1991年考研英语真题及解析
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to ___1___ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working ___2____ radio, for example, they had become ___3___ to seeing on behalf of the listener.This ___4___ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. ___5___ all, he has to be able to ___6___ a continuous sequence of visual images which ___7___ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the ___8___ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is ___9___ different. He is there to make ___10___ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him ___11___ on particular things, and to ___12___ the images on the television screen. ___13___ his radio colleague, he must know the ___14___ of silence and how to use it at those moments ___15___ the pictures speak for themselves.1.［A］turn ［B］adapt ［C］alter ［D］modify[解析]本题考核知识点：动词的搭配本题空格处的动词须能够搭配成“…oneself to + 名词”的形式，选项中只有[B]可以。
Adapt oneself to意为to gradually change one’s behavior and attitudes so that one get used to a new situation and can deal with it successfully“(使)适应，（使）适合（新情况）”。
代入adapt之后，空格所在句大意为：他们（收音机评论员）努力去适应（电视机）这种新媒体的时候，遇到了一些技术方面的困难。
[B]符合文义。
[A] turn to sb/sth意为ask help from“求助于”，如：I tried to stand on my own rather than turned to my parents.我设法自立而不求助于我的父母。
[C] Alter意为cause to change; make different; cause a transformation 改变，如：He altered one of the rooms into a bedroom. 他把一间屋子改建成了卧室。
[D] Modify 意为to make small changes to sth in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective “（略微地）修改，更改，改进”，如：Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从于人类自己独特的观念和想象。
2. ［A］on ［B］at ［C］with ［D］behind[解析]本题考核知识点：介词辨析[A]On可意为by means of sth, using sth通过，使用，借助于，如：on TV/the internet在电视/互联网上。
代入文中，on radio指收音机评论员通过收音机工作，作状语修饰work., 既符合文义，又能构成搭配。
[B]at、[C] with、[D] behind构不成搭配。
3. ［A］experienced 有经验的［B］determined 有决心的［C］established 已经确立的，获确认的［D］accustomed 习惯于[解析]本题考核知识点：固定搭配四个选项中，只有accustomed 可以形成be /become accustomed to doing sth的形式。
如, My eyes slowly grew accustomed to the dark.我的眼睛慢慢适应了黑暗。
而且，空格所在句大意为“在广播电台工作时，评论员已经习惯了代表公众看实况”，[D]accustomed 既符合内容要求又符合语法结构的要求。
Experienced 后面介词一般用in. 如，He is very experienced in looking after animals. 他对于照看动物很有经验。
Determined后面跟动词不定式。
如，I am determined to succeed.我决心要获得成功。
Established“已确立的，已获确认的”，一般放在名词前做定语，如they are an established company with good reputation.他们是一家地位稳固，信誉良好的公司。
4. ［A］efficiency ［B］technology ［C］art ［D］performance[解析] 本题考核知识点：上下文语义+ 名词意思辨析。
本句和下一句共同说明，评论员代替听众观看是一门技巧、本事。
即，评论员必须擅长表达，同时还必须能够通过语言在观众脑海中生成一系列的图像。
art意为“技艺，技巧，本领”，符合文义。
所以，[D]为正确选项。
Technology多指工业技术。
Efficiency指“效率”。
Performance“演出，表现”。
这三个词都和原文的意思不符。
5. ［A］Of ［B］For ［C］Above ［D］In[解析]本题考核知识点：固定用法。
四个选项中，[B]、[C]、[D]都可以和all 搭配，但意义不同。
above all意为“above and beyond all other consideration首先，尤其是”，如： What a child should do, above all, is to do well in his studies. 小孩子该做的最重要的事是学好功课。
for all意为“尽管，虽然”，如：He never stopped trying for all his failures. 尽管失败, 但他从没放弃努力。
In all 意为“总共，总计”，如：He visited, in all, ten hospitals in China. 他在中国共参观了10家医院。
空格处填入的短语应体现空格所在句子与上文之间的逻辑关系。
由于本句空格较多，可以先做完第6和7题，再回来做5题。
上文提到，代替听众观看要求评论员必须擅长表达。
本句指出，评论员必须能够通过语言在观众脑海中生成一系列的图像。
根据含义选择[C]。
从泛泛的“擅长表达”到具体的“通过语言在观众脑海里生成一系列图像”。
6. ［A］inspire 激起，鼓舞，激励［B］create 产生，生成［C］cause 引起，导致［D］perceive 注意到，领悟到[解析] 本题考核知识点：动词词义辨析。
空格处填入动词，其主语是he（the commentator），宾语是visual images，所在句子的大意为：评论员必须能够……一系列连续的图片。
[A]inspire 意为to make sb have a particular feeling or react in a particular way“使（某人）产生（某种感情或反应）；激起”，如：Gandhi’s quiet dignity inspired respect even among his enemies.甘地沉静威严的气质使他的敌人都肃然起敬。
[B]create意为“bring into existence造成，形成，生成”，如，This decision creates a dangerous precedent. 这个决定开创了一个危险的先例。
[C]cause意为“make sth happen引起，导致”，如：deaths caused by dangerous driving危险驾驶造成的死亡。
[D]perceive意为“to notice something that is difficult to notice察觉，注意到，发觉”，如：I perceived a change in his behaviour. 我发觉他的行为有些变化。
或“to understandor think of something in a particular way（以某种方式）理解，领悟”。
1991年考研英语翻译真题解析
1991年考研翻译真题解析46. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at this present rate of use.结构分析：全句是由and连接的两个并列句子，and前面是一个被动句，后面句子的主语是the oil wells。
核心词汇：shut off关上，切断；at any time在任何时候，随时；in any case如论如何，不管怎样；run dry枯竭，耗尽；or so左右；at this present rate以目前的速度。
参考译文：石油供应可能随时会被切断；不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
测试点：并列结构；介词短语的翻译举一反三：supply and demand供应和需求；at no time 在任何时候不，in no case 绝不；at this present speed 以目前的速度。
47. New sources o f energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in anysituation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.结构分析：全句首先是由and连接的第一个并列句，and前面是个被动句，and后面又接了一个but连接的带有转折意义的句子，it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to result in any situation,.。
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyIn each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)1. They lost their way in the forest, and ________ made matters worse was thatnight began to fall.[A] that[B] it[C] what[D] which2. ________ my return, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum andwould not be back for several hours.[A] At[B] On[C] With[D] During3. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the wayboys and girls respond to ________ situations.[A] similar[B] alike[C] same[D] likely4. There is not much time left; so I’ll tell you about it ________.[A] in detail[B] in brief[C] in short[D] in all5. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully________.[A] admitted[B] acknowledged[C] absorbed[D] considered6. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ________ asudden loud noise.[A] being there[B] should there be[C] there was[D] there having been7. By the year 2000, scientists probably ________ a cure for cancer.