世界经济概论(英文版)chapter 01 International Trade
国际经济学英文题库（最全版附答案）
国际经济学英文题库（最全版附答案）【国际经济学】英文题库Chapter 1: IntroductionMultiple-Choice Questions1. Which of the following products are not produced at all in the United States *A. Coffee, tea, cocoaB. steel, copper, aluminumC. petroleum, coal, natural gasD. typewriters, computers, airplanes2. International trade is most important to the standard of living of:A. the United States*B. SwitzerlandC. GermanyD. England3. Over time, the economic interdependence of nations has:*A. grownB. diminishedC. remained unchangedD. cannot say4. A rough measure of the degree of economic interdependence of a nation is giv en by:A. the size of the nations' populationB. the percentage of its population to its GDP*C. the percentage of a nation's imports and exports to its GDPD. all of the above5. Economic interdependence is greater for:*A. small nationsB. large nationsC. developed nationsD. developing nations6. The gravity model of international trade predicts that trade between two nat ions is largerA. the larger the two nationsB. the closer the nationsC. the more open are the two nations*D. all of the above7. International economics deals with:A. the flow of goods, services, and payments among nationsB. policies directed at regulating the flow of goods, services, and paymentsC. the effects of policies on the welfare of the nation*D. all of the above8. International trade theory refers to:*A. the microeconomic aspects of international tradeB. the macroeconomic aspects of international tradeC. open economy macroeconomics or international financeD. all of the above9. Which of the following is not the subject matter of international financeA. foreign exchange marketsB. the balance of payments*C. the basis and the gains from tradeD. policies to adjust balance of payments disequilibria10. Economic theory:A. seeks to explain economic eventsB. seeks to predict economic eventsC. abstracts from the many detail that surrounds aneconomic event*D. all of the above11. Which of the following is not an assumption generally made in the study of international economicsA. two nationsB. two commodities*C. perfect international mobility of factorsD. two factors of production12. In the study of international economics:A. international trade policies are examined before the bases for tradeB. adjustment policies are discussed before the balance of paymentsC. the case of many nations is discussed before the two-nations case*D. none of the above13. International trade is similar to interregional trade in that both must ove rcome:*A. distance and spaceB. trade restrictionsC. differences in currenciesD. differences in monetary systems14. The opening or expansion of international trade usually affects all members of society:A. positivelyB. negatively*C. most positively but some negativelyD. most negatively but some positively15. An increase in the dollar price of a foreign currency usually:A. benefit . importers*B. benefits . exportersC. benefit both . importers and . exportersD. harms both . importers and . exporters16. Which of the following statements with regard to international economics is trueA. It is a relatively new field*B. it is a relatively old fieldC. most of its contributors were not economistsD. none of the above思考题：1.为什么学习国际经济学非常重要2.列举体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，它们为什么重要3.当今世界面临的最重要的国家经济问题是什么全球化的利弊各是什么Chapter 2: The Law of Comparative AdvantageMultiple-Choice Questions1. The Mercantilists did not advocate:* tradeB. stimulating the nation's exportsC. restricting the nations' importsD. the accumulation of gold by the nation2. According to Adam Smith, international trade was based on:*A. absolute advantageB. comparative advantageC. both absolute and comparative advantageD. neither absolute nor comparative advantage3. What proportion of international trade is based onabsolute advantageA. AllB. most*C. someD. none4. The commodity in which the nation has the smallest absolute disadvantage is the commodity of its:A. absolute disadvantageB. absolute advantageC. comparative disadvantage*D. comparative advantage5. If in a two-nation (A and B), two-commodity (X and Y) world, it is establish ed that nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity X, then nation B must have:A. an absolute advantage in commodity YB. an absolute disadvantage in commodity YC. a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y*D. a comparative advantage in commodity Y6. If with one hour of labor time nation A can produce either 3X or 3Y while na tion B can produce either 1X or 3Y (and labor is the only input):A. nation A has a comparative disadvantage in commodity XB. nation B has a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y*C. nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity XD. nation A has a comparative advantage in neither commodity7. With reference to the statement in Question 6:A. Px/Py=1 in nation AB. Px/Py=3 in nation BC. Py/Px=1/3 in nation B*D. all of the above8. With reference to the statement in Question 6, if 3X is exchanged for 3Y:A. nation A gains 2X*B. nation B gains 6YC. nation A gains 3YD. nation B gains 3Y9. With reference to the statement of Question 6, the range of mutually benefic ial trade between nation A and B is:A. 3Y < 3X < 5YB. 5Y < 3X < 9Y*C. 3Y < 3X < 9YD. 1Y < 3X < 3Y10. If domestically 3X=3Y in nation A, while 1X=1Y domestically in nation B:A. there will be no trade between the two nationsB. the relative price of X is the same in both nationsC. the relative price of Y is the same in both nations*D. all of the above11. Ricardo explained the law of comparative advantage on the basis of:*A. the labor theory of valueB. the opportunity cost theoryC. the law of diminishing returnsD. all of the above12. Which of the following statements is trueA. The