becomes necessary to reduce operator fatigue.Additional benefits of fluid power systems include instantly reversible motion, automatic protection against overloads, and infinitely variable speed control. Fluid power systems also have the highest horsepower per weight ratio of any known power source. In spite of all these highly desirable features of fluid power, it is not a panacea for all power transmission problems. Hydraulic systems also have some drawbacks. Hydraulic oils are messy, and leakage is impossible to completely. Also, most hydraulic oils can cause fires if an oil leak occurs in area of hot equipment.液压系统仅有以下三种基本方法传递动力：电气，机械和流体。
液压术语英文名称
液压术语英文名称液压专业英语词汇acceptable conditions许用工况actual conditions实际工况actual force实际输出力air contamination空气污染air consumption耗气量air conditioner unit空气处理单元air filter空气过滤器adjustable restrictive valve可调节流阀amplifier放大器amplitude ratio幅值比analogue amplifier模拟放大器anti-corrosive quality抗腐蚀性automatic cycle自动循环axial piston pump轴向柱塞泵back pressure背压bladder accumulator气囊式蓄能器bleed line放气管路bonded washer组合垫圈breakout pressure启动压力butterfly valve蝶阀cartridge valve插装阀cavitation气穴charge pressure充油压力check valve单向阀circle循环circuit diagram回路图clamper管卡closed circuit闭式回路collapse pressure压溃压力compensator避震喉composite seal复合密封件continuous working conditions连续工况control of pump泵的控制control console操作台control panel控制屏cooler冷却器counterbalance valve平衡阀cracking pressure开启压力cushioning缓冲cylinder缸cycling speed循环速度De-energizing of solenoid 电磁铁释放density密度diaphragm valve膜片阀differential circuit差动回路differential cylinder差动缸differential pressure instrument压差计digital amplifier数字放大器direction of rotation旋转方向directly operated type直动式displacement排量dither颤振double-acting cylinder双作用缸Double throttle check valve 双单向节流阀drain line泄油管路drift漂移drive shaft coupling联轴器dwell phase停止工步duplex filter双筒过滤器efficiency效率effective filtration area有效过滤面积elastomer seal弹性密封件elbow弯头electrical pressure transducer压力传感器external leakage外泄漏extend stroke外伸行程filter pressure drop过滤器压降fitting；connection接头fixed restrictive valve固定节流阀flared fitting扩口式接头flash point闪点flexible hose软管flange connection法兰接头flange mounting法兰安装flow-combining valve集流阀flow control valve流量控制阀flow control circuit调速回路flow divider valve分流阀flow gain流量增益flow limit流量极限flow line管路flow meter流量计flow pass流道flow rate流量Flow valve 流量阀flower factor流量系数foot mounting底座安装force输出力four-way valve四通阀free position自由位frequency response频率响应function diagram功能图gate valve闸阀gear pump齿轮泵global(ball) valve球阀graphical symbol图形符号heat exchanger热交换器heater加热器hydraulic lock液压锁紧hydraulic motor液压马达hydraulic power流体传动hydraulics液压技术hydrodynamics液力技术hydropneumatics气液技术hysteresis滞环hydraulic amplifier液压放大器hydraulic controlled type液控式instantaneous conditions瞬态工况internal leakage内泄漏inlet pressure进口压力induced pressure负载压力kinematic viscosity运动粘度laminar flow层流lap遮盖leakage泄漏limited conditions极限工况linearity线性度linear region线性区liquid contamination液体污染liquid level measuring instrument液位计lubricator油雾气manually operated type手动式manifold block油路块mechanically controlled type机械控制式mechanical seal机械密封meter-in circuit进口节流回路meter-out circuit出口节流回路Manifold block 集成块needle valve针阀neutral position中位nitrile butadiene rubber；NBR丁腈橡胶noise level噪声等级nominal filtration rating公称过滤精度nominal pressure公称压力nozzle flapper喷嘴挡板null bias零偏null drift零漂null(quiescent) leakage零位内泄漏one-way restrictive valve单向节流阀opening开口open circuit开式回路operating conditions运行工况operating pressure运行压力outlet pressure出口压力over lap正遮盖override pressure调压偏差override control优先控制packing seal填料密封peak pressure峰值压力phase工步phase lag相位移Pilot valve 先导阀pilot pressure控制压力pilot-controlled check valve液控单向阀pilot-operated type先导式Pilot operated check valve 液控单向阀piston pump柱塞泵pilot line控制管路pipe-work管路布置piston seal活塞密封polytetrafluoroethene；PTFE聚四氟乙烯poppet valve锥阀portable particle counter便携式颗粒检测仪port油口Position feedback 位置反馈power station液压泵站pre-charge pressure充气压力pressure control circuit压力控制回路pressure drop；differential pressure压降pressure gauge压力表Pressure relief valve 压力溢流阀pressure switch压力开关pressure time diagram压力－时间图pressure relief valve压力控制阀pressure relief valve溢流阀pressure reducing valve减压阀Progressive flow 渐增流量Proportional valve 比例阀proof pressure耐压试验压力pulse generator脉冲发生器quick release coupling快换接头radial seal径向密封rapid advance phase快进工步rapid return phase快退工步rated conditions额定工况rated flow额定流量rated pressure额定压力rear end无杆端Rectifier plate 节流板reducer fitting异径接头replenishing line补液管路reservoir fluid capacity油箱容量resolution分辨率retract stroke内缩行程return line回油管路repeat ability重复性reproducibility复现性rigid tube硬管ripple波动rod end有杆端rod seal活塞杆密封rotary seal旋转密封Rotary knob 旋钮rust protection防锈性safety circuit安全回路sandwich valve叠加阀Sandwich plate valve 叠加阀sealed reservoir闭式油箱sensor传感器sequence valve顺序阀servo-valve伺服阀shut-off valve截止阀shuttle valve梭阀silencer消声器single-acting cylinder单作用缸slide valve滑阀solid contamination固体颗粒污染Solenoid valve 电磁阀speed regulator valve调速阀static pressure静压力sticking液压卡紧steady-state conditions稳态工况stiffness刚度sub-plate底板sub-plate valve板式阀Sub-plate mount 板式安装suction pressure吸入压力supply flow供给流量surge pressure冲击压力system pressure系统压力symbols for hydraulic and pneumatic components液压气动元件图形符号symbols for fluid logic devices流体逻辑元件图形符号symbols for logic functions逻辑功能图形符号symmetry对称度synchronizing circuit同步回路telescopic cylinder伸缩缸thermostat温度控制器threshold阈值Throttle valve 节流阀transfer function传递函数turbulent flow紊流under lap负遮盖unloading valve卸荷阀valve阀valve element阀芯valve element position阀芯位置variable displacement pump变量泵valve pressure drop阀压降valve polarity阀极性viscosity粘度water content含水量welded fitting焊接式接头wiper seal；scraper防尘圈密封working cycle工作循环working pressure工作压力working phase工作工步working stroke工作行程working line工作管路vane pump叶片泵zero position零位zero lap零遮盖一．