杜昶旭阅读讲义
花花整理的杜昶旭阅读课讲义【无老师力荐】
阅读课讲义主讲：杜昶旭——花花（Fleur）根据老杜录音整理怎样的考试和怎样的我们…….托福考试的本质探求——对”Test of English as a Foreign Language”的再认知托福到底有多难习惯的说法：高考－>六级－>考研－>托福－>SAT－>GRE－>GMAT－>LSAT用合理的方式进行难度的评价从“OF”到“IN”Test OF English：“对”英语的测试TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language)IELTS (International English Language TestingSystem)TOEIC (Test Of English for InternationalCommunication)CET-4 (College English Test-Band 4)CET-6 (College English Test-Band 6)PETS (Public English Test System)Test IN English：“用”英语的测试GRE (Graduate Record Examination)GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test)SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test)LSAT (Law School Admission Test)NCEE (National College Entrance Examination)NGEE (National Graduate Entrance Examination)托福作为语言考试的本质测试考生对英语的综合应用能力——包括听、说、读、写的独立能力和综合能力；测试考生在实际的学习、生活过程中的语言应用能力——所有测试内容均与实际结合；考生的英语水平与分数具有直接相关性——零基础测试假设；包含且仅包含语言使用过程中的所有因素——词汇、句子、语篇、语境、交流方式。
【尚友资料】ShareWithU GMAT 语法精解
知识点讲解 .............................................................. 81 作业 .................................................................... 82 后记 ................................................................... 92
语法方法：
在 ShareWithU 的论坛上，有很多尚友的用户都分享他们自己的语法方法，这之中最为有名 的包括：白勇语法，曼哈顿语法，Knewton 语法，羽凌版主的语法每日一题。有很多的朋友 们问我，到底哪个语法做题方法最好呢？到底什么样的 GMAT 语法做题方法才是“官方” 的语法做题方法？什么样的方法才能在考场上攻无不克呢？ 等等„但其实我要说的是，这 些方法也许都不适合你，也许都不能让你在考场上战无不胜，你要做的，是参考他们，然后 找出，更准确的说是总结出自己的语法方法。
b. 学习 GMAT 语法的重要性
① GMAT 语法在考试中的比率非常高，41 道里面很可能遇到 14-17 题。GMAT 语法 题目做的好坏能直接影响到你 GMAT 考试的成绩。 ② GMAT 语法是学好 GMAT 逻辑和 GMAT 阅读的基础。 只有对规范英语字词句的掌 握。达到深刻理解句义目的后。那么在看阅读和逻辑就有很大帮助了。
ShareWithU GMAT 语法精解
1
前 言
关于语法能力：
GMAT 语法是 GMAT 中的考试核心内容。 GMAT 语法题目的数量不仅是在 GMAT 考试占有 了最多的题目数量（一套差不多在 14-17 题） ，而且在对 GMAT 阅读和逻辑文章的理解中都 扮演了非常重要的角色。话大家都是这么说，但是究竟怎样才能提升自己的 GMAT 语法能 力呢？其实这样的问题是没有一个答案的，或者说，除了练和读，没有捷径。我在认识和学 习 GMAT 的两年中并没有发现一本系统的可以很好解释 GMAT 语法做题思路的语法教材。 这也是我编写这本书的动力的源泉。本书的大部分例句出自于 GMAT 考试真题和模拟题里 面的例句。
5402
TMS320VC5402AFixed-Point Digital Signal Processor Data ManualPRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.Products conform to specifications per the terms of the TexasInstruments standard warranty.Production processing does notnecessarily include testing of all parameters.Literature Number:SPRS015FSeptember2001–Revised October2008Revision HistoryTMS320VC5402AFixed-Point Digital Signal ProcessorSPRS015F–SEPTEMBER 2001–REVISED OCTOBER 2008NOTE:Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version.This data sheet revision history highlights the technical changes made to the SPRS015E device-specific data sheet to make it an SPRS015F revision.Scope:This document has been reviewed for technical accuracy;the technical content is up-to-date as of the specified release date with the following corrections.2Revision History Submit Documentation FeedbackContentsTMS320VC5402AFixed-Point Digital Signal ProcessorSPRS015F–SEPTEMBER 2001–REVISED OCTOBER 2008Revision History ...........................................................................................................................1TMS320VC5402ADSP...........................................................................................................1.1Features.......................................................................................................................2Introduction.......................................................................................................................2.1Description..................................................................................................................2.2Pin Assignments............................................................................................................2.2.1Terminal AssignmentsfortheGGUPackage...............................................................2.2.2Pin Assignmentsfor the PGE Package ......................................................................2.3Signal Descriptions .........................................................................................................3Functional Overview ...........................................................................................................3.1Memory ......................................................................................................................3.1.1Data Memory .....................................................................................................3.1.2Program Memory ...............................................................................................3.1.3Extended Program Memory ...................................................................................3.2On-Chip ROM With Bootloader ...........................................................................................3.3On-Chip RAM ...............................................................................................................3.4On-Chip Memory Security .................................................................................................3.5Memory Map ................................................................................................................3.5.1Relocatable Interrupt Vector Table ............................................................................3.6On-Chip Peripherals .......................................................................................................3.6.1Software-Programmable Wait-State Generator .............................................................3.6.2Programmable Bank-Switching ................................................................................3.6.3Bus Holders ......................................................................................................3.7Parallel I/O Ports ...........................................................................................................3.7.1Enhanced 8-/16-Bit Host-Port Interface (HPI8/16)..........................................................3.7.2HPI Nonmultiplexed Mode ......................................................................................3.8Multichannel Buffered Serial Ports (McBSPs)..........................................................................3.9Hardware Timer ............................................................................................................3.10Clock Generator ............................................................................................................3.11Enhanced External Parallel Interface (XIO2)...........................................................................3.12DMA Controller .............................................................................................................3.12.1Features ..........................................................................................................3.12.2DMA External Access ..........................................................................................3.12.3DMPREC Issue .................................................................................................3.12.4DMA Memory Map ..............................................................................................3.12.5DMA Priority Level ...............................................................................................3.12.6DMA Source/Destination Address Modification .............................................................3.12.7DMA in Autoinitialization Mode ...............................................................................3.12.8DMA Transfer Counting .........................................................................................3.12.9DMA Transfer in Doubleword Mode ..........................................................................3.12.10DMA Channel Index Registers ..............................................................................3.12.11DMA Interrupts ................................................................................................3.12.12DMA Controller Synchronization Events ....................................................................3.13General-Purpose I/O Pins .................................................................................................3.13.1McBSP Pins as General-Purpose I/O .........................................................................3.13.2HPI Data Pins as General-Purpose I/O ......................................................................3.14Memory-Mapped Registers ...............................................................................................3.15McBSP Control Registers and Subaddresses ..........................................................................3.16DMA Subbank Addressed Registers ....................................................................................Contents3TMS320VC5402AFixed-Point Digital Signal ProcessorSPRS015F–SEPTEMBER2001–REVISED 3.17Interrupts....................................................................................................................4Support.............................................................................................................................4.1Documentation Support...................................................................................................4.2Device and Development-Support Tool Nomenclature................................................................5Specification......................................................................................................................5.1Absolute Maximum Ratings...............................................................................................5.2Recommended Operating Conditions...................................................................................5.3Electrical Characteristics Over Recommended Operating Case TemperatureRange(Unless Otherwise Noted)........................................................................................5.3.1Test Load Circuit...........................................................................................................5.3.2Timing Parameter Symbology............................................................................................5.3.3Internal Oscillator With External Crystal.................................................................................5.3.4Clock Options...............................................................................................................5.3.4.1Divide-By-Two and Divide-By-Four Clock Options.........................................................5.3.4.2Multiply-By-N Clock Option(PLL Enabled)..................................................................5.3.5Memory and Parallel I/O Interface Timing..............................................................................5.3.5.1Memory Read..................................................................................................5.3.5.2Memory Write..................................................................................................5.3.5.3I/O Read........................................................................................................5.3.5.4I/O Write.........................................................................................................5.3.6Ready Timing for Externally Generated Wait States..................................................................5.3.7HOLD and HOLDA Timings...............................................................................................5.3.8Reset,Interrupt,and