combined demand for each commodity by the two nations is negatively slop edB. the combined supply for each commodity by the two nations is rising stepwiseC. the equilibrium relative commodity price for each commodity with trade isgiven by the intersection of the demand and supply of each commod ity by the two nations*D. all of the above13. A difference in relative commodity prices between two nations can be based upon a difference in:A. factor endowmentsB. technologyC. tastes*D. all of the above14. In the trade between a small and a large nation:A. the large nation is likely to receive all of the gains from trade*B. the small nation is likely to receive all of the gains from tradeC. the gains from trade are likely to be equally sharedD. we cannot say15. The Ricardian trade model has been empirically*A. verifiedB. rejectedC. not testedD. tested but the results were inconclusive思考题：比较优势原理所带来的贸易所得是从何而来的贸易利益又是如何分配的现实世界中比较优势是如何度量的你认为目前中国具有比较优势的商品有哪些这意味着什么比较优势会不会发生变化什么样的原因可能会导致其变化经济学家是如何验证比较优势原理的Chapter 3: The Standard Theory of International TradeMultiple-Choice Questions1. A production frontier that is concave from the origin indicates that the nat ion incurs increasing opportunity costs in the production of:A. commodity X onlyB. commodity Y only*C. both commoditiesD. neither commodity2. The marginal rate of transformation (MRT) of X for Y refers to:A. the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit o f XB. the opportunity cost of XC. the absolute slope of the production frontier at the point of production*D. all of the above3. Which of the following is not a reason for increasing opportunity costs:*A. technology differs among nationsB. factors of production are not homogeneousC. factors of production are not used in the same fixed proportion in the produ ction of all commoditiesD. for the nation to produce more of a commodity, it must use resources that ar e less and less suited in the production of the commodity4. Community indifference curves:A. are negatively slopedB. are convex to the originC. should not cross*D. all of the above5. The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of X for Y in consumption refers to the:A. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y and still rem ain on the same indifference curve*B. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X and still re main on the same indifference curveC. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y to reach a hi gher indifference curveD. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X to reach a hi gher indifference curve6. Which of the following statements is true with respect to the MRS of X for YA. It is given by the absolute slope of the indifference curveB. declines as the nation moves down an indifference curveC. rises as the nation moves up an indifference curve*D. all of the above7. Which of the following statements about community indifference curves is t rueA. They are entirely unrelated to individuals' community indifference curvesB. they cross, they cannot be used in the analysis*C. the problems arising from intersecting community indifference curves can be overcome by the application of the compensation principleD. all of the above.8. Which of the following is not true for a nation that is in equilibrium in isolation*A. It consumes inside its production frontierB. it reaches the highest indifference curve possible with itsproduction front ierC. the indifference curve is tangent to the nation's production frontierD. MRT of X for Y equals MRS of X for Y, and they are equal to Px/Py9. If the internal Px/Py is lower in nation 1 than in nation 2 without trade:A. nation 1 has a comparative advantage in commodity YB. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity X*C. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity YD. none of the above10. Nation 1's share of the gains from trade will be greater:A. the greater is nation 1's demand for nation 2's exports*B. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 2's pretrade Px/PyC. the weaker is nation 2's demand for nation 1's exportsD. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 1's pretrade Px/Py11. If Px/Py exceeds the equilibrium relative Px/Py with tradeA. the nation exporting commodity X will want to export more of X than at equilibriumB. the nation importing commodity X will want to import less of X than atequilibriumC. Px/Py will fall toward the equilibrium Px/Py*D. all of the above12. With free trade under increasing costs:A. neither nation will specialize completely in productionB. at least one nation will consume above its production frontierC. a small nation will always gain from trade*D. all of the above13. Which of the following statements is falsegains from trade can be broken down into the gains from exchange and the ga ins from specializationB. gains from exchange result even without specialization*C. gains from specialization result even without exchangeD. none of the above14. The gains from exchange with respect to the gains from specialization are a lways:A. greaterB. smallerC. equal*D. we cannot say without additional information15. Mutually beneficial trade cannot occur if production frontiers are:A. equal but tastes are notB. different but tastes are the sameC. different and tastes are also different*D. the same and tastes are also the same.思考题：国际贸易的标准理论与大卫.