97—00年的考研英语真题_阅读部分翻译及答案
97—00年真题答案解析及全文翻译9701答案精解51. [D] 意为：理解该法律通过的意义还需要一些时间。
第二段第一句是该段的主题句，该句意为：其（即这一立法的）整体含义(import)可能需要一段时间才为人彻底理解(sink in)。
其实，该段的第二句是对第一句更具体的阐释，该句可译为：北部地方州（此处NT是Northern Territory的缩略形式，指澳大利亚中北部地区）晚期病人权利法的批准使医生和普通人都在思索其道义与实践方面的含义。
本段下文提到了支持和反对该法的两种观点。
[A]意为：在（除澳大利亚以外的）其他国家，对安乐死的反对意见缓慢而至。
这一点该段没有提到。
实际上，听到该法批准后，远在美国和加拿大的人也很快做出了反应。
[B]意为：在安乐死这一问题上，医生和普通人观点相同。
正像该段第三句所指出的，对于该法的批准，意见分歧很大。
有些人松了口气，而有些人——包括教堂、保卫生命权益组织与澳大利亚医学会——对该法进行激烈的抨击，认为它的批准过于仓促。
[C]意为：技术（条件）的变化应对该法的仓促批准负主要责任。
该段第五句意为：在澳大利亚，其他州也将考虑通过制定同样的一项法律来解决安乐死问题，而促成这一形势的是澳大利亚老化的人口、生命延续技术、正在变化的社会态度等因素。
可见，这与[C]所表达的内容不一样。
52. [B] 意为：美国、加拿大及其他国家也可能批准类似法律。
第二段最后一句指出，在美国和加拿大“死之权利”运动正在集结力量，观望者正在等待多米诺骨牌开始倾倒。
多米诺骨牌是一种西洋骨牌游戏；游戏中将许多长方形的骨牌竖立排列成行，碰倒第一张时，其余骨牌将依次纷纷倒下。
用于比喻时，这种游戏指一系列的连锁反应，即：牵一发而动全身。
这里喻指：澳大利亚的形势会波及北美等国家，引起类似的做法。
[A]意为：观察者对安乐死的未来持观望态度。
根据对B的分析，观察者等待的是是否美、加等国会在对安乐死的态度方面步澳之后尘，通过类似立法，而并非是指他们对安乐死态度暖昧、莫衷一是。
[C]意为：观察者正等待看多米诺游戏的结果。
这种解释未免太拘泥于字面的意思。
[D]意为：所批准的法案的影响也许会最终停止。
与原文不符。
53. [A] 意为：死时表现出安乐死的平静特征。
这实际上是说他将采用安乐死的方式离开人世。
第三段提到，住在达尔文市（位于北部地方州）的尼克森患肺癌，对他来说，允许安乐死的法案的批准意味着他可以心情平静地生活，而无需惧怕将要遭受的死亡的折磨：由死时所产生的呼吸困难所带来的痛苦折磨。
他说：从思想认识上讲，我并不怕死，但是，我怕的是如何死去，因为我曾亲眼目睹过医院的病人死时由缺氧而挣扎并抓挠氧气罩的情景。
从以上的分析可以看出，尼克森先生知道自己已患绝症并依法为自己选择安乐死的方式告别人世。
[B]意为：经历肺癌病人所要遭受的痛苦。
不对，相反，尼克森将会平静死去。
[C]意为：对痛苦的折磨极度恐惧。
[D]意为：将经历7天的平静阶段。
第三段指出，根据北部地区新通过的法律，要求安乐死的病人必须具备以下条件：1)该病人必须由两名医生诊断为晚期病人；2)平静考虑7天后，病人签署一个申请证书；3)48小时后再给病人实行安乐死。
可见，这里所说的“平静”7天是让病人（及其家庭）平静、认真地考虑一下是否选择采用安乐死这一形式。
54. [C] 意为；赞同。
这是一篇新闻体文章，在新闻体文章中，写作者往往通过引用相关者的观点来结束讨论，并将自己的态度通过引用间接地表述出来。
本文以尼克森的话结束了对安乐死的讨论，而尼克森是安乐死的支持者。
另外，文章的大部分文字陈述了对安乐死法案的褒扬态度，而反对态度却一带而过。
从这两方面来看，作者对安乐死持赞同态度。
[A]意为：反对。
[B]意为：怀疑。
[D]意为：不关心。
参考译文：凌晨3:45进行了最终表决。
经过6个月争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区（澳北州）成为世界上第一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法当局。
这一法案是以令人信服的15票对10票通过。
几乎同时，该消息就出现在互联网上。
身处地球另一端的加拿大死亡权利执行主席约翰·霍夫塞斯在收到该消息后便通过协会的在线服务“死亡之网”发了公告。
他说：“我们整天都在发布公告，因为这件事的意义不在于它是在澳大利亚发生的事情，而是因为这是世界历史的一件大事。
”要充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间。
澳北州晚期病人权利法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都同样地力图从道义和实际意义两方面来对待这一问题。
一些人如释重负，另一些人，包括教会，生命权利组织以及澳大利亚医学会成员都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击。
但这一潮流已无法逆转。
在澳大利亚，人口老龄化，延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用。
其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。
在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量。
观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌产生的效应。
根据澳北州所通过的这项新法案，成年病人可以要求安乐死——可能是通过注射致死药剂或服用致死药片——来结束痛苦。
但此前病人必须由两名医生诊断其确实已病入膏肓，然后再经过7天的冷静思考期，方可签署一份申请证明。
48小时后，才可以满足其安乐死的愿望。
对于居住于达尔文现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德·尼克森来说，这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去。
“从思想上说，我并不害怕死，但我怕的是怎样死，因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣扎，用手抓他们的面罩时的情景。
”他说。
9702试题解析55. [D] 意为：大部分美国人乐于助人。
文章第一句指出，去过美国的人所带回的印象总是(consistently)：大多数美国人表现为友好、礼貌、乐于助人。
本文从历史及文化的角度探讨了产生这一现象的原因。
[A]意为：粗鲁的出租车司机在美国罕见。
[B]意为：心胸狭窄的官员值得严肃的一提（或：应受严肃的批评）。
[C]意为：加拿大人不如其邻国（当主要指美国）人民友好。
注意：[A]、[B]、[C]表达的观点都不是第一段中所提到的访美者的观点，第一段的第二、三、四句表达的是本文作者的观点。
在作者看来，公平地讲，许多到过加拿大的人对加拿大人也有同感，因此可以说：这是一种北美现象——北美人大都友好、礼貌、乐于助人。
同时，在他看来，这种情况也有例外：心胸狭隘的官员、粗鲁的侍者、无礼的出租车司机也不乏其人，但总的来看这并不构成主流。
56. [A] 意为：文化影响社会关系。
最后一段的第一句是全段的主题，该句可译为：像其他发达国家一样，在美国，人际关系的背后是一系列复杂的文化符号、信念和习俗。
换言之，美国的文化决定了美国人的行为。
[B]意为：礼貌的习惯与个人兴趣互相影响。
最后一段第五句可译为：仅靠在公共汽车上瞬时相遇来区别礼貌是出自于文化习惯还是个人的兴趣是不够的。
根据本段的主旨和全文的主旨，这句话应该理解为：判断一个人表现出的礼貌行为究竟仅产生于其个人素质还是产生于文化的熏陶，仅看其个别的、偶然的行为是不行的。
换言之，如果他随时随地表现为礼让，或者，如果生活在某一区域或国家的人都表现为礼让，那末，你才能判定礼貌行为不是一种个人现象，而是一种社会文化现象。
[C]意为：各种美德仅表现在朋友关系中。
这一点文章最后一段没提到。
最后一段所举的“朋友”一词的例子旨在说明：在不同文化中，“相同”的概念未必有同一内涵或外延。
[D]意为：社会关系等于一系列复杂的文化习俗。
根据该段第一句，二者是决定与被决定关系，并非等同关系。
见上文分析。
57. [C] 意为；为自己的日常生活增添情趣。
第二段指出，在美国历史的很长一段时期（即所谓“拓荒”时代），对许多地区来说，一个旅行者的到来是很受欢迎的，因为它可以对平时单调的生活起一个调节(break)作用。
离群索居的家庭共同的问题是日常生活的单调与寂寞，陌生人或旅行者的到来可以使他们暂时摆脱这种生活状况，另外．他们也可以因此获得外界信息。
[A]意为：改善艰苦的生活。
根据上文分析可见，陌生人受欢迎的原因主要是因为他们所带来的精神效应，而非物质生活效应。
第三段提到，拓荒地区(frontier)的残酷现实也是形成美国人礼貌传统的原因。
一个孤独的旅游者有问题自然求助于路边最近的居住点，这对旅游者来说不是一个选择问题（即：他别无选择），对就近的定居者来说，提供必要的帮助也不仅仅是出于怜悯(charitable impulse)。
这反映的是日常生活的严酷现实：如果定居者不接收并帮助他，就没有别人了，另外，有一天定居者本人也可能处于同一境地。
[B]意为：考虑到他们所做的长途跋涉。
[D]意为：出于怜悯。
见上文分析。
58. [B] 意为：在美国得以广泛的保持。
第二、三段探索了形成美国人友善好客传统的原因之后，第四段指出，虽然现在有许多专门的机构帮助旅行者，但是，友善好客的旧传统在美国仍根探蒂固，这突出表现在远离旅游热线的一些小城市中。
本段最后一句指出，许多美国人随意表现出的友善不应该被看作是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看作是一种历史文化现象。
另外，文章最后一段指出，友善好客是倍受美国人珍视的美德，他们同样希望邻国人和其他外国人也表现出这一美德。
[A]意为：经常是表面上的、虚假的。
见上文分析。
[C]意为：总是能被正确理解。
相反，第四段指出，许多外国人对美国人的一些友好表示感到不可思议(amazing)，这反映了他们对美国历史文化传统的不理解。
参阅第四段第三、四、五句。
[D]意为：与一些旅游热线有关。
不对，见上文分析。
参考译文：去美国访问的人经常带回报告说，大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人。
公正的说，人们对加拿大人也有这样的评论，因而，应当认为这是北美普遍的现象。
当然也有例外。
在美国，心胸狭隘的官员，举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。
尽管有不如意的地方，但因为人们常常得出美国人好客的观察意见，因而也就值得议论一番了。
过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来因暂时打破原本的单调生活而受人欢迎。
无聊、孤独是居住相对遥远的家庭的普遍问题。
陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎，他们带来了娱乐消遣，还带来了外面世界的消息。
开拓者的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统。
单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。
对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。
它反映了日常生活的严酷：如果你不收留他，那他便无处求助了。
请记住，有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。
如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。
不过，热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。
“我只是路过，和这个美国人聊了聊。
97~04年考研英语阅读理解部分真题（打印版）