Timings.............................................................................5.3.9Instruction Acquisition and Interrupt Acknowledge Timings..........................................5.3.10External Flag(XF)and TOUT Timings.................................................................................5.3.11Multichannel Buffered Serial Port(McBSP)Timing...................................................................5.3.11.1McBSP Transmit and Receive Timings...................................................................5.3.11.2McBSP General-Purpose I/O Timing.......................................................................5.3.11.3McBSP as SPI Master or Slave Timing....................................................................5.3.12Host-Port Interface Timing...............................................................................................5.3.12.1HPI8Mode.....................................................................................................5.3.12.2HPI16Mode....................................................................................................6Mechanical Data.................................................................................................................6.1Package Thermal Resistance Characteristics..........................................................................4Contents Submit Documentation FeedbackTMS320VC5402AFixed-Point Digital Signal Processor SPRS015F–SEPTEMBER2001–REVISED OCTOBER2008List of Figures2-1144-Ball GGU MicroStar BGA™(Bottom View)..............................................................................2-2144-Pin PGE Low-Profile Quad Flatpack(Top View)........................................................................3-1TMS320VC5402A Functional Block Diagram.................................................................................3-2Program and Data Memory Map................................................................................................3-3Extended Program Memory Map...............................................................................................3-4Processor Mode Status Register(PMST).....................................................................................3-5Software Wait-State Register(SWWSR)[Memory-Mapped Register(MMR)Address0028h]....................................................................................................................3-6Software Wait-State Control Register(SWCR)[MMR Address002Bh]...................................................3-7Bank-Switching Control Register(BSCR)[MMR Address0029h]..........................................................3-8Host-Port Interface—Nonmultiplexed Mode.................................................................................3-9HPI Memory Map.................................................................................................................3-10Pin Control Register(PCR)......................................................................................................3-11Multichannel Control Register1x(MCR1x)....................................................................................3-12Multichannel Control Register2x(MCR2x)....................................................................................3-13Receive Channel Enable Registers Bit Layout for Partitions A to H.......................................................3-14Transmit Channel Enable Registers Bit Layout for Partitions A to H.......................................................3-15Nonconsecutive Memory Read and I/O Read Bus Sequence..............................................................3-16Consecutive Memory Read Bus Sequence(n=3reads)...................................................................3-17Memory Write and I/O Write Bus Sequence...................................................................................3-18Transfer Mode Control Register(DMMCRn)..................................................................................3-19DMA Channel Enable Control Register(DMCECTL).........................................................................3-20On-Chip DMA Memory Map for Program Space(DLAXS=0and SLAXS=0)..........................................3-21On-Chip DMA Memory Map for Data and IO Space(DLAXS=0and SLAXS=0)......................................3-22DMPREC Register................................................................................................................3-23General-Purpose I/O Control Register(GPIOCR)[MMR Address003Ch]................................................3-24General-Purpose I/O Status Register(GPIOSR)[MMR Address003Dh].................................................3-25IFR and IMR.......................................................................................................................5-1Tester Pin Electronics............................................................................................................5-2Internal Divide-By-Two Clock Option With External Crystal.................................................................5-3External Divide-By-Two Clock Timing..........................................................................................5-4Multiply-By-One Clock Timing...................................................................................................5-5Nonconsecutive Mode Memory Reads.........................................................................................5-6Consecutive Mode Memory Reads.............................................................................................5-7Memory Write(MSTRB=0).....................................................................................................5-8Parallel I/O Port