[A] will be discovering[B] are discovering[C] will have discovered[D] have discovered8. Jim isn’t ________, but he did badly in the final exams last semester.[A] gloomy[B] dull[C] awkward[D] tedious9. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without hisparents’ ________.[A] command[B] conviction[C] consent[D] compromise10. He had ________ on the subject.[A] a rather strong opinion[B] rather strong opinion[C] rather the strong opinion[D] the rather strong opinion11. When Jane fell off the bike, the other children ________.[A] were not able to help laughter[B] could not help but laughing[C] could not help laughing[D] could not help to laugh12. It is better to die on one’s feet than ________.[A] living on one’s knees[B] live on one’s knees[C] on one’s knees[D] to live on one’s knees13. The most important ________ of his speech was that we should all workwholeheartedly for the people.[A] element[B] spot[C] sense[D] point14. This watch is ________ to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior[B] advantageous[C] super[D] beneficial15. In a typhoon, winds ________ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.[A] assume[B] accomplish[C] attain[D] assemble16. ________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.[A] In spite of[B] But for[C] Because of[D] As for17. Mary ________ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] has received[B] ought to have received[C] couldn’t have received[D] shouldn’t have received18. ________ to speak when the audience interrupted him.[A] Hardly had he begun[B] No sooner had he begun[C] Not until he began[D] Scarcely did he begin19. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ________ to the outsideworld.[A] being lost[B] having lost[C] losing[D] lost20. The policemen went into action ________ they heard the alarm.[A] promptly[B] presently[C] quickly[D] directly21. The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] abandoned[C] scattered[D] rejected22. Dress warmly, ________ you’ll catch cold.[A] on the contrary[B] or rather[C] or else[D] in no way23. Our research has focused on a drug which is so ________ as to be able to changebrain chemistry.[A] powerful[B] influential[C] monstrous[D] vigorous24. Bob was completely ________ by the robber’s disguise.[A] taken away[B] taken down[C] taken to[D] taken in25. Difficulties and hardships have ________ the best qualities of the younggeologist.[A] brought out[B] brought about[C] brought forth[D] brought up26. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ________ in a short period oftime.[A] being created[B] to have been created[C] having been created[D] to be created27. Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not moreexpensive than, ________ at the other store.[A] anyone[B] the others[C] that[D] the ones28. The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to ________ theinvestment plan within a week.[A] work out[B] put out[C] make out[D] set out29. He knows little of mathematics, and ________ of chemistry.[A] even more[B] still less[C] no less[D] still more30. The students expected there ________ more reviewing classes before the finalexam.[A] is[B] being[C] have been[D] to beSection II: Reading ComprehensionEach of the passages below is followed by some questions. For ach question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)Text lA wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.31. What the wise man said suggests that ________.[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil32. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, ________.[A] society is to be held responsible[B] modern civilization is responsible for it[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame[D] the standards of living should be improved33. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have ________.[A] less self-discipline[B] better sense of discipline[C] more mutual respect[D] less effective government34. The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________.[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35. The key point of the passage is that ________.[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior[D] more people should accept the value of accountabilityText 2The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence isfrequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.36. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because________.[A] the definition of maturity has changed[B] the industrialized society is more developed[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolicsignificance37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to________.[A] graduations from schools and colleges[B] social recognition[C] socio-economic status[D] certain behavioral changes38. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________.[A] eleven years old[B] sixteen years old[C] twenty-one years old[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old39. Starting from 22, ________.[A] one will obtain more basic rights[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society40. According to the passage, it is true that ________.[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line betweenadolescence and adulthood no longer existed[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age oftwenty-one[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join thearmyText 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined.C. R. Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick -- a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light -- to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbondioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物).41. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except ________.[A] forming sugars[B] sustaining woody stems[C] keeping green[D] producing carbon dioxide42. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is ________.[A] to form sugars[B] to derive energy from light[C] to preserve water[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water43. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that ________.[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition[D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss44. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they aredissolved in its root.[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.45. This passage is mainly about ________.[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water[B] the role of water in a growing plant[C] the process of simple sugar formation[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxideSection III: Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A],[B], [C], and [D], choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to __46__ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working __47__ radio, for example, they had become __48__ to seeing on behalf of the listener.This __49__ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. __50__ all, he has to be able to __51__ a continuous sequence of visual images which __52__ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the __53__ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. Hisrole, therefore, is __54__ different. He is there to make __55__ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him __56__ on particular things, and to __57__ the images on the television screen. __58__ his radio colleague, he must know the __59__ of silence and how to use it at those moments __60__ the pictures speak for themselves.46. [A] turn[B] adapt[C] alter[D] modify47. [A] on[B] at[C] with[D] behind48. [A] experienced[B] determined[C] established[D] accustomed49. [A] efficiency[B] technology[C] art[D] performance50. [A] Of[B] For[C] Above[D] In51. [A] inspire[B] create[C] cause[D] perceive52. [A] add[B] apply[C] affect[D] reflect53. [A] occasion[B] event[C] fact[D] case54. [A] equally[B] completely[C] initially[D] hardly55. [A] definite[B] possible[C] sure[D] clear56. [A] focus[B] attend[C] follow[D] insist57. [A] exhibit[B] demonstrate[C] expose[D] interpret58. [A] Like[B] Unlike[C] As[D] For59. [A] purpose[B] goal[C] value[D] intention60. [A] if[B] when[C] which[D] asSection IV: Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)61. These is a [A] delicate balance of nature which [B] many square miles of oceanand vegetation and clean air are needed [C] to maintain only a relatively few [D] human beings.62. The idea that [A] learning is a [B] lifelong process has expressed [C] byphilosophers and educationalists throughout [D] the centuries.63. Nobody beside [A] little [B] children thinks [C] that a trip by bus is exciting [D].64. Just outside [A] the ruins are [B] a magnificent [C] building surrounded [D] bytall trees.65. In the teaching of [A] mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional,with [B] teachers presenting formal [C] lectures and students take [D] notes. 66. The teacher asked them [A] who had completed [B] their tests to leave [C] theroom as quietly [D] as possible.67. He wanted more out of life [A], not just working at [B] high-paid [C] jobs orspending nights on the streets playing games [D].68. Man [A] has used metals for centuries in gradual [B] in creasing quantities, but itwas not until the Industrial Revolution that [C] they came to be employed [D] in real vast quantities.69. If you want your film to properly process [A], you’ll have to wait and pick it up[B] on Friday, which [C] is [D] the day after tomorrow.70. A man cannot [A] be really happy if that [B] he enjoys doing is ignored [C] bysociety as of [D] no value or importance.Section V: English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15 points)The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years -- even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will makeit difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.Section VI: WritingDIRECTIONS:[A] Title: WHERE TO LIVE -- IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should startwith the given opening sentence.[E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)OUTLINE:1. Conveniences of the city2. Attractions of the country3. Disadvantages of both4. My preference参考答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)1.[C]2.[B]3.[A]4.[B]5.[D]6.[B]7.[C]8.[B]9.[C] 10.[A]11.[C] 12.[D] 13.[D] 14.[A] 15.[C]16.[B] 17.[C] 18.[A] 19.[D] 20.[D]21.[B] 22.[C] 23.[A] 24.[D] 25.[A]26.[C] 27.[D] 28.[A] 29.[B] 30.[D] Section II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)31.[B] 32.[C] 33.[A] 34.[A] 35.[D]36.[C] 37.[A] 38.[C] 39.[C] 40.[A]41.[D] 42.[A] 43.[C] 44.[D] 45.[B] Section III: Cloze Test (15 points)46.[B] 47.[A] 48.[D] 49.[C] 50.[C]51.[B] 52.[A] 53.[D] 54.[B] 55.[C]56.[A] 57.[D] 58.[B] 59.[C] 60.[B] Section IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)61.[B] in which 62.[C] has been expressed63.[A] except/but 64.[B] is65.[D] taking 66.[A] those67.[C] highly-paid 68.[B] gradually69.[A] be properly processed 70.[B] whatSection V: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
1991-1995年考研英语真题及解析