阀类分流阀flow divider valve 截止阀shut-off valve球阀global(ball) valve 针阀needle valve闸阀gate valve 膜片阀diaphragm valve蝶阀butterfly valve 阀valve底板sub-plate 油路块manifold block 板式阀sub-plate valve 叠加阀sandwich valve 插装阀cartridge valve 滑阀slide valve 锥阀poppet valve 阀芯valve element 阀芯位置valve element position单向阀check valve液控单向阀pilot-controlled check valve梭阀shuttle valve压力控制阀pressure relief valve溢流阀pressure relief valve顺序阀sequence valve减压阀pressure reducing valve平衡阀counterbalance valve卸荷阀unloading valve流量控制阀flow control valve方向控制阀（directional valve）液压辅件（accessory）普通阀（common valve）Solenoid valve 电磁阀Check valve 单向阀Cartridge valve 插装阀Sandwich plate valve 叠加阀Pilot valve 先导阀Pilot operated check valve 液控单向阀Sub-plate mount 板式安装Manifold block 集成块Rotary knob 旋钮Rectifier plate 节流板Servo valve 伺服阀Proportional valve 比例阀Position feedback 位置反馈Progressive flow 渐增流量De-energizing of solenoid 电磁铁释放固定节流阀fixed restrictive valve可调节流阀adjustable restrictive valve单向节流阀one-way restrictive valve调速阀speed regulator valve分流阀flow divider valve集流阀flow-combining valveDDV-direct drive valve 直动式伺服阀二、介质类Phosphate ester (HFD-R) 磷酸甘油酯Water-glycol (HFC) 水-乙二醇Emulsion 乳化液Inhibitor缓蚀剂Synthetic lubricating oil 合成油三、液压安装工程Abrasion 摩擦Argon 氩气Butt welding 对接焊Contamination 污染Creep爬行Dipping process 槽式酸洗Extension （活塞杆）缩回Failure 失效Flushing 冲洗Grout 灌浆Inert gas welding 惰性气体焊Jog 点动Malfunction 误动作Nitric acid 柠檬酸Passivity 钝化Pickling 酸洗Retract（活塞杆）伸出Re-circulation 循环Socket welding 套管焊四、管接头Adjustable fittings/swivel nut 旋转接头Banjo fittings 铰接式管接头Bite type fittings 卡套式管接头Bulkhead fittings 长直通管接头Female connector fittings 接头螺母Mal stud fittings 端直通管接头Reducers extenders 变径管接头Tube to tube fittings 接管接头union 直通接管接头union elbow 直角管接头union tee 三通管接头union cross 四通管接头Weld fittings 焊接式管接头五、伺服阀及伺服系统性能参数Dynamic response 动态频响DDV-direct drive valve 直动式伺服阀NFPA-National Fluid Power Association 美国流体控制学会Phase lag 相位滞后Nozzle flapper valve 喷嘴挡板阀Servo-jet pilot valve 射流管阀Dither 颤振电流Coil impedance 线圈阻抗Flow saturation 流量饱和Linearity 线形度Symmetry 对称性Hysterics 滞环Threshold 灵敏度Lap 滞后Pressure gain 压力增益Null 零位Null bias 零偏Null shift 零飘Frequency response 频率响应Slope 曲线斜坡。
液压系统构成中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料对照外文翻译The hydraulic system constitutionhydraulic system composition department wind and the function, widely is applying on each kind of mechanical device the hydraulic system, the use has the continual fluid fat liquor now, actuates through the hydraulic pump the hydraulic pump the electric motor or the engine mechanical energy transforms the fat liquor the pressure energy, passes through each kind of control valve, delivers took the actuator in the hydraulic cylinder motor, transforms again while the mechanical power actuates the load. Constitutes such hydraulic system each constituent and the function. The hydraulic system characteristic and the use hydraulic pressure took one transmission technology, has its prominent merit:Can produce the very big power, moreover controls easily; May use the pump to obtain very the high pressure (20-30MPa) hydraulic fluid very easily, sends in this pressure oil the hydraulic cylinder then to produce the very big strength; Can in the very wide scope the limitless speed change; To altogether gives the oil motor or the hydraulic cylinder current capacity with the control valve carries on the stepless adjustment, then at will controls its revolving or the translation speed; Very easy to prevent the overload, the security is big; The size slightly strives in a big way, installs the position to be possible the free choice; Output strength adjustment simple accurate, but long-distance control.Hydraulic system use and service, in order to guarantee the mechanical device non-breakdown the work, must follow the factory the use service request.The hydraulic system is infinitely varied, took the different machinery a constituent, its use matters needing attentionalso differ from naturally.The hydraulic system uses and services the duty including the debugging, the inspection, the service and the repair. How debugs? The debugging is causes the new equipment to put the operation or to cause the original equipment to put the operation a series of activities, including the installment, the oil injection, the flushing, the adjustment, runs gathers. The inspection is examined system active status and function is whether correct, including the observation, the survey and tries to move.The maintenance is refers to the guarantee system the normal function, the few attrition and the replacement wearing parts, including the cleaning up and the replacement components, namely trades the oil, trades ponders the core, trades the seal.The repair is system reply function a series of activities which causes to crash.First must according to the breakdown phenomenon determine expires the spot and verifies the expiration reason, this is the so-called breakdown diagnosis. Then the replacement expiration part, makes the mechanical device to restore the work, this named repair.The