Read(IOSTRB=0)...........................................................................................5-9Parallel I/O Port Write(IOSTRB=0)...........................................................................................5-10Memory Read With Externally Generated Wait States.......................................................................5-11Memory Write With Externally Generated Wait States.......................................................................5-12I/O Read With Externally Generated Wait States.............................................................................List of Figures5TMS320VC5402AFixed-Point Digital Signal ProcessorSPRS015F–SEPTEMBER2001–REVISED 5-13I/O Write With Externally Generated Wait States.............................................................................5-14HOLD and HOLDA Timings(HM=1)..........................................................................................5-15Reset and BIO Timings...........................................................................................................5-16Interrupt Timing....................................................................................................................5-17MP/MC Timing.....................................................................................................................5-18Instruction Acquisition(IAQ)and Interrupt Acknowledge(IACK)Timings.................................................5-19External Flag(XF)Timing........................................................................................................5-20TOUT Timing......................................................................................................................5-21McBSP Receive Timings.........................................................................................................5-22McBSP Transmit Timings........................................................................................................5-23McBSP General-Purpose I/O Timings..........................................................................................5-24McBSP Timing as SPI Master or Slave:CLKSTP=10b,CLKXP=0.....................................................5-25McBSP Timing as SPI Master or Slave:CLKSTP=11b,CLKXP=0.....................................................5-26McBSP Timing as SPI Master or Slave:CLKSTP=10b,CLKXP=1.....................................................5-27McBSP Timing as SPI Master or Slave:CLKSTP=11b,CLKXP=1.....................................................5-28HPI-8Mode Timing,Using HDS to Control Accesses(HCS Always Low)................................................5-29HPI-8Mode Timing,Using HCS to Control Accesses.......................................................................5-30HPI-8Mode,HINT Timing.......................................................................................................5-31GPIOx Timings....................................................................................................................5-32HPI-16Mode,Nonmultiplexed Read Timings.................................................................................5-33HPI-16Mode,Nonmultiplexed Write Timings.................................................................................5-34HPI-16Mode,HRDY Relative to CLKOUT....................................................................................6List of Figures Submit Documentation FeedbackTMS320VC5402AFixed-Point Digital Signal Processor SPRS015F–SEPTEMBER2001–REVISED OCTOBER2008List of Tables2-1Terminal Assignments...........................................................................................................2-2Signal Descriptions...............................................................................................................3-1Standard On-Chip ROM Layout................................................................................................3-2Processor Mode Status Register(PMST)Field Descriptions...............................................................3-3Software Wait-State Register(SWWSR)Field Descriptions................................................................3-4Software Wait-State Control Register(SWCR)Field Descriptions.........................................................3-5Bank-Switching Control Register(BSCR)Field Descriptions...............................................................3-6Bus Holder Control Bits..........................................................................................................3-7Sample Rate Generator Clock Source Selection.............................................................................3-8Receive Channel Enable Registers for Partitions A to H Field Descriptions..............................................3-9Transmit Channel Enable Registers for Partitions A to H Field Descriptions.............................................3-10Clock Mode Settings at Reset...................................................................................................3-11DMD Section of the DMMCRn Register........................................................................................3-12DMA Channel Enable Control Register(DMCECTL)Descriptions.........................................................3-13DMA Reload Register Selection................................................................................................3-14DMA Interrupts....................................................................................................................3-15DMA Synchronization Events....................................................................................................3-16DMA Channel Interrupt