Politics政治英孚英语资料
基础英语口语68｜Politics政治
基础英语口语68｜Politics政治句子：1. No one in the modern world escapes the effects of politics. 现代社会，没有人能回避政治的影响。
2. Most of us think of politics as having to do with government leaders. 我们大多数人会把政治与政府领导人联系在一起。
3. Those politics dictate the life of a country and the manner in which its people live. 政治决定了一个国家的命运和人民的生活方式。
4. Politics and politicians can create peace and wealth, or war and poverty. 政治和政治家既可以创造和平和财富，也可能制造战争和贫穷。
5. Intergovernmental diplomacy between different countries may rely on ambassadors who represent their countries abroad. 不同国家之间的政府外交可能依赖于在国外代表他们国家的大使。
6. Domestic and international policies are decided by politicians. 国内和国际间的政策由政治家们决定。
7. However politics comes into our lives every day without the big world of government politics. 然而，没有政府政治这个世界，政治在我们日常生活中也随处可见。
8. Inside our work place, politics may determine who our bosses are. 在我们的工作场所，政治可能决定谁是我们的老板。
Politics政治英孚英语资料
Civil rights民权词汇这里是一些谈论civil rights（民权）问题的有用搭配。
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. struggled to attain his goals peacefully. 马丁路德金博士为了和平实现目标努力奋斗。
He championed the cause of poor people everywhere. 他到处维护穷人的利益。
He wanted to eradicate poverty. 他想消除疾病和贫穷。
用定冠词the + 一个形容词来表示一类人，比如，the sick、the poor 和the rich。
poor 的名词形式是poverty，wealth 是wealthy 的名词形式。
There's a big gap between the rich and the poor. 富人和穷人之间的差距很大。
So many people live in poverty, while so few hold the wealth. 生活在贫困中的人是那么多，而富裕的人却又那么少。
美国人有时通过种族来表明身份。
African Americans或black people的祖先来自非洲。
其他族群包括Asian Americans；American Indians或Native Americans；以及Latinos或Hispanics。
政府和其他机构用自己的语言来定义美国居民，有时候这个族群的定义很广（比如，Caucasian 表示拥有不同祖先的white people），有时又比较窄（for example, 'Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander'）。
我们需要知道的是族群的叫法有可能是个敏感话题，这方面的争论超越了地域、时代、甚至社会和政治界限。
Dr. King fought for civil rights for African Americans. 金博士为了非裔美国人的民权而战。
News vocabulary politics
News vocabularymonarchy 君主制；君主政治emirate 酋长国confederation 联邦；联合commonwealth 共和国；民主国sovereignty 主权；统治权regime 统治方式；政体democracy 民主（国家）dictatorship 独裁国家、政府caretaker government 临时政府conservatism 保守主义neutrality 中立（地位）autonomy 自治（权）territory 领土power struggle 权力斗争anarchy 无政府（状态）executive branch 行政机构legislative branch 立法机构judicial branch 司法机构municipal government 市政当局；自治市the House of Representatives 众议院the House of Councilors 参议院Congress 议会；美国国会Capitol Hill 美国国会The Senate （美国）上议院The House （美国）下议院Parliament （英国）议会the House of Lords （英国）上议院the House of Commons （英国）下议院legislation 立法；法制assembly 与会者；集会councilor 议会议员committee 委员会ruling party 执政党opposition party 反对党ally 同盟国alliance 联盟；同盟predecessor 前任successor 后继者；继任者head of state 国家元首cabinet 内阁；全体阁员prime minister(PM) 首相bureaucracy 官僚作风red tape 繁文缛节；费时的繁琐手续cease-fire 停火poll 投票选举；民意测验rebel 造反；反叛hegemony 霸权body bomb 人体炸弹suicide attacks 自杀性袭击hostage 人质assassination 暗杀terrorism 恐怖主义Security Council 联合国安理会United Nation Children’s Fund 联合国儿童基金组织International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能组织ITU: International Telecommunications Union 国际电信联盟IOC: International Olympic Committee 国际奥委会IMF: International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织GA TT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定。
British and American Government
The U. S. is a Federal Government
more democratic tyrannical
Democracy
⑵
direct democracy ancient Greece/ New England Initiative/ Recall/ Referendum
“government” “kubernete” (the steering oar used on early Greek ships) to steer or to direct the public affairs
The Authoritative Allocation of Valuesrchies
Britain, Japan, Thailand, Spain, Malaysia…
Continuum
gender
The surviving monarchies succeeded because ⑴ they shifted from absolute to constitutional rule.
The U. S. Government
a federal republic with weak political parties and many constitutional restraints on the powers of the central government.
