考研英语(一)模拟试卷207.doc

合集下载

考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案一(可编辑修改word版)

考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案一The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise；and to integrate action into the process of thinking.Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality;others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha！experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.1.According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to[A]speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.[B]identify a problem.[C]bring together disparate facts.[D]stipulate clear goals.2.The text suggests which of the following about the writers on managementmentioned in line 1, paragraph 2？[A]They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.[B]They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.[C]They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.[D]They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.3.It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis？[A]Manager X analyzes first and then acts；Manager Y does not.[B]Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis；Manager Y does not.[C]Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem；Manager Y does not.[D]Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem；Manager X does not.4.The text provides support for which of the following statements？[A]Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.[B]Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.[C]Managers'' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.[D]Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text？[A]An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.[B]A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.[C]The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.[D]Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.答案与考点解析]1.「答案」D「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题。

207年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题与解析答案

National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM) 2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away?The answer may be a resounding “yes!”_1_helping you feel close and_2_to people you care about,it turns out that hugs can bring a_3_of health benefits to your body and mind.Believe it or not,a warm embrace might even help you_4_getting sick this winter.In a recent study_5_over400health adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs_6_the participants’susceptibility to developing the common cold after being_7_to the virus.People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come_8_with a cold,and the researchers_9_that the stress-reducing effects of hugging_10_about32percent of that beneficial effect._11_among those who got a cold,the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe_12_.“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the_13_risk for colds that’s usually_14_with stress,”notes Sheldon Cohen,a professor of psychology at Carnegie.Hugging“is a marker of intimacy and helps_15_the feeling that others are there to help_16_difficulty.”Some experts_17_the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin,often called“the bonding hormone”_18_it promotes attachment in relationships,including that between mother and their newborn babies.Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain,and some of it is released into the bloodstream.But some of it_19_in the brain,where it_20_mood,behavior and physiology.1．[A]Unlike[B]Besides[C]Despite[D]Throughout【答案】B【解析】答案为B。