Selection...............................................................................................3-17CPU Memory-Mapped Registers................................................................................................3-18Peripheral Memory-Mapped Registers for Each DSP Subsystem.........................................................3-19McBSP Control Registers and Subaddresses.................................................................................3-20DMA Subbank Addressed Registers...........................................................................................3-21Interrupt Locations and Priorities................................................................................................5-1Input Clock Frequency Characteristics.........................................................................................5-2Clock Mode Pin Settings for the Divide-By-2and Divide-By-4Clock Options............................................5-3Divide-By-2and Divide-By-4Clock Options Timing Requirements........................................................5-4Divide-By-2and Divide-By-4Clock Options Switching Characteristics....................................................5-5Multiply-By-N Clock Option Timing Requirements............................................................................5-6Multiply-By-N Clock Option Switching Characteristics.......................................................................5-7Memory Read Timing Requirements...........................................................................................5-8Memory Read Switching Characteristics.......................................................................................5-9Memory Write Switching Characteristics.......................................................................................5-10I/O Read Timing Requirements.................................................................................................5-11I/O Read Switching Characteristics.............................................................................................5-12I/O Write Switching Characteristics.............................................................................................5-13Ready Timing Requirements for Externally Generated Wait States.......................................................5-14Ready Switching Characteristics for Externally Generated Wait States..................................................5-15HOLD and HOLDA Timing Requirements.....................................................................................5-16HOLD and HOLDA Switching Characteristics.................................................................................List of Tables7TMS320VC5402AFixed-Point Digital Signal ProcessorSPRS015F–SEPTEMBER2001–REVISED 5-17Reset,BIO,Interrupt,and MP/MC Timing Requirements...................................................................5-18Instruction Acquisition(IAQ)and Interrupt Acknowledge(IACK)Switching Characteristics............................5-19External Flag(XF)and TOUT Switching Characteristics....................................................................5-20McBSP Transmit and Receive Timing Requirements.......................................................................5-21McBSP Transmit and Receive Switching Characteristics...................................................................5-22McBSP General-Purpose I/O Timing Requirements.........................................................................5-23McBSP General-Purpose I/O Switching Characteristics.....................................................................5-24McBSP as SPI Master or Slave Timing Requirements(CLKSTP=10b,CLKXP=0)..................................5-25McBSP as SPI Master or Slave Switching Characteristics(CLKSTP=10b,CLKXP=0).............................5-26McBSP as SPI Master or Slave Timing Requirements(CLKSTP=11b,CLKXP=0)..................................5-27McBSP as SPI Master or Slave Switching Characteristics(CLKSTP=11b,CLKXP=0).............................5-28McBSP as SPI Master or Slave Timing Requirements(CLKSTP=10b,CLKXP=1)..................................5-29McBSP as SPI Master or Slave Switching Characteristics(CLKSTP=10b,CLKXP=1).............................5-30McBSP as SPI Master or Slave Timing Requirements(CLKSTP=11b,CLKXP=1)..................................5-31McBSP as SPI Master or Slave Switching Characteristics(CLKSTP=11b,CLKXP=1).............................5-32HPI8Mode Timing Requirements...............................................................................................5-33HPI8Mode Switching Characteristics..........................................................................................5-34HPI16Mode Timing Requirements.............................................................................................5-35HPI16Mode Switching Characteristics.........................................................................................6-1Thermal Resistance Characteristics............................................................................................8Submit Documentation Feedback List of Tables1TMS320VC5402A DSP1.1FeaturesTMS320VC5402AFixed-Point Digital Signal ProcessorSPRS015F–SEPTEMBER 2001–REVISED OCTOBER 2008•Arithmetic Instructions With Parallel Store and •Advanced Multibus Architecture With Three Parallel LoadSeparate 16-Bit Data Memory Buses and One Program Memory Bus•Conditional Store Instructions •40-Bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)Including a •Fast Return From Interrupt 40-Bit Barrel Shifter and Two Independent •On-Chip Peripherals40-Bit Accumulators–Software-Programmable Wait-State •17-×17-Bit Parallel Multiplier Coupled to a Generator