1997年全真试题 Passage 1It was 3: 45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”aw has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sigThe full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill lhs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death—probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the pati ent can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks, ” he says.11. From the second paragraph we learn that .［A］ the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries［B］ physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia［C］ changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law［D］ it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage12. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means .［A］ observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia ［B］ similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries［C］ observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes［D］ the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop13. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will .［A］ face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia［B］ experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient［C］ have an intense fear of terrible suffering［D］ undergo a cooling off period of seven days14. The author’s attitude towards eu thanasia seems to be that of .［A］ opposition［B］ suspicion ［C］ approval ［D］ indifferencePassage 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s langua ge and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers. 15. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world ,.［A］ rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US［B］ small-minded officials deserve a serious comment［C］ Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors［D］ most Americans are ready to offer help16. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that .［A］ culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship［B］ courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated［C］ various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends［D］ social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions17. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers .［A］ to improve their hard life［B］ in view of their long-distance travel［C］ to add some flavor to their own daily life［D］ out of a charitable impulse18. The tradition of hospitality to strangers .［A］ tends to be superficial and artificial［B］ is generally well kept up in the United States［C］ is always understood properly［D］ has something to do with the busy tourist trailsPassage 3Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to mak e clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifestation”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.19. “Substance abuse”(Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that .［A］ substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used［B］“drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drugtakers［C］ alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine［D］ many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous20. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean .［A］ widespread ［B］ overwhelming［C］ piercing ［D］ fashionable21. Physical dependence on certain substances results from .［A］ uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time［B］ exclusive use of them for social purposes［C］ quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases［D］ careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms22. From the last paragraph we can infer that .［A］ stimulants function positively on the mind［B］ hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health［C］ depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances［D］ the three types of psychoactive substances were commonly used in groupsPassage 4No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our na tion and threaten our children as well?”At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $ 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society, ”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he ta lked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unl imited, ” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”23. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for .［A］ its raising of the corporate stock price［B］ its self-examination of soul［C］ its neglect of social responsibility［D］ its emphasis on creative freedom24. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?［A］ Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.［B］ Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.［C］ Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.［D］ Steve Ross is no longer alive25. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman .［A］ stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression［B］ softened his tone and adopted some new policy［C］ changed his attitude and yielded to objection［D］ received more support from the 15-member board26. The best title for this passage might be .［A］ A Company under Fire ［B］ A Debate on Moral Decline［C］ A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture ［D］ A Form of Creative FreedomPassage 5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.27. From the passage we learn that .［A］ there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates［B］ economy will always follow certain models［C］ the economic situation is better than expected［D］ economists had foreseen the present economic situation28. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?［A］ Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car.［B］ An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.［C］ A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.［D］ Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.29. The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that .［A］ the low inflation rate will last for some time［B］ the inflation rate will soon rise［C］ the inflation will disappear quickly［D］ there is no inflation at present30. The passage shows that the author isthe present situation .［A］ critical of ［B］ puzzled by［C］ disappointed at ［D］ amazed at1998Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is h umankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In P aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivit revolution that businessmenassume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance c h asing.”15. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced th eir concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not meanenvironmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningl ess. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those w ho regard themselves as more enlightened.”19. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifia ble.22. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first ti me in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.。