大学生考研英语考试模拟试卷带答案

大学生考研英语考试模拟试卷Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Deflation is an economic theory relating changes in the price levels to changes in the quantity of money. In its developed 1 , it constitutes an analysis of the 2 underlying inflation and deflation. As 3 by the English philosopher John Locke in the 17th century, the Scottish 4 David Hume in the 18th century, and 5 , it was a weapon 6 the mercantilists, who were thought to equate wealth with money. If the 7 of money by a nation merely raised 8 , argued the quantity theorists, then a "favourable" balance of trade, 9 desired by mercantilists, would increase the supply of money but would not in-crease 10 . In the 19th century the quantity theory 11 to the ascendancy of free trade over protectionism. In the 19th and 20th centuries it played a part in the 12 of business cycles and in the theory of foreign 13 rates.The 14 theory came under attack during the 1930s, 15 monetary expansion seemed ineffective in combating deflation. Economists argued that the levels of investment and government spending were more important than the money supply in determining economic activity.The tide of opinion 16 again in the 1960s, when experience 17 post-World WarⅡinflation and new empirical 18 of money and prices—19 A Monetary History of the United States 21 by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz—restored much of the quantity theory' s lost prestige. One implication of this theory is that the size of the stock of money must be considered when shaping governmental policies 20 to control prices and maintain full employment.1、A. form B. shape C. figure D. appearance2、A. causes B. factors C. facts D. parts3、A. discovered B. discussed C. reported D. developed4、A. scientist B. philosopher C. professor D. thinker5、A. others B. the other C. another D. other6、A. for B. against C. by D. with7、A. accumulation B. earn C. spending D. disposal8、A. amounts B. prices C. levels D. ranges9、A. since B. if C. before D. as10、10A. wage B. salary C. wealth D. pay11、A. accesses B. contributed C. pointed D. explained12、A. analysis B. thought C. preservation D. existence13、A. change B. exchange C. communication D. alter14、A. number B. quantity C. quality D. figure15、A. where B. what C. when D. which16、A. reversed B. occurred C. emerged D. finished17、A. by B. for C. since D. with18、A. studies B. discovers C. findings D. questions19、A. similar to B. such as C. along with D. aside from20、A. measured B. pointed C. led D. meantSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1Many in the Middle East have difficulty in adjusting themselves to the new situation created by the departure of the imperial powers. For the first time in almost 200 years, the rulers and people of the Middle East have to accept the final responsibility for their own affairs, to make their own mistakes and to accept the consequences. This is difficult to internalize, even to perceive, after so long a period. For the entire lifetimes of those who formulate and conduct policy at the present time and of their predecessors for many generations, vital decisions were made elsewhere, ultimate control lay elsewhere, and the principal task of statesmanship and diplomacy was as far as possible to avoid or reduce the dangers of this situation and to exploit such opportunities as it might from time to time offer. It is very difficult to forsake the habits not just of a lifetime but of a whole era of history. The difficulty is much greater when alien cultural, social and economic preeminence continues and even increases, despite the ending of alien political and military domination.Military and to a growing extent political intervention by the West has indeed ended, but the impact of its science and culture, its technology, amenities and institutions remains and even increases. As in other parts of the non-Western world, this impact has been and will be enormous. In these circumstances, it is natural that Middle Easterners should continue to assume—and proceed on the assumption—that real responsibility and decision still lie elsewhere. In its crudest form, this belief leads to wild and strange conspiracy theories directed against those whom they regard as their enemies—Israel, and more generally the Jews, the United States, and more generally the West. No theory is too absurd to be asserted or too preposterous to be widely and instantly believed. Even among more responsible statesmen and analysts, a similar belief in alien power, albeit in a less crude form, often seems to guide both analysis and policy. Some even go so far as to invite outside intervention, presumable in the belief that only outside powers have the capacity to make and enforce decisions. A case in point is the constant appeal to the United States to involve itself in the Arab Israel conflict, oddly coupled with the repeated accusation of "American imperialism. "This state of mind is likely to continue for some time, with appeals for support or even intervention to the United States, to Russia and even to the European Union. In time, no doubt, Middle Eastern governments and people will learn how to use this window of opportunity to the best advantage—that is, of course, if the windowremains open long enough.21、The word "this" in the third sentence of Paragraph 1 refers to______.A. the departure of the imperial powersB. the final responsibility of the Middle Eastern countries for their own affairsC. the consequence created by the departure of the imperial powersD. the fact that the Middle Eastern countries have to be responsible for their own affairs22、The Middle Eastern countries were at a loss after the departure of the imperial powers because______.A. they were rather backward and in bad need of foreign assistanceB. they were accustomed to being ruled by an alien forceC. they were plunged into war after the departure of the imperial powersD. the imperial powers left them nothing but disorder23、It is natural for Middle Easterners to assume that______.A. their real enemies are the Western countriesB. no countries can save them but their ownC. it is up to their leaders, not the ordinary people, to make decisionsD. other countries should come to their help in times of urgency24、The fact that the Middle Eastern countries often rely on the United States in resolving their conflicts shows that they believe that______.A. American imperialists still have control over the world affairsB. outside powers are more capable of effective decisionsC. they are weaker than Israel and cannot defeat itD. Israel is assisted and manipulated by the United States25、The author implied in the passage that______.A. it takes time for the Middle Easterners to adjust themselves to the new situationB. the world will be more peaceful if each country learns to care about its own businessC. most of the unrest in the Middle East is attributable to Israel's aggressive policiesD. the Western powers should stop interfering with other countries' affairsText 2"WHAT'S the difference between God and Larry Ellison?" asks an old software industry joke. Answer: God doesn't think he's Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone among corporate chiefs in having a reputation for being rather keen on himself. Indeed, until the bubble burst and the public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the cult of the celebrity chief executive seemed to demand bossly narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero.Narcissus met a nasty end, of course. And in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen as bad for business. In his management bestseller, "Good to Great", Jim Collins argued that the truly successful bosses were not the serf-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead self-effacing, thoughtful, monkish sorts who lead by inspiring example.A statistical answer may be at hand. For the first time, a new study, "It's All About Me", to be presented next week at the annual gathering of the American Academy of Management, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses have on the firms they run. The authors, Arijit Chatterjee and Donald Hambrick, of Pennsylvania State University, examined narcissism in the upper levels of 105 firms in the computer and software industries.To do this, they had to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have hitherto relied on surveying individuals personally, something for which few chief executives are likely to have time or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publicly available indicators obtainable without the co-operation of the boss. These are: the prominence of the boss's photo in the annual report; his prominence in company press releases; the length of his "Who's Who" entry; the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the ratios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those of the firm's second-highest paid executive.Narcissism naturally drives people to seek positions of power and influence, and because great self-esteem helps your professional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average to be more narcissistic than the general population. How does that affect a firm? Messrs Chatterjee and Hambrick found that highly narcissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as research and development, or in spending and leverage; they carried out more and bigger mergers and acquisitions ; and their results were both more extreme (more big wins or big losses) and more transient than those of firms run by their humbler peers. For shareholders, that could be good or bad.Although (oddly) the authors are keeping their narcissism ranking secret, they have revealed that Mr Ellison did not come top. Alas for him, that may be because the study limited itself to people who became the boss after 1991--well after he took the helm. In every respect Mr Ellison seems to be the classic narcissistic boss, claims Mr Chatterjee. There is life in the old joke yet.26、Jim Collins seems to believe that truly successful managersA. should encourage the staff by setting up examples.B. should not be regarded as stars by their employees.C. should ban boss-worship in the companies they lead.D. should be as humble as possible in their company.27、A practical problem with the "It's all about me" study is thatA. the survey takes too much time to be completed.B. the subjects for the survey may not be very cooperative.C. the bosses who are narcissistic are likely to tell lies to the surveyors.D. the six available indicators require the co-operation of the bosses.28、According to the researchers, compared with humbler managers, narcissistic bosses are more likely toA. have faster professional advances.B. draw attention from the general population.C. dramatize the changes in their companies.D. use resources of the company in extreme ways.29、We can infer from the passage thatA. the results of the new study has already been publicized.B. the researchers think Mr. Ellison is more classic than narcissistic.C. the joke about Mr. Ellison is actually adapted from real life.D. the ranking might be different if the survey focused on an earlier period.30、The old software industry joke is used in the text toA. show the difference between God and Larry Ellison.B. emphasize the success of the boss of Oracle.C. illustrate how chief executives manage their companies.D. introduce the topic of narcissism on top managerial level.Text 3Democrats on the Senate Judiciary Committee vented their fury over high gasoline prices at executives of the nation's five largest oil companies on Wednesday, grilling the oilmen over their multimillion-dollar pay packages and warning them that Congress was intent on taking action that could include a new tax on so-called windfall profits. Such showdowns between lawmakers and oil titans have become a familiar routine on Capitol Hill. But with gas prices nearing $ 4 a gallon, and lawmakers headed home for a weeklong Memorial Day recess where they expect to get an earful from angry constituents, there is added urgency for Congress to appear active.But while momentum is building for several measures, including a bill that would allow the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries to be sued in American courts under antitrust laws, there is little sign that any of the proposals would do much, if anything, to lower prices quickly. And the oil executives warned that government intervention might only make things worse. Instead, they called on Congress to allow more drilling and exploration for domestic oil.The increasing urgency to seem aggressive about gasoline prices was apparent on Tuesday when the House voted by an overwhelming 324 to 84 to approve the bill, commonly referred to as NOPEC, which classifies OPEC as a monopoly in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Senate Democrats have included that measure as part of a package of legislation intended to address the high price of gasoline, along with the tax on windfall profits and