British and American Government
Politics 政治
Greek 希腊语
“politics” “polis” (towns, the first organized governmental entities in ancient Greece) the public affairs of towns
dfs-service-国际政治英语(1)讲义全
English for International Politics MajorDr. Yan Ting2014 Fall题型：(考试占40%)1 multiple choice 15*3’=45’2 terminology 三选二10’3 short answer 三选二15’4 reading comprehension 5*3’=15’5 essay 300 words 15’整理内容包括：讲义中只有一两个词的地方进行了扩充，部分问题增加了答案，以及一些较生僻的词汇进行了解释。
祝大家考试顺利，取的好成绩~Introduction●What is politics?1.the exercise of influence by competing individuals and groups to affect theallocation of values and distribution of resources2.According to Lasswell, politics determines “who gets what, when , how and why” .●What is international politics?1.“the decisions of governments concerning their actions toward othergovernments” (Goldstein, 2005, p4)2.International politics as a field--Is a subfield of political science--Issue areas; subfield (including international security; IPE; Diplomacy etc.)3.origin of states: ancient Mesopotamia (between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers)●Trends in international politics1.integrative; disintegrative2.continuity--certain patterns from the past have reappeared: internationalism vsisolationism 3.changes of--types of units (actors): from the single state actors to multiple actors.(International institutions, non-governmental organizations, multinationalcorporations, individuals and other sub-state or trans-state actors are acting as important international actors. )--goals: anti-terrorism; cold war ideology --capabilities: deterrence (# of nukes核武器)● A Framework for International Politics1. Level of analysis --individual level --domestic level --interstate level --global level-- what else? (International system level，including：global level, regional level and interstate level)2. Time sequence--e.g. trade and conflict relationship--remote causes vs. proximatecauses3. Contingent（可能发生的，偶然的）behavior (strategic)●Example: the role of images in world politics1.Schematic（纲要的；示意的；严谨的；有章法的）reasoning: matching what they seewith images in their memories of prototypical（原型的） events and people.--the world in American’s eyes vs. in Chinese eyes2. Attribution bias: the tendency to emphasize situational factors when explaining one’s own behavior while stressing dispositional（意向的，素质上的）factors when explaining the same behavior in others3. Cognitive（认知的，认识的）dissonance（不一致）: The tendency to deny or rationalize away discrepancies（差异）between one’s preexisting beliefs and new information4. The phenomenon of mirror imageTheories of International Politics●Four characteristics of scientific research (KKV,1994)1.the goal is inference（推理，推断）--descriptive （描述的）--causal（因果关系的）2.the procedures are public (replicable)3.the conclusions are uncertain4.the content is the method●Major components of research design(KKV,1994)1. the research question – how to choose?2. the theory (assumptions, model, hypothesis假说，前提)3.the data and the use of data●Major theories of international politics1. realism--key terms: power; sovereignty; anarchy; hegemon; multi-polar--earlier theorists: Sun Tzu; Thucydides; Machiavelli; Thomas Hobbes; Morgenthau;(Realism “is a spectrum of ideas” which revolve around the four centralpropositions of Political Groupism, Egoism, International anarchy and Powerpolitics. Realism is a tradition of international theory centered upon fourpropositions: The international system is anarchic; States are the most important actors; all states within the system are unitary, rational actors; the primary concernof all states is survival.)In summary, realists think that humankind is not inherently benevolent but rather self-centered and competitive. The state is the most important actor under realism.The state emphasizes an interest in accumulating power to ensure security in an anarchic world. A key concept under realism is the international distribution ofpower referred to as system polarity, although all states seek hegemony under realism as the only way to ensure their own security, other states in the system are incentivized to prevent the emergence of a hegemon through balancing.2. Liberalism--key terms: concert of powers; collective goods; reciprocity;interdependence; international regimes--earlier theorists: Locke; Kant; Smith; Cobdon; Wilson(Liberalism is one of the main schools of international relations theory.The central issues that it seeks to address are the problems of achieving lasting peace and cooperation in international relations, and the various methods that couldcontribute to their achievement.Broad areas of study within liberal international relations theory include:1)Institutional peace theory, which attempts todemonstrate how cooperation can be sustained in anarchy, how can theinternational regimes take effect ;2)The democratic peace theory, and, morebroadly, the effect of domestic political regime types and domestic politics oninternational relations;3) The commercial peace theory, arguing that free trade has pacifying effects on the interdependence in international relations. )4) the effect of international organizations on international politics, both in their roleas forums for states to pursue their interests, and in their role as actors in their own right; 5)The role of international law in moderating or constraining state behavior;6)The role of various types of unions in international politics (relations), such ashighly institutionalized alliances (e.g. NATO), confederations, leagues, federations, and evolving entities like the European Union.3. feminism--argument: we can better understand IR by including the roles and effects ofwomen.