李嘉图的比较优势原理有何异同两国仅仅由于需求偏好不同可以进行市场分工和狐狸贸易吗两国仅仅由于要素禀赋不同和/或生产技术不同可以进行分工和贸易吗Chapter 4: Demand and Supply, Offer Curves, and the T erms of TradeMultiple Choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is correctA. The demand for imports is given by the excess demandfor the commodityB. the supply of exports is given by the excess supply of the commodityC. the supply curve of exports is flatter than the total supply curve of the co mmodity*D. all of the above2. At a relative commodity price above equilibriumA. the excess demand for a commodity exceeds the excess supply of the commodityB. the quantity demanded of imports exceeds the quantity supplied of exports*C. the commodity price will fallD. all of the above3. The offer curve of a nation shows:A. the supply of a nation's importsB. the demand for a nation's exportsC. the trade partner's demand for imports and supply of exports*D. the nation's demand for imports and supply of exports4. The offer curve of a nation bulges toward the axis measuring the nationsA. import commodity*B. export commodityC. export or import commodityD. nontraded commodity5. Export prices must rise for a nation to increase its exports because the nat ion:A. incurs increasing opportunity costs in export productionB. faces decreasing opportunity costs in producing import substitutesC. faces decreasing marginal rate of substitution in consumption*D. all of the above6. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is falseA. It relies on traditional demand and supply curvesB. it isolates for study one market*C. it can be used to determine the equilibrium relative commodity price but no t the equilibrium quantity with tradeD. none of the above7. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is trueA. The demand and supply curve are derived from the nation's production frontie r and indifference mapB. It shows the same basic information as offer curvesC. It shows the same equilibrium relative commodity prices as with offer curves *D. all of the above8. In what way does partial equilibrium analysis differ from general equilibr ium analysisA. The former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium price with tradeB. the former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium quant ity with tradeC. the former but not the latter takes into consideration the interaction among all markets in the economy*D. the former gives only an approximation to the answer sought.9. If the terms of trade of a nation are in a two-nation world, those of the t rade partner are:A. 3/4*B. 2/3C. 3/2D. 4/310. If the terms of trade increase in a two-nation world, those of the trade pa rtner:*A. deteriorateB. improveC. remain unchangedD. any of the above11. If a nation does not affect world prices by its trading, its offer curve:A. is a straight lineB. bulges toward the axis measuring the import commodity*C. intersects the straight-line segment of the world's offer curveD. intersects the positively-sloped portion of the world's offer curve12. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:A. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commod ityB. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commo dityC. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commo dity*D. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commo dity13. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:A. the nation's terms of trade remain unchanged*B. the nation's terms of trade deteriorateC. the partner's terms of trade deteriorateD. any of the above14. If the tastes for a nation import commodity increases, trade volume:*A. increasesB. declinesC. remains unchangedD. any of the above15. A deterioration of a nation's terms of trade causes the nation's welfare t o:A. deteriorateB. improveC. remain unchanged*D. any of the above思考题：提供曲线如何推导有何用途两国贸易时的均衡商品价格是如何决定的受哪些因素影响贸易条件的含义是贸易条件的改善意味着什么哪些因素可能导致贸易条件的改善Chapter 5: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin TheoryMultiple-Choice Questions1. The H-O model extends the classical trade model by:A. explaining the basis for comparative advantageB. examining the effect of trade on factor prices*C. both A and BD. neither A nor B2. Which is not an assumption of the H-O model:A. the same technology in both nationsB. constant returns to scale*C. complete specializationD. equal tastes in both nations3. With equal technology nations will have equal K/L in production if: *A. factor prices are the sameB. tastes are the sameC. production functions are the sameD. all of the above4. We say that commodity Y is K-intensive with respect to X when:A. more K is used in the production of Y than XB. less L is used in the production of Y than X*C. a lower L/K ratio is used in the production of Y than XD. a higher K/L is used in the production of X than Y5. When w/r falls, L/KA. falls in the production of both commodities*B. rises in the production of both commoditiesC. can rise or fallD. is not affected6. A nation is said to have a relative abundance of K if it has a:A. greater absolute amount of KB. smaller absolute amount of LC. higher L/K ratio*D. lower r/w7. A difference in relative commodity prices between nations can be based ona difference in:A. technologyB. factor endowmentsC. tastes*D. all of the above。
《世界经济概论》第一章 导论
比较经济学是世界经济学的一个新分支。
四、世界经济的研究对象
世界经济学
国际经济关系
国际经济组织
全球化 和 一体化
不同国家 的 发展模式
国际金融 国际贸易
WTO
区域经济 一体化
发达国家发展中国家国际投资 跨国公司IMF
转型经济国家
五、学习世界经济的意义
1、有助于深刻地、正确地认识世界
随着经济全球化趋势不断加强，世界经济中各种类型国家 的经济、各种经济纽带关系以及世界经济整体在发展变化中出 现了新现象和新特点。尤其进入新世纪，中国加入WTO后，中国 经济日益融入世界经济，这就要求我们了解我国经济建设的外 部世界经济环境以及包括中国经济在内的世界经济发展规律。 因此，深入学习和研究世界经济是非常必要的。 2、有助于选择研究方向 世界经济学在各学科中占有特殊地位，它是政治经济学的分 支，又居于国际经济关系学、国际金融学和国际贸易学等实用 性、专业性较强的学科之上，对他们又提供理论指导的作用 3、有助于把握国际关系的动向和特点 世界经济是世界政治和整个国际关系的基础，要把握他们 的动向与特点，离不开对世界经济的深入研究；
（3）劳动者素质的变革。 随着人类自身从体力到脑力的解放，对劳动者素质则提 出了较高的要求，只靠体力和熟练劳动已不适应生产力进步 的需要。 “蓝领”人数相对下降、“白领”人数相对上升的趋势 要求劳动者具有较高的文化素养和专业技术水平，以适应更 加富有创造性的工作。 劳动者素质变革的趋势是日益专业化和智力化。
（2）劳动对象的变革。 由天然材料到各种金属材料，再到橡胶、树脂、塑料和化 学纤维等新型材料。 每一种材料的变革都能带来相关产业的兴起。例如钢铁工 业和化学工业等。 由于量子化学、结构化学和固体物理学的发展，人们对材 料的研究已经深入到了微观层次。 纳米技术将创造很多新兴的材料。
国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)
International Economic Theories and Policies ■ International Trade Theory 国际贸易理论
■ Analyzes the basis of and the gains from international trade.