a measure to tamp down speculation in the oil futures market that many lawmakers think is contributing to the run-up in prices.At the Judiciary Committee hearing, Democratic senators struggled to have the executives explain how oil prices had risen so high. The senators expressed doubt that basic laws of supply and demand were at work and suggested instead a more sinister combination of monopolistic behavior by oil-producing countries, speculation in the futures markets and sheer corporate greed.On Monday, President Bush signed a bill temporarily suspending the purchase of crude oil for the nation's Strategic Petroleum Reserve. Mr. Bush had initially opposed such action but relented after the House and Senate approved the bill by wide margins. Senator Richard J. Durbin, Democrat of Illinois and a strong supporterof Senator Baraek Obama's presidential bid, made a particularly pointed attack, in which he seemed to warn the oil executives that they would soon no longer have such a good friend in the White House. He also suggested that Mr. Bush should be doing more to press the oil companies to help lower prices at the pump, while acknowledging that it would be difficult to pass a windfall profits tax while Mr. Bush was still in office.31、Senate Democrats were angry with the oilmen because______.A. they get tax-free pay packagesB. Congress took on actions but in vainC. the showdowns were merely a routineD. oil prices had risen so high32、From the text we can learn that the bill allowing OPEC to be sued under antitrust laws______.A. handicaps more drilling and exploration for domestic oilB. is a kind of government intervention that only makes things worseC. turns out to be less influential to decrease oil price rapidlyD. is in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act33、The approval of the bill, NOPEC, on Tuesday implies that______.A. it is necessary to impose tax on windfall profitsB. it is urgent to fight against monopolyC. it is pressing to think much of the ever-increasing oil pricesD. it is important to resort to NOPEC34、According to Democratic senators, which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to soaring oil prices?A. The basic laws of supply and demand.B. The monopoly of oil-producing countries.C. Speculation in the oil futures markets.D. Oil companies salivating over profits.35、What can we infer form the last paragraph?A. The nation's Strategic Petroleum Reserve is more than adequate.B. Democrats argue that greedy oil companies are the key factor of jumping oil price.C. President Bush used to be reluctant to drag down the oil price.D. The federal law bans the windfall profits tax in Bush Government.Text 4Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. For most of her ninety years, Nightingale pushed for reform of the British military health-care system and with that the profession of nursing started to gain the respect it deserved. Unknown to many, however, was her use of new techniques, of statistical analysis, such as during the Crimean War when she plotted the incidence of preventable deaths in the military. She developed a method to prevent the needless deaths caused by unsanitary conditions and the need for reform. With her analysis, Florence Nightingale revolutionized the idea that social phenomena could be objectively measured andsubjected to mathematical analysis. She was an innovator in the collection, interpretation, and display of statistics.Florence Nightingale's two greatest life achievements-pioneering of nursing and the reform of hospitals-were amazing considering that most Victorian women of her age group did not attend universities or pursue professional careers. It was her father, William Nightingale, who believed women, especially his children, should get an education. So Nightingale and her sister learned Italian, Latin, Greek, history, and mathematics. She in particular received excellent early preparation in mathematics.During Nightingale's time at Scutari, she collected data and systematized record-keeping practices. Nightingale was able to use the data as a tool for improving city and military hospitals. Nightingale's calculations of the death rate showed that with an improvement of sanitary methods, deaths would decrease. In February, 1855, the death rate at the hospital was 42.7 percent of the cases treated. When Nightingale's sanitary reform was implemented, the death rate declined. Nightingale took her statistical data and represented them graphically.As Nightingale demonstrated, statistics provided an organized way of learning and lead to improvements in medical and surgical practices. She also developed a Model Hospital Statistical Form for hospitals to collect and generate consistent data and statistics. She became a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1858 and an honorary member of the American Statistical Association in 1874. Karl Pearson acknowledged Nightingale as a "prophetess" in the development of applied statistics.36、What does the word "sanitation" mean in the passage?A. Medication.B. Cleanness.C. Nursing.D. Reforms37、What does this passage talk about Nightingale?A. As a pioneer of nursing.B. As a reformer of hospital sanitation methods.C. As a successful woman.D. As a innovator of statistical analysis in hospitals.38、What can be inferred about the women living in the same era as Nightingale?A. They chose to stay at home after graduating from colleges and universities.B. They tended to choose courses in Italian, Latin, Greek, history and so on.C. They seldom chose mathematics as their course.D. They did not have a equal education opportunities with men as they do today.39、Where did Nightingale prove her method could really reduce the death rates?A. Scutari.B. Victorian.C. Crimean.D. Royal Statistical Society.40、What does the author try to prove in this passage?A.Women can be as successful as men.B. Education plays a vital role in one's success.C. Mathematics could be used to improve medical practices.D. A career in medical field is also available for women.Part BDirections:You are going to read a text about how to keep your job, followed by a list of important examples. Choose the best examples from the list A - F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra examples which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. However, the production of TG is controlled by an enzyme that is, in turn, encoded by a gene called UGT2B17. This gene comes in two varieties, one of which has a part missing and therefore does not work properly. A person may thus have none, one or two working copies of UGT2B17, since he inherits one copy from each parent. Dr Schulze guessed that different numbers of working copies would produce different test results. She therefore gave healthy male volunteers whose genes had been examined a single 360mg shot of testosterone (the standard dose for legitimate medical use) and checked their urine to see whether the shot could be detected.B. Dr Schulze also says there is substantial ethnic variation in UGT2B17 genotypes. Two-thirds of Asians have no functional copies of the gene (which means they have a naturally low ratio of TG to EG., compared with under a tenth of Caucasians--something the anti-doping bodies may wish to take into account.C. The test usually employed for testosterone abuse relies on measuring the ratio of two chemicals found in the urine, testosterone glucuronide (TG. and epitestosterone glucuronide (EG.. The former is produced when testosterone is broken down, while the latter is unrelated to testosterone metabolism, and can thus serve as a reference point for the test. Any ratio above four of the former to one of the latter is, according to official Olympic policy, considered suspicious and leads to more tests.D. The result was remarkable. Nearly half of the men who carried no functional copies of UGT2B17 would have gone undetected in the standard doping test. By contrast, 14% of those with two functional copies of the gene were over the detection threshold before they had even received an injection. The researchers estimate this would give a false-positive testing rate of 9% in a random population of young men.E. The agencies have had remarkable success. Testing for anabolic steroids (in other words, artificial testosterone) was introduced in the 1970s, and the incidence of cheating seems to have fallen dramatically as a result (see chart). The tests, however, are not foolproof. And a study just published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism by Jenny Jakobsson Schulze and her colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden suggests that an individual's genetic make-up could confound them in two different ways. One genotype, to use the jargon, may allow athletes who use anabolic steroids to escape detection altogether. Another may actually be convicting the innocent.F. Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a contest, and their modern counterparts have everything from anabolic steroids and growth hormones to doses of extra redblood cells with which to invigorate their bodies. These days, however, such stimulants are frowned on, and those athletes must therefore run the gauntlet of organisations such as the World Anti-Doping Agency, which would rather they competed without resorting to them.G. In the meantime, Dr Schulze' s study does seem to offer innocents a way of defending themselves. Athletes travelling to Beijing for the Olympic games later this year may be wise to travel armed not only with courage and the "spirit of Olympianism", but also with a copy of their genetic profile, just in case.Order:Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Society not only continues to exist by transmission, by communication, but it may fairly be said to exist in transmission, in communication. There is more than a verbal tie between the words common, community, and communication. 46 Men live in a community in virtue of the things which they have in common; and communication is the way in which they come to possess things in common. 47 What they must have in common in order to form a community or society are aims, beliefs, aspirations, knowledge—a common understanding—like-mindedness as the sociologists say. Such things cannot be passed physically from one to another, like bricks; they cannot be shared as persons would share a pie by dividing it into physical pieces. 48 The communication which insures participation in a common understanding is one which secures similar emotional and intellectual dispositions—like ways of responding to expectations and requirements.Persons do not become a society by living in physical proximity, any more than a man ceases to be socially influenced by being so many feet or miles removed from others. 49 A book or a letter may institute a more intimate association between human beings separated thousands of miles from each other than exists between dwellers under the same roof. Individuals do not even compose a social group because they all work for a common end. The parts of a machine work with a maximum of cooperativeness for a common result, but they do not form a community. If, however, they were all cognizant of the common end and all interested in it so that they regulated their specific activity in view of it, then they would form a community. But this would involve communication. Each would have to know what the other was about and would have to have some way of keeping the other informed as to his own purpose and progress. Consensus demands communication.We are thus compelled to recognize that within even the most social group there are many relations which are not as yet social. A large number of human relationships in any social group are still upon the machine-like plane. Individuals use one another so as to get desired results, without reference to the emotional andintellectual disposition and consent of those used. Such uses express physical superiority, or superiority of position, skill, technical ability, and command of tools, mechanical or fiscal. 50 So far as the relations of parent and child, teacher and pupil, employer and employee, governor and governed, remain upon this level, they form no true social group, no matter how closely their respective activities touch one another. Giving and taking of orders modifies action and results, but does not of itself effect a sharing of purposes, a communication of interests.Section ⅢWritingPart A51、Directions: You are a graduate student majoring in Business English. You are interested in the position of a translator in a multinational corporation. Write a letter to the HR manager to1) state the reason of writing this letter,2) introduce yourself briefly,3) express your gratitude.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.Part B52、Study the following picture carefully and write an essay to1) describe the picture and interpret the meaning,2) analyze the phenomenon, and3) give your comments on this issue.答案:Section ⅠUse of English1、A[解题思路] 本题考核的知识点是：名词辨析。