--schools: difference feminism; liberal feminism; postmodern feminism; (discuss: Hua Mulan)4. constructivism (post-modernism) --key terms: social construct; ideas--influenced by critical theory: Habermas (1984); Frankfurt school (1920s, aim is to critique and change society not merely understand it)--power revolves around actors’ abilities through debate about values to persuade others to accept their ideas--leading political scientist: Alexander Wendt (1999)(In the discipline of international relations, constructivism is the claim thatsignificant aspects of international relations are historically and sociallyconstructed, rather than inevitable consequences of human nature or otheressential characteristics of world politics. According to Wendt, the structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces, and that the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature)5．Marxist theory--key terms: class conflict; bourgeoisie, proletarian; means of production;twin problem of overproduction and underconsumption--related theories: dependency theory, world-system theory (Wallerstein 1988)--Overemphasize economics and highlight the role of corporations,transnational movements and other non-state actors●Criteria to judge the quality of a theory1.Clarity清晰度: well-specified cause-and-effect relationship; logical hypothesis;2.Parsimony简洁: a good theory simplifies reality (contain all of the relevantfactors without becoming excessively complex)3.explanatory power: a good theory has empirical support4.Prescriptive规定的，惯例的 richness: provides policy recommendations.6. Falsifiability可证伪性: a good theory can be proven wrongrealism●Classical realism1.all realists rely heavily on the concepts of power, rationality and the balanceof power.2.the concept of national interest: statesman “think and act in terms of interestdefined as power” (Morgenthau 1948:5)3.International conflict results from human nature.4.the concept of balance of power: situation of equilibrium均势 as well as to anysituation in which power struggles take place.●neorealism1.anarchy (self-help) vs. hierarchy等级制度2.like units; worry about survival3.relative gains新现实主义vs. absolute gains新自由主义(dependence vs.interdependence)4.distribution of power●criticism on realism1.classical realism vs. neorealism （权利是目的还是手段；国家层次还是体系层次）2. the realm领域 of economics (low politics)3.the realm of domestic politics4.big powers, middle powers, and small powers5.fungibility可替代性 of powersliberalism and constructivism1.“realism and liberalism are consistent with the assumption that most state behavior can be interpreted as rational” (Keohane, p729). What else in common?2. what is unique and different for liberalism?-- the politics of interdependencea. definition: “situations characterized by reciprocal effects among countries oramong actors in different countries”b. complex interdependence: “a situation among a number of countries in whichmultiple channels of contact connect societies-- internat ional regimes: “governing arrangements that affect relationships ofinterdependence”1.origin: structurationist and symbolic interactionist sociology--first image (individual and human nature), second image (nation state), and third image (international system)2. path dependence3. argument:--fundamental principle of constructivism: people act toward objects, including other actors, on the basis of the meanings that objects have for them (Wendt, p396-7) --second principle: the meanings in terms of which action is organized arise out of interaction (p 403)4. problems:--(how to know) identity and ideas--(how to explain) changeSoft power●Joseph Nye1.Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University2.1977-1979, Deputy to the Undersecretary of State for Security Assistance,Science, and Technology3.Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs & chairman ofthe National Intelligence Council (Clinton Administration)4.Academic: complex interdependence, soft power, smart power5.Quotes: “China still has large areas of underdevelopments. And per capita income is a bettermeasure of the sophistication of the economy. And that the Chinese wo n’t catch up or pass the Americans until somewhere in the latter part, after 2050, of this century … We don’t have to fear the rise of China or the return of Asia.”●1. Rise and Fall of US? (Paul Kennedy)a. economic and military highly correlated in the rise/fall.b. expanding strategic commitments →increases in military expenditures→2. long-term decline3. Nye: US is “bound to lead”●Definition:1. Power: power is the ability to influence the behavior of others to get theoutcomes you want.2. Soft power: the ability to attract and co-opt rather than coerce, use force orgive money as a means of persuasion.●Sources of soft power●China’s soft power1. The concept of “state soft power” by former president Hu Jintao onNov. 10, 20062. “State cultural soft power” in the report of 17th Congress of CPC3．