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled ［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］.Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)When television first began to expand,very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television.Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to___1___themselves to the new medium were technical. When working___2____radio,for example,they had become___3___to seeing on behalf of the listener.This___4___of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. ___5___all,he has to be able to___6___a continuous sequence of visual images which___7___ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears.In the___8___of television,however,the commentator sees everything with the viewer.His role,therefore,is___9___different.He is there to make___10___that the viewer does not miss some point of interest,to help him___11___on particular things,and to___12___the images on the television screen.___13___his radio colleague,he must know the___14___of silence and how to use it at those moments___15___ the pictures speak for themselves.1.［A］turn［B］adapt［C］alter［D］modify[解析]本题考核知识点：动词的搭配本题空格处的动词须能够搭配成“…oneself to+名词”的形式，选项中只有[B]可以。
1991-1995年考研英语试题及详解
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to ___1___ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working ___2____ radio, for example, they had become ___3___ to seeing on behalf of the listener.This ___4___ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. ___5___ all, he has to be able to ___6___ a continuous sequence of visual images which ___7___ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the ___8___ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is ___9___ different. He is there to make ___10___ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him ___11___ on particular things, and to ___12___ the images on the television screen. ___13___ his radio colleague, he must know the ___14___ of silence and how to use it at those moments ___15___ the pictures speak for themselves.1.［A］turn ［B］adapt ［C］alter ［D］modify[解析]本题考核知识点：动词的搭配本题空格处的动词须能够搭配成“…oneself to + 名词”的形式，选项中只有[B]可以。
中国人民大学基础英语1991真题及答案
九、中国人民大学1991年研究生入学考试试题SectionⅠStructure and Written Expressions （30 points）Directions: Each of the sentence has four underlined parts marked a, b, c, and d. Identify the part that is incorrectly used by standard English. Write the letter in the parentheses andyour correction on the line provided.1. Old Mahomet even swam upstream on the powerful current as if he were doing it just for thea b cfun of it all.dAnswer:（）2. Frequently in writing expository prose, a student finds necessary to employ the methods ofa b ccomparison and contrast in order to clarify either his subject or his attitude toward it.dAnswer: （）3. Then, as the light went on, Romer shouted:“You do smell that animal, and please not to makea bany sudden movements because he excites easily. ”c dAnswer:（）4. The article was published in 1952 introduced a new solution to the need for water which lies ina b cprecipitating or inducing nature to produce more pain.dAnswer:（）5. Gradually the village murmur subsided, and we seemed to be embarked on the placid current ofaour dreams, float from past to future as silently as one awakes to.b c dAnswer:（）6. Let’s do go into this store. I’ve got quite a number of things to buy. It is to do shoppinga b cthat is why I came here.dAnswer: （）7. If large numbers of foreigners are present they tend to put pressure on jobs, housing and edu-acation. Because their standard of living is often low compared to other groups of workers,b cthey crowd together in the slums.dAnswer:（）8. When you close your eyes and try thinking of the shape of your own body, what you imaginea bis quite different from what you see when you open your eyes and look in the mirror.c dAnswer:（）9. There he was, still brilliant, still fairly young, living at tylecroft under his uncle’s wing.a bWhat couldn't he do with his uncle's money? And uncle went on living for ever, growing。
1991考研英语真题(英一二通用)答案+解析
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[A] taken away [B] taken down [C] taken to [D] tak Nhomakorabean in
25. Difficulties and hardships have ________ the best qualities of the young geologist. [A] brought out [B] brought about [C] brought forth [D] brought up
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[D] could not help to laugh
12. It is better to die on one’s feet than ________. [A] living on one’s knees [B] live on one’s knees [C] on one’s knees [D] to live on one’s knees
Text 1
A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.
26. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ________ in a short period of time. [A] being created [B] to have been created [C] having been created [D] to be created
1991年考研英语试题及答案
Section I Structure and Vocabulary In each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) 1. They lost their way in the forest, and ________ made matters worse was thatnight began tofall. [A] that [B] it [C] what [D] which 2. ________ my return, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not beback for several hours. [A] At [B] On [C] With [D] During 3. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girlsrespond to ________ situations. [A] similar [B] alike [C] same [D] likely 4. There is not much time left; so I’ll tell you about it ________. [A] in detail [B] in brief [C] in short [D] in all 5. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before
1991年考研英语答案与解析
人所有的合法权利。现在他可以投票选举，可以买酒喝，可以签订金融合约，有权竞选公职。穴猿怨雪一个人获得成人身份 后，不再因为年龄因素而获得更多的基本权利。这些法律条文没有规定什么时候算成人，但它们确实显示青春期更 长了。
Passage 3
概览：
猿缘援 眼阅演 【定位】考查对文章主旨的把握。 【解析】本文主题是 葬糟糟燥怎灶贼葬遭蚤造蚤贼赠，它贯穿于文章始终。作者列举正、反两面的例子，批驳了当今的错误观念。身为 警察，他提倡人人都应加强自律，为自身行为负责。故 阅 项为正确选项。 【点睛】纵览全文，可以发现，葬糟糟燥怎灶贼葬遭蚤造蚤贼赠 是一个关键字，抓住它就可以把握这类关于文章主旨的题目。