考研英语模拟试题及答案

考研英语模拟试题及答案Part I Listening Comprehension (30 points)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A) At a bookstore.B) At a library.C) At a lecture.D) At a post office.M: Excuse me, do you have the latest edition of "The Economist"?F: Yes, it's right over here on the new releases shelf.2. A) She is going to the doctor's.B) She is going to the dentist's.C) She is going to the hairdresser's.D) She is going to the supermarket.M: What time are you planning to leave?F: As soon as I finish this chapter, I'll head to the dentist.3. A) He is a teacher.B) He is a student.C) He is a librarian.D) He is a writer.M: I'm working on a paper for my history class.F: Well, you're in the right place. The library has a vast collection of resources.4-8. (Similar format)...Conversation 1M: I heard you're going to take the GRE next month. Are you feeling prepared?F: Yes, I am. I've been attending a prep course and doing a lot of practice tests.Questions:9. A) He is curious about her preparation.B) He is offering to help her study.C) He is asking about the exam date.D) He is surprised she is taking the exam.10. A) She is confident about her preparation.B) She is worried about the cost of the course.C) She is considering dropping out of the course.D) She is unsure about the test format.Conversation 2...Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Passage 1[Recording will describe a historical event or a scientific discovery.]11-13. (Questions based on the passage)Passage 2[Recording will describe a current social issue or a cultural phenomenon.]14-16. (Questions based on the passage)Passage 3[Recording will describe a personal story or a biographical sketch.]17-19. (Questions based on the passage)Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a longconversation or a lecture. You will hear the conversation or lecture only once. After you hear the conversation or lecture, you will read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.20-25. (Questions based on the long conversation or lecture)Part II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Section ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions that follow each text by choosing the best answer from the four options (A, B, C, and D). After reading the text, you will find questions based on the content, main idea, and details of the text.Text 1[A short passage about an environmental issue.]26. What is the main cause of the environmental issue discussed in the text?A) Industrial pollution.B) Deforestation.C) Climate change.D) Agricultural runoff.27. What is the primary solution proposed by the author?A) Stricter regulations on factories.B) Reforestation efforts.C) International cooperation.D) Public awareness campaigns.Text 2[A short passage about a technological innovation.]28-31. (Questions based on the text)Text 3[A short passage about a historical figure.]32-35. (Questions based on the text)Text 4[A short passage about an economic theory.]36-39. (Questions based on the text)Section BDirections: The following texts are of a more complex nature. After reading each text, answer the questions that follow.You may choose the best answer from the four options (A, B, C, and D).Text 5[A more complex passage about a social issue.]40. What is the author's opinion on the social issue?A) It is a pressing concern that requires immediate action.。