1997年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文
1997年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文Text 1凌晨3点45分，投票最终举行。
经过6个月的争论以及最后16个小时激烈的国会辩论，澳大利亚的北部地区成为世界上第一个允许医生对希望结束生命的绝症患者事实安乐死的合法政府机构。
该议案以令人信服的15票比10票的优势得以通过。
消息几乎立刻就出现在了互联网上，并被半是世界之外的加拿大死亡权协会执行主席约翰?豪夫塞斯所捕捉。
他接着通过该组织的在线服务——死亡网——把该消息发送了出去。
豪夫塞斯说：“我们整天在邮寄公告，因为当然这不仅仅是发生在澳大利亚的事。
它是世界历史。
”议案的全部意义也许还需要一段时间来被公众理解。
北部地区的绝症患者权益法案促使医生和公民一起去努力探索其道德及实际方面的意义。
一些人宽慰地松了一口气。
另一些人，包括教会、生存权组织及澳大利亚医疗协会则严厉抨击该议案及其通过之仓促，但潮流已不太可能逆转。
在澳大利亚，人口老龄化、生命延长技术及变化着的社群观念都起到了它们的作用。
别的州也将考虑制定一个类似的法令来处理安乐死。
在死亡权运动愈加强劲的美国和加拿大，观望者正等待着多米诺骨牌开始倒下。
根据新的北部地区法案，成年患者可以要求死亡——很可能通过注射或药片致死——来结束痛苦。
病人必须被两名医生诊断为患有不治之症。
经过七天的“冷静思考”期后，病人可以签署一份申请书。
48小时后其死亡意愿即可得到满足。
对劳埃德?尼克森，一位54岁饱受肺癌之苦的达尔文市市民来说，北部地区的绝症患者权益法案意味着他可以摆脱萦绕心间的对痛苦的强烈恐惧感而无畏地继续活下去，不再忧虑其呼吸状况导致的可怕的死亡。
他说：“精神的角度来说，我并不惧怕死亡，但我惧怕如何走向死亡，因为我看到过很多病人在医院死亡之时因缺氧而狠抓面罩的情形。
”Text 2从美国访问归来的人都一致称赞大多数美国人对他们是如何友善、客气和乐于助人。
公平地说，加拿大人也常常受到这样的赞誉。
因此，最好把他们合为北美来考虑。
1997年考研英语试题与答案解析
1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time. 42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. This “45” work force is the most important 46in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.41. [A] swarm[B] stride[C] separate[D] slip42. [A] For[B] Because[C] As[D] Since43. [A] from[B] in[C] on[D] by44. [A] Even though[B] Now that[C] If only[D] Provided that45. [A] durable[B] disposable[C] available[D] transferable46. [A] approach[B] flow[C] fashion[D] trend47. [A] instantly[B] reversely[C] fundamentally[D] sufficiently48. [A] but[B] while[C] and[D] whereas49. [A] imposed[B] restricted[C] illustrated[D] confined50. [A] excitement[B] conviction[C] enthusiasm[D] importanceSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediatelyword flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia -- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but wh at I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, hemeans ________.[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days54. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.[A] opposition[B] suspicion[C] approval[D] indifferenceText 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I wa s just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship[B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.[A] to improve their hard life[B] in view of their long-distance travel[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life[D] out of a charitable impulse58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.[A] tends to be superficial and artificial[B] is generally well kept up in the United States[C] is always understood properly[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trailsText 3Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioningis a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.59. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that________.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60. T he word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.[A] widespread[B] overwhelming[C] piercing[D] fashionable61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsText 4No company likes to be told it is contribut ing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply thelatest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountain ous debt, which will increase to $ billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outl et. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock sin ging verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________.[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board66. The best title for this passage could be ________.[A] A Company under Fire[B] A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative FreedomText 5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere % last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to % this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each mont h said that America’s inflation rate would average % in 1995. In fact, it fell to % in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate % in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.67. From the passage we learn that ________.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation68. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy69. The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line5, Paragraph 3) means that ________.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present70. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.[A] critical of[B] puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed atSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people -- for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who sa ys “I don’t like this contract”?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake -- a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.” In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl -- is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.1997年考研英语真题答案71. 事实并非如此, 因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的, 而这种共同认识并不存在。
1997年阅读真题 翻译版