expiration part should return the plant to repair.Time use service matters needing attention: When security, use and service hydraulic system, when most important question pays attention to the security, for guarantees the security, has the pressure when the system does not have to loosen the pipe connection, the screw joint or the part.Certainly must put first down the load, causes the pump engine off and releases the accumulator the pressure oil, then opens the thing again, does not have the oil used to work. Although many practical security taboo into general knowledge, but the attention often concentrates in the breakdown phenomenon, but neglects the latent danger.Therefore, in starts to repair the system reason this implementation standardization the engine off procedure, after the repair draws up invests the movement, should implement standardized the again start procedure:Engine off procedure it including following several aspects:1. Puts the low suspension the load or carries on the machinery supports and protections to it.2. Release system3. In release accumulator pressure oil4. Release pressure intensifier both sides pressure oil5. Cut-off electricity control system6.DumpStarts the procedure including following several aspects:1. Elimination expiration root2. If the component failure or the replacement period pollutant enters the system, then according to needs to clean up or the flushing system3. Confirms the part correctly unmistakable4. Confirms the hydraulic pressure connection correctly unmistakable5. Confirms the electrical connection correctly unmistakable6. Adjustable part to secure state7. Fills the oil for the pump and the motor shell8. According to needs to refuel to the system and to deflate9. Relieves the secure interconnection to protect10. Calls the alarm bell and the notice all presents the personnel soon to restart11.Starting systemThe item which this is carries on when service must pay attention, in regarding its sanitary, when service also must pay attention, when service hydraulic system, must do utmost the attention absolutely clean Arab League condition, because the pollutant is the hydraulic system most dangerous enemy.Does not have to carry on the polish and the welding work in the service hydraulic system scene. Loosens in front of the thread must its outside clean first cleanly.With clean returns to protects changes passes over the system the interior to use to open the mouth to seal, guards against the pollutant to enter thesystem.Cleans up when the fuel tank does not permit the use cotton and kapok silk and the rags.Must pass through the filter to the system oil injection.In the tubing, refuels with the flushing is the maintenance clean important link, its matters needing attention are as follows:1. The tubing pipe or the hose damage when must replace immediately.When chooses the pipe, the hose, the screw connector or the flange, must guarantee the pressure rated value (i.e. wall thickness, material quality and so on) satisfy the operation requirements.The hard tube must use the seamless steel pipe.The steel pipe and the metal pipe connection must clean absolutely before the installment, does not have the oil dirt, to scale, the welding, the scrap and so on.May use the steel wire brush, the tube cleaner to clean up or the acid pickling.In front of the acid pickling pipe must carry on degreasing processing, after the acid pickling must clean thoroughly. After cutting in the pipe bank or ridge between fields should the articulation awl hole, remove the burr which possibly has, but cannot ream excessively in order to avoid sells the weak connection.After assembly the pipe does not have again to weld or the gas welding, because is unable to clean up.The hose should the curved several times in order to release any detention the dirty thing.In front of the elbow piece the tubing wants the annealing, prevented when elbow piece the corrugation or changes flat.Wants the accurate elbow piece, enable the pipe then not to arrive after the elastic deformation. The flange must in the fitting surface coordinate smoothly before, and with the length suitable bolt fastening, whether there is the screw connector does install should inspect in the thread the metal burr, in the straight thread does not permit the use seal bandage.If the drive pipe must deposit period of time, should stop up the orifice to prevent the foreign matter enters.But does not have to use the rags or other moves the capital to stop up the orifice, because this only can bring the contamination concern, should use the size appropriate seal cap.2. Refuels the oil drum to want horizontal-type depositing, as far as possible deposits in the room or the awning, opens in front of the oil tung, cleans the barrel to go against and the bung thoroughly, prevented the soil and other outside pollutant enter the fat liquor.Only with the clean vessel, the hose and so on transports the fat liquor from the oil drum to the fuel tank.The recommendation with has at least in the 25um filter feeding pump. Provides 200 goals in the fuel tank oiling tube to ponder the net.The filter is actually specially for the system need oil fluid variety use.Sometimes also discovers the pollutant in the new fat liquor, therefore should for work through