2020年全国硕士研究生英语一模拟题中公考研

2020年全国硕士研究生英语一模拟题中公考研全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hey guys! Today I want to talk to you about the 2020 National Master's Degree English Exam Simulation Questions from GONGKAO YANJI. It's a big deal for anyone who wants to study for their master's degree, so let's dive in and see what kind of questions might pop up!The first question is about reading comprehension. You'll have to read a passage and answer questions about it. Remember to read carefully and pay attention to details!Next up is vocabulary and grammar. Make sure you know your words and how to use them in sentences. Also, brush up on your grammar rules so you can ace this part of the exam.Then there's the writing section. You might have to write an essay or a short response to a prompt. Remember to organize your thoughts and use proper grammar and punctuation.Lastly, there might be a listening section where you have to listen to a recording and answer questions about it. Make sure to focus and pay attention so you can get all the answers right.Overall, studying for the National Master's Degree English Exam Simulation Questions is a lot of work, but if you put in the effort and practice, you can do well. Good luck to all of you who are preparing for the exam, and remember to stay confident and believe in yourself! You've got this!篇2Hello everyone! Today I want to talk to you all about the national master's entrance exam for 2020. It's a big deal for anyone who wants to continue their studies after finishing their bachelor's degree. So let's dive into the details of the exam so we can all be prepared!First of all, the exam will test your English skills. That means you need to be good at reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Make sure to practice all of these things before the exam so you can do your best.For the reading part, you'll need to read passages and answer questions about them. It's important to understand themain ideas and details of the passages, so pay attention to the facts and opinions presented in the text.Next up is the writing part. You'll have to write essays on different topics, so make sure to organize your ideas and use good grammar and vocabulary. You can practice by writing a little every day and asking for feedback from your teachers or friends.Now let's talk about the listening section. You'll listen to conversations and speeches and answer questions about them. It's important to listen carefully and take notes so you can remember the important information.Last but not least is the speaking part. You'll have to talk about different topics and answer questions in front of a microphone. Make sure to speak clearly and confidently, and don't be afraid to express your opinions.In conclusion, the national master's entrance exam is a big challenge, but with hard work and practice, we can all do our best and succeed. Good luck to everyone taking the exam, and remember to stay calm and focused!篇3Hello everyone! Today, I want to talk about the 2020 National Master's Entrance Examination English Mock Test. I know it sounds very fancy and difficult, but don't worry, I will try my best to explain it in a simple way.First of all, let me tell you what the exam is about. It's a test that people take when they want to go to graduate school. This test is very important because it can decide if you can get into a good school or not. So, it's super important to do your best!The exam usually has different parts, like listening, reading, writing, and speaking. You have to be good at all of them to do well on the test. But don't worry, with enough practice and hard work, you can definitely do it!In the reading part, you will have to read some passages and answer questions about them. It's like a little adventure where you have to find the answers in the text. Just remember to read carefully and try to understand what the passage is talking about.In the writing part, you will have to write essays or summaries of what you have read. This part is a bit tricky because you have to organize your ideas and write them down clearly. But don't worry, just take your time and think about what you want to say.In the speaking part, you will have to talk about a topic in front of other people. This part can be a bit scary, but just relax and speak from your heart. Remember, practice makes perfect!Overall, the key to doing well on the exam is to practice a lot and stay calm. Don't stress out too much, just do your best and believe in yourself. And who knows, you might just ace the exam and get into your dream school!That's all for today! I hope you found my explanation helpful. Good luck with your studies and remember, you can do anything you set your mind to! Thank you for listening!篇4Hello everyone! Today I'm going to talk about the 2020 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (GRE) English mock exam prepared by Munkao. This test is really important for students who are preparing for the postgraduate entrance examination. Let's take a look at some of the questions and discuss how to approach them.First of all, let's talk about the reading comprehension section. This part consists of several passages followed by questions. The key to doing well in this section is to read the passages carefully and understand the main ideas. Then, whenanswering the questions, make sure to go back to the passage to find the specific details needed to support your answer.Next, let's move on to the vocabulary and grammar section. This part tests your knowledge of English words and grammar rules. Make sure to review your vocabulary and practice using different grammar structures before the exam. Pay attention to the context in which the words are used, as this can help you determine their meanings.The writing section is also important as it tests your ability to express your ideas clearly and coherently. Make sure to practice writing essays on different topics and pay attention to your grammar and vocabulary use. Remember to plan your essay before you start writing and leave some time to reread and edit your work.In conclusion, the 2020 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (GRE) English mock exam by Munkao is a great resource for students preparing for the postgraduate entrance exam. Make sure to practice regularly and review your vocabulary and grammar to increase your chances of success. Good luck with your studies!篇5Title: My Experience of Taking the 2020 National Master's Entrance ExamHey everyone! Today I want to share with you my experience of taking the 2020 National Master's Entrance Exam. As a little kid, I never thought I would be taking such a big test, but here I am, all grown up and ready to tackle it!Before the exam, I was feeling super nervous. I studied so hard for this test, I didn't want to mess it up! But my parents and teachers all supported me and told me to just do my best. So I tried to relax and stay calm.When the big day finally came, I woke up bright and early, had a good breakfast, and headed to the exam center. There were so many people there, all looking nervous just like me. But I knew I had prepared well, so I walked in with confidence.The exam itself was tough, but I tried my best to stay focused and answer all the questions. There were sections on English, math, and my specialty subject, and I did my best in each one. Time went by so quickly, and before I knew it, the exam was over.After the exam, I felt a mix of relief and anxiety. I couldn't stop thinking about the questions I might have answered wrong.But I tried to stay positive and think about all the hard work I put in to prepare for the test.Now that it's all over, I'm just waiting for the results to come out. I hope all my hard work paid off and that I did well on the exam. But no matter what happens, I'm proud of myself for taking on this challenge and giving it my all.So that's my experience of taking the 2020 National Master's Entrance Exam. It was a tough test, but I'm glad I did it. And who knows, maybe one day I'll be able to look back and laugh at how nervous I was!篇6Hello everyone, I'm so excited to share with you about the 【2020 National Postgraduate English Level One Mock Exam】organized by GJY Education.First of all, let me tell you how this exam was like. It had multiple choice questions, reading comprehension, cloze tests, and writing tasks. Phew, that's a lot to cover in just one test! But don't worry, with a bit of practice and some help from your teachers, you can definitely ace it.For the reading comprehension part, we had to read passages and answer questions about them. Some were easy to understand, while others were a bit tricky. But if you pay attention to the details and take your time to think, you'll do just fine.The cloze tests were a bit challenging as well. We had to fill in the blanks with the right words, so make sure you know your vocabulary and grammar rules well. It's a good idea to practice with some cloze test exercises before the exam to get familiar with the format.And finally, the writing tasks. We had to write an essay on a given topic, and let me tell you, it was fun! You get to express your thoughts and ideas in your own words, so be creative and don't be afraid to make mistakes. Just remember to use proper grammar and punctuation.Overall, the 【2020 National Postgraduate English Level One Mock Exam】was a great experience. It challenged us to think critically, improve our English skills, and prepare for the real thing. So don't be afraid to give it a try and show off your English skills. Good luck, everyone!篇7Hey guys, do you know that there is a big exam coming up for all the master students in China? It's called the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination, or the "kaoyan" in Chinese. And today, I want to talk about the English test part of the exam.The English test is super important because it's worth a lot of points. It has different sections like reading, listening, translation, and writing. In the reading part, you have to read some passages and answer questions about them. It's not easy because the passages are usually pretty long and the questions can be tricky.Then there's the listening part where you have to listen to some conversations or speeches and answer questions about them. It can be tough because sometimes the speakers talk really fast and you have to concentrate really hard to understand what they are saying.The translation part is also difficult because you have to translate some sentences from Chinese to English or vice versa. You have to know a lot of vocabulary and grammar rules to do well in this section.But the writing part is probably the hardest because you have to write an essay in English on a given topic. You have to organize your ideas, use proper grammar and vocabulary, andmake sure your essay makes sense. It's a lot of pressure because you only have a limited amount of time to complete it.So, if you want to do well in the English test, you have to practice a lot, read English books, watch English movies, and listen to English songs. And most importantly, don't be afraid to make mistakes because that's how you learn and improve. Good luck to all the students taking the exam this year! Let's do our best!篇8Hey guys, today I want to talk about the 2020 National Master of Arts in English Examination, which is really important for those who want to go to graduate school. I know it sounds super hard, but don't worry, I'm here to help you!First of all, let's talk about the exam format. There are three parts to the exam: listening, reading, and writing. For the listening part, you need to listen to some conversations and answer questions about them. Make sure you pay attention to the details! In the reading part, you'll read some passages and answer questions about them. Remember to underline key points as you read. And finally, for the writing part, you'll have towrite an essay about a given topic. Make sure you organize your ideas and use good grammar and vocabulary.Next, let's talk about some tips for studying. One of the best ways to prepare for the exam is to practice, practice, practice! Try doing some practice tests to get a feel for the format and types of questions you'll see. Also, make sure to review your grammar and vocabulary. It's super important to know the basics!Lastly, don't forget to take care of yourself during exam time. Make sure you get plenty of rest, eat healthy, and stay positive. Remember, you've worked hard to get to this point, so believe in yourself and do your best!Good luck on the exam, everyone! You've got this!篇9Oh my goodness, guys! Have you heard about the 2020 National Master's Degree English Exam? It's like, super tough, but we can totally do it if we stay positive and work hard! I mean, I know it's a big deal, but we got this!So, like, in the exam, there are gonna be reading, writing, and listening sections. We have to, like, read passages andanswer questions, write essays, and listen to recordings. It sounds kinda scary, but we just gotta stay calm and do our best!For the reading section, we should, like, read the passage carefully and underline key points. Then we can, like, answer the questions based on what we read. We gotta pay attention to details and, like, make sure our answers make sense.And for the writing section, we should, like, plan our essay before we start writing. We gotta, like, have an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. We should also use good grammar and, like, transition words to make our essay flow.And don't forget about the listening section! We gotta, like, listen carefully to the recordings and take notes. Then we can, like, answer the questions based on what we heard. We should, like, focus and stay concentrated during this part.Guys, I know the exam seems really hard, but we just gotta stay positive and give it our all! We've been studying so hard, and we can totally rock this exam! Let's do this, guys! Woo!Alright, that's it for my pep talk, haha! Let's keep studying and stay confident. We got this, guys! Good luck on the exam! Yay!篇10Title: My Experience with the 2020 National Master's Entrance ExamHi everyone, I want to tell you all about my experience with the 2020 National Master's Entrance Exam. It was a big deal for me because I've been studying really hard for it. I was so nervous on the day of the exam, but I tried my best to stay calm.The exam had three parts: listening, reading, and writing. The listening part was a bit tricky because they played the recordings really fast. I had to concentrate really hard to catch all the information. The reading part was a bit easier for me because I love reading English books. I practiced a lot before the exam, so I was able to understand most of the passages.The writing part was the most challenging for me. I had to write an essay on a given topic within a limited time. I was worried that I wouldn't finish on time, but I managed to write a good essay with proper grammar and vocabulary.Overall, I think I did pretty well in the exam. I'm proud of my hard work and determination. No matter what the results are, I know that I gave it my all. I hope that my experience can inspire other students to never give up on their dreams, no matter how tough the challenge may seem.That's all for now, guys. Thanks for listening to my story!。

河南考研英语一模拟试题

河南考研英语一模拟试题一、阅读理解阅读下面的短文，从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳答案。