1997年阅读真题Questions 21 to 25 are based on以…为基础，基于the following下面的passage 一段（文章）1 :∙To us it seems似乎；像是；装作so natural自然的；天生的to put up an umbrella to keep the water off避开; 让开; 不让…接近when it rains. But actually the umbrella was not invented as protection保护；防卫；护照against rain. Its first use was as a shade树荫；阴影；阴凉处；遮阳物against the sun.∙Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient古代的；古老的times. Probably大概；或许；很可能the first to use it were the Chinese, way back好久以前，老早就in the eleventh century B.C.公元前（Before Christ）；中心间距（Between Centers）；化学学士（Bachelor of Chemistry）；商学士（Bachelor of Commerce）∙division 除法of labor劳动劳动分工and to explain part of its advantages优势；特点；有利；利益. He gives as an example the process过程，进行；方法，步骤；by which pins插脚，针；精确的综合导航系统were made in England.∙“One man draws out取出；拟订；拉长；导致the wire电线；金属丝；电报; another strengthens加强it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds磨碎；磨快it at the top to prepare准备；使适合；装备；起草it to receive the head. To make the head requires需要；要求；需求two or three operations运营；运作. To put it on is a separate分开；隔开；分居operation, to polish磨光，使发亮the pins is another. And the important business of making pins is, in this manner以这种方式；如此, divided into把……分成about eighteen operations, which in somefactories are all performed执行，表演，完成，机器运转by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them.”Ten man, Smith said, in this way,这样，用这种方法turned ou t 打扮好的；穿戴好的；结果证明twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4,800 pins per每；经；按照；每一worker. But if all of them had worked separately分别地；分离地；个别地and independently独立地；自立地without division of labor, none of them could have made twenty pins in a day and perhaps也许；可能not even one.∙There can be no doubt that毫无疑问division of labor is an efficient有效率的；有能力的；生效的way of organizing组织；使有系统化work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam停∙or假∙to make an appointment约会，预约too far in advance预先，提前because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten. The meaning of time differs in不同在，在…地方不同different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise出现误解between people from cultures文明，文化that treat探讨；请客time differently; promptnes (准时) is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt准时地, they may be regarded as impolite无礼的；粗鲁的or not fully充分地；完全地；彻底地responsible负责的，可靠的. In the U. S. no one would think of keeping a business friend waiting for an hour; it would be too impolite.A person who is 5 minutes late is expected to有望做某事、被期待做某事make a short apology.If he is less than 5 minutes late, he will say a few words of explanation说明，解释；辩解, though perhaps he will not complete完全的；彻底的the sentence句子，命题；宣判，判决.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:∙The United States is a country made up of由…组成，由…构成many different races竞赛（race的复数形式）；赛马会. Usually they are mixed混合的；形形色色的；弄糊涂的together and can't be told from one another告诉彼此. But many of them still talk about where theirancestors祖先，上代；先祖came from. It is something they are proud of自豪，高兴；以……而骄傲.The original原件；原作；原物；原型Americans, of course were the Indians. The so-called 所谓的；号称的white men who then came were mostly from England. But many came from other∙∙∙Many people still come from other countries to help the United States grow. A good example is the American project设计；计划；表达；投射that let a man walk on the moon. It wasa scientist科学家from Germany who was most responsible for对……负责；是……的原因doingthat. It is certain that毫无疑问…肯定… in the future the United States will still need the help of people from all racial groups to remain a great country.。
1997—2000年考研英语真题解析
1997—2000年考研英语真题解析1997年试题精解Part ⅠCloze Test一、文章总体分析本文介绍了美国临时劳动大军日益庞大这一现象及其影响。
文章一、二段介绍了美国临时就业机构雇员数量庞大和美国劳务公司的蓬勃发展。
第三段分析了临时劳动大军迅速发展造成的影响：一是使公司更具竞争性，减轻了负担。
二是使工人失去了各种福利及归属感。
二、试题具体解析1.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+ 动词词义辨析。
文章首句指出：拥有56万雇员的劳务公司（Manpower Inc）是全球最大的临时就业机构。
紧接着，第二句又提到了每天早晨这些临时工人到美国各公司和工厂上班的情况。
我们可以想象一下：56万工人每天早晨上班的情形一定是非常浩大的。
所填入的词要能反映这一点，而且还必须与into somewhere相搭配。
swarm可以与into相搭配，如：People swarmed into the cinema.（人们拥进电影院），它在文中也可以形象地描述众多临时工人如潮水般涌入上班地点的情景。
因此，A选项为正确答案。
stride强调步幅大，如：He strode out of the house.（他大踏步地走出了房子），根据文意，这么多人同时进入办公地点不可能是“大步跨入”；separate可以和into搭配，但into后不能接地点，而且只能是separate sb./sth. into sth.，如：The children were separated into two groups.（孩子们被分成了两组）；slip也可与into连用，表示“溜进”，如：He slipped into the classroom from the backdoor.（他从后门溜进教室）。
2.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
文章第一段对两种企业进行了鲜明的对比：通用汽车公司和IBM等工业巨头靠减员而勉强支撑（struggle to survive），而人力资源公司却在蓬勃发展。
97—00年的考研英语真题_阅读部分翻译及答案
97—00年真题答案解析及全文翻译9701答案精解51. [D] 意为：理解该法律通过的意义还需要一些时间。
第二段第一句是该段的主题句，该句意为：其（即这一立法的）整体含义(import)可能需要一段时间才为人彻底理解(sink in)。
其实，该段的第二句是对第一句更具体的阐释，该句可译为：北部地方州（此处NT是Northern Territory的缩略形式，指澳大利亚中北部地区）晚期病人权利法的批准使医生和普通人都在思索其道义与实践方面的含义。
本段下文提到了支持和反对该法的两种观点。
[A]意为：在（除澳大利亚以外的）其他国家，对安乐死的反对意见缓慢而至。
这一点该段没有提到。
实际上，听到该法批准后，远在美国和加拿大的人也很快做出了反应。
[B]意为：在安乐死这一问题上，医生和普通人观点相同。
正像该段第三句所指出的，对于该法的批准，意见分歧很大。
有些人松了口气，而有些人——包括教堂、保卫生命权益组织与澳大利亚医学会——对该法进行激烈的抨击，认为它的批准过于仓促。
[C]意为：技术（条件）的变化应对该法的仓促批准负主要责任。
该段第五句意为：在澳大利亚，其他州也将考虑通过制定同样的一项法律来解决安乐死问题，而促成这一形势的是澳大利亚老化的人口、生命延续技术、正在变化的社会态度等因素。
可见，这与[C]所表达的内容不一样。
52. [B] 意为：美国、加拿大及其他国家也可能批准类似法律。
第二段最后一句指出，在美国和加拿大“死之权利”运动正在集结力量，观望者正在等待多米诺骨牌开始倾倒。
多米诺骨牌是一种西洋骨牌游戏；游戏中将许多长方形的骨牌竖立排列成行，碰倒第一张时，其余骨牌将依次纷纷倒下。
用于比喻时，这种游戏指一系列的连锁反应，即：牵一发而动全身。
这里喻指：澳大利亚的形势会波及北美等国家，引起类似的做法。
[A]意为：观察者对安乐死的未来持观望态度。
根据对B的分析，观察者等待的是是否美、加等国会在对安乐死的态度方面步澳之后尘，通过类似立法，而并非是指他们对安乐死态度暖昧、莫衷一是。
1997考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译
1997考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译1997 Text 1Paragraph 11、It was 3: 45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken.（凌晨3：45终于进行了投票）1.1 take the vote=take votes投票vote for投票支持……tote against投票反对……vote for independence 投票支持独立rules and regulations 规矩,规章制度2、After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. （经过6个月争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论,澳大利亚北部地区（澳北州）成为世界上第一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法当局.）2.1 self-restraint自我约束territory ['ter?t(?)r?] 领土,领域；范围district区域；地方；行政区2.2 authority权威；权力；当局assumption/assume假设The Greeks assume that 希腊人认为……2.3 be to=be going to=be about to（将）要做某事incurably 难以治愈的terminal 终端的,期末的2.4 patient患者,病人1）the incurably ill patients绝症患者2）the terminally ill patients晚期患者3）the late stage patients 晚期患者stage阶段,舞台on and off stage舞台上下primary stage初期late stage晚期2.5安乐死euthanasia [,ju?θ?'ne?z??]=physician-assisted suicide=doctors take the lives of the incurably ill patients who wish to die2.6 Europe欧洲euro 欧元euro zone欧元区EU(European Union)欧盟2.7 physician医生physical身体的Physical Education 体育assist帮助suicide 自杀2.8 argue 主张,认为,争论,争吵debate辩论2.9 议会congress（美）国会National People's Congress全国人民代表大会parliament ['pɑ?l?m(?)nt]（英/澳大利亚）议会,国会assembly国会,装配,集会,集合assemble聚集3、The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET.（这一法案是以令人信服的15票对10票通过.几乎同时,该消息就出现在互联网上.