the portable purifier the hydraulic system tops up. When portable purifier hose involvement fuel tank, should use cloth attachment cleaning which clean does not shed hair to be clean, prevented the soil and other impurities enter the system.3.Before flushing flushing should take down the precise system part, but installs the pipe nipple in its position or hollow.From the main pipeline which flushes is dismantled the system to ponder the core.The flushing current capacity should for the system anticipated current capacity 2-2.5 times.If possible, use heat flush fluid (85℃).Each time only flushes a leg, from most approaches the wash out pump the return route start, to the downstream advancement, this possibly must additionally build in turn in the system up to the valve, realizes this kind of plan. Cannot use the system pump to take the wash out pump.Generally speaking, the power type pump like centrifugal pump and so on may provide the enough flood peak and the great current capacity, the movement quite is economical, and to flushes the period circulation the pollutant to have the good es the capacity in the flushing system with to use the flushing filter which the current capacity matches, the filtration precision to be as far as possible high, does not have to be lower than the recommendation system filtration precision. If has the possibility, uses the assistance to flush the fuel tank to avoid the pollutant being detained in the system fuel tank.The establishment fat liquor sample plan inspects dustiness, thus determined when finished the flushing procedure.After flushing, takes all measures to prevent when rewiring work part leads the pollutant.4.The replacement part part model must correct unmistakable.When if cannot find the similar model the part to have to use the similar part substitutes, must pay attention to the function, the parameter, the connection size is whether consistent, but also must pay attention installs the position, the ambient temperature, the working voltage and so on.The old seal packing collar must replace, does not permit two uses.The bolt and the screw connector must even screw tight the big stipulation the torque, prevents the part distortion influence work. The adjustable part like delivery valve, the flow valve, the variable displacement pump and so on must establish.5.When accumulator accumulator pressure vessel, Asia locality related safety rule compulsory control.In is loaded with on the accumulator hydraulic system carries on in front of any work, must first download the system pressure.The accumulator shell does not permit the welding and the processing, does not repair when possibly causes the serious accident, therefore must have to repair the accumulator returns delivers the plant to carry on the repair.Hydraulic pump selection: The hydraulic pump is the hydraulic system power supply.Must select can adapt the pressure which the actuator requests to have the return route pump, simultaneously must consider fully the reliability, the life Maintainability one side and so on elect the pump can plant the long-term movement in the system.The hydraulic pump type are extremely many, its characteristic also has the very big difference. Chooses when the hydraulic pump must consider the factor has working pressure, current capacity, rotational speed, quota or variable, variable way, volumetric efficiency, overall effectiveness index, the prime mover type, the noise, the pressure oscillation rate, self-absorption ability and so on, but also must consider and the hydraulic fluid compatibility, the size, the weight, the economy, Maintainability, these factors.The hydraulic pump discharge pressure should be the actuator needs the pressure, the tubing pressure loses, the control valve sum of pressure loss, it does not have to surpass in the sample the rated pressure, when the emphasis security, the reliability.Also should leave leeway the big leeway.In when sample highest working pressure when short-term impact permits pressure.If each circulation plants all has the impact pressure, the pump life can reduce obviously, even the pump can damage.Hydraulic pump life: The hydraulic pump is the hydraulic system power part, its function is transforms the prime mover mechanical energy the liquid the pressure energy, refers to in the hydraulic system the oil pump, it provides the power to the entire hydraulic system.Hydraulic pump structural style common toothed wheel pump, vane pump and ram pump. Affects the hydraulic pump the service life factor to be very many, except outside pump own design, manufacture factor and some with pump use Guanyuan (for example shaft coupling, oil filter and so on) selects, in the test run movement process operation and so on also concerns.1.The air compressorselects the air compressor the basis is the working pressure and the current capacity which the pneumatic system needs.At present, the pneumatic system commonly used working pressure is 0.5~0.8MPa, may select the rated pressure is directly the 0.7~1MPa low-pressure air compressor, the special need fluid may select, high-pressured or the ultrahigh voltage air compressor. When determination air compressor air displacement, should satisfy the biggest gas consumption which each air operated equipment needs (to be supposed to transform into free air gas consumption) the sum.