岩石力学英文翻译

Sometimes it is suggested that mining engineering and its supporting engineeringsciences have reached a state of maturity. However, this proposition is inconsistentwith major developments in the twenty years that have elapsed since the preparation ofthe first edition of this book, and the ten years since it has been subject to any substantial revision. Over those periods, innovations and improvements in engineering practice in mining and mining rock mechanics, and advances in the engineering science of rock mechanics, have been extraordinary. For these reasons the third edition, whichresults from comprehensive and thorough revision of the earlier editions, has involvedthe replacement or substantial modification of the equivalent of about half of the textand figures of those versions of the book.One of the key drivers for many significant developments in fundamental rock mechanics over the period has been the mining industry’s recognition of the economicreturns of better understanding and more rigorous application of the governing sciences embedded in its industrial operations and processes. The result has been somenotable advances in mining engineering practice, involving improvements in miningmethods in particular. For example, caving methods are now more widely appliedas understanding of their scientific basis has improved and their economic and operational advantages have been realised. Whereas sublevel caving was once regardedin some places as a method of marginal interest, the advent of very large scale sublevel caving, made possible in part by improved drilling technology and in part by understanding of the governing rock mechanics, it is now an attractive proposition formany orebodies. Similarly, block caving is now conducted efficiently and reliably inorebody settings that would have been inconceivable two decades ago. At the same time, methods such as overhand cut-and-fill stoping and shrink stoping have declinedin application, replaced in part by open stoping and bench-and-fill stoping, where large scale mechanisation, improved backfill technology, reliable rock mass reinforcementof stope walls and the intrinsic advantages of non-entry methods of working have ledto superior economics and enhanced operational safety.The scope of developments in mining rock mechanics science and practice has beenas impressive as that in mining engineering. Perhaps the most significant advance has been the resolution of some longstanding issues of rock fracture, failure and strengthand their relation to the modes of deformation and degradation of rock around mining excavations. The fact that the key research on this topic was conducted at the Underground Research Laboratory of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited demonstrates the extent to which mining rock mechanics has benefited from fundamental research inother fields of rock engineering. The mechanics of blocky rock has also been a field of impressive development, particularly in regard to formulation of a broad spectrum of methods of analysis of block jointed rock and their application in excavation engineering and support and reinforcement design. More generally, improved understandingof the mechanics of discontinuous rock has had a profound effect on simulation ofcaving mechanics and therefore on the design and operation of block caving andsublevel caving mines.Mining-induced seismicity and the related phenomenon of rockbursts have become more prevalent in hard rock mining. Developments in mineworthy seismic equipmentand associated data recording, processing and analysis hardware and software have contributed greatly to measurement, characterisation and management of the problem. These developments have been complemented by measures in excavation designand extraction sequencing which have done much to mitigate the serious operating problems which can occur in seismically active, rockburst prone mines. In large-scale open stope mining, Canadian developments based on pillarless stoping, formulationof extraction sequences which promote the evolution and uniform displacement of a regular mine stress abutment, and the extensive use of cement-stabilised backfill, have been successful in managing an acute mining challenge. Notably, these measures have been based on sound conceptual and analytical models of the relation of damaging seismicity to induced stress, geological structure, potential rock displacements and strain energy release during mining.Some remarkable developments in computational methods have supported these improvements in rock mechanics practice. Many mining rock mechanics problemsare effectively four-dimensional, in that it is the evolution of the state of stress over the time scale of the mining life of the orebody which needs to be interpreted in terms ofthe probable modes of response of the host rock mass. The computational efficiencyof tools for three-dimensional stress analysis now permits modelling of key stages ofan extraction sequence, for example, as a matter of routine rock mechanics practice. Similarly, computer power and efficient algorithms provide a notable capacity to simulate the displacement and flow of rock in cave mining and to support design of optimum caving layouts.Notwithstanding these developments, it is encouraging to note continued attentionto formal mathematical analysis in solution of rock mechanics problems. The resultsof such analysis provide the canonical solutions for the discipline of rock mechanicsand ensure a sound base for both the science and engineering practice.In preparing this extensive revision, the authors have been fortunate to have thesupport of many colleagues and several organisations. In particular, they would liketo record the helpful advice and comment of colleagues on possible improvementsin earlier editions of the book and in identifying inevitable errors in the text. They acknowledge the generous assistance of the Brisbane office of Golder Associates in providing facilities and many helpful services, particularly in assistance with draftingof the figures for this edition. One of the authors was supported for part of thework of revision by The University of Western Australia, and the other by the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre of The University of Queensland. This support, including the associated library services, is acknowledged with gratitude. The authorsthank the many individuals and organisations who generously gave permission to use published material. Finally, they record the encouragement of publisher’s representative, Petra van Steenbergen, and her patient assistance and advice during this majorundertaking.。