FIGURE 1-3 Imports and Exports as a Percentage of U.S. GDP, 1965-2001.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
■ 1980 to present
■ Most pervasive and dramatic period of globalization 全球化最广泛和剧烈的阶段
■ Fueled by improvements in telecommunications and transportation 受益于电信和运输极大改善
imports and exports of goods and services to GDP 用一国商品和服务进出口总值比上GDP的比值来 粗略衡量
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International Trade and the Nation’s Standard of Living
(完整word版)国际商务 英文版 chapter1 练习
Chapter 1 GlobalizationTrue / False Questions1. The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to asglobalization.True False2. A company does not need a large size to facilitate, and benefit from, the globalization ofmarkets.True False3. Companies hope to lower their overall cost structure or improve the quality orfunctionality of their product offering through globalization of production.True False4. The most global markets currently are markets for consumer products.True False5. Outsourcing is a process that is limited to manufacturing enterprises.True False6. The health care sector in the U.S. cannot avail the benefits of outsourcing to low-costproducers in other nations because of the nature of the work.True False7. The World Bank has focused on policing the world trading system and making surenation-states adhere to the rules laid down in trade treaties.True False8. The World Bank is known as the lender of the last resort.True False9. One of the UN's central mandates is the promotion of higher standards of living, fullemployment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development.True False10. In 2008 and 2009, the GATT became the forum though which major nations attempted tolaunch a coordinated policy response to the global financial crisis, which started inAmerica.True False11. The Uruguay Round, finalized in December 1993, reduced protection for patents,trademarks, and copyrights.True False12. "Beggar thy neighbor" retaliatory trade policies involved countries progressively loweringtrade barriers against each other, which contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s.True False13. Rivers Inc., a U.S. based sports apparel manufacturer, sets up a production unit in Chinato take advantage of the lower labor costs there. This is an example of foreign directinvestment.True False14. World Bank gives an aid of 100 million dollars to Kenya for creating rural health carefacilities. This is an example of foreign direct investment.True False15. The lowering of barriers to international trade enables firms to view the world, rather thana single country, as their market.True False16. According to WTO data, the volume of world merchandise trade has grown faster than theworld economy since 1950.True False17. The expansion of world trade implies that nations are becoming less dependent on eachother for important goods and services.True False18. Over the past 30 years the flow of FDI has accelerated faster than the growth in worldtrade and world output.True False19. The globalization of markets and production and the resulting growth of world trade,foreign direct investment, and imports all imply that firms are finding their home markets protected from foreign competitors.True False20. The cost of microprocessors continues to fall, while their power increases. This statementsupports the predictions made by Moore's Law.True False21. According to critics of globalization, today's interdependent global economy limits a nation'snational sovereignty.True False22. Critics of globalization suggest that over the last century, the gap between the rich andpoor nations of the world has shrunken.True False23. Supporters of debt relief argue that new democratic governments in poor nations shouldnot be forced to honor debts incurred by corrupt and dictatorial predecessors.True False24. A firm does not have to become a multinational enterprise to engage in internationalbusiness.True False25. Differences between countries require that an international business vary its practicescountry by country.True FalseMultiple Choice Questions26. The World Trade Organization promotes _____.A. l owering of barriers to cross-border trade and investmentB. i nfrastructural development in poor nations through low-interest loansC. s tate ownership of major enterprisesD. r egulation of national economies27. Which of the following is true about the International Monetary Fund?A. I t is primarily responsible for policing the world trading system.B. I t is seen as the lender of last resort to nation-states whose economies are in turmoil.C. I t is responsible for establishing multinational treaties to govern the global businesssystem.D. I t was established to formulate a coordinated policy response to financial crises indeveloping nations.28. The _____ was established on October 24, 1945, by 51 countries committed to preservingpeace through international cooperation and collective security.A. W orld Trade OrganizationB. U nited NationsC. G20txD. W orld Bank29. The G20tx was originally established to _____.A. p reserve peace through international cooperation and collective securityB. m aintain order in the international monetary systemC. f ormulate a coordinated policy response to financial crises in developing nationsD. m anage, regulate, and police the global marketplace30. _____ occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country.A. I nternational tradeB. F oreign direct investmentC. I nward investmentD. O utsourcing31. In late 2001, the WTO launched a new round of talks in Doha aimed at:A. h elping member states to cope with financial crisis.B. f urther liberalization of the global trade and investment framework.C. p rotecting national economies from global competition.D. p romoting higher standards of living in all member states.32. Which of the following is NOT included in world merchandise trade?A. M anufactured goodsB. A gricultural goodsC. S ervicesD. M ining products33. _____ have/has the most to gain from reductions in agricultural tariffs and subsidies thatare a part of the Doha agenda.A. T he world's developed nationsB. T he world's poorer nationsC. E uropean nationsD. T he United States34. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the reduction in trade barriers andrestrictions on FDI since 1950?A. F irms are dispersing parts of their production process to global locations to drive downproduction costs and increase product quality.B. T he economies of the world's nation states are becoming more intertwined.C. N ations are becoming more independent of each other for important goods andservices.D. T he world has become significantly wealthier since 1950.35. The financial crisis in the U.S. in 2009 was triggered by _____.A. t he global hike in the price of crude oilB. t he slowdown in U.S. importsC. t he problems in the U.S. subprime mortgage lending marketD. t he artificial fixing of currency rate by China36. _____ predicts that the power of microprocessor technology doubles and its cost ofproduction falls in half every 18 months.A. K eynes's LawB. S ay's LawC. M oore's LawD. S ullivan Principles37. Containerization allows:A. r eduction of the time needed to get from one location to another.B. s implification of transshipment from one mode of transport to another.C. b uyers and sellers to find each other easily.D. e nterprises to coordinate and control a globally dispersed production system.38. The relative decline of the United States in the share of world output and world exportsreflects _____.A. a n increase in the barriers to foreign trade in the U.S.B. t he deepening of the global financial crisisC. t he reduced industrialization in developing nationsD. t he growth in the economic development of the world economy39. In the 1970s, many Japanese firms invested in North America and Europe:A. t o avoid a highly competitive domestic market.B. t o exploit high domestic tariff barriers.C. a s a hedge against unfavorable currency movements.D. t o take advantage of low labor costs.40. What is the total cumulative value of foreign investments best referred to as?A. A ccumulation of foreign sharesB. P ortfolio investmentsC. S tock of foreign direct investmentsD. S tock market investments36. Throughout the 1990s, the amount of foreign direct investment directed at both developedand developing nations increased dramatically. This trend reflects:A. a slowdown in global economic activity.B. t he increasing share of the U.S. in the total FDI stock.C. t he decline in cross-border flows of foreign direct investment.D. t he increasing internationalization of business corporations.37. Which of the following countries has been the largest recipient of foreign directinvestment and received about $60 billion to $100 billion a year in inflows in 2004-2009?A. B razilB. R ussiaC. I ndiaD. C hina68. A multinational enterprise (MNE) is a firm that _____.A. e xports its products to multiple countriesB. h as production units in more than two countriesC. d oes most of its business on the InternetD. l ists its securities on a public exchange39. Which of these statements pertaining to cross-border FDI flows is true?A. T here was a growth of FDI between 2004 and 2007.B. A slump in FDI from 1998 to 2000 was followed by a surge from 2001 to 2003.C. A mong developing nations, the largest recipient of FDI has been Russia.D. T he dramatic increase in FDI reflects the decreasing internationalization of businesscorporations.40. Since the 1960s, which of the following has been a notable trend in the demographics ofthe multinational enterprise?A. T he decline of multinational companies in the manufacturing sectorB. T he growth of government-owned multinational enterprisesC. T he decline of non-U.S. multinationalsD. T he growth of mini-multinationals46. NAFTA was passed only after:A. C hina agreed to establish a higher minimum wage.B. t he U.S. agreed to limit the number of jobs that could be outsourced.C. M exico committed to tougher enforcement of environmental protection regulations.D. C anada committed to establish new limits on FDI.47. Globalization is criticized because it increases the power of _____.A. g overnments to own enterprisesB. u nskilled labor to form labor unionsC. s upranational organizations over nation-statesD. n ation-states to regulate markets and reduce competition48. The World Trade Organization has estimated that the developed nations of the world canraise global economic welfare by $128 billion by:A. r emoving subsidies given to their agricultural producers.B. i ncreasing tariff barriers to trade in agriculture.C. i ncreasing outsourcing of manufacturing processes.D. R educing defence expenditure.49. An international business, unlike a multinational enterprise, _____.A. n eeds to have manufacturing units in at least two foreign nationsB. n eeds to manufacture products or provide services that target a global marketC. n eed not customize its products to the requirements of national marketsD. n eed not invest directly in operations in other countries50. Which of the following statements is true about an international business?A. A n international business needs to invest directly in operations in other countries.B. A n international business needs to have homogenous practices across countries.C. A n international business can be managed in the same way that a domestic business ismanaged.D. A n international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed bygovernment intervention.。
《世界经济概论》 教学大纲 及 教案全套
《世界经济概论》教学大纲及教案全套第一章：世界经济导论1.1 世界经济的基本概念1.2 世界经济的发展历程1.3 世界经济的组成部分1.4 世界经济的研究方法第二章：国际分工与贸易2.1 国际分工的定义与形式2.2 国际贸易的理论与实证2.3 贸易政策与国际贸易2.4 贸易自由化与保护主义第三章：国际金融市场3.1 国际金融市场的概述3.2 国际货币体系3.3 外汇市场与汇率决定3.4 国际资本流动与金融监管第四章：国际经济组织4.1 国际经济组织的概述4.2 世界贸易组织（WTO）4.3 国际货币基金组织（IMF）4.4 世界银行集团（WBG）第五章：区域经济一体化5.1 区域经济一体化的概念与类型5.2 欧洲联盟（EU）5.3 北美自由贸易区（NAFTA）5.4 亚洲太平洋经济合作组织（APEC）第六章：全球产业分布与跨国公司6.1 全球产业分布的特点与趋势6.2 跨国公司的角色与影响6.3 跨国公司的组织结构与经营策略6.4 跨国公司与全球经济一体化第七章：国际转移定价与税收7.1 转移定价的概念与方法7.2 跨国公司转移定价的策略7.3 国际税收体系与税收协定7.4 转移定价对国家税收的影响及应对措施第八章：国际政治经济关系8.1 国际政治经济关系的基本理论8.2 国家利益与国际合作8.3 国际冲突与经济制裁8.4 发展中国家在国际政治经济中的地位与作用第九章：全球环境问题与可持续发展9.1 全球环境问题的现状与挑战9.2 可持续发展理论及其内涵9.3 国际环境治理与合作9.4 绿色经济和低碳发展第十章：世界经济前景与挑战10.1 世界经济发展趋势分析10.2 全球经济面临的挑战与风险10.3 全球化进程中的政策选择10.4 我国应对全球经济挑战的策略与展望第十一章：国际金融市场与衍生品11.1 国际金融市场的基本构成11.2 金融衍生品市场概述11.3 利率、汇率和股票市场的衍生品11.4 金融衍生品的风险与管理第十二章：国际能源市场12.1 世界能源资源分布与消费12.2 国际能源市场的基本机制12.3 能源价格的决定因素12.4 能源政策与国际合作第十三章：国际劳动力流动13.1 国际劳动力流动的类型与原因13.2 劳动力流动对迁入国和迁出国的影响13.3 国际移民政策与管理13.4 全球化背景下的国际劳动力市场第十四章：国际旅游产业14.1 国际旅游产业的基本特征14.2 旅游需求、供给与国际旅游市场14.3 旅游业的可持续发展14.4 旅游政策与国际合作第十五章：世界经济与中国15.1 中国经济在世界经济中的地位15.2 中国参与国际经济合作与竞争15.3 中国对外经济政策与发展战略15.4 中国与世界经济未来的展望重点和难点解析第一章：世界经济导论重点：理解世界经济的基本概念、发展历程和组成部分。
克鲁格曼国际经济学答案（英文）