(1) was mad the source refining equipmentgeneral use the air compressor all uses the oil lubrication, the air is compressed in the air compressor, the temperature may elevate 140~170℃, by now were partial the lubricating oil to turn the gas, mixed in the compressed air, in addition in the air water and the dust, formed included mix impurity and so on the water vapor, oil gas, dust compressed air.Ifprovides this kind of compressed air to the air operated equipment use, will be able to have following adverse consequences:Gathers in the compressed air the oil gas to gather in the gas storage fills forms the combustible, even has the detonation danger; Simultaneously the oil vaporizes after the high temperature forms the organic acid, causes the hardware to corrode, affects the equipment the life.(2)The mix impurity deposition in the pipeline and the air operated part, causes to pass flows the area to reduce, circulation drag increment, the overall system work is unstable, when serious, system knock off.(3)In the compressed air water vapor can congeal the waterdrop under certain pressure and the temperature, can cause the pipeline and the assistance part in the cold season because of freezes destroys.(4)In the compressed air dust has the abrasive action to the air operated part movement part, causes it attrition to be serious, affects their life.Thus it can be seen, establishes in the pneumatic system eliminates the water, eliminates the oil, the dust removal and dry and so on was mad the source refining equipment is extremely essential.Second, the air operated assistance partair operated part interior has many relative slippers, somewhat relative slipper depends on the seal packing collar to seal.In order to reduce transports the moving parts relatively the friction force, guaranteed the part movement is normal; In order to reduce the packing material the attrition, prevents divulging; In order to prevent the pipeline and the metal part corrosion, lengthens the part service life, guaranteed the good lubrication is extremely important.The lubrication may not divide into and spurts the mist lubrication for the oil lubrication.Some many air operated application domain does not allow to spurt the mist lubrication.If food and the drugs packing, in the transportation process, the oil granule returns to pollution food and the drugs; The oil granule can affect certain raw material for industry, the chemicals nature; The oil mist can affect the high-level spray coating surface and the electronic component surface quality; The oil mist can affect the measuring instrument true the survey; The oil mist can harm the human body health and so on.Therefore at present uses the mist lubrication to reduce gradually, does not give the oil lubrication already very popularly.Still did not use the rubber material for the oil lubrication to take the glide spot the seal, but sealed has the detention tank special structure, in order to memory lubricant.Other components should use not the easy rusty metal material or the nonmetallic material.For the oil lubrication part also may not to the oil use, once but gives the oil, does not have the midway to stop feed.At the same time, must prevent the condensed water enters in the part, in order to avoid flushes the lubricant.Not only has not saved the lubricating utensils and the lubricating oil for the oil lubrication part, improved the working conditions, moreover reduced the maintenance work load, reduced the cost.Moreover, also improved the lubrication condition.Its lubrication effect with the transit discharge, the pressure height, the tubing condition and so on all has nothing to do with.Also does not exist forgot refuels creates the breakdown the matter.The mist lubrication part has the oil mist and the centralism lubrication part two kinds.In (1) pneumatic system each kind of air valve, the air cylinder, the gas motor and so on, its movable part all needs to lubricate, but take the compressed air all seals the air chamber as the power air operated part, cannot use the general method oil injection, only can mix in by some method the oil in the air current, the belt to the place which needs to lubricate.The oil mist is this kind of kind of special oil injection installment.After it causes the lubrication oilatomization to pour into in the air current, enters the part along with the air which needs to lubricate. Refuels with this method, has the lubrication to be even, to be stable, the oil consumption few and does not need characteristics and so on big oil storage equipment.(2) air strainer is in the pneumatic system important link, is further filters the dust compressed air the impurity.The filter form are very many, the commonly used type includes: The disposable filter and two filter, have been requesting the high special occasion, may use the highly effective filter.99. In the pneumatic actuator system, called generally the filter, the oil mist, the pressure relief valve for air operated three association (or three big-ticket items), are in the pneumatic system the essential auxiliary unit.