and Programmable 40-Bit Dedicated Adder for Non-Pipelined Bank-SwitchingSingle-Cycle Multiply/Accumulate (MAC)–On-Chip Programmable Phase-Locked OperationLoop (PLL)Clock Generator With Internal Oscillator or External Clock Source (1)•Compare,Select,and Store Unit (CSSU)for the –Two 16-Bit TimersAdd/Compare Selection of the Viterbi Operator –Six-Channel Direct Memory Access (DMA)•Exponent Encoder to Compute an Exponent ControllerValue of a 40-Bit Accumulator Value in a –Three Multichannel Buffered Serial Ports Single Cycle(McBSPs)•Two Address Generators With Eight Auxiliary –8/16-Bit Enhanced Parallel Host-Port Registers and Two Auxiliary Register Interface (HPI8/16)Arithmetic Units (ARAUs)•Power Consumption Control With IDLE1,•Data Bus With a Bus Holder FeatureIDLE2,and IDLE3Instructions With •Extended Addressing Mode for 8M ×16-Bit Power-Down ModesMaximum Addressable External Program •CLKOUT Off Control to Disable CLKOUT Space•On-Chip Scan-Based Emulation Logic,IEEE •16K ×16-Bit On-Chip RAM Composed of:Std 1149.1(JTAG)Boundary Scan Logic (2)–Two Blocks of 8K ×16-Bit On-Chip •144-Pin Ball Grid Array (BGA)[GGU Suffix]Dual-Access Program/Data RAM•144-Pin Low-Profile Quad Flatpack •16K ×16-Bit On-Chip ROM Configured for (LQFP)(PGE Suffix)Program Memory• 6.25-ns Single-Cycle Fixed-Point Instruction •Enhanced External Parallel Interface (XIO2)Execution Time (160MIPS)•Single-Instruction-Repeat and Block-Repeat • 3.3-V I/O Supply Voltage Operations for Program Code•1.6-V Core Supply Voltage•Block-Memory-Move Instructions for Better Program and Data Management(1)The on-chip oscillator is not available on all 5402A devices.For applicable devices,see the TMS320VC5402A Digital •Instructions With a 32-Bit Long Word Operand Signal Processor Silicon Errata (literature number SPRZ018).•Instructions With Two-or Three-Operand (2)IEEE Standard 1149.1-1990Standard-Test-Access Port and ReadsBoundary Scan Architecture.Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability,standard warranty,and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this document.TMS320C54x,BGA,C54x,TMS320C5000,C5000,TMS320are trademarks of Texas Instruments.All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.Copyright ©2001–2008,Texas Instruments IncorporatedProducts conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas Instruments standard warranty.Production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters.。
2019-2020学年高中语文苏教版选修实用阅读课件：第12课 熵：一种新的世界观
【注】 ①陈慥：字季常，眉州人。东坡至黄州，季常数 从之游。②司州：王长官当时住在黄陂，古时属司州。③摐摐： 形容雨声。④釭：灯。
【诗歌鉴赏】 上阕刻画王长官的高洁人品，下阕描绘会 见王长官时的环境、气氛，以及词人当时的思绪和情态。上阕 就王长官其人而发，描绘了一个饱经沧桑、令人神往的高士形 象。开篇前三句语出不凡，将长江拟人化的同时，又对王长官 充满赞誉。“凛然苍桧，霜干苦难双”两句喻其品格之高。“闻 道”两句中，从“闻道”二字就足见词人对王先生慕名已久， 且暗含相见恨晚之意，而“云溪”“竹坞”“松窗”则描绘了王
③所谓历史文脉，就是指一座城市的历史文化传统，它是 在城市产生和发展的漫长历史进程中慢慢积淀和形成的，一旦 形成，它又影响着生活于这座城市的市民共享的生活体验和共 有文化想象，由于中国很早就是个统一的多民族国家，因而其 城市必然烙有大体一致的中国特色；同时由于中国疆域辽阔， 分成许多文化区域，因而每座城市又往往形成鲜明的地方特点。 王国维说过“都邑者，政治与文化之标征也”，就是说，城市是 一个国家、民族和区域政治与文化的标征。城市新地标，理应
⑤强调城市新地标要与历史文脉相协调，并不是说一味复 古，不要创新，只是说创新首先要有个文化底色和基调，这个 底色和基调就是中国特色、地方特点。世博中国馆的设计体现 了这一思路，如国家馆的“故宫红”色调就代表了最典型的中 国元素。但无论国家馆还是地区馆又都不是一味复古，而是在 传统的基础上进行了大胆的革新，从而体现了传统和现代的完 美结合，以及国家和地区的和谐一致。世博中国馆的建设，为 2010 年中国上海世博会留下了一座纪念碑式的建筑，也给今天 和未来的上海留下一座新的城市地标。
②城市地标是一座城市最具标志性的建筑或景观，它聚焦 了一座城市的魅力，是这座城市区别于另一座城市的特色之所 在。我国历史上唐代长安之曲江，北宋汴州之金明池，南宋杭 州之西湖，明清南京之秦淮河、北京之故宫、苏州之虎丘、扬 州之瘦西湖，近代上海之外滩，都是历史上极具特色和标志性 的城市景观，并积淀为一种独特的城市意象。随着我国当代城 市化进程的迅猛发展，新的城市地标不断浮出地表。这些新的 城市地标如何与城市的历史文脉相协调，并体现出创新和发展， 已成为今天城市建设中一个普遍性的问题。
七年级下册语文第五单元双基阅读复习教学董、杨6
佰瑞恩教育辅导讲义七年级下册语文第五单元双基阅读复习教学（一）、《真正的英雄》【积累·感知】：一.给加点字注音：哀悼＿＿＿勋章＿＿＿梦寐＿＿＿许诺＿＿＿战栗＿＿＿家眷弥补拓荒＿＿＿余暇＿＿＿阴霾＿＿二.给多音字注音组词：舍（）＿＿＿拓（）＿＿＿提（）＿＿＿难（）＿＿（）＿＿＿（）＿＿＿（）＿＿＿（）＿＿三.形似字注音组词悼（）＿＿＿契（）＿＿＿锤（）＿＿＿勋（）＿＿＿绰（）＿＿＿锲（）＿＿＿睡（）＿＿＿殒（）＿＿＿掉（）＿＿＿楔（）＿＿＿唾（）＿＿＿损（）＿＿＿四.整体感悟课文后回答：1.演讲者在演讲中蕴含的感情及变化的脉络是什么？2.文中所宣扬的美国精神的具体内涵是什么？3.麦考利芙“凝聚了整个国家的想像力”指的是什么？4.文中赞扬了七位宇航员哪些精神和品质？五.课内语段阅读【体验·探究】今天，我们聚集在一起，沉痛地哀悼我们失去的七位勇敢的公民，共同分担内心的悲痛，或许在相互间的安慰中，我们能够得到承受痛苦的力量并坚定追求理想的信念。
对家庭、朋友及我们的太空宇航员所爱着的人们来讲，国家的损失首先是他们个人的巨大损失。
对那些失去亲人的父亲、母亲、丈夫和妻子们，对那些兄弟、姐妹，尤其是孩子们，在你们悲痛哀悼的日子里，所有的美国人都和你们紧紧地站在一起。
我们今天所说的远远不够表达我们内心的真实情感，言语在我们的不幸面前显得如此软弱无力：它们根本无法寄托我们对你们深深爱着的、同时也是我们所敬佩的英勇献身的人们的哀思。
英雄之所以称之为英雄，并不在于我们赞颂的语言，而在于他们始终以高度的事业心、自尊心和锲而不舍地对神奇而美妙的宇宙进行探索的责任感，去实践真正的生活以至献出生命。
我们所能尽力做到的就是记住我们的七位宇航员--七位“挑战者”，记住他们活着的时候给熟悉他们的人们带来的生机、爱和欢乐，给祖国带来的骄傲。
他们来自这个伟大的国家的四面八方--从南加利福尼亚州到华盛顿州，从俄亥俄到纽约州的莫霍克，从夏威夷到北卡罗来纳和纽约州的布法洛。
考点解读 讲义2024届高考语文二轮复习信息类文本阅读
考点解读讲义2024届高考语文二轮复习信息类文本阅读考点解读——2024届高考语文二轮复习信息类文本阅读通关备考宝典考点一信息理解信息理解题侧重于文本信息的筛选与整合，其选项内容往往是对文中一些重要词语、句子段落的转换、整合，加工转换。
形式主要有三种：信息增删改、信息整合概括、关系错位。
也正是在加工转换的过程中，命题者有意地在部分定语或状语、复句的部分分句、结论和依据等方面做文章，从而改变原文意思来设置“迷惑项"。
选项常见设误类型及辨误方法1.偷换概念：命题人在解释或使用某一概念时，故意弄错对象，或暗中将两个概念的内涵如属性、作用等进行了调换或混淆。
辨误方法：应注意看选项与原文是否存在信息对接错误的现象，尤其要仔细比对选项句的主语、谓语与原文是否一致。
2.以偏概全：指选项有意把原文中对某类事物某一部分的判断扩大到某类事物的全体，把其中一方面(或一部分)所具有的某些特点、功用等说成所有同类事物所具有的特点、功用。
即以部分代整体，以个别代一般以特殊代普遍。
辨误方法：注意比对选项与原文重要词语前边起修饰与限定作用的表程度、范围、数量、频率等的关键词，如“所有、全部、都、一些、极少、部分、极其、格外、略微、偶尔、常常、非常等”是否一致。
3.张冠李戴：指命题者故意将此事物表述为彼事物，将事物的此方面表述为彼方面，或者把甲的特点说成乙的特点，或者将甲的观点(或行为状态)说成乙的观点(或行为状态)。
辨误方法：注意判断选项句的主语、宾语与原文相关句子的主语、宾语是否一致。
4.无中生有：指选项中所说的内容在原文中没有涉及，也不能从原文中推断出来。
辨误方法：仔细检查所给选项的内容，看是否能在原文中找到依据，或者是否能根据原文合理地推断出来。
5.混淆时态：主要指混淆已然与未然、或然与必然。
即把未发生的事情(“未然")判断为已发生的事情(“已然”)，把已发生的事情判断为未发生的事情；或在概率上，把可能发生的事情(“或然")判断为必定发生的事情(“必然”)，把必定发生的事情判断为可能发生的事情。
高考语文一轮复习 第三章 第二节 第二讲 分 析 综 合配套专题强化复习课件 苏教版
第十三页，共127页。
明白它的意思,而不觉有什么怪异之处。然 而,假如它放声大笑呢? 假如,当你走进房 间,它不是摇尾吐舌,表示见到你时的欢愉, 而是发出一串咯咯的笑声——咧着大嘴 笑——笑得浑身直哆嗦,显出极度开心的种 种神态呢? 那样,你的反应一定是惊惧和恐 怖。笑,似乎(sì hū)主要是而且纯然是属 于人的。②
的小镜子,映照出在它前面走过的人们(rén men)身
上无伤大雅的瑕疵和怪癖。笑,比其他任
何东西都更能帮助我们保持平衡感;它时
时都在提醒着,我们不过是人,而人,既不
会是完美的英雄,也不会是十足的恶棍。
第十五页，共127页。
一旦我们忘却了笑,看人看事就会不成比
例,失去现实感。④
④笑可体现人的才智，反 映人们身上的瑕疵和怪癖
这给我们两点启示：
第二十六页，共127页。
【把握文章思路】 2.请简要分析文章第三段的论述层次。 (6分) 【审题推断】
细审文本及题干，写出你读取的有效信息和由此推断出的结论。 【信息1】 首句“要做到能够嘲笑一个人，你首先必须(bìxū)就他的本来面目来 看他”。 推论： 提出论点。
第二十七页，共127页。
第七页，共127页。