现代社会中，青春期仪式已不再被人们正式认可，失去了其象征意义。对什么是青春期初始仪式，人们看法也不 一致。穴猿苑雪社会仪式被一系列步骤取代，这些步骤使人得到更多的认可和更高的社会地位。例如，小学毕业、中学毕业 及大学毕业就构成这样一个系列。其中每一步都标志着一定的行为变化及社会认可，每一步的意义取决于个人的 社会经济地位和学业上的抱负。青春期仪式还被身份角色、权利、特权及责任的法律界定所取代。在从 员圆 岁生日到 圆员 岁这九年间，受保护、受限制的童年状态及其未成年身份被撤消，并被赋予成年人的基本权利和义务。员圆 岁的人 不再被看成是小孩子，他坐火车、坐飞机、看戏、看电影得买全票。从根本上讲，这个年龄的人失去了童年的特权，却 没得到任何有意义的成人权利。员远 岁的青少年被赋予了成人的某些权利，这些权利给了他更多的自由和选择，提高 了他的社会地位。现在他可以取得驾驶证，可以离开公立学校，可以不受童工劳动法限制去工作。员愿 岁时，法律既赋 予他成人的权利，又要求他承担成人的义务；现在他可以参军，也可以不经父母同意就结婚。穴猿愿雪圆员 岁的人获得成年
1991-1995全国硕士研究生入学考试英语二真题、答案及解析
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)When television first began to expand,very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television.Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to ___1___themselves to the new medium were technical.When working___2____radio,for example,they had become___3___to seeing on behalf of the listener.This___4___of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking.___5___all,he has to be able to___6___a continuous sequence of visual images which___7___meaning to the sounds which the listener hears.In the___8___of television,however,the commentator sees everything with the viewer.His role, therefore,is___9___different.He is there to make___10___that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him___11___on particular things,and to___12___the images on the television screen.___13___his radio colleague,he must know the___14___of silence and how to use it at those moments___15___the pictures speak for themselves.1.［A］turn［B］adapt［C］alter［D］modify2.［A］on［B］at［C］with［D］behind3.［A］experienced［B］determined［C］established［D］accustomed4.［A］efficiency［B］technology［C］art［D］performance5.［A］Of［B］For［C］Above［D］In6.［A］inspire［B］create［C］cause［D］perceive7.［A］add［B］apply［C］affect［D］reflect8.［A］occasion［B］event［C］fact［D］case9.［A］equally［B］completely［C］initially［D］hardly10.［A］definite［B］possible［C］sure［D］clear11.［A］focus［B］attend［C］follow［D］insist12.［A］exhibit［B］demonstrate［C］expose［D］interpret13.［A］Like［B］Unlike［C］As［D］For14.［A］purpose［B］goal［C］value［D］intention15.［A］if［B］when［C］which［D］asSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question four answers are given.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(30points)Passage1A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.So, as a police officer,I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime.Something has gone terribly wrong with our once proud American way of life.It has happened in the area of values.A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is:accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define.It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together—honesty,kindness,and so on—accountability may be the most important of all.Without it,there can be no respect,no trust,no law—and,ultimately,no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse,or have never learned,to impose it on themselves.But as every policeman knows,external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt,shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities—smaller towns,usually—where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim:“In this family certain things are not tolerated—they simply are not done!”Yet more and more,especially in our larger cities and suburbs,these inner restraints are loosening.Your typical robber has none.He considers your property his property;he takes what he wants,including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes.Thirty years ago,if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim.Now,in a shocking reversal,it’s the criminal who is considered victimized:by his underprivileged upbringing,by the school that didn’t teach him to read,by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance,by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.I don’t believe it.Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities.If we free the criminal,even partly,from accountability,we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.16.What the wise man said suggests that_____.[A]it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil[B]it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it[C]it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil[D]it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil17.According to the author,if a person is found guilty of a crime,_____________.[A]society is to be held responsible[B]modern civilization is responsible for it[C]the criminal himself should bear the blame[D]the standards of living should be improvedpared with those in small towns,people in large cities have________.[A]less self-discipline[B]better sense of discipline[C]more mutual respect[D]less effective government19.The writer is sorry to have noticed that_______.[A］people in large cities tend to excuse criminals[B]people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards[C]today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty[D]people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities20.The key point of the passage is that______.[A]stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families[B]more good examples should be set for people to follow[C]more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior[D]more people should accept the value of accountabilityPassage2The period of adolescence,i.e.,the period between childhood and adulthood,may be long or short,depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time,while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor,the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life.Furthermore,the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change.Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States,and more universally,the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society,ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies.Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status.For example,grade school graduation,high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence,and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition,the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual.Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right,privileges and responsibilities.It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted.The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane,theater and movie tickets.Basically,the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights.At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices.He now can obtain a driver’s license;he can leave public schools;and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws.At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights;the young man can now be a soldier,but he also can marry without parental permission.At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult.He now can vote,he can buy liquor,he can enter into financial contracts,and he is entitled to run for public office.No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained.None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.21.The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because_______.[A]the definition of maturity has changed[B]the industrialized society is more developed[C]more education is provided and laws against child labor are made[D]ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance22.Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to_________.[A]graduations from schools and colleges[B]social recognition[C]socio-economic status[D]certain behavioral changes23.No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is_______.[A]eleven years old[B]sixteen years old[C]twenty-one years old[D]between twelve and twenty-one years old24.Starting from22,_______.[A]one will obtain more basic rights[B]the older one becomes,the more basic rights he will have[C]one won’t get more basic rights than when he is21[D]one will enjoy more rights granted by society25.According to the passage,it is true that___.[A]in the late19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence andadulthood no longer existed[B]no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one[C]one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license[D]one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armyPassage3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined.C.R.Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building.Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state.The carbon dioxide(CO2)from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars—the base material from which the plant body is mainly built.Actively growing plant parts are generally75to90percent water.Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing,may have much less water than growing tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time,however,is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development.The processes of photosynthesis,by which carbon dioxide and water are combined—in the presence of chlorophyll(叶绿素)and with energy derived from light—to form sugars,require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant.This occurs mainly in the leaves.The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings,through which the carbon dioxide enters.The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf,however,permits another gas—water vapor—to be lost from it.Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities(3to4parts in10,000parts of air)and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf(at80℉,saturated air would contain about186parts of water vapor in10, 000parts of air),the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake.Actually,because of wind and other factors,the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases.Also,not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates(碳水化合物).26.A growing plant needs water for all of the following except_________.[A]forming sugars[B]sustaining woody stems[C]keeping green[D]producing carbon dioxide27.The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is______.[A]to form sugars[B]to derive energy from light[C]to preserve water[D]to combine carbon dioxide with water28.The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that________.[A]a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs[B]carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development[C]a plant needs more water than is found in its composition[D]the stronger the wind,the more the water vapor loss29.According to the passage,which of the following statements is true?[A]The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root.[B]The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.[C]Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.[D]Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plant is synthesized.30.This passage is mainly about________.[A]the functions of carbon dioxide and water[B]the role of water in a growing plant[C]the process of simple sugar formation[D]the synthesis of water with carbon dioxidePart BDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(15 points)The fact is that the energy crisis,which has suddenly been officially announced,has been with us for a long time now,and will be with us for an even longer time.Whether Arab oil flows freely or not,it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base.