Once upon a time, a shopkeeper put a sign in his window that read "Puppies for Sale." The sign brought lots of young children into the store, and they chattered about various breeds. But soon an old man approached. "They're so cute," said the old man, "but I'm looking for a friend, not just a pet." The old man pointed to a lone puppy sitting in the corner. "What about that one?"The shopkeeper explained that the little puppy had been born with a deformed leg and would never run or play like the other dogs. The old man leaned down and gently touched the puppy's head. "That's the friend I am looking for," he said. "I'll take him."Years passed, and the old man and the puppy, named Tiny, became inseparable. Tiny quickly learned to hop around on three legs and could even keep up with his owner on long walks. The town's children would laugh and point at Tiny, but the old man simply smiled and kept walking.One stormy night, an earthquake shook the town and a fire broke out in the old man's home. People rushed to help, but the flames were too strong for anyone to enter the burning building. Suddenly, Tiny ran into the chaos. Barking and tugging at the firefighters, Tiny led them to the old man, who was trapped inside. Thanks to Tiny's bravery, the old man was saved.After the fire, the old man and Tiny were hailed as heroes. The children who used to laugh at Tiny now admired him. The shopkeeper felt ashamed for having doubted Tiny's ability to be a true friend. From that day on, Tiny was not seen as a disabled dog, but as a loyal companion and a superhero in the eyes of the townspeople.1. Why did the shopkeeper put a sign in his window?A. To attract more customers to his shop.B. To inform people about the puppies for sale.C. To show off the different breeds of the puppies.D. To advertise the puppies for sale.2. What distinguished Tiny from the other puppies?A. Tiny was the smallest puppy in the store.B. Tiny was the only puppy with a deformed leg.C. Tiny was the most playful puppy in the store.D. Tiny was the oldest puppy in the store.3. How did Tiny prove to be a true friend to the old man?A. By running away from the old man during storms.B. By staying by the old man's side through thick and thin.C. By being the most popular dog in the town.D. By showing off his jumping skills to the other dogs.4. What happened during the stormy night?A. Tiny got lost and the old man couldn't find him.B. A fire broke out in the old man's home.C. Tiny fell and hurt his deformed leg.D. People rushed to buy the puppies for sale.5. How did the townspeople view Tiny after the fire?A. They still mocked him and laughed at his disabilities.B. They admired him for his bravery and loyalty.C. They felt sorry for him and gave him special treatment.D. They were indifferent to his heroic actions.二、作文请根据以下题目，写一篇短文。

(完整版)考研英语模拟试题及答案 ,推荐文档

考研英语模拟试题及答案部门：xxx时间：xxx整理范文，仅供参考，可下载自行编辑模拟试卷[13]Simulated Test[PREVIOUS][NEXT]Part I Structure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (5 points>b5E2RGbCAPMany foreign students come to study in the U.S.,some by Fulbright scholarships, others by the U.S.government's Agency for International Development,bythe Ford Foundation,and so on.A.to be supportedB.being supportedC.are supportedD.having been supportedp1EanqFDPwAdvertising can be a service to the customer.This istrue when advertisements give liable information aboutthe goods .A．advertisedB．being advertisedC．to be advertisedD．having been advertisedDXDiTa9E3dThere was clearly nothing left to do but sit down on the shabby little couch and weep. .A．Did so DellaB.So did DellaC.Della so didD.So Della didRTCrpUDGiTHe said it was impossible for a mistake in a computer's calculation,so you can rely on that.A.there beingB.there would beC.there to beD.there was5PCzVD7HxAOf course they could not look at the elephant with their eyes,but they thought they might learn what kind of animal it was by touching and feeling. ,you see,they trusted their own sense of touch very much.A．MoreoverB．ForC．NeverthelessD．BecausejLBHrnAILgA man of less courage to stand up to such a complicated situation.A.would not have daredB.could not have daredC.will not dareD.did not darexHAQX74J0Xotherwise directed by a doctor,this medicine should be taken three times a day.A．Even ifB．UnlessC．Except thatD．AsLDAYtRyKfEMore importance needs to be given to sports,and a careful choice of forms are most suitable should be made。

英语一考研模拟试题

英语一考研模拟试题Section I: Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are four passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:CCTV’s English-language channel announced that a narrowband IoT system will make its debut at the upcoming 2021 Beijing Horticultural Expo, promoting smart agriculture in the capital.This phase of the expo is hosted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Beijing municipal government.A total of 51 types of sensors will be used across the expo for health monitoring, precise irrigation and fertilization, and environmental control. A smart unmanned tractor has also been equipped to show how it could be controlled through a phone application.“The system is abl e to identify the precise location of farmland and distribute water and fertilizers accordingly,” said Zhang Yuping, the director of the Beijing Horticultural Engineering Center. “We’re exploring more possibilities to apply this advanced technology in the field.”Zhang added that special areas at the expo are set up to showcase the automated management of a seedling company and explore cutting-edge agricultural technology provided by tech giant Huawei.The expo has taken place in Beijing every year since 1999, 10 years before the founding of China Central Television (CCTV), to address the challenges facing the industry. The expo was issued a special commemorative postage stamp earlier this month by the State Post Bureau.1. According to the passage, what will be promoted at the upcoming 2021 Beijing Horticultural Expo?A) Smart citiesB) Smart agricultureC) Smart homesD) Smart schools2. Who is hosting this phase of the Beijing Horticultural Expo?A) CCTVB) The State Post BureauC) The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsD) Huawei3. How many types of sensors will be used across the expo?A) 51B) 21C) 31D) 414. What is mentioned about a smart unmanned tractor at the expo?A) It will be controlled through a phone application.B) It will be used for cooking demonstrations.C) It will perform on-stage during a music concert.D) It will be showcased at the opening ceremony.5. When did the Beijing Horticultural Expo start taking place every year?A) 1999B) 2009C) 2019D) 2001Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:China on Thursday announced a guideline on exploring stronger social forces whose import and export activities are in compliance with laws in a bid to promote higher-level opening-up.With the core content of the guideline released by the State Council, China will unremittingly and steadily promote the development of social forces to participate in import and export activities, build a more open andtransparent import and export market, and create a more fair and competitive trading environment.The guidelines encourage exploring new channels for social forces to engage in import and export trading, promote innovation and upgrading of China’s foreign trade by supporting the participation of social forces in import and export activities, the guideline stated.According to the guideline, more efforts will be made to push forward the reforms to streamline administration, delegate power, and improve regulations. Procedures for starting a business and obtaining various licenses and certificates will be further simplified. And measures to reduce taxes and fees should be implemented to lower market thresholds.The guideline also asked authorities to guide social forces to enhance their abilities to participate in international cooperation in production capacity and investment...6. What did China announce a guideline on exploring?A) More restrictions on social forcesB) The participation of social forces in illegal activitiesC) Stronger social forces and their import and export activities that comply with lawsD) The abolishment of import and export trading7. According to the passage, what will China promote with the development of social forces participating in import and export activities?A) A more closed and opaque import and export marketB) Lower standards for import and export tradingC) Innovation and upgrading of China’s foreign tradeD) Higher taxes and fees8. What does the guideline encourage exploring according to the passage?A) More channels for social forces to engage in import and export tradingB) Less participation of social forces in import and export activitiesC) Halting all foreign tradeD) Stricter regulations for obtaining licenses and certificates9. Which procedures will be simplified according to the guideline mentioned in the passage?A) Procedures for importing banned goodsB) Procedures for obtaining various licenses and certificatesC) Procedures for increasing taxes and feesD) Procedures for making trading environments more complex10. What will be done to lower market thresholds according to the article?A) Increase regulationsB) Expand taxes and feesC) Implement measures to reduce taxes and feesD) Streamline administration---请注意，在这篇文章中，我根据给定的标题"英语一考研模拟试题"选择了阅读理解部分的模拟试题，以帮助您练习英语一部分考研内容的理解和应用。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