Soft power in East AsiaBrief international history*Why study history1.history provides a record in which patterns are visible2.decision makers are generally familiar with history, and their decisions often reflect that familiarity3.assume history can teach us lessons for future--by understanding why particular choices were made--and by understanding why other choices, leading to alternative histories, were not made*Note: distinction between what is known when decision is made and what is known later is important element in judging the past and evaluatingarguments about the futureRecommended: Yuen Foong KHONG. Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965. Princeton New Herseyt Univ. Press. 1992,*1400s*Collapse of the Byzantine Empire (1453)*Holy Roman Empire (800)*Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)*Rise of Russia (1547)*1500s*Protestant Reformation (1517 Martin Luther-1648)*Rise of Ottoman Empire (1453- 1922)*Search for sea routes from Europe to Asia*1600s*The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)*treaty of Westphalia*English Civil War (1642-1648)*1700s*War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)*seven Years’ War and associated British-French War (1754-1763)*American Revolutionary War (1776-1783)*1800s*Napoleonic wars*Concert of Europe*British colonialism*Wars for German unificationa.Seven Weeks War (1866)b.Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)*1900s*World War I (1914-1918)*Interwar period*World War II (1939 -1945)*Cold War (1945-1990)*Turkey and Greece*Truman Doctrine (March 12, 1947): the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Sovietsphere.*Cuban Missile Crisis*Korean War*Vietnam War (Dienbianphu 1954; Tonkin 1965; Tet offensive 1968)*Arab-Israeli Wars*1948 War of Independence*1956 Suez Canal War*1967 Six Day War*1973 Yom Kippur War*1982 War*Post-cold war*Soviet breakup and NATO expansion*Gulf War, 1990-1991*Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria*War against terror*Historical trends?*Facts about today’s ChinaForeign policy-making I: rational choice approach●Allison, Graham. 1971. Essence of Decision. Boston: Little, Brown●purposes of foreign policy-making studies:description; explanation; prediction; evaluation; recommendation●Allison’s Foreign policy-making models:1.rational policy modelanizational process model3.bureaucratic politics model●rational policy modelanizing concepts:--national security and national interests are the principal categories in which strategic goals are conceived--various courses of action provide the spectrum范围 of options--the relevant consequences constitute benefits and costs in terms of strategic goals and objectives--rational choice is value-maximizing2.general proposition: an increase in the cost of an alternative reduces thelikelihood of that alternative being chosen.3.how to explain Cuban missile crisis in this model?●Organizational process model4.definition: deliberate choices of leaders are outputs of large organizationsfunctioning according to standard patterns of behavior--standard operating procedures (SOP)-- organizational parochialism狭隘主义 (information, recruitment, tenure终身职位, rewards and pressures)2. proposition: if a nation performs an action today; its organizational componentsmust yesterday have been performing an action only marginally differentfrom this action.3.how to explain Cuban missile crisis in this model?●Bureaucratic politics model1.definition: government behavior can be understood as outcomes of bargaininggame--players position hierarchically within the government; they are not amonolithic整体的 group--competitive games2.proposition:” where you stand depends on where you sit”; chiefs (president)and Indians (staffers)3.how to explain Cuban missile crisis in this model?Critiques on Allison’s model (Bender and Hammond 1992)Foreign policy-making II: cognitive approach●Prospect theory1. Theory--framing phase: during this phase, information is received and processed in a way that places emphasis on whether the domain is of losses or gains.--evaluation phase: people tend to be risk-seeking in the domain of losses and risk-averse in the domain of gains2. Empirical evidence:-- How prospect theory is applied in Iran hostage crisis in 1979? (McDermott, 1992) --Proofs from laboratory experiments3. Critiques on prospect theory:--lack of a theory of framing--do not specify how risk-seeking and risk-averse--how to distinguish from expected utility theory-- how about other factors that affects risk propensities: personality, culture and politics●Other psychological factors on foreign decision-making: presidential style--cognitive style: way president wants information network organized, openness to information and advice--sense of efficacy功效: interests focus on foreign policy making, nature of agenda, involvement in foreign policy making--general operating goal of the leader--willingness to tolerate conflict--preferred strategies for resolving conflict--preferences for pro-active vs. reactive policy-making--etc.●Three styles (Johnson, 1974)--formalistic style: Truman, Eisenhower, Nixon, and Reagan--collegial style: Kennedy, Carter, Bush senior--competitive style: Franklin RooseveltArmed conflict in 21st century● A distinction: crisis, dispute, conflict, and war1. A crisis: “a threat to one or more basic values, along with an awareness of finite timefor response to the value threat, and a heightened probability of involvement inmilitary hostilities” (Brecher and Wilkenfeld 2000, 3).