Definition of Translation
翻译理论知识概要
翻译理论知识概要第一部分：翻译术语1. Definitions of translationTranslation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. Being a very complicated human activity, its whole picture is never easy to describe. Scholars with different academic backgrounds have attempted to define it from various perspectives.(1). Linguistic Views on TranslationTranslation theorists from the linguistic school conceive of translation as a linguistic activity and some believe that translation theory is a branch of linguistics, approaching the issues of translating primarily from the viewpoint of the linguistic differences between source and target texts.Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (the target language). (Catford, 1965: 20).Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber,1969:12).Translation theory derives from comparative linguistics, and within linguistics, it is mainly an aspect of semantics; all questions of semantics relate to translation theory. (Newmark, 1982 /1988:5).(2). Cultural Views on TranslationIn the cultural approach, translation is regarded not only as a transfer of linguistic signs, but also as a communication of cultures, i.e. translation is an "intercultural communication"; hence the terms of "intercultural cooperation", "acculturation", and "transculturation".Translation is a process which occurs between cultures rather than simply between languages {Shuttleworth & Cowie,1997:35).A translator who uses a cultural approach is simply recognizing that each language contains elements which are derived from its culture (such as greetings, fixed expressions and REALIA), that every text is anchored in a specific culture, and that conventions of text production and reception vary from culture to culture (Shuttleworth & Cowie1997:35).For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function. (Nida, 2001:82).翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。
翻译的定义、分类和标准
Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。
2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。
Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。
Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译)；Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译)；Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢，贫穷也罢，丈夫和妻子携手一生，情深意长。
第2课 翻译的基本概念
1. definition of translation
1. The Oxford English Dictionary: “to turn from one language into another” “翻译是从一种语言转换成另一种语言” 2. Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic, crosscultural and cross-social communication. 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。 3. Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original… 翻译指的是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地说， 它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一 种艺术。
钱钟书“化境”说：
文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作品从 一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语言习 惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保 留原有的风味，那就算得入于“化”
许渊冲“优势竞赛论”：
翻译要能扬长避 短，要挥译文语言优 势，忠实于原文内容， 通顺的译文形式可以 当做文学翻译的标准
香港学者蔡思德：信达贴 刘重德：信达切
严复“信达雅”：
“译事三难：信达雅。求其信，已大难矣！顾 信矣，不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。”
英译汉第一章翻译的概述PPT课件
3. 关于翻译标准的争议
(Controversy on Principles of Translation)
关于翻译的标准的不同看法和定义： 我国大翻译家严复提出了著名的 “信达雅” 的翻译标准，在我国翻译史上独具意义，给后
代的译界以有益的启发，在翻译界最具影响力、 典范性，甚至成了中国人翻译西方语言文字的 准绳。
所谓忠实是指忠实于原作的内容、原作的风格完整而 准确地表达出来；
所谓正确，是指把原作的语言内容、立场观点、思想 感情不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏、增减地表达出来；
所谓流畅，是指译文的语言一定要通顺自然、逻辑清 楚、符合规范。
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刘重德教授给翻译的定义：
“ Translation is a science. Translation is an art. Translation is a craft. Translation is a skill. Translation is an operation. Translation is a language activity. Translation is communicating. ”
【译文】她貌颇美丽，肤色雪白，柔腻如凝脂，双眸点漆， 似意大利产。斜波流媚，轻盈动人，而鬈毛压额，厥色 深墨，状尤美观。形体略短削，微嫌美中不足。
任何一种文字都是有其声音之美，其意义之美，其传神之美，其文气 文体形式之美，作为翻译者常会顾其义而丢其神，得其神而忘其体。
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为此，我们还是主张“忠实、正确、流畅” (faithfulness, correctness and smoothnesss)的翻译标准， 尤其是对本科学生来讲，这个标准是切合实际的。
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3. 关于翻译标准的争议
英语翻译家基础：专业术语翻译
翻译研究词典1. Absolute Translation 绝对翻译按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。
在绝对翻译中，整个源文本被转换成目标语，对原文内容和形式都不加以改动。
According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements which can arise during the course of their work. In absolute translation, the whole of ST is transferred into TL, with no alteration to the content or the form of the original document.2. Abstract Translation 摘要翻译古阿德克提出的用以应付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。
摘要翻译是将源文本的全部信息扼要译出，目的是让客户“迅速得到特定类型的信息”。
其方法有多种：第一种是翻译源文本的一般主题思想；第二种是概述源文本的主要内容、文本主旨及次要内容；第三种是节录源文本中一切有用的内容。
According to Gouadec, one of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfill the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment. In abstract translation, a condensed translation of all the information in ST is made in order to give the client "rapid access to specific types of information". This may be done in various ways. Firstly, the generic themes of the text may be translated; secondly, a description may be given of the generic content and the objectives of the text and its sub-units; thirdly, an abridged translation of all the useful content of the text may be supplied.3. Abusive Translation 滥译路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。
翻译
10.Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood.