考研英语（一）模拟试卷207(总分：144.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ Europe's biggest countries were once among the biggest anywhere. In 1950, four of the world's ten most 【C1】______ states were in western Europe. But decades of falling birth rates have 【C2】______ slow population growth in Europe. By 2017, Europe's most populous country【C3】______ just 16th globally. The continent's birth rate is now so low that the total population in many European countries has begun to 【C4】______. One solution is to attract foreigners. Eurostat said that the region's population rose in 2016【C5】______ immigration. The number of births and deaths were equal at 5.1m, while net migration 【C6】______ the population to 511.8m. In 13 【C7】______ its 28 member countries, more people died than were born last year. 【C8】______ not all saw their populations fall. A large intake of migrants to Germany meant that populations there still 【C9】______ grow. By 2050, Eurostat estimates that only Ireland, France, Norway and Britain would see their populations rise 【C10】______ migration. 【C11】______ , Germany and Italy need migrants badly. 【C12】______migration does continue, Eurostat's central forecast 【C13】______ that Germany will still only maintain its current population. Even 【C14】______ migration at current levels is unlikely to prevent most eastern and Mediterranean countries 【C15】______ shrinking. The former group has been losing people 【C16】______ the break-up of the Soviet Union. 【C17】______ those countries joined the EU, large shares of their populations emigrated to richer EU member countries to work. For those who leave, the freedom to live and work is an immense boon. But the countries 【C18】______ they were raised face a hard task. They must attract and 【C19】______ new workers, increase their birth rates, or learn to 【C20】______ a declining population.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.powerfulB.populousC.wealthyD.prosperous(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.resulted inB.stemmed fromC.contributed toD.influenced by(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.ratedB.rangedC.rankedD.stood(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.diminishB.declineC.dwindleD.drop(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.apart fromB.in spite ofC.according toD.because of(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.acceleratedB.promotedC.boostedD.raised(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.inB.ofC.withD.for(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.AndB.SoC.ButD.Despite(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.remained toB.longed toC.intended toD.managed to(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.withB.withoutC.forD.during(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.On the other handB.In the same wayC.In contrastD.In addition(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.NeverthelessB.SinceC.Even ifD.When(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.assertsB.claimsC.reckonsD.declares(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.attainingB.detainingC.retainingD.sustaining(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.fromB.inC.onD.out of(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.now thatB.ever sinceC.even thoughD.as if(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.BecauseB.AlthoughC.SinceD.When(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.whereB.whichC.thatD./(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.superviseB.retainC.fireD.pay(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.rely onB.fight againstC.deal withD.live with二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.__________________________________________________________________________________________A new website from the U.S, Department of Agriculture (USDA) shows that 10% of the country is now a "food desert". The Food Desert Locator is an online map highlighting thousands of areas where, the USDA says, low-income families have no or little access to healthy fresh food. First identified in Scotland in the 1990s, food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay. They suggest images of endless fast-food restaurants and convenience stores serving fatty, sugary junk food to overweight customers who have never tasted a Brussels sprout (抱子甘蓝). The USDA links food deserts to a growing weight problem that has seen childhood obesity in America triple since 1980 and the annual cost of treating obesity swell to nearly $150 billion. Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017. Official figures for the number of people living in food deserts already show a decline, from 23.5m in 2009 to 13.5m at the launch of the website in May, 2010. In America, the definition of a food desert is any census area where at least 20% of inhabitants are below the poverty line and 33% live more than a mile from a supermarket. By simply extending the cut-off in rural areas to ten miles, the USDA managed to rescue 10m people from desert life.Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage and not the real problem. Research by the Centre for Public Health Nutrition at the University of Washington found that only 15% of people shopped for food within their own census area. Critics also note that focusing on supermarkets means that the USDA ignores tens of thousands of larger and smaller retailers, farmers markets and roadside greengrocers, many of which are excellent sources of fresh food. A visit to Renton, a depressed suburb of Seattle, demonstrates the problem. The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert stretching miles in every direction. Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that attracts flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert. No surprise, then, that neither USDA nor the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies has been able to establish a causal link between food deserts and dietary health. In fact, both agree that merely improving access to healthy food does not change consumer behavior. Open a full-service supermarket in a food desert and shoppers tend to buy the same artery-clogging junk food as before — they just pay less for it. The unpalatable truth seems to be that some Americans simply do not care to eat a balanced diet, while others, increasingly, cannot afford to. Over the last four years, the price of the healthiest foods has increased at around twice the rate of energy-dense junk food. That is the nutshell (概括) of the whole problem.（分数：10.00）(1).What can we learn about the food desert?（分数：2.00）A.It is an area where the locals can't grow fresh food.B.It is an area where a lot of people are starving.C.It is an area where fresh food is hardly available to the locals.D.It is an area where people are mostly overweight.(2).According to Para. 2, how did USDA reduce the number of people in food desert by 10m?（分数：2.00）A.By promoting the concept of organic food.B.By raising people's awareness of dietary health.C.By establishing more full-service supermarkets.D.By extending the definition of food desert in rural areas.(3).The critics of food desert hold the view that ______.（分数：2.00）DA overemphasizes the importance of supermarketsB.shoppers should go outside their residence areas for foodDA should expand the census areas to locate food desertsD.shoppers should visit supermarkets more frequently(4).According to the passage, which of the following can hardly be a source of fresh food?（分数：2.00）A.Wal-Mart.B.Farmers market.C.Convenience store.D.Roadside stand.(5).According to the last paragraph, which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）A.It is a simple matter to change consumers' preference for food.B.The relationship between food desert and dietary health is certain.C.Price can be a decisive factor when consumers buy food.D.Opening full-service supermarkets will eliminate food deserts in the U.S.Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barelynotice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tirelessrobot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world." Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neu-roscientists still don't know quite how we do it.（分数：10.00）(1).Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ______.（分数：2.00）A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD.the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work(2).The word "gizmos" (Line 1, Para.2) most probably means ______.（分数：2.00）A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures(3).According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can ______.（分数：2.00）A.fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.interact with human beings verballyC.have a little common senseD.respond independently to a changing world(4).Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ______.（分数：2.00）A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human interventionC.improve factory environmentsD.cultivate human creativity(5).The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ______.（分数：2.00）A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC.far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD.best used in a controlled environmentFor more than a decade, the prevailing view of innovation has been that little guys had the edge. Innovation bubbled up from the bottom, from upstarts and insurgents. Big companies didn't innovate, and government got in the way. In the dominant innovation narrative, venture-backed start-up companies were cast as the nimble winners and large corporations as the sluggish losers. There was a rich vein of business-school research supporting the notion that innovation comes most naturally from small-scale outsiders. That was the headline point that a generation of business people, venture investors and policy makers took away from Clayton M. Christensen's 1997 classic, The Innovator's Dilemma, which examined the process of disruptive change. But a shift in thinking is under way, driven by altered circumstances. In the United States and abroad, the biggest economic and social challenges—and potential business opportunities—are problems in multifaceted fields like the environment, energy and health care that rely on complex systems. Solutions won't come from the next new gadget or clever software, though such innovations will help. Instead, they must plug into a larger network of change shaped by economics, regulation and policy. Progress, experts say, will depend on people in a wide range of disciplines, and collaboration across the public and private sectors. "These days, more than ever, size matters in the innovation game," said John Kao, a former professor at the Harvard business school and an innovation consultant to governments and corporations. In its economic recovery package, the Obama administration is financing programs to generate innovation with technology in health care and energy. The government will spend billions to accelerate the adoption of electronic patient records to help improve care and curb costs, and billions more to spur the installation of so called smart grids that use sensors and computerized meters to reduce electricity consumption. In other developed nations, where energy costs are higher than in the United States, government and corporate projects to cut fuel use and reduce carbon emissions are further along. But the Obama administration is pushing environmental and energy conservation policy more in the direction of Europe and Japan. The change will bolster demand for more efficient and more environmentally friendly systems for managing commuter traffic, food distribution, electric grids and waterways. These systems are animated by inexpensive sensors and ever-increasing computing power but also require the skills to analyze, model and optimize complex networks, factoring in things as diverse as weather patterns and human behavior. Big companies like General Electric and IBM that employ scientists in many disciplines typically have the skills and scale to tackle such projects.