(31)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time,and in any case,the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(32)New sources of energy must be found,and this will take time,but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.For an indefinite period from here on,mankind is going to advance cautiously,and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse,there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations,including the United States,the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(33)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this,which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account,what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001?To begin with,the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001,the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million,and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths.(34)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by200l the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports,it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact,as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety,there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives.(35)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,people will have to accept more“unnatural food”.SectionⅢWriting(15points)Directions:A)Title:WHERE TO LIVE—IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?B)Time limit:40minutesC)Word limit:120-150words(not including the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.E)Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1.Conveniences of the city2.Attractions of the country3.Disadvantages of both4.My preference1992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked［A］，［B］，［C］and［D］.Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)The key to the industrialization of space is the U.S.space shuttle.___1___it,astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle___2___of flying into space and returning many times.___3___by reusable rockets that can lift a load of65,000pounds,the shuttle will carry devices for scientific inquiry,as___4___as a variety of military hardware.___5___more significantly,it will___6___materials and machines into space for industrial purposes ___7___two decades ago when“sputnik”(artificial satellite)was___8___to the vocabulary.In short,the___9___ importance of the shuttle lies in its___10___as an economic tool.What makes the space shuttle___11___is that it takes off like a rocket but lands like an airplane.___12___, when it has accomplished its___13___,it can be ready for___14___trip in about two weeks.The space shuttle,the world’s first true spaceship,is a magnificent step___15___making the impossible possible for the benefit and survival of man.1.［A］In［B］On［C］By［D］With2.［A］capable［B］suitable［C］efficient［D］fit3.［A］Served［B］Powered［C］Forced［D］Reinforced4.［A］far［B］well［C］much［D］long5.［A］Then［B］Or［C］But［D］So6.［A］supply［B］introduce［C］deliver［D］transfer7.［A］unimagined［B］unsettled［C］uncovered［D］unsolved8.［A］attributed［B］contributed［C］applied［D］added9.［A］general［B］essential［C］prevailing［D］ultimate10.［A］promise［B］prosperity［C］popularity［D］priority11.［A］exceptional［B］strange［C］unique［D］rare12.［A］Thus［B］Whereas［C］Nevertheless［D］Yet13.［A］venture［B］mission［C］commission［D］responsibility14.［A］new［B］another［C］certain［D］subsequent15.［A］for［B］by［C］in［D］throughPartⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question four answers are given.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(30points)Passage1It is all very well to blame traffic jams,the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life,but manners on the roads are becoming horrible.Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel.It is all very well,again,to have a tiger in the tank,but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether.You might tolerate the odd road-hog,the rude and inconsiderate driver,but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule.(Perhaps the situation calls for a“Be Kind to Other Drivers”campaign,otherwise it may get completely out of hand.)Road politeness is not only good manners,but good sense too.It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior.On the other hand,a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring.A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgment in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions.But such acknowledgments of politeness are all too rare today.Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However,misplaced politeness can also be dangerous.Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic,when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway;or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time.The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to.It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver,whose manners are faultless,told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper.Unfortunately,modern motorists can’t even learn to drive,let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship.Years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users.It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.16.According to this passage,troubles on the road are primarily caused by________.