身处地球另一端的加拿大死亡权利执行主席约翰·霍夫塞斯在收到该消息后便通过协会的在线服务死亡之网发了公告.）3.1 measure（上下文推断=law=bill法案）take effective measure to do sth.3.2 by the convincing vote of 15 to 103.3 举例子 A convincing illustration occurring to me goes to ＋人名（anacquaintance of mine）,who……我能想到的一个有说服力的例子是……3.4 occur to sb.某人想起be convince that相信,确信3.5Almost immediately几乎顷刻之间word（引申为消息）Word came that the Chinese team won the match.3.6A novel idea flashed through his mind.novel小说,新颖的pick up the wallet=purse钱包3.7 half a world away世界的另一端executive执行的,执行官CEO首席执行官(Chief Executive Officer) exe. 可执行程序的扩展名direction方向,指导in the direction of 朝着……的方向director导演,主任（行政）dean系主任3.8the Right to Die Society死亡权利协会clubs and society社团和协会Red Cross Society红十字会Cross十字架,跨越crossing十字路口right权利（法律上）rights and obligations权利和义务the right to appeal to the higher court向更高法院申诉3.9 via通过,经由fly to Taipei via HK经由香港飞往台北municipal government 市政府4、Says Hofsess: We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history.（他说：我们整天都在发布公告,因为这件事的意义不在于它是在澳大利亚发生的事情,而是因为这是世界历史的一件大事.）4.1 post bulletins发公告post张贴poster海报paste浆糊,膏状物,黏贴toothpaste牙膏China Post中国邮政post office邮局bulletin公告4.2 of courseParagraph 21、The full import may take a while to sink in. （这件事情的全部意义可能需要一段时间）1.1 important=significance=import重要意义It takes two or three years to get a master's degree.攻读硕士学位需要两三年.2、The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. （澳北州晚期病人权利法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都同样地力图从道义和实际意义两方面来对待这一问题）2.1 leave sb. 是某人处于……的境地moral道德implication意义,含义imply暗含,意味2.2 citizens alike民众alike之流的人们physicians and citizens alike医生和市民之类的人们3、Some have breathed sighs of relief；others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.（一些人如释重负,另一些人,包括教会,生命权利组织以及澳大利亚医学会成员都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击）3.1 breathe sighs [saiz] of relief松了口气breath呼吸（名词）breathe呼吸（动词）sigh叹息sign v.签字,n.迹象,符号A heavy snow is a good sign for a harvest year.瑞雪兆丰年snowstorm暴风雪rainstorm暴风雨relieve 减轻,缓解（动词）relief 减轻,缓解（名词）relieve the burden of pupils 减轻学生的负担relieve the pains and sufferings of the incurably ill patient.3.2to ones relief/anxiety/disappointment,＋句子令某人感到轻松/焦虑/失望的是……3.3 attack抨击,进攻ignorance无知ignore忽略church教会3.4 bill n.法案；广告；账单；[金融] 票据；钞票；清单,vt. 宣布；开账单；用海报宣传3.5 More haste, less speed.=Haste makes waste.欲速则不达proverb谚语,格言3.6 pass通过passage一段（文章）；走廊；通路,通过3.7 association协会CFA（Chinese Football Association）中国足球协会clubs and societies社团和协会4、But the tide is unlikely to turn back. （但这一潮流已无法逆转）4.1 tide潮流,趋势,潮汐follow the tide追随潮流likely=possible 可能的5、In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.（在澳大利亚,人口老龄化,延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用.其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题）5.1 consider doing sth. 认真考虑……6、In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movementis gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.（在美国和加拿大,死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量.观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌产生的效应）Paragraph 31、Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death—probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering. （根据澳北州所通过的这项新法案,成年病人可以要求安乐死-可能是通过注射致死药剂或服用致死药片来结束痛苦）1.1 the effect taking process生效过程take effect= come into effect生效side-effect副作用1.2 share分享,共同的. We share one world；We share one dream. 同一个世界,同一个梦想.1.3 chief 主要地,首要的CEO 首席执行官；执行总裁（chief executive officer）1.4 adult成年人youngster年轻人Effective measures should be encouraged to put an end to such an upsetting phenomenon/trend/tide.我们应该积极行动起来,采取有效措施来使这种现象不再发生.1.5 letter of request求助信letter of inquiry咨询信letter of complaint投诉信2、The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a cooling off period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. （但此前病人必须由两名医生诊断其确实已病入膏肓,然后再经过7天的冷静思考期,方可签署一份申请证明）2.1 diagnose诊断（动词）diagnosis诊断（名词）dialogue对话2.2 certificate craze考证热3、After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. （48小时后,才可以满足其安乐死的愿望）3.1 meet the wish=meet one's wish（requirement/need/demand）满足某人的愿望4、For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident （who is）suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.（对于居住于达尔文现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德·尼克森来说,这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去）4.1calm平静be characteristic of ……所特有的experience 经历,经验expert 专家,熟练的4.2 intense competition/fear/pain激烈的竞争/极其害怕/剧痛4.3 undergo=experience=go through经历terrible=terrifying 可怕的die from/of 死于……4.4 haunting不易忘怀的,萦绕于心头的；给人以强烈感受的4.5 resident居民5、I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks, he says.（从思想上说,我并不害怕死,但我怕的是怎样死,因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣扎,用手抓他们的面罩时的情景）5.1 from a spiritual point of view从精神的角度5.2主语1）从句2）动名词短语3）不定式短语4）It形式主语5）名词/代词5.3 what I am afraid of is……我所害怕的是……fight for为……而抗争oxygen 氧气claw抓mask面具,口罩Hallowmas万圣节treat or trick？款待或恶作剧？5.4 I will treat you我请客5.5 oppose→opposition反对suspect→suspicion怀疑approval赞同,批准,认可在作者态度题中,以下永远不选1）indifference= indifferent=carefree不关心,不在乎,冷漠2）puzzled=confused=perplexed困惑2）biased=prejudiced=subjective有偏见的,主观的1997 Text 2Paragraph 11、A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous['k??tj?s], and helpful most Americans were to them.（去美国访问的人经常带回报告说,大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人）1.1 visitors to the US去美国的游客technique技巧,技术；手法1.2 mental illness=mental disorder精神病mentally ill精神病患者function功能1.3 consistent policy一贯的政策consistently=always=frequently常常,一直The scientists have put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that they believe themselves.1.4 convince sb. that 使……相信I am convinced that相信court 法庭,法院,球场courteous有礼貌的；谦恭的1.5 hostile敌对的,不友好的,敌对2、To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. （公正的说,人们对加拿大人也有这样的评论,因而,应当认为这是北美普遍的现象）2.1 to be brief简言之to be frank坦诚的讲2.2 consistently=always=frequently常常,一直2.3 make observation做评论observation=comment=remark=review评论2.4 arts review文艺评论peer review同行评议pair一对,一双,一把3、There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown inthe US. （当然也有例外.在美国,心胸狭隘的官员,举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见）3.1 There are, of course, exceptions.当然也有例外exceptions can be found to any rule.