（分数：10.00）(1).In his book Christensen comes to the conclusion that ______.（分数：2.00）A.business people are more innovative than government officialsB.all kinds of changes are disruptive activities in some senseC.the dilemma of any innovation is its disruptive natureD.small businesses are more creative than large companies(2).Due to the complicated circumstances, a single innovation ______.（分数：2.00）A.will stimulate a chain of other innovations in related fieldsB.should fit into a network of changes to become more effectiveC.should meet economic challenges to assume social significanceD.can never solve any problem but only serves to complicate it(3).In the author's opinion, Obama's approach to the health and energy problem ______.（分数：2.00）A.is a doomed endeavor at its very beginningB.typically illustrates the complexity of the situationcks a proper vision though effective in a short termD.shows why large organizations are less innovative(4).Big companies have the advantage of ______.（分数：2.00）A.making complex networks work in a coordinated wayB.reducing the cost by producing things in large quantitiesC.being able to integrate innovations across complex systemsD.controlling human behavior with imposed restraints on creativity(5).The text is written to answer the question ______.（分数：2.00）A.Does innovation belongs to the small?B.Why small businesses are more innovative?C.Are Americans more creative than Europeans and Japanese?D.Why is technological innovation important to today's world?The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death." George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide." On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."（分数：10.00）(1).From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ______.（分数：2.00）A.doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' painB.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide(2).Which of the following statements is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.B.Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C.The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D.A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.(3).According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ______.（分数：2.00）A.prolonged medical proceduresB.inadequate treatment of painC.systematic drug abuseD.insufficient hospital care(4).Which of the following best replaces the word "aggressive" (Line 4, Para. 7)?（分数：2.00）A.boldB.harmfulC.carelessD.desperate(5).George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ______.（分数：2.00）A.manage their patients incompetentlyB.give patients more medicine than neededC.reduce drug dosages for their patientsD.prolong the needless suffering of the patients4.Part B__________________________________________________________________________________________ [A] Build friendships at work.[B] Constant challenges breed frustration.[C] Developself-awareness.[D] Employ emotional self-control.[E] Schedule time for self-reflection.[F] Stress feeds conflict—and conflict breeds anger, resentment, and unhappiness.[G] Toxic emotions are stressful. Bring to mind a conflict at work, and you'll probably have the perpetrator in mind: your incompetent boss, that passive-aggressive colleague, or the resource-hoarding peer in another department. We spend an inordinate amount of time complaining about these people, avoiding them, and fighting with them. If you want less fighting and a more enjoyable, productive workplace, you have to understand your own role in it and what you can do to break a vicious cycle that starts with frustration and stress and ends with workplace wars. 1 A healthy dose of frustration can be good, leading to determination and creativity. Unfortunately, instead of the occasional obstacle at work, we are often buried in an avalanche of problems. We don't have the resources we need to do our job, and the goalposts keep moving. We blame the relentless, do-more-with-less nature of our shortsighted, quarterly-results-driven business climate for our frustration, or we pin responsibility on unending change or corporate culture. Whatever the reason, many of us are chronically frustrated at work. 2 Chronic frustration often morphs into fear and anger. When the alarm rings, our bodies go into high alert, adrenaline and hormones course through our veins, muscles tighten so that we can move quickly, hands sweat, and breathing and heart rates speed up. This would all be well and good if it happened infrequently and saved us from actual danger. Unfortunately, frustration, low-grade fear, irritation, and even rage are familiar companions at work. This is when the vicious cycle becomes an endless loop. A Three-Step Process to Interrupt the Vicious Cycle. 3 To interrupt the frustration-stress-conflict cycle, you need to begin by recognizing what causes you to feel thwarted, scared, or threatened and what drives you to the battleground. This sounds easy, but even well-intentioned people typically put self-reflection last on the list—there just aren't enough hours in the day. Instead, make time and tap into curiosity and courage to try to figure out what kinds of situations send you into the stratosphere. The more you know about your triggers, the better you can control your emotions. 4 Once you're aware of the emotions that are driving your behavior, you can employ another important emotional intelligence competency: emotional self-control. This is what enables us to check and channel our emotions so that we don't get stuck in a permanent amygdala hijack. We can manage negative feelings, see reality through a clear lens, and stop lashing out when we feel threatened. 5. Tominimize stress and conflict at work, we need to replace "I, me, mine" with "we, us, ours." We need to stop seeing each other in terms of what we can get, and replace it with what we can give. This shift would result in less stress and fewer negative emotions. It would also lead to warmer, friendlier relationships.（分数：10.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________6.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.__________________________________________________________________________________________ "Nobody really knows" was Donald Trump's assessment of man-made global warming, in an interview on December 11th. 【F1】 As far as the atmosphere is concerned, that puts him at odds with most scientists who have studied the matter . They do know that the atmosphere is warming, and they also know by how much. But turn to the sea and Mr. Trump has a point. Though the oceans are warming too, climatologists readily admit that they have only a rough idea how much heat is going into them, and how much is already there. Many suspect that the heat capacity of seawater explains the climate pause of recent years, in which the rate of atmospheric warning has slowed. 【F2】But without decent data, it is hard to be sure to what extent the oceans are acting as a heat sink that damps the temperature rise humanity is visiting upon the planet—and, equally important, how long they can keep that up. This state of affairs will change, though, if a project described by Robert Tyler and Terence Sabaka to a meeting of the American Geophysical Union, held in San Francisco this week, is successful. Dr Tyler and Dr Sabaka, who work at the Goddard Space Flight Centre, observe that satellites can detect small changes in Earth's magnetic field induced by the movement of water. They also observe that the magnitude of such changes depends on the water's temperature all the way down to the ocean floor. That, they think, opens a window into the oceans which has, until now, been lacking. To measure things in the deep sea almost always requires placing instruments there. 【F3】 The supply of oceanographic research vessels, though, is limited, and even the addition in recent years of several thousand "Argo" probes (floating robots that roam the oceans and are capable of diving to a depth of 2,000 metres) still leaves ocean temperatures severely under-sampled. Satellites, however, can look at the whole ocean—and, if they are properly equipped, can plot ways in which Earth's magnetic field is deflected by seawater. This deflection happens because seawater is both electrically conductive and always on the move. Crucially, saltwater's conductivity increases with its temperature. This means the deflection increases, too. 【F4】 And since the magnetic field originates from within Earth, it penetrates the whole ocean, from bottom to top. So any heat contributes to the deflection. 【F5】 All this means that, if you know where and how ocean water is displaced, the changes in the magnetic field, as seen from a satellite, will tell you the heat content of that water. Dr Tyler and Dr Sabaka therefore built a computer model which tried this approach on one reasonably well-understood form of oceanic displacement, the twice-daily tidal movement caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).【F2】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).【F3】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).【F4】（分数：2.00）。