2.考查特点 归纳内容要点，概括中心(zhōngxīn)意思在我省高考中也经 常考查。例如：
2012年 江苏卷
2011年 江苏卷
考查对文章中“笑的价值”包含内容的归纳 能力
考查对结尾提出的“挖”的深意的归纳能力
第八页，共127页。
【规律总结】 从高考的实际可以看出，题目难度适中。对“归纳内容要点，
第二(dì èr)讲 分 析 综 合
第一页，共127页。
一、 筛选并整合文中的信息 1.内涵阐释 所谓“文中的信息”，并不是指一般意义上的信息，而是文章中 的重要(zhòngyào)信息。它一般包括以下几方面的内容：
人教版八年级语文下册：记叙文写作-插叙手法的运用辅导讲义
记叙文写作——插叙手法的运用课前一开心“你在哪？”“在街上。
”“帮我带盒药回来吧，但是名字我记不住，只记住了两个字，你到药店问问有没有吧。
”“好，你说！”“胶囊。
”“……”知识梳理知识储备：插叙，就是在叙述中心事件的过程中，暂时中断原来的叙述线索，插入一段与中心事件有密切关系的内容，然后，接着原来的叙述线索叙述的一种叙事方法。
注意事项：1、与中心密切相关；2、过渡衔接要自然；3、不宜过长、过细。
基本方法：①联想式插入法：通过作品中人物的联想引出插叙内容。
②转述式插入法（间接插入）：借助作品中人物的叙说进行插叙。
这种方式往往用“听人说”、“据说”、“有人说”等引入插叙。
③直述式插入法（直接插入）：不借助作品中的任何人的口述或联想，直接在文中插叙一件事，多用“原来”、“过去”，“曾经”、“后来”这些表时间概念的词来引入插叙部分。
名家范例故乡鲁迅我这次是专为了别他而来的。
……第二日清早晨我到了我家的门口了。
瓦楞上许多枯草的断茎当风抖着，正在说明这老屋难免易主的原因。
几房的本家大约已经搬走了，所以很寂静。
我到了自家的房外，我的母亲早已迎着出来了，接着便飞出了八岁的侄儿宏儿。
我的母亲很高兴，但也藏着许多凄凉的神情，叫我坐下，歇息，喝茶，且不谈搬家的事。
宏儿没有见过我，远远的对面站着只是看。
但我们终于谈到搬家的事。
我说外间的寓所已经租定了，又买了几件家具，此外须将家里所有的木器卖去，再去增添。
母亲也说好，而且行李也略已齐集，木器不便搬运的，也小半卖去了，只是收不起钱来。
“你休息一两天，去拜望亲戚本家一回，我们便可以走了。
”母亲说。
“是的。
”“还有闰土，他每到我家来时，总问起你，很想见你一回面。
我已经将你到家的大约日期通知他，他也许就要来了。
”这时候，我的脑里忽然闪出一幅神异的图画来：深蓝的天空中挂着一轮金黄的圆月，下面是海边的沙地，都种着一望无际的碧绿的西瓜，其间有一个十一二岁的少年，项带银圈，手捏一柄钢叉，向一匹猹尽力的刺去，那猹却将身一扭，反从他的胯下逃走了。
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新托福阅读讲义杜昶旭一.准备知识1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点(1)文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)(2)文章长度:650-750词/篇(3)题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)(4)测试时间:20分钟/篇(5)测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点(1)主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2)细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪----TRUE? FALSE?NOT GIVEN?General statement ideasSome details(3)词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断(4)推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息(5)态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段.(6)结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的3.阅读的本质:(1)获取有效信息(2)消除阅读障碍4.文章结构特点(1)文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.�结构主体(支撑):主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句).�细节主体(填充)(2)文章具体结构如下:�Intro:background(细节)&topic(结构)�Body:sub-topic(结构),analysis(细节)&evidence(细节)�Conclusion:topic(结构)5.快速笔记方法(1)快速笔记的意义:�辅助思维框架形成�索引功能(2)快速笔记的内容�结构主体的核心词�时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字�人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记�举例主体�新概念和核心概念�重要的逻辑关系(3)快速笔记的简单符号体系(4)快速笔记的重要性和必要性----阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING)(5)好笔记的特点:�笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络�根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述6.阅读和口语的关系:(1)规范口语的逻辑(2)提供口语表达的素材二.阅读方法1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法(1)句子阅读中的障碍1)定语�前置定语:adj+n�后置定语:n+adj phrase形容词短语:a book useful for youprep phrase介词短语:a pen on the deskv-ing/-ed phrase分词短语:a person walking on the road;a tooldeveloped for the project不定式:a way to solve the problem注:�分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词�不定代词只能用后置定语修饰�不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方:sb use the way to solve the problem�定语从句:�关系代词引导定语从句:that,which,who,whom,whose(其中that,which,who,whom引导的是非完整句,whose引导的是完整句)�关系连词:when,where,why在句子中不作成分,引导的是完整句�介词+关系代词:in which,此关系代词不包括what2)同位语:同插入语一样处理----删除�A,B(定语从句/同位语从句)�A,or B�A that+句子(完整句)�A of B:the city of Beijing3)状语:处理方式----隔离�Adv副词�Prep phrase介词短语�分词短语�不定式注:非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4)并列结构�并列连词的用法:并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等5)that引导的各种从句�S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句�It+Vi+that+句子It+be+adj+that+句子完整句That+句子+VN+that+句子+同位语(完整句)定语从句(非完整句)�S+Vi+that+句子:The sun rises that is bright.S+be+adj+that+句子:The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语从句);The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句).(2)复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法1)括号匹配�……关联词(完整句)�……(关联词+非完整句)2)化右括号的条件:�句子终结�连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例1:However,for many years physicists thought that(atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例2:It appeared that〔Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families(that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution)〕.例3:The history of clinical nutrition,or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除),can be divided into four distinct eras:the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century(when it was recognized for the first time that(food contained constituents(that were essential for human function))and that(different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例4:Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry,the DSDP’s drill ship,the Glomar Challenger(同位语),was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep water,extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5:The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North,though less spectacularly).例6:The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which(the making of a clay model was considered the creativeact)and(the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例7:Anyone(who has handle a fossilized bone)knows that(it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart),the most obvious difference being that(it is often much heavier)独立主格结构.例8:The impressive gain in output〔stemmed primarily from the way in which(workers made goods since1790’s)〕,North American enterpreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadended the scope of the outwork system(that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers(who each performed a single step of the production process))例9:The fact that(artisanss,(who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century),(are frequently considered artists today)is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例10:A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston,William Bbyrd of Virginian,and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to those colonists〔privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists〕and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions〔devoted to its encouragement〕.