任何规则都有例外.3.2 Small-minded小心眼的rude粗鲁的ill-mannered不礼貌的3.3 hardly=not 否定are hardly unknown并不少见It is well-known that……4、Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.（尽管有不如意的地方,但因为人们常常得出美国人好客的观察意见,因而也就值得议论一番了）4.1 deserve值得,应该得到You deserve it.你应得的.4.2 comment=review=remark评论Paragraph 21、For a long period of time and in many parts of the country,a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. （过去很长一段时间,在美国很多地方,旅行者的到来因暂时打破原本的单调生活而受人欢迎）1.1 otherwise否则/原来,本来otherwise+句子（翻译为否则）otherwise跟名词短语（翻译为原本、本来）1.2 dull无聊的existence存在,生活dull/busy existence 无聊的/忙碌的生活2、Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. （无聊、孤独是居住相对遥远的家庭的普遍问题）2.1common共同的Xi Jinping exchanged opinions with visiting Russian President Putin on issues of common interest.习近平与来访的俄罗斯总统普京在共同关心的问题上交换意见.2.2 distant 遥远的distance距离generally通常；普遍地,一般地3、Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.（陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎,他们带来了娱乐消遣,还带来了外面世界的消息）3.1 diversion娱乐diverse多样性的Paragraph 31、The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. （边境地区的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统）1.1 shape 塑造fat脂肪/胖的frontier边界.国境,边界的1.2 harsh realities严酷的现实harsh remarks严厉的评论harsh remarks against 对……严厉的评论1.3 machine 机器mechanistic机械论的,机械学2、Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. （一个独自旅行的人,如果挨饿、受伤或生病,通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助.）2.1 have nowhere to turn to无处求助settle down定居settlement住所settler定居者bay海湾,狗吠声3、It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. （对旅行者来说,这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说,这也并非是行善的一时冲动）3.1 merely仅仅charitable impulse慈善的冲动health impulse=Positive Energy正能量3.2 in my opinion（口语化）=on my part=on the part of me=for me我认为4、It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.（它反映了日常生活的严酷：如果你不收留他,那他便无处求助了.请记住,有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇）Paragraph 41、Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. （如今,有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者）1.1 weary =exhausted=tired筋疲力尽的1.2 charitable organizations慈善组织2、Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. （不过,热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行,尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇）2.1 tourist=traveler=sightseer游客sightseeing观光、旅游2.2 tourist trails 旅游线路tourist stream客流3、I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing. (我只是路过,和这个美国人聊了聊,很快,他就请我到他家吃饭-这真令人惊奇)3.1 travel through路过walk through穿越pretty soon相当快take off起飞see sb. off送行set off 出发4、Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. （来美国的旅客谈论此类事件很普遍,但并非总能得到正确理解）4.1 proper正确的,有效的,适当的5、The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.（很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被认为是表面或虚假的应酬,而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果）5.1 casual 随意的the casual friendliness of many American许多美国人随意表现出的友善5.2 artificial 假的,人造的Paragraph 51、As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies allsocial interrelationships. （同任何发达国家一样,一系列复杂的文化特征,信念和习俗构成了美国所有社会交往的基础）1.1 signal 信号assumption假设convention惯例,会议2、And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. （当然,会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式.）3、Visitors who fail to translate cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. （不能正确诠释文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论）3.1 interpret =translate翻译、解释4、For example, when an American uses the word friend, the cultural implications of the word may bequite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. （例如,美国人所说的朋友一词,其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的朋友大相径庭）4.1 cultural meanings=cultural implications文化含义5、It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. （要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣,单凭一次公共汽车上的偶遇是不够的）5.1 encounter =come across偶遇、相逢6、Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.（不过,友好是很多美国人推崇的美德,同时希望邻居和陌生人也能如此）1997 Text 3Paragraph 11、Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. (从专业角度说,除食品外,任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物)1.1 technically从专业的角度来说/从专业技术的角度来说substance物质substantial大量的1.2drug药物drug store药店alter=change改变body身体bodily=physical身体的physician 医生mental心理的How to be mentally healthy 如何做到心理健康. Physically healthy身体健康mentally ill 心理疾病1.3 function功能alter改变shift改变2、Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. （很多人错误地认为药物这个词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品）2.1 the term 这一术语sort =kind=type种类,类型chemistry化学chemical化学的2.2addict=drug addict吸毒的人,瘾君子It takes two or three generations to contract a new educational system.3、They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. （他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物）3.1 take in excess过度服用smart phones=mobile phones=cell phones手机3.2 family家庭familiar 熟悉的,常见的,常客neutral中性的,中立的3.3 alcohol酒精tobacco烟草4、This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. （这也是现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用物质这个更加中性的词的原因）4.1 neutral['nju?tr(?)l]中性的,中立的5、The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.（他们常用物质滥用而不用药物滥用来清楚表明滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害）5.1 phrase短语word 单词idiom成语expression表达5.2 abuse 滥用,虐待abuse of power滥用权力abuse captives['k?ptiv]俘虏；专属公司（captive 的复数）5.3 minister牧师,部长,大臣father父亲,神父harmful=poisonous['p??z?n?s]（有毒的,有害的）Paragraph 21、We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. （我们生活在一个物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面的使用都很广泛的社会里：用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林,用来应酬的酒,早晨用来提神的咖啡,还有定神用的香烟）1.1 substance物质medicine药物clinical临床的pervasive=prevalent=widespread普遍的,广泛的1.2 The given phenomenon is so pervasive that a great deal of attention should be paid to it.1.3 quiet安静的、使安静下来alcohol白酒beer啤酒wine葡萄酒nerve神经nervous紧张的1.4 cell phone=mobile phone=smart phone手机take some medicine and you will feel better.1.5 have breakfast/lunch/dinner吃饭take medicine吃药2、When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? （使用这些物质得到了社会认可,且显然具有积极的作用,但什么时候就变成滥用了呢）2.1 apparently=clearly=obviously=evidently=conspicuously 明显地,清楚地construct建设、建造、打造3、First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. （首先,大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响,如中毒或严重的感知错乱）3.1 aspirin阿司匹林sleeping pills安眠药4、Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.