Overview of Section IInternational Trade TheorySection I of the text is comprised of six chapters: Chapter 2 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model Chapter 3 Specific Factors and Income Distribution Chapter 4 Resources and Trade: The Heckscher-Ohlin Model Chapter 5 The Standard Trade Model Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade Chapter 7 International Factor Movements T Section I Overview Section I of the text presents the theory of international trade. The intent of this section is to explore the motives for and implications of patterns of trade between countries. The presentation proceeds by introducing successively more general models of trade, where the generality is provided by increasing the number of factors used in production, by increasing the mobility of factors of production across sectors of the economy, by introducing more general technologies applied to production, and by examining different types of market structure. Throughout Section I, policy concerns and current issues are used to emphasize the relevance of the theory of international trade for interpreting and understanding our economy. Chapter 2 gives a brief overview of world trade. In particular, it discusses what we know about the quantities and pattern of world trade today. The chapter uses the empirical relationship known as the gravity model as a framework to describe trade. This framework describes trade as a function of the size of the economies involved and their distance. It can then be used to see where countries are trading more or less than expected. The chapter also notes the growth in world trade over the previous decades and uses the previous era of globalization (pre-WWI) as context for today’s experience. Chapter 3 introduces you to international trade theory through a framework known as the Ricardian model of trade. This model addresses the issue of why two countries would want to trade with each other. This model shows how mutually-beneficial trade arises when there are two countries, each with one factor of production which can be applied toward producing each of two goods. Key concepts are introduced, such as the production possibilities frontier, comparative advantage versus absolute advantage, gains from trade, relative prices, and relative wages across countries. 4 Krugman/Obstfeld • International Economics: Theory and Policy, Seventh Edition Chapter 4 introduces what is known as the classic Heckscher-Ohlin model of international trade. Using this framework, you can work through the effects of trade on wages, prices and output. Many important and intuitive results are derived in this chapter including: the Rybczynski Theorem, the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem, and the Factor Price Equalization Theorem. Implications of the Heckscher-Ohlin model for the pattern of trade among countries are discussed, as are the failures of empirical evidence to confirm the predictions of the theory. The chapter also introduces questions of political economy in trade. One important reason for this addition to the model is to consider the effects of trade on income distribution. This approach shows that while nations generally gain from international trade, it is quite possible that specific groups within these nations could be harmed by this trade. This discussion, and related questions about protectionism versus globalization, becomes broader and even more interesting as you work through the models and different assumptions of subsequent chapters. Chapter 5 presents a general model of international trade which admits the models of the previous chapters as special cases. This “standard trade model” is depicted graphically by a general equilibrium trade model as applied to a small open economy. Relative demand and relative supply curves are used to analyze a variety of policy issues, such as the effects of economic growth, the transfer problem, and the effects of trade tariffs and production subsidies. The appendix to the chapter develops offer curve analysis. While an extremely useful tool, the standard model of trade fails to account for some important aspects of international trade. Specifically, while the factor proportions Heckscher-Ohlin theories explain some trade flows between countries, recent research in international economics has placed an increasing emphasis on economies of scale in production and imperfect competition among firms. Chapter 6 presents models of international trade that reflect these developments. The chapter begins by reviewing the concept of monopolistic competition among firms, and then showing the gains from trade which arise in such imperfectly competitive markets. Next, internal and external economies of scale in production and comparative advantage are discussed. The chapter continues with a discussion of the importance of intra-industry trade, dumping, and external economies of production. The subject matter of this chapter is important since it shows how gains from trade arise in ways that are not suggested by the standard, more traditional models of international trade. The subject matter also is enlightening given the increased emphasis on intra-industry trade in industrialized countries. Chapter 7 focuses on international factor mobility. This departs from previous chapters which assumed that the factors of production available for production within a country could not leave a country’s borders. Reasons for and the effects of international factor mobility are discussed in the context of a one-factor (labor) production and trade model. The analysis of the international mobility of labor motivates a further discussion of international mobility of capital. The international mobility of capital takes the form of international borrowing and lending. This facilitates the discussion of inter-temporal production choices and foreign direct investment behavior. 。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融部分)课后习题答案(英文版)第一章
CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONChapter OrganizationWhat is International Economics About?The Gains from TradeThe Pattern of TradeProtectionismThe Balance of PaymentsExchange-Rate DeterminationInternational Policy CoordinationThe International Capital MarketInternational Economics: Trade and MoneyCHAPTER OVERVIEWThe intent of this chapter is to provide both an overview of the subject matter of international economics and to provide a guide to the organization of the text. It is relatively easy for an instructor to motivate the study of international trade and finance. The front pages of newspapers, the covers of magazines, and the lead reports of television news broadcasts herald the interdependence of the U.S. economy with the rest of the world. This interdependence may also be recognized by students through their purchases of imports of all sorts of goods, their personal observations of the effects of dislocations due to international competition, and their experience through travel abroad.The study of the theory of international economics generates an understanding of many key events that shape our domestic and international environment. In recent history, these events include the causes and consequences of the large current account deficits of the United States; the dramatic appreciation of the dollar during the first half of the 1980s followed by its rapid depreciation in the second half of the 1980s; the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s and the Mexico crisis in late 1994; and the increased pressures for industry protection against foreign competition broadly voiced in the late 1980s and more vocally espoused in the first half of the 1990s. Most recently, the financial crisis that began in East Asia in 1997 andspread to many countries around the globe