“达”是指要使译文易于理解。
11.In other words, the translators must express his author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. 也就是说，译者必须通过他所运 用的手法准确有力地表达原文思想。
medium原意指“媒介”，又有“方法”的意 思，此处译者使用的方法应是翻译技巧或手 法。
12.Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressive -ness is to make the translation vivid and attractive. “信”使思想准确明了，而“达” 使译文引人入胜。
4.Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. 除此之外，不能有任何的增加 或删减。
5.The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. 译者的职责仅仅是改变词汇，而不 是思想。
6.In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.
因此，翻译有两个要素：“信”与 “达”。
Definition and Classification of Translation
Definition, Nature and Classification of TranslationI.Difficulty in Defining TranslationWhat do we mean by the word translation ,or “fanyi”？The complexity of translation lies in the fuzziness of the word “translation” itself. Both translation in English and “fanyi” in Chinese are polysemic. Both of them have different connotations. Also, its Chinese equivalent “fanyi”of translation is more ambiguous (许建平，2003：7).“你学什么专业？” “我的专业是翻译” (a major)翻译课在3#204上. (a course, a subject)这个翻译翻译的不地道。
（a person/a translator; translate/translating）你的翻译不如我的翻译。
（translation result）Therefore, i t may refer to “翻译行为”(translate or interpret), “翻译过程”(translating), “翻译结果”(translation), “翻译事业”(translation cause), “翻译者”(translator or interpreter), “翻译学科”(translation discipline)Roger Bell 罗杰贝尔（英国）(1993:13) suggests that there are, in fact, three distinguishable meanings for the word “translation”. 1) Translating: the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object); 2) a translation: the product of the process of translating (the translated text); 3) translation: the abstract concept which includes both the process of translating and the product of that process.Presently, translation is widely-used, mainly referring to written 笔译; while interpretation mainly referring to oral 口译。
1.DefinitionofTranslation翻译的定义
1. Definition of Translation 翻译的定义Down through the ages, people’s definitions of translation are diversified. It differs from person to person, it evolves with time. Changes of the world also helped to shape the connotation of translation. From the following definitions, you may have a glimpse of what translation is.﹒Translating is both a craft and an art, that is to say, it involves an accurate andcontrolled manipulation of language, tempered by a degree of freedom,imagination and creativeness.﹒Transferring the meaning of a stretch or unit of language, the whole part of astretch or unit of language, the whole part of a text, from one language toanother.﹒Translation is like busy matchmakers: they sing the praises of some half-veiled beauty and extol her charms, and arouse an irresistible longing for the original.（歌德）﹒The replacement of textual material in one language (ST) by equivalent textual material in another (TL) (Catford, 1965:20)﹒Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closestequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style (Nida&Taber1969)Assignment 1What is your idea of “meaning” and “style” of Nida’s work? What is the connotation of style ? Exercise:If you were given two poems, one is by Li Bai (李白) , the other is by Dufu (杜甫) can you differentiate them, what is the author’s habitual use of the language? Similarly, if you were offered two pomes, one by Li Qingzhao (李清照)，the other by Xin Qiji(辛弃疾)，could you differentiate them?2. Principles and Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准The so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two aspects of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow these principles while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Y an Fu’s “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, would be mentioned, namely the principle of “信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance).In the past decades, Mr. Y an’s principle of translation has been generally regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal fortranslators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people have come to find some limitations to the three characters and put forward a variety of new standards instead.Three kinds of opinions are expressed on the principle of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. The first group maintains the original three characters, and in the meantime, adds some new concepts