--Non-violent act (verbal, political, economic, external change) --Non-violentmilitary act - show of force, war maneuvers策略, etc.--Indirect violent act – revolt背叛，造反，起义 in another country, violent act directed at ally, friendly state, or client state;--Violent act - border clash, military invasion, war, etc.2. A dispute:“a set of interactions between or among states involving threats to usemilitary force, displays of military force, or actual uses of military forces”(Gochman and Maoz 1984, 586).-threat to use force, display of force, use of force, and war.3.War: war should be overt公开的，明显的, organized use of military force betweensovereign states and involve more than 1,000 battle deaths (Jones, Bremer, and Singer 1996).●Theories about war1.individual level--U (war)>U(peace) vs. deviation from偏离 rationality--diversionary use of war--nationalism and ethnic hatred2. domestic level--characteristics of states or society (aggressive capitalism; shame culture)3. interstate level--hegemon and revisionist state--contiguity接近，关系密切--famine4.global level--cycles theories vs. obsolescence过时，废弃 of war--power distribution●Typology of international conflicts1.over tangible material interests--territorial--control of government--economic2.over less-tangible goods--ethnic--religious: fundamentalism--ideological●Other conflicts:1.civil war2.war against terror--definition: political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.--state-sponsored terrorismSome concepts: hegemonic war, total war, limited war●Determinants of war1.Contiguity and distance-Contiguous接触的，邻近的 if two states are either sharing a land boundary or separated by less than 150 miles of water-geographic distance between two states’ capitals,2.Regime type (democracy)-democratic peace theory3.Alliances-mutual defense pacts公约，条约, neutrality agreements, and ententes协约4. Distribution of power (relative power)-each state’s share of the interstate system’s total military, industrial anddemographic resources5.Trade6.International OrganizationsInternational institutions●Review of liberal institutionalism vs. realism1. agreements:--treat states as rational egoists (rationalistic, utilitarian)--agreements cannot be hierarchically enforced (anarchy)--cooperation will occur if states have significant common interests2. differences:--assumptions (when the theory works)--international institutions are powerhouse or independently influential?--the divide between security vs. political economy--relative gains and international cooperation--the future of NATO, EU etc.●World order1. states usually do follow orders.2. Hegemon and international law (Dutch, free passage on open sea, airline communication; internet)●international norms: expectations held by state leaders about normal internationalrelations (moral)●international organizations: institutions are concrete, tangible structures with specificfunctions and missions1.intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)--EU, ASEAN (regional); UN, OPEC (global)--Efficiency problem2.nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)--NGOs tend to be more specialized in function than IGOs--International Olympic Committee; Green peace; church●The United Nations1.UN charter: equal; sovereignty; independence and territorial integrity; internationalobligations2.UN benefits: symbol; forum; mechanism for conflict resolution; developmentassistance; information and data--collective security: the banding together of the world’s st ates to stop an aggressor (chapter 7)3. UN structure: Figure7.1 (Goldstein 2005, p.261)--security council: permanent members (5) /nonpermanent members (10); veto power; chairperson; military staff committee; contending for new permanent seats;peace-keeping--secretariat--general assembly: ECOSOC--autonomous agencies: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); WHO;FAO; UNESCO; IMF; WTO; World Bank●United Nations Reforms1. Evaluation and Attitudes--Role of UN: instrumental / monitory /coordinative / leading?--Issue of Priority: security / economy / human rights / environment / others?--Intervening Domestic Affairs: suitable/ not suitable / contingent /others?--Peacekeeping: necessary / being controlled by big powers / not effective2.Problems and Reform Proposals--Security council reform: expand / maintain / adjustment / ....--Preference for Non-permanent members: Japan, Germany, India, Brazil--FinanceSource: A Survey and Analysis of Attitudes of College Students toward Reform ofthe UN, World Economics and Politics, 2005.5: 26-30●European Union (EU)--The EU is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe--The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries ( France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) in 1951 and 1958, respectively. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993--the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank, the European Parliament, etc.●North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)--NATO is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed in 1949. During the Cold War, most of Europe was divided between NATO and its rivalry Warsaw Pact. After Cold War, NATO has started its eastward expansions which are strongly opposed by Russia.--currently 28 members and headquartered in Brussels.●Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)--ASEAN was established by the governments of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand in 1967 to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development and to promote peace and security in Southeast Asia.●Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countriesthat seeks to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific region.--Established in 1989; annual APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting●BRIC is a grouping acronym首字母缩略词that refers to the countries of Brazil,Russia, India and China, which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. A related acronym is BRICS which includes South Africa.●Group of Eight (G8) is a forum for the governments of eight of the world's largesteconomies (Russia was excluded from the forum in 2014 due to Crimea crisis so the group now comprises seven nations plus the EU). The forum originated with a 1975 summit among France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, thus leading to the name Group of Six or G6. The summit became known as the Group of Seven or G7 the following year with the addition of Canada. In 1997, Russia was added to group which then became known as the G8.●The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is an intergovernmental mutual-security organisation which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Except for Uzbekistan, the other countries had been members of the Shanghai Five, founded in 1996; after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the members renamed the organisation. The SCO is primarily centered on its member nations' Central Asian security-related concerns, often describing the main threats it confronts as being terrorism, separatism and extremism.●Realist view of international institutions:--Mearsheimer (1995, p.8)’s definition of institutions: a set of rules that stipulate规定 the ways in which states should cooperate and compete with each other.Views:--for realists, institutions are essentially “arenas for acting out power relationships.” (Evans and Wilson, 1992, p.330)--e.g. NATO was essentially an American tool for managing power in the face of the Soviet threat●Institutionalist theories1.why institutions?a.liberal institutionalism:--mainly applies to the political economy (Mearsheimer 1995, p.16)--institution’s role in prevent cheating; issue-linkage; information; reduce transaction costs. Vs. relative gainsb.collective security theory (Woodrow Wilson)--the theory recognizes that military power is a central fact of life in international and the key to enhancing stability is the proper management of military powerc.critical theory--critical theorists aim to transform the international system into a “world society,”where states are guided by “norms of trust and sharing.”d.historical institutionalism, rational choice institutionalism, sociological institutionalism(Hall and Taylor 1999)2. Institutional Effects:--Monika Bauhr and Naghmeh Nasiritousi. 2012. How Do International Organizations Promote Quality of Government? Contestation, Integration, and the Limits of IOPower, International Studies Review,14. 4: 541-566--John R. Oneal and Bruce Russett. 1999. The Kantian Peace: The Pacific Benefits of Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations, 1885-1992, worldPolitics 52: 1-37Globalization●Definition of globalization: “the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life” (Held et. al1999, p.2)●Three forms of globalization1.economic globalization →cause of inequality2.cultural globalization →Americanization vs. diversity3.political globalization●Realities against globalization1.rivalries among great powers have most certainly not disappeared.2.wars within states are on the rise3.realist geo-political factors both domestic and abroad shape foreign policies--xenophobia对外国人的憎恶，陌生恐怖; economic grievance不满，委屈;transnational ethnic solidarity--transnational terrorism●China's Xiaowan dam, the world's tallest, poses a huge challenge to the Mekong river basin countries.●Views against globalization1. globalization is neither inevitable nor irresistible (Hoffmann 2002)2. monopolies垄断 (MNC) exploit rather than benefit people abroad →race to the bottom3. globalization increases poverty, literacy, gender equality, cultural autonomy, and diversity4. offshore outsourcing – migration of jobs overseas.●Who are against globalization?1.left-wing students2.blue-collar unions3.environmentalists。
口译词汇模块Politics
Module 2 Politics一、Policy related to numbers"one china, one Taiwan" “一中一台”“one country, two systems”“一国两制”"two Chinas" “两个中国”“Three Represents”“三个代表”the three major historical tasks 三大历史任务three favorables 三个有利于“Agriculture, Countryside and F armer” issues 三农问题three direct links (mail, air and shipping services and trade) （两岸）直接三通the three Sino-Us joint communiqués 《中美三个联合公报》the fourth plenary session 四中全会Four Cardinal Principles 四项基本原则Four modernizations 四个现代化（农、工、国防、科技）the five principles of peaceful coexistence 和平共处五项原则"eight do's" and "eight don'ts" “八个坚持、八个反对”the eight-point proposal 八项主张the third plenary session of the eleventh central committee 十一届三中全会the tenth five-year plan (2001-2005) “十五”计划17th party congress 十七大"bringing in" and "going out" “引进来”和“走出去”政策23 million Taiwan compatriots 两千三百万台湾同胞"Taiwan independence" “台湾独立”“south -south cooperation”“南南合作”二、Words with Chinese characteristicsa well-off standard/ society 