(3) silencerpneumatic circuit and the hydraulic pressure return route are different, it does not suppose the exhaust pipeline generally, after the compressed air use the direct platoon person atmosphere, because the gas rapidly inflation and forms the turbulent flow phenomenon, will have the intense exhaust noise.The exhaust speed and the power are bigger, the exhaust noise is bigger, may generally big 100~200dB.The noise harms people's physical and moral integrity directly, must eliminate or weaken.For the noise reduction, generally often installs the silencer in the pneumatic system air vent.The air operated functional elementair operated functional element is transforms in the pneumatic system the compressed air pressure energy the mechanical energy the part.It including air cylinder friendly motor.The air cylinder uses in realizing the straight reciprocating motion or swinging, was mad the motor uses in realizing the continual gyroscopic motion.First, The air cylinderair cylinder is in the pneumatic system the most commonly used one kind of functional element, compares with the hydraulic cylinder, it has the structure simply, pollutes, the movement few keen, responded quick, easy to make, easily to service, the cost low status merit, but because the thrust force is small, widely uses in the underloading system.(1) The air cylinder classifiedbasis air cylinder exploitation conditions are different, its structure, the shape, the type are very many, below introduces several kind of classifications.May divide into according to the compressed air function in the piston end surface direction: List function air cylinder and double-acting air cylinder.(2)Different may divide into according to the structure characteristic: Plunger-type air cylinder, plunger air cylinder, film air cylinder, leaf blade type oscillating cylinder, gear strip type oscillating cylinder and so on.(3) May divide into according to the air cylinder function: Ordinary air cylinder and special air cylinder.The ordinary air cylinder refers to the general plunger-type air cylinder, uses in the not special request the situation.The special air cylinder uses in having the special request situation, like was mad - - the fluid damping cylinder, the film air cylinder, flush are mad the air cylinder, the expansion and contraction air cylinder and so on.(4) According to installs the way differently to be possible to divide into: The ear place type, the flange type, sell the shaft type and the flange type and so on.(二)Common air cylinder principle of work and applicationThe ordinary air cylinder principle of work and the use are similar to the hydraulic cylinder, here no longer give unnecessary detail, below only introduces the special air cylinder.1. Is mad - - the fluid damping cylinderbecause the ordinary air cylinder works time, the compressed gas condensibility is big, when the outside work load change is big, the air cylinder appears “crawling” or “self-propelled” the phenomenon, the stability When therefore the equip ment precision is high, the air cylinder work stable request is also high, often uses was mad - - the fluiddamping cylinder is becomes by the air cylinder and the hydraulic cylinder combination, take the compressed air as an energy, by the hydraulic fluid took the control adjustment air cylinder velocity of movement the medium, the use liquid incompressibility control liquid displacement, adjusts the piston the velocity of movement, obtains the piston the steady motion.2. The film air cylinderfilm type air cylinder is replaces the piston by the thin film the air cylinder.It mainly by the cylinder body, the diaphragm, the diaphragm capsule and the connecting rod and so on the major parts is composed.Has the list to affect the type and the double-acting type.液压系统的构成液压系统的组成部风及其作用，如今在各种机械设备上广泛应用着的液压系统,使用具有连续流动性的油液,通过液压泵把驱动液压泵的电动机或发动机的机械能转换成油液的压力能,经过各种控制阀,送到作为执行器的液压缸马达中,再转换乘机械动力去驱动负载.构成这样的液压系统的各个组成部分及其作用.液压系统的特点和用途液压作为一种传动技术,有其突出的优点:能产生很大的动力,而且控制容易；可以用泵很容易地得到很高压力(20-30MPa)的液压油,把此压力油送入液压缸即可产生很大的力；能在很宽范围内无极变速；用控制阀对共给液压马达或液压缸的流量进行无级调整,即可随意控制其旋转或直线运动的速度；很容易防止过载,安全性大；尺寸小出力大,安装位置可自由选择；输出力的调整简单准确,可远程控制.液压系统的使用与维修，为了保证机械设备无故障的工作，必须遵循制造厂的使用维修要求。
液压英语
液压系统 hydraulic system执行元件 actuator液压回路 circuit流量（速度）控制回路 speed control 压力控制阀 pressure valve流量控制阀 flow valve方向控制阀 directional valve效率 efficiency进口压力 inlet pressure出口压力 outlet pressure内泄漏 internal leakage外泄漏 external leakage流量 flow rate排量 displacement循环 circle液压锁紧 hydraulic lock变量泵 variable displacement pump 齿轮泵 gear pump叶片泵 vane pump柱塞泵 piston pump轴向柱塞泵 axial piston pump 液压马达 hydraulic motor液压缸 hydraulic cylinder有杆端 rod end无杆端 rear end外伸行程 extend stroke内缩行程 retract stroke缓冲 cushioning工作行程 working stroke负载压力 induced pressure输出力 force底板 sub-plate油路块 manifold block板式阀 sub-plate valve叠加阀 sandwich valve插装阀 cartridge valve滑阀 slide valve锥阀 poppet valve阀芯 valve element单向阀 check valve液控单向阀 pilot-controlled check valve 梭阀 shuttle valve压力控制阀 pressure relief valve溢流阀 pressure relief valve顺序阀 sequence valve减压阀 pressure reducing valve平衡阀 counterbalance valve卸荷阀 unloading valve直动式 directly operated type先导式 pilot-operated type机械控制式 mechanically controlled type 手动式 manually operated type液控式 hydraulic controlled type流量控制阀 flow control valve固定节流阀 fixed restrictive valve可调节流阀 adjustable restrictive valve 单向节流阀 one-way restrictive valve调速阀 speed regulator valve分流阀 flow divider valve集流阀 flow-combining valve截止阀 shut-off valve球阀 global(ball) valve针阀 needle valve闸阀 gate valve膜片阀 diaphragm valve蝶阀 butterfly valve伺服阀 servo-valve四通阀 four-way valve硬管 rigid tube软管 flexible hose工作管路 working line回油管路 return line补液管路 replenishing line控制管路 pilot line泄油管路 drain line放气管路 bleed line接头 fitting焊接式接头 welded fitting扩口式接头 flared fitting快换接头 quick release coupling 法兰接头 flange connection弯头 elbow异径接头 reducer fitting气囊式蓄能器bladder accumulator 热交换器 heat exchanger冷却器 cooler加热器 heater温度控制器 thermostat消声器 silencer双筒过滤器 duplex filter压力表 pressure gauge压力传感器 electrical pressure transducer 液位计 liquid level measuring instrument 流量计 flow meter压力开关 pressure switch粘度 viscosity密度 density防锈性 rust protection抗腐蚀性 anti-corrosive quality失效 Failure点动 Jog爬行 Creep摩擦 Abrasion（活塞杆）伸出 Retract（活塞杆）缩回 Extension酸洗 Pickling冲洗 Flushing钝化 Passivity。