（反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖）4.15、Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.（依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量,要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大,而一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状）5.1Paragraph 31、Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.（影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和行为的药物（物质）属于对神经起显著作用的物质）1.1 affect=influence=impact影响（动词）effect=influence=impact影响（名词）1.2 central nervous system中枢神经系统perceive[p?'si?v]察觉,感觉；理解；认知perception 感觉,知觉,看法,洞察力alter=change 改变1.3 alter perception, mood, and behavior [b??he?vj?]改变认知、情绪和行为1.4 commonly=generally通常,总的来说2、Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.（它们通常分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂）2.1 stimulate ['st?mj?le?t]刺激supply and demand需求stimulant兴奋剂depress使压抑depressant镇静剂hallucinogen致幻剂,迷幻剂illusion幻觉2.2 GDP国内生产总值（Gross Domestic Product）2.3 other than 而不是3、Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. （兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用,而镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动）3.1 activate刺激,激活,有活力host主办,主人host country主办国,东道主host city 东道主,主办城市3.2 initial 初步的,最初的His gift in the piano was initially manifested in the fact that3.3manifest=revealed=show=demonstrate=indicate=suggest显示,显现,表明4、Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. （幻觉剂主要影响人的感知,通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变,其中包括产生幻觉）4.1 distort and alter扭曲和改变5、These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning mind-manifestation) because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.（这些物质常被认为能引起幻觉（psychedelic一词源于希腊语,意为心灵显现）,因为它们似乎能改变人的意识状态）1997 Text 4Paragraph 11、No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. （没有一家公司乐意听到别人说自己引起了社会的道德败坏）1.1 moral decline道德衰退on the decline在衰退/走下坡路decline the invitation 婉拒邀请2、Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers? Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well? （参议员罗伯特?多尔上星期质问时代华纳公司高级人员时说：难道这就是你们要成就的事业吗？你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂,难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家,威胁我们的孩子不成？）2.1 senator参议院senior高级的,辈分高的junior初级的,辈分低的2.2 executive执行官,执行的sell卖（sold,sold）soul 灵魂serve the people with heart and soul全心全意为人民服务2.3 corrupt腐蚀,腐败的threaten=endanger威胁threat威胁danger危险2.4 what I intend to accomplish（with my career）is that……我职业生涯想要完成的是……3、At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It`s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.（不过,对于成立于1990年的时代华纳公司而言,这样的质问仅仅只是公司自我反思的最新表白,是在不同时期涉及责任、创作自由和公司底线问题的自我反省）3.1 manifestation显示、表明manifest清楚的、明显的,v.显示、表明latest最近的examine检查examination考试assist帮助assistance帮助assistant助手smog 烟雾haze 阴霾fog and haze 雾霾3.2 core核心、核心的debate争论,争议、争吵a hotly debated topic一个热议的话题Paragraph 21、At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992.（于1992年接替已故董事长斯蒂夫·罗斯的56岁的现任董事长杰拉德·莱文是争论的焦点人物）1.1 take over接替,接管hand over交出turn over移交the late Chinese leader已故的中国领导人2、On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company`s mountainous debt, which will increase to $ 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. （财政方面,他承受着抬高股价,减少公司巨额债务的压力,在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后,债务将达到173亿美元）2.1 frontier ['fr?nt??; fr?n't??]边界、国界,边界的、开拓的2.2 deal交易exchange交易,交换,交流cable电缆CNN美国有线电视新闻网络（Cable News Network）2.3 VOA美国之音(Voice Of America) BBC英国广播公司（British Broadcasting Corporation）3、He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.（他也答应出售部分财产并重组公司,但现在投资者们仍在焦急地等待着）3.1 property财产intellectual property知识产权；著作权private property私有财产；私有制3.2 restructure调整；重建structure结构patient有耐心的,患者the incurable ill patients绝症患者Paragraph 31、The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company`s rap music on the grounds of expression. （人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子变得好过.莱文一向以它是一种富于表现力的演唱方式为理由来捍卫公司的说唱音乐）1.1 ×××is not making life any easier for him某事并没有使他的日子变得好过.1.2 rap 说唱rapid迅猛的make rapid progress取得迅速的进步rock and roll摇滚乐hip-hop街舞hip臀部hop跳job-hopping跳槽job-hippers跳槽者heap一堆,堆积hip臀部1.3defend=justify捍卫,保卫、辩护monitor班长,显示器critic 批评者criticism 评论,批评arts criticism=arts review艺术评论accuse/charge起诉attack抨击1.4 consistent policy一贯政策on the grounds of基于……的理由on the grounds that＋句子以……为根据2、In 1992,when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T`s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. （1992年公司因出品Ice-T乐队狂暴的说唱歌曲《警察杀手》后备受谴责时,莱文说这是街头文化的合法表达方式,它应该有自己的宣泄途径）2.1legal=lawful=legitimate expression合法的表达deserve应该得到,值得You deserve it.你应该得到.2.2street culture街头文化outlet出口,发泄口,批发商店release [r?'li?s]发行release a song/movie发行音乐/电影2.3 bitterly attack 猛烈抨击under fire受到严厉批评；遭到攻击violent rap song 宣扬暴力的说唱歌曲2.4 violence暴力,暴乱violate ['va??le?t]违反,违犯violate the law违反法律2.5 cop=police警察copper n. 铜；铜币；警察adj. 铜制的3、The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, lies notin how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. （他在《华尔街日报》一篇专栏文章中写道：任何一个民主社会的检验不在于它能多有效地控制各种情感的表达,而在于是否给予了人们思考和表达的最广泛的自由,尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒）3.1 column专栏Wall Street Journal华尔街日报test测试,考试,检测democracy 民主democratic民主的science3.2 the Democratic Progressive Party民进党the liberal democratic party 自民党the Communist Party共产党3.3lie in 在于……longitude ['l?n(d)??tju?d; 'l??g?-]经度latitude 纬度,幅度give freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude给思想和表达自由尽可能广泛的空间3.4 however后跟有逗号,表示转折（然而,但是）. 没有逗号（无论多么,尽管）small-minded心胸狭窄的3.5 However powerful China become,it will never threaten other nation.无论中国多么强大,它永远不会威胁其他国家. threaten our nation威胁我们的国家corrupt our nation腐蚀我们的国家3.6 irritate ['?r?te?t]令人恼火的think tank智囊团disputable有讨论余地的；真假可疑的,有争议的4、We won`t retreat in the face of any threats.（我们不会在任何威胁面前退却）4.1retreat= withdraw撤退,后退threat威胁predominance [pr?'d?m?n?ns]优势,卓越achieve predominance达到辉煌the retreat from predominance从辉煌退下shrink收缩,畏缩Paragraph 41、Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month`s stockholders`meeting. （莱文不愿对上周的辩论做出评论,但有迹象表明这位董事长的强硬立场起码在一定程度上有所缓和.