小康水平/社会advance the development of the western region 推进西部大开发advances with the times 与时代发展同步伐at the proper time and to an appropriate degree 适时适度attempts to split the country 各种分裂图谋blazing new trails in a pioneering spirit 开拓创新build a well-off society in an all-round way 全面建设小康社会build a clean and honest government 廉政建设build a conservation-minded society 建设(资源)节约型社会china's cross-century development 我国的跨世纪发展china's international standing 我国的国际地位china's overall national strength 我国综合国力citizens' participation in political affairs 公民政治参与civic duty /rights/civil liberties 公民职责/公民权利、自由civil servants 公务员creativity, cohesion and fighting capacity 创造力、凝聚力和战斗力cross-straits negotiations/ relations 两岸谈判/两岸关系crucial historical juncture 重大历史关头democratic decision-making/ elections/ management 民主决策/民主选举/民主管理Democratic Progressive Party 民进党democratic supervision 民主监督Deng Xiaoping theory 邓小平理论deputy to the National People's Congress 全国人大代表extensive and profound 博大精深extravagance and waste 铺张浪费falsification 弄虚作假family planning 计划生育federations of industry 工商联fetters of subjectivism and metaphysics 主观主义和形而上学的桎梏fight against "Taiwan Independence" 反对“台独”good-neighborly relationship 睦邻友好government functions/ institutions, o rgans/ intervention 政府职能/机构/干预(have) a good government and a united people 政通人和historic breakthrough 历史性突破hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping theory 高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜honesty 诚实守信honesty and high efficiency 廉洁高效Hong Kong And Macao special administrative regions 香港、澳门特别行政区ideological and moral education 思想道德建设intellectuals 知识分子intensify functions 强化功能international organizations/ situation 国际性组织/国际形势iron out differences 化解歧见keep pace with the times 与时俱进kingpin 支撑long-term peace and order 长治久安long-term social stability and solidarity 长期社会安定团结Marxism Leninism 马克思列宁主义mass organizations 人民团体masters of the country 当家作主material and cultural needs of the people 人民的物质文化需要material and spiritual civilization 物质文明和精神文明media and publicity work 宣传舆论工作moral kingpin 精神支撑morality, intelligence, physique and art 德智体美national rejuvenation through science and education 科教兴国national reunification 祖国统一national spirit 民族精神negotiations on peaceful reunification 和平统一谈判neighborhood committee 居委会NPC member 人大代表our compatriots in Taiwan 台湾同胞our compatriots in the Hong Kong SAR 香港特别行政区同胞our compatriots in the Macao SAR 澳门特别行政区同胞patriots from all walks of life 各界爱国人士patriotic democratic personages 爱国民主人士patriotic united front 爱国统一战线peace and development 和平与发展peace, justice and progress 和平，正义，进步problems facing agriculture, rural areas and farmers 农业、农村和农民问题grain distribution system粮食流通体制reduce agricultural tax rate 降低农业税税率reform of rural taxes and administrative charges 农村税费改革repeal taxes on special agricultural products 取消农业特产税rescind agricultural taxes in five years 五年内取消农业税to alleviate rural poverty through development 农村扶贫开发proceed from our national conditions 从我国国情出发promote all-round social progress 促进社会全面进步realm of ideology 意识形态领域reform and opening-up 改革开放reform, development and stability 改革发展稳定rule (run) the country by law 依法治国rule (run) the country by virtue 以德治国running the party, state and army 治党治国治军survival and development 生存和发展sustainable development 可持续发展system of regional ethnic autonomy 民族区域自治制度the Chinese people of all ethnic groups 全国各族人民the great cause of national reunification 祖国统一大业the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 中华民族的伟大复兴the people of all social strata 社会各阶层人们the provincial and municipal (prefectural) governments 省、市（地）两级地方政府the return of Hong Kong And Macao to the motherland 香港和澳门回归祖国the smooth transition of power 平稳过渡two conferences (NPC and CPPCC) 两会（人大，政协）unified, open, competitive and orderly 统一、开放、竞争、有序unprecedented difficulties and pressure 空前巨大的困难和压力vigilance against risks 抗风险能力vitality, creativity and cohesion of a nation 民族的生命力、创造力和凝聚力win -win co-operation 强强联手with a long history behind it 源远流长world outlook 世界观三、Develop the western region1．中国是一个统一的多民族国家，汉族人口占总人口的90%以上，包括藏族在内的其他55个民族在习惯上被称为少时民族。
高中英语单词天天记politics素材
· politics
· n. ['pɒlətɪks]
·
· 双解释义
· U 政治活动political affairs
· U 政治学the art or science of government
· P 政论,政见; 党派倾向political opinions
· U 争权活动,权术; 派别之争activity within a particular group or organization
· 基本要点
•
politics作“政治活动”“政治事务”“政治生活”解时是不可数名词,作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数; 作“政治观点”“政见”解时谓语动词用复数;
作“政治学”解时谓语动词用单数; 作“权术”“派别之争”解时含贬义,谓语动
词用单数。
•
· 词汇搭配
•动词+～
•discuss politics 讨论政治
•study politics 学习政治学
•
•名词+～
•party politics 党派政治
•power politics 强权政治
•student politics 学生政治活动
· 句型例句
•
Politics has〔have〕 never interested me.我从未对政治活动感兴趣。
I am studying politics at university.我在大学里学习政治学。
What are your politics?你的政见如何?
•。
Politics
adj. 按年代顺序排列的；依时间前后排列而记载的
• lobbyist ['lɔbiist] n. 说客；活动议案通过者 ancillary adj. 副的；从属的 n. 助 手；附件 incumbent •deliberation •amendment testimony adj. 现任的；依靠的； n. 在职者；现任者； n. 审议；从容；熟思；考虑 n. 修正案；改正；改善 n. 证据；证词，证言
• On the floor 在参议院的会议上 • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)美国联邦紧急事务管理局 • The Pentagon 美国国防部；五角大楼 • American Supremacy 美国霸权 • Neo-conservatism 新保守主义 • Neo-conservative faction 美国的新保守派 • Bush Administration 美国的布什政府 • Supreme Court 美国最高法院 • National Security Strategy 美国《国家安全 战略》
Proper noun
• Congress 美国国会 • House Appropriations Committee (HAC)美 国国会众议院拨款委员会 • Budget proposal 预算案 • Government relations office 政府关系局 • Homeland security 国土安全 • Constitution Avenue 宪法大道 • Capitol Hill 美国国会山