[A]people’s attitude towards the road-hog[B]the rhythm of modern life[C]the behavior of the driver[D]traffic conditions17.The sentence“You might tolerate the odd road-hog...the rule.”(Para.1)implies that___.[A]our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists[B]rude drivers can be met only occasionally[C]the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog[D]nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists18.By“good sense”,the writer means_____.[A]the driver’s ability to understand and react reasonably[B]the driver’s prompt response to difficult and severe conditions[C]the driver’s tolerance of rude or even savage behavior[D]the driver’s acknowledgment of politeness and regulations19.Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion,__________.[A]road users should make more sacrifice[B]drivers should be ready to yield to each other[C]drivers should have more communication among themselves[D]drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others20.In the writer’s opinion,___________.[A]strict traffic regulations are badly needed[B]drivers should apply road politeness properly[C]rude drivers should be punished[D]drivers should avoid traffic jamsPassage2In the atmosphere,carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror—the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.According to a weather expert’s prediction,the atmosphere will be3°C warmer in the year2050than it is today,if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate.If this warming up took place,the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt,thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities.Also,the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere,possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth’s chief food-growing zones.In the past,concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet.But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic,which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming:in other words,by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing.The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place.This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.However,most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere,where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude,therefore,that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is:Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun.Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and“cold”spots(that is,the relatively less hot spots)on the sun.As the sun rotates,every27.5days,it presents hotter or“colder”faces to the earth,and different aspects to different parts of the earth.This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure,and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term:its heat output goes up and down in cycles,the latest trend being downward.Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years,including the last Ice Age.The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not.One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia(惯性)of the earth’s climate.If this is right,the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counte-balance to the sun’s diminishing heat.21.It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would_____.[A]prevent the sun’s rays from reaching the earth’s surface[B]mean a warming up in the Arctic[C]account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere[D]raise the temperature of the earth’s surface22.The article was written to explain________.[A]the greenhouse effect[B]the solar effects on the earth[C]the models of solar-weather interactions[D]the causes affecting weather23.Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere,temperatures thereseem to be falling.This is___________.[A]mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising[B]possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting[C]exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth’s climate[D]partly due to variations in the output of solar energy24.On the basis of their models,scientists are of the opinion that________.[A]the climate of the world should be becoming cooler[B]it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth’s climate to take effect[C]the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects[D]the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect25.If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct,___________.[A]the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels[B]ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere[C]the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth evenmore quickly[D]the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earthPassage3Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together.Others say that the opposite is true:that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred.There is probably some truth in both arguments,but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood.Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes,but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the hockey(曲棍球)final.There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match,the losers objecting to the final decisions.They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents’victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said:“This wasn’t hockey.Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.”The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.。
1991英语真题解析
! 缺标题"
短文介绍了收音机评论员与电视评论员的不同工作方式 !收音机评论员要善于表达 " 将听众听 到的声音加以解说 " 以帮助观众建立与声音匹配的画面 ! 电视评论员要懂得何时该沉默 " 何时该点 出观众要注意的点 !
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