在上个月的股东会议上,大家就摇滚乐的歌词进行了讨论）1.1signs of recovery 复苏的迹象signs of the slowdown/slack经济放缓的迹象back off=retreat后退,撤退1.2 to some extend在某种程度上hard line stand强硬立场stockholder=shareholder股东stock=share股票1.3 stock market swings股市波动stock exchange股票交易2、Levin asserted that music is not the cause of society`s ills and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. （莱文宣称音乐不是社会问题的病因,他甚至还以自己为例.他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师,用说唱乐的表达方式与学生进行交流）2.1 assert维护,坚持；断言；主张；声称humanity人类；人道；仁慈；2.2 cure=treatment=therapy=remedy治愈,补救cite[sa?t]引用；传讯；想起；表彰3、But he talked as well about the balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. （但他也谈到了创作自由和社会责任之间要保持平衡的问题.他还宣布公司将致力于为一些人们可能会反感的音乐制定发行和标识的标准）3.1 balance struggle between平衡……之间的斗争strive努力struggle斗争,奋斗3.2 initiate= launch发起,开始,发射launch a nationwide campaign to curb internet addiction发起全国范围的运动来控制网络成瘾launch a drive to发起一场运动,3.3 distribute分配；散布；分开；把…分类label标签distribution and labeling 发行和标识3.4 object to=oppose to反对objectionable讨厌的；会引起反对的；有异议的3.5 potential 潜在的potential customers潜在的客户potentialobjectionable music潜在的令人讨厌的音乐Paragraph 51、The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. （总的来说,时代华纳公司的15位董事是支持莱文和公司的经营策略的.）1.1 corporate strategy公司策略corporation 公司member会员,成员marketing strategy市场营销战略1.2 clubs and societies社团和协会member country会员国1.3 be supportive of=support支持in favor of=favor 支持object to=oppose to 反对2、But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited, says Luce. I think it is perhaps the case that some people （who are）associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.（但内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧.我们中的一些人多年来就知道宪法第一修正案所说的自由并非毫无限制,鲁斯说,我想与公司有关系的一些人可能是最近才意识到这一点.）2.1 the First Amendment宪法第一修正案the Constitution宪法perhaps可能2.2 be associated with=be related to与…有关come to realize 认识到1997 Text 5Paragraph 11、Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering the economy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes, makes itself sound like a precise science. （很多用来描述货币政策的词,如引导经济软着陆,触动经济刹车,听起来像是一门精确的科学.）1.1 Much of the language=much language许多语言many of。
2000-1997考研英语真题阅读理解翻译.doc
2000-1997考研英语真题阅读理解翻译2000 Passage 1一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。
二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。
美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。
美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达不到的。
随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。
从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。
到了80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。
面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。
到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。
(现在一家也没有了:Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。
)外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场。
美国的机床工业也即将灭亡。
人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。
所有这一切导致了信任危机。
美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。
他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了，也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。
80年代中期，人们对美国工业衰退的成因作了一次又一次的探寻。
在美国人那些有时耸人听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家日益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。
情况的变化真快～1995年，当日本还在奋力拼搏的时候，美国却可以对5年的稳固发展作一回顾了。
没几个美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。
到如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。
“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了明智”，这是哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德?卡佛纳的看法。
华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬?莫尔说:“看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率，作为一个美国人，我感到自豪。
2000年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
2000年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译真题译文+题目翻译但为君故但为君故 整理组Text 1长期的、不费力气的成功史可能成为一种可怕的障碍，但是如果处理得当，它也可能成为一种动力。
美国二战后进入这样辉煌的历史时期时，它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。
它的科学家是世界上最优秀的，它的工人是世界上最具技能的。
美国和美国人的富庶是被大战破坏了经济的欧洲人和亚洲人所无法想象的。
当其他国家逐渐富有起来时，这种差距的缩小是必然的。
同样必然的是，绝对优势的缩小也是痛苦的。
在80年代中期，美国人为他们工业竞争力的减退感到困惑。
有些巨型的美国工业，如消费电子工业，在外国的竞争面前萎缩或者崩溃。
到1987年，只剩下一家美国电视机制造企业——Zenith（现在已经完全没有了：Zenith已经被韩国的LG电子兼并）。
外国汽车和纺织品横扫着国内市场。
美国的机械工业岌岌可危。
在一段时期，好像半导体制造业，这个美国发明的并且对新的计算机时代极为关键的工业，也将成为下一个牺牲品。
所有这些造成了一种信心危机。
美国人已经不再将繁荣视为自然而然的事。
他们开始怀疑他们的经营方法出了问题，怀疑他们的收入很快就会下降。
80年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因进行一次又一次的调查。
这些调查的发现，有的是耸人听闻的，它们都充满了对海外竞争加剧的警示。
现在情况已经完全改变！在1995年美国可以回顾在过去五年中稳步的增长而日本却步履维艰。
很少有美国人把它的原因归结为美元的贬值或经济周期的转折。
对自己的怀疑已经被盲目的自豪所代替。
“美国的工业结果已经改变了，它经过了一段节食期，已经变得更加机智，”哈佛大学肯尼迪行政学院执行院长理查德·卡凡纳指出。
“看到美国经济如此地提高生产力，我为自己是美国人而感到自豪，”华盛顿特区的智囊机构之一凯托研究院的史蒂芬·莫尔说。
哈佛经管学院的威廉·萨尔曼相信，人们将来会把这个时期视为“美国经济管理的黄金时期”。
考研英语阅读真题1997解析
1997 考研英语阅读真题解析Text 1核心词汇bitter ［5bitE ］a.( 有) 苦( 味) 的; 痛苦的, 厉害的; 严寒的，刺骨的calm ［ka:m］a.( 天气, 海洋等) 静的n. 平静v.( 使) 平静certificate ［sE5tifikit ］n. 证书(certif （y）+ic+ate) ，certify ic 形容词后缀，ate 作名词后缀表“物”，于是“具证明性质的东西”→证书diagnose ［5daiE^nEuz ］v. 诊断domino ［5dCminEu］n. 多米诺骨牌euthanasia ［7ju:WE5neiziE ］n. 安乐死(eu+than+asia) ，eu 谐音“已有”，than 比，asia 亚洲，“安乐死在亚洲之外的地方已有了”incurably ［in5kjuErEbli ］ad. 不能矫正地，不可治地（in 不+curably ）即in+cur+ably ，in cur 词根“治疗”ably 可,, 地；形容词形式为incurable ←in+cur+able objection ［Eb5dVekFEn］n. 反对, 异议, 缺陷, 妨碍, 拒绝之理由。
同根词：reject →re （=back ）+ject →扔回去→拒绝；inject →in+ject →向里扔→注入parliamentary ［7pB:lE5mentEri ］a. 议会的，国会的(parliament+ary)suspicion ［sEs5piFEn ］n. 怀疑，猜疑；一点儿，少量（sus+spic+ion →在下面看→怀疑）terrify ［5terifai ］v. 使害怕, 使惊恐（terr+ify 动词后缀）territory ［5teritEri ］n. 领土; 版图; 领域, 范围（terr+itory 表示场所范围→地的范围→领土）难句剖析难句1After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates,Australia ’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.［分析］句子主干是“...Australia ’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority... ”，其中，句首是表示时间的介词词组作状语：after six months of arguing andfinal 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates ，后面的动词不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die 相当于定语从句which allows doctors to... ，修饰legal authority ，who 引导定语从句who wish to die 修饰前面的patients 。