(2)倒装句的阅读方法1)部分倒装处理方法:把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.2)完全倒装的处理方法�构成主语的成分:名词代词The+形容词不定式主语从句动名词�完全倒装的判断流程例1:Herein (adv)lay(宾语)the beginning of what ultimately(最终)turned from ignorance(无知)to denial of the value of nutrition therapies inmedicine medicine((主语).例2:Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals petals((主语),sometimes easily recognizable as such,often distorted into gorgeous,weird,but always functional shapes.例3:With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom(that followed it)独立主格,young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.没有倒装例4:Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the SecondWorld War War((宾语)is the country country’’s impressive population growth growth((主语).句子结构:adj +prep +B+be +A =A +be +adj +prep +B例5:Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate,lay eggs,and rear their young)are common murres,Atlantic puffins,black-legged kittiwakes,and northern gannets gannets((主语).句子结构:Among A +be +B =B 是A 的一部分阅读和写作的关系：为写作提供原始模仿素材，并且是抽象结构．Basic to any understanding of the disadvantages ofbuilding a large factory near a community is _________.例6:Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well:(that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which(sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony)).例7:Most important perhaps,was that(they had all maintained with a fidelity((状语)a manner of technique and composition consistent certain fidelitywith those of America’s first popular landscapes artist,Thomas Cole,(who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery〔bordingthe Hudson River〔)).句型结构:S+Vt+prep+n1(介词短语)+n2,Vt的宾语实际上是n2.例8:With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration(独立主格),such as wooden African figures and masks,there arose a new urge for hands-on,personal executionmedium((主语).of art and an interaction with the medium例9:Accustomed though we are to to((倒装)speaking of the films made before1927as‘slient’,the film has never been seen,in the full sense of the word,silent.句型结构:adj+though+S+be+prep+n=though+S+be+adj+ prep+n,仅发生在让步状语从句中.例10:Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species andhabitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biologicalecosystem((同位语),to the diversity,the number of species in a particular ecosystemwell-being((主语).health of the Earth and human well-being句型结构:the importance of A to B=A对B的重要性例11:Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration((主语),from town and farm to city,within the United States. migrationfossils((虚拟条例12:Indeed,had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils件句if it had not been),they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4)强调句的阅读方法�构成：It+be+强调成分＋that/who+其他成分�注意：把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整＼正确的就是强调句．强调句不强调形容词和代词．例1:It was just a decade before this(强调句)that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例2:It was she,a Baltimore printer,(强调句)who published the first office copies of the Declaraton,the first copie(that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).cities((强调句)that the elements(that can be associated 例3:It was in the citieswith modern capitalism first appeared-----the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter,open competition in place of socialdeference and hierarchy,with an attendant rise in social disorder,and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools).2.泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读(1)阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING1)需要详细阅读的内容�结构主体的内容�非举例性质的概括描述�题目映射回原文的内容2)可以快速浏览的内容�大量的数据堆砌�明显的举例:为何而举,举例主体,结束位置�对比\类比读一半�让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)(2)理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论1)阅读中的恶习----指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\二次阅读2)理解单位和阅读逻辑�加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合----焦点训练法�可以合并为意群的成分:�副词�介词短语�分词短语�非谓语的不定式�主语和谓语或谓语和宾语�固定搭配例:Generally,in order to be preserved in the fossil record,organisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones.Soft,fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria.Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed.Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion.Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation,whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.Generally,in order toprosess hard body parts such as shells or bones.Soft,fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria.Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore,organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion.Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation,whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.�构建阅读逻辑,变翻译为整体理解----强调一遍阅读法(3)文章的类型和题材1)文章类型::参见OG 第19页�顺承式:时间及时间发展线索.(线型结构)�分类式:分类方式及类别特征.(树型结构)�问题解决式\现象解释式:解决方案\解释及最终结论.(伞型结构)2)题材分类�自然科学a.生物学�植物学:植物的分类和特征�动物学:动物的分类和行为.鸟类\群体昆虫\海洋生物�微生物学:真菌(蘑菇\真菌的顽固)b.地理\地质学�地形\地貌特征:成因\分布\气候\生态\影响�地质事件:成因或原理\过程\影响c.天文学�具体的星体特征:基本特征(形状\距离\轨道\旋转\温度\质量);大气层(氢气\氦气\氨气\甲烷);表面特征;水和生命形式;人的探索�天文学事件:成因\过程\影响d.考古学�古生物:恐龙(灭绝),鸟类(进化史pterosau r→archaeopteryx →modern birds)�古代遗址\遗迹:中国的古代遗迹e.气象学�灾害性天气:成因\过程\危害\预防�天气预报:卫星\计算机技术f.新技术和新事物�发展史�特征及应用�人文科学a.美国历史�土人:生活\宗教\艺术�都市化过程:人口增长\城市扩张\交通发展\经济繁荣b.历史学和人类学�原始人生活变迁:游牧到定居(农业)�古代文明c.文学�流派:产生\思想\代表�作家:生平\作品d.绘画和雕塑�流派�类型:城市艺术�画家e.音乐�类型:country,ragtime…�乐器f.心理学:人类情感分析三.新托福阅读题型解析1.词汇题(V ocabulary Question)(1)词汇题简介和提问方式:参见OG第25页(2)词汇题的解答方法�认识：直接解题，沾边就对。