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
附录：外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Hydraulic SystemHydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascal's principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 • Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the world's first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved.After the World War I (1914-1918) ,because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, espec- ially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century G • Constantimscofluct- uations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic trans- mission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of develo- pment.The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europeand the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japan's hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, "Hydraulic Industry." Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japan's fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader.Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industr- ial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel indu- stry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flo- od control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measu- rement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti- rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devi- ces.A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of co- mponents, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil.The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydra- ulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump.Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement.Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars.Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories.The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion.Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice.In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equi - pment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow.Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence - Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed . For the implementation of components and control components, presentations are based on the corresponding circuit diagram symbols, it also introduced ready made circuit diagram symbols.Working principle of the system, you can turn on all circuits to code. If the first implementation of components numbered 0, the control components associated with the identifier is 1. Out with the implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the even components, then retracting and implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the odd components. Hydraulic circuit carried out not only to deal with numbers, but also to deal with the actual device ID, in order to detect system failures.DIN ISO1219-2 standard definition of the number of component composition, which includes the following four parts: device ID, circuit ID, component ID and component ID. The entire system if only one device, device number may be omitted.Practice, another way is to code all of the hydraulic system components for numbers at this time, components and component code should be consistent with the list of numbers. This method is particularly applicable to complex hydraulic control system, each control loop are the corresponding number with the systemWith mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages:1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout.2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response.3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of stepless speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1).4, to achieve overload protection automatically.5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life;6, it is easy to achieve linear motion /7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved.The shortcomings of the hydraulic system:1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion.2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions.3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price.4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio.5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology.In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause asharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Micro-invasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage.Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two.The three hydraulic system diseases1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the sam- e time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil tempera- ture. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased com- pression, so that action can not be very good control of transmission. Solution: heat is the inherent characte -ristics of the hydraulic system, not only to minimize eradication. Use a good quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic piping arrangement should be avoided as far as possible the emergence of bend, the use of high-quality pipe and fittings, hydraulic valves, etc.2, the vibration of the vibration of the hydraulic system is also one of its malaise. As a result of hydraulic oil in the pipeline flow of high-speed impact and the control valve to open the closure of the impact of the process are the reasons for the vibration system. Strong vibration control action willcause the system to error, the system will also be some of the more sophisticated equipment error, resulting in system failures. Solutions: hydraulic pipe should be fixed to avoid sharp bends. To avoid frequent changes in flow direction, can not avoid damping measures should be doing a good job. The entire hydraulic system should have a good damping measures, while avoiding the external local oscillator on the system.3, the leakage of the hydraulic system leak into inside and outside the leakage leakage. Leakage refers to the process with the leak occurred in the system, such as hydraulic piston-cylinder on both sides of the leakage, the control valve spool and valve body, such as between the leakage. Although no internal leakage of hydra- ulic fluid loss, but due to leakage, the control of the established movements may be affected until the cause system failures. Outside means the occurrence of leakage in the system and the leakage between the external environment. Direct leakage of hydraulic oil into the environment, in addition to the system will affect the working environment, not enough pressure will cause the system to trigger a fault. Leakage into the enviro- nment of the hydraulic oil was also the danger of fire. Solution: the use of better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of equipment.Another: the hydraulic system for the three diseases, it was summed up: "fever, with a father拉稀" (This is the summary of the northeast people). Hydraulic system for the lifts, excavators, pumping station, dynamic, crane, and so on large-scale industry, construction, factories, enterprises, as well as elevators, lifting platforms, Deng Axle industry and so on.Hydraulic components will be high-performance, high-quality, high reliability, the system sets the direction of development; to the low power, low noise, vibration, without leakage, as well as pollution control, water-based media applications to adapt to environmental requirements, such as the direction of development; the development of highly integratedhigh power density, intelligence, mechatronics and micro-light mini-hydraulic components; active use of new techniques, new materials and electronics, sensing and other high-tech.---- Hydraulic coupling to high-speed high-power and integrated development of hydraulic transmission equ- ipment, development of water hydraulic coupling medium speed and the field of automotive applications to develop hydraulic reducer, improve product reliability and working hours MTBF; hydraulic torque converter to the development of high-power products, parts and components to improve the manufacturing process tech -nology to improve reliability, promote computer-aided technology, the development of hydraulic torque con- verter and power shift transmission technology supporting the use of ; Clutch fluid viscosity should increase the quality of products, the formation of bulk to the high-power and high-speed direction.Pneumatic Industry:---- Products to small size, light weight, low power consumption, integrated portfolio of development, the implementation of the various types of components, compact structure, high positioning accuracy of the direction of development; pneumatic components and electronic technology, to the intelligent direction of development; component performance to high-speed, high-frequency, high-response, high-life, high temp- erature, high voltage direction, commonly used oil-free lubrication, application of new technology, new technology and new materials.(1) used high-pressure hydraulic components and the pressure of continuous work to reach 40Mpa, the maximum pressure to achieve instant 48Mpa;(2) diversification of regulation and control;(3) to further improve the regulation performance, increase the efficiency of the powertrain;(4) development and mechanical, hydraulic, power transmission of the composite portfolio adjustment gear;(5) development of energy saving, energy efficient system function;(6) to further reduce the noise;(7) Application of Hydraulic Cartridge Valves thread technology, compact structure, to reduce the oil spill.中文翻译：液压系统液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，1795年英国约瑟夫•布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在伦敦用水作为工作介质，以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上，诞生了世界上第一台水压机。