to the character “雅”. According to them, “雅”means far more than the English word “elegance”. Apart from the traditional interpretation, it also means classicism, and the adherence to the original style and flavor. The second group, however, argues that the word “雅” is out of place in tradition. While adopting the first two characters of Mr. Y an Fu’s principle, they discard the character “雅” and try to find some other new criteria instead. Noticeably, there are revisions such as “信、达、切” (faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness), “信、达、贴” (faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness), and so on. The third group of people, by casting away the three-word guide, proposes some new principles or criteria of translation of their own. Of the various popular theories, two of them are the most influential: spiritual conformity (神似) and sublimed adaptation (化境), the former, proposed by Fu Lei (傅雷) , emphasizes the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original, while the latter, advocate by Qian Zhongshu (钱钟书), focuses on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.Despite the variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted, namely the criteria of faithfulness and accuracy (忠实准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these tow criteria as the principles of translation in general. By faithfulness and accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expressions in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanically copying from dictionaries.Assignment 2Exercise: 对比原文与译文，探讨忠实与通顺的关系1) All your moods are created by your thoughts o r “cognitions. “Y ou feel the way you do right now because of the thoughts you have at this moment. ”所有的情绪都是由思维产生的，或者说来源于“认识”，“你之所以感到这么做是对的，那是因为你的大脑就是这么想的。
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内容题材
文学翻译 literary translation 实用翻译/非文学翻译
pragmatic translation /Non-Literary translation
处理方式
全译 摘译 节译 缩译 编译
Definition of Translation
WEEK 2
Definition of Translation
把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一张言语表达出 来的活动。 ----《中国大百科全书. 语言文字卷》 翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具， 它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文 化进步，它的任务时要把原作中包含的现实世界 的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地从一种语言 译注到另一种语言中去。 ---- 张今
Definition of Translation
A translation is taken to be any target language utterance with is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. ---- Gideon Toury
Definition of Translation
Translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. ----Peter Newmark Translation is an art that involves the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. ---- Malcolm Cowley
Intralingual translation语内翻译 interlingual translation语际翻译 intersemiotic translation符际翻译
工作方式
笔译 translation 口译 interpretation 机器翻译 machine translation 机助翻译 Computer-aided translation CAT
It is sometimes said that there is no task more complex than translation—a claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account. Translators not only needs to know their source language well; they must also have thorough understanding of the field of knowledge covered by the source text, and of any social, cultural, or emotional connotations that need to be specified in the target language if the intended effect is to be conveyed. The same special awareness needs to be present for the target language, so that points of special phrasing, local (e.g. regional) expectations, and so on, can all be taken into account. ----Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
Definition of Translation
Translation is an externally motivated industrial activity, supported by information technology, which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this form of communication. ----Jean Sager
Definition of Translation
翻译是把具有某一文化背景的发送者用某 种语言（文字）所表达的内容尽可能充分 地、有效地传达给使用另一种语言（文 字）、具有另一种文化背景的接受者。 ---- 沈苏儒
Definition of Translation
Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. ----Columbia Encyclopedia Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). ----J. C. Catford
Definition of Translation
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ----Eugene A. Nida To translate is to change into another language, retaining as much of the sense as one can. ----Samuel Johnson
Definition of Translation
Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text. ---- Christiane Nord