• Center for Responsive Politics (CRP) 美国 超党派机构“政治反馈中心” • House Education and Workplace subcommittee 美国众议院教育和劳工委员 会 • National Science Foundation (NSF)美国国 家科学基金会 • National Institutes of Health (NIH)美国国家 健康研究院 • Political action committee 政治行动委员会
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Civil rights民权词汇这里是一些谈论civil rights（民权）问题的有用搭配。
Dr.Martin Luther King Jr.struggled to attain his goals peacefully.马丁路德金博士为了和平实现目标努力奋斗。
He championed the cause of poor people everywhere.他到处维护穷人的利益。
He wanted to eradicate poverty.他想消除疾病和贫穷。
用定冠词the+一个形容词来表示一类人，比如，the sick、the poor和the rich。
poor的名词形式是poverty，wealth是wealthy的名词形式。
There's a big gap between the rich and the poor.富人和穷人之间的差距很大。
So many people live in poverty,while so few hold the wealth.生活在贫困中的人是那么多，而富裕的人却又那么少。
美国人有时通过种族来表明身份。
African Americans或black people的祖先来自非洲。
其他族群包括Asian Americans；American Indians或Native Americans；以及Latinos或Hispanics。
政府和其他机构用自己的语言来定义美国居民，有时候这个族群的定义很广（比如，Caucasian表示拥有不同祖先的white people），有时又比较窄（for example,'Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander'）。
我们需要知道的是族群的叫法有可能是个敏感话题，这方面的争论超越了地域、时代、甚至社会和政治界限。
Dr.King fought for civil rights for African Americans.金博士为了非裔美国人的民权而战。
The first Asian Americans came to the US from the Philippines in the1750s.首批亚裔美国人是在18世纪50年代从菲律宾来到美国的。
'Hispanic'generally refers to people of Spanish or Spanish-speaking culture,but definitions vary.西班牙裔一般指在西班牙或西班牙语国家的人，但也不一定。
文化点：美国被认为是一个“大熔炉”，因其民众大部分是移民，而有些人对美国的认同超过了对自己的祖先。
最好了解一下他们更喜欢别人怎么称呼自己，避免贴上个人标签。
前缀non-加在词首，意思是no或者not。
用nonviolence和nonpartisan一类的词来谈论民权和政治。
King achieved his goals peacefully,through nonviolent action.金通过非暴力行为和平实现了自己的目标。
The organization is nonprofit and nonpartisan.该组织为非盈利、无党派。
语言提示：这里的例子没有hyphen(连字符)。
你会看到这类词和其他诸如non-的带了连字符的前缀。
标点符号有可能会随着时间的推移而改变，很多带连字符的词现在已经没有连字符了。
guaranteed wage或guaranteed annual income是金博士强烈支持的一项运动。
A guaranteed annual income would help poor people afford housing.最低年收入保障可以帮助穷人买房。
按顺序阅读当你读一段文字时，注意帮助你紧跟事件发生顺序的词汇和短语。
比如，找出关键日期和年份：King began his political career in college in the early1950s.金在20世纪50年代早期的大学时代开了政治生涯。
King led a civil rights march in Chicago in the summer of1966.1966年夏，金在芝加哥领导了一个民权游行。
He was assassinated on April4,1968.他在1968年4月4日遇刺。
找出显示时间的词汇和短语：Once he proved his leadership abilities,he became well-known across the nation.他的领导能力一经证实立即全国皆知。
Prior to the civil rights movement,laws separated white people from black people.在民权运动之前，法律隔离了白人与黑人。
While in Washington,King delivered his famous'I Have a Dream'speech.金在华盛顿发表了著名的“我有一个梦想”演说。
找出提示一系列事件的副词：Afterward,he became a celebrated person in US civil rights history.后来，他成为了美国民权史上的一位名人。
Subsequently,he was assassinated.随后，他被暗杀了。
Previously,activist W.E.B.Du Bois had made an enormous impact.之前，激进分子W.E.B.杜波依斯已经造成了巨大影响。
Later,Barbara Jordan became the first African American congresswoman from the South.之后，芭芭拉·乔丹成为了南部首位非裔美国国会女议员。
Dr.Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.,the US civil rights leader,began his political career as president of his senior college class in1951.Four years after college,he earned his doctorate from Boston University.His talent for leadership developed and,following university study,Dr.King went on to become a member of the executive board of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP),an organization still at the forefront of civil rights today.King's early leadership roles helped prepare him to take charge of one of the most dramatic events in US civil rights history:the1955bus boycott in Montgomery,Alabama–a protest inspired by Rosa Parks.Because Parks,a black woman,refused to give her seat to a white passenger,she was arrested by the police.King and other black leaders championed Parks'cause, asking African Americans in Montgomery to stop riding public buses.The boycott lasted381days and caused significant financial damage to the bus company.Prior to the boycott,the law saidthat black people could not sit with white people on public buses,and they had to give up their seats when the white section was full.Just one year later,King had achieved what many people wanted:The US Supreme Court declared segregation on buses unconstitutional,ensuring that black people could ride on buses as equals.Once people heard about the success of the bus boycott,they began to think of King as the nation's most powerful black leader.Subsequently,King helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC),a religious organization that provided leadership and guidance during the civil rights movement.He was with the SCLC until his assassination in1968.King traveled the country speaking and writing about the concept of civil rights and the need for new laws that ensured equality.In1963,he led a historic,nonviolent event in Washington,DC–the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom –in which about250,000people collectively demanded of President John F.Kennedy and the government equal opportunities for all people.It was during that event that King delivered his most famous speech,'I Have a Dream.'The march was credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of1964and the Voting Rights Act of1965.And King's celebrated speech not only cemented his position as the nation's most important civil rights leader but also won admiration from people around the world. Political communicationHe's a convincing liar.他是个很容易让人相信的骗子。