and the Economic and Monetary Union in Europe have highlighted the way in which various national economies are linked and how important it is for us to understand these connections. At the same time, protests at global economic meetings have highlighted opposition to globalization. The text material will enable students to understand the economic context in which such events occur.Chapter 1 of the text presents data demonstrating the growth in trade and increasing importance of international economics. This chapter also highlights and briefly discusses seven themes which arise throughout the book. These themes include: 1) the gains from trade;2) the pattern of trade; 3) protectionism; 4), the balance of payments; 5) exchange rate determination; 6) international policy coordination; and 7) the international capital market. Students will recognize that many of the central policy debates occurring today come under the rubric of one of these themes. Indeed, it is often a fruitful heuristic to use current events to illustrate the force of the key themes and arguments which are presented throughout the text.。
世界经济概论英文版答案
世界经济概论英文版答案Chapter I3. What are the stages of the formation and development of the world economy?The formation of the world economy has generally gone through three historical stages:(1) Budding period. The discovery of geography began in the middle and late 18th century and lasted for nearly 300 years.(2) Initial formation period. This period began with the British industrial revolution around the 1860s and completed the establishment of industrial society in European and American countries around the 1870s, including the whole period of capitalism, which lasted about 100 years. The formation of the world economy in this period was based on the large machinery industry, mainly marked by the establishment of the international division of labor system and the development of the world market.(3) Final formation period. From the 1870s to the beginning of the20th century, with the deepening of international division of labor and the expansion of the scope of the world market, especially the great progress of production and capital internationalization characterized by capital export, and the completion of the division of world territory, the real world economy finally took shape.Chapter II1. How to understand the process and connotation of economic globalization?Process: economic globalization is a process and a state of the development of the world economy to a higher level. Economic globalization is driven by the contemporary scientific and technological revolution, the market economy and the great development of multinational corporations. The great development of international trade, international finance, international investment, international transportationand communication, as well as the migration of international population, has led to the large-scale flow of production factors all over the world, and expanded the internal division of labor of enterprise production into a global division of labor, It is a state and process of unprecedented acceleration and deepening of interdependence and integration of countries by optimizing the combination and allocation of production factors on a global scale.Connotation: (1) economic globalization is the unity of economic category and historical category(2) Economic globalization is a concept related to time and space(3) The essence of economic globalization is the globalization of capital and its carrier expansion(4) Economic globalization is dominated by developed countries, and there are many asymmetries in its structure.2. Reasons and manifestations of the accelerated process of post-war economic globalization.Reasons: (1) the great development of scientific and technological revolution(2) The market economy system expands to the whole world(3) The development of trade, investment and financial liberalization in western countries(4) The great development of multinational corporations.Performance: (1) trade liberalization and global networking: with trade liberalization and information networking, the scope and scale of world trade have expanded sharply(2) Globalization of financial, monetary and investment markets: globalization of financial markets, currency circulation and investment activities(3) Globalization of human resource flow: the number and scope of worldwide immigrants have expanded, the transnational training and flowof talents have increased significantly, and the trend of "hidden transnational flow" of talents has increased.(4) The formation of global industrial chain and the globalization of international production system: the development of global industrialization and the formation of industrial chain followed by echelons around the world; Formation of global production system(5) The international economic coordination mechanism has gradually taken shape.3. How to understand the opportunities and challenges brought by economic globalization to developing countries?Opportunities: developing countries and regions adapt to the general trend of economic globalization, actively take advantage of the opportunities of deepening international division of labor and worldwide industrial structure adjustment, adopt opening-up strategies and policies in line with their national conditions, introduce foreign capital, technology and management experience, and improve their industrial structure and product quality, We should improve the competitiveness of our national enterprises as soon as possible, vigorously develop foreign trade, fully and reasonably allocate domestic resources and realize the rapid development of our economy. Economic globalization can also promote political reform in developing countries and accelerate the process of democratization.Challenges: (1) developing countries are at a disadvantage in the current process of economic globalization. With the rapid development of Global trade and global production system, the national economy of developing countries is facing great pressure and impact, and its dependence on developed countries is also increasing.(2) Economic globalization has led to and exacerbated the further imbalance of world economic development, and developing countries lag behind developed countries, especially those at the bottom.(3) the unbalanced development of China's developing countries is also increasing, which poses a potential threat to investment, stimulatesthe development of the bubble economy, and lays hidden danger for the financial crisis.(4) The biggest problem or threat brought by economic globalization to developing countries is that their national sovereignty has been impacted and weakened, and their national economic security has been challenged.(5) It has brought enormous pressure on the reform of developing countries. Economic globalization has strengthened the economic transmission and synchronization. How to accept the positive transmission and curb the negative transmission has become a major problem urgently needed to be solved by developing countries.5. What impact has economic globalization had on national sovereignty and the world pattern?Economic globalization has impacted national sovereignty, and mutual coordination has become the main theme of the times. Originally a unique right of a country, it has increasingly become a common power of the international community. National economic activities are increasingly operating in accordance with international treaties, agreements, norms and practices; The improvement of the status of multinational corporations in the economic life of various countries weakens the intervention of the state in industrial policy.Economic globalization is one of the decisive factors in the development, evolution and final formation of the world pattern after the cold war. As economic globalization has greatly strengthened the role of the law of unbalanced development, the status of some countries in the world pattern has declined, while the influence and role of others in the world pattern have increased. In this way, the world pattern, as the global core structure, will undergo a major adjustment in the balance of power. Economic globalization has promoted world multipolarization, which has enhanced human harmony.In economic globalization, with the accelerated transfer and movement of production factors in the world, the problem of global public hazards has become increasingly prominent. Their harm involves not only developing countries, but also developed countries, and even the whole world. Therefore, the process of economic globalization will inevitably bring many international political and economic frictions.Chapter III1. What are the basic characteristics of the post-war scientific and technological revolution? What impact does it have on the development of national economy and world economy?Basic features of the post-war scientific and technological revolution:1) Comprehensive and worldwide. 2) The scientific revolution and the technological revolution have developed simultaneously and formed the integration of science, technology and production.3) The machine system, labor style and lifestyle have been innovated. 4) the development of science and technology and its application in production have been strongly supported by the government.Impact: the post-war scientific and technological revolution has brought about great development of social productive forces and great changes in the structure of productive forces:(1) The great development of productive forces. It has greatly improved labor productivity, expanded capital accumulation and expanded the commodity market.(2) The transformation of the substantive elements of productivity: the workers are becoming more and more intelligent, the labor tools are becoming more and more automatic, and the labor objects are becoming more and more artificial.(3) Strengthening of non substantive elements of productivity: Science and technology has become the first productivity, and education has become an important reinforcing element in modern productivity.(4) Changes in industrial structure. The basic feature of its change is the shift of the focus of industrial structure. The proportion of material production sectors such as industry and agriculture in the national economy decreased, while the proportion of non-material production sectors such as service industry increased.The third scientific and technological revolution raised the level of world productivity and accelerated the recovery and development of the world economy after the war; Promoted the development of international trade; It has promoted the development of multinational corporations and international economic integration, widened the gap between the rich and the poor all over the world, and promoted the changes of social production relations all over the world(5) The third scientific and technological revolution not only brought about the modernization of things, caused changes in the way of labor and life, and gradually modernized people's ideas, ways of thinking, ways of behavior and ways of life.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
GATT and WTO
• GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs 1947
• Three principles: 1. equal, non-discriminatory trade treatment for all member nations; 2. the reduction of tariffs by multilateral negotiation; 3.the elimination of import quotas.
• Comparative advantage e.g.chartered accountant or painter? • Opportunity cost • Note: absolute advantage
Reasons and Effects
• An economy’s annual GDP: C+I+G+(X-M)
theory
Benefits of Free Trade
• Promotes competition and deters monopoly • Increased variety of goods and services
available to consumers
• Free trade has led to prosperity and growth and that protectionism has had the opposite effects
• Voluntary export restraint (VER) • Standards • Subsidy
Arguments for Trade Protection
• National security argument：selfsufficiency
• Increased domestic employment argument: Job creation from imports Fallacy of composition Possibility of retaliation Long-run feedbacks
Trade Barriers
• Tariffs: specific Tariffs and Ad Valorem Tariffs revenue tariff protective tariff
• non-tariff barrier (NTB):licenses and quotas Quota: import and export quota
Arguments for Trade Protection
• Diversification for Stability Argument • Infant-industry argument • Protection against dumping argument • Cheap foreign labor argument • The retaliation argument
Chapter 1 International Trade
Reasons and Effects
• Why do nations trade?
• The distribution of natural, human, and capital resources among nations is uneven; nations differ in their endowments of economic resources.
advantage
Development of International Trade Theories
• Government intervention: tariff • Adam Smith: absolute advantage
“the invisible hand” • David Ricardo: comparative advantage
Development of International Trade Theories
• H-O model: factors of production • Raymond Vernon: International product life
cycle theory • The late 1970s and early 1980s: New trade
• Trade surplus and trade deficit • Exports and imports • Exchange rate: appreciation and depreciation
competitive devaluation
Development of International Trade Theories
• Efficient production of various goods requires different technologies or combinations of resources.
• Products are differentiated as to quality and other non-price attributes. Some people may prefer certain imported goods to similar goods made domestically.
Reasons and Effects
• Japan: labor-intensive goods • Australia: land-intensive goods • Industrially advanced economies: capital-
intensive goods
Reasons and Effects