中山大学外科学(泌尿外)2019年考博真题试卷
泌尿外科考试题及答案
泌尿外科考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪项不是泌尿系统的主要器官？A. 肾脏B. 输尿管C. 胆囊D. 膀胱答案：C2. 以下哪个症状不是泌尿系感染的常见表现？A. 尿频B. 尿急C. 腹痛D. 血尿答案：C3. 肾盂肾炎是由哪种类型的细菌引起的？A. 真菌B. 病毒C. 细菌D. 寄生虫答案：C4. 以下哪种药物是治疗良性前列腺增生的首选药物？A. 抗生素B. 利尿剂C. α受体拮抗剂D. 抗真菌药答案：C5. 以下哪种情况需要进行肾脏移植？A. 肾盂肾炎B. 肾结石C. 慢性肾功能衰竭D. 膀胱炎答案：C二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）6. 泌尿系统的主要功能是________和________。
答案：排泄代谢废物，调节体内水分和电解质平衡7. 男性尿道分为________、________和________。
答案：前列腺部、膜部、海绵体部8. 膀胱癌的常见症状包括________、________和________。
答案：血尿、尿频、尿急9. 前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）是一种________，常用于前列腺癌的筛查。
答案：血清肿瘤标志物10. 肾脏移植后，患者需要长期服用________以预防排斥反应。
答案：免疫抑制剂三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）11. 简述泌尿系结石的常见类型及其特点。
答案：泌尿系结石主要包括钙盐结石、尿酸结石、感染性结石和囊性结石。
钙盐结石是最常见的类型，通常由草酸钙或磷酸钙组成，质地较硬。
尿酸结石由尿酸盐组成，通常在酸性尿液中形成，质地较软。
感染性结石与泌尿系感染有关，可能含有细菌和死亡细胞。
囊性结石则与遗传性疾病有关，如胱氨酸尿症。
12. 描述前列腺癌的诊断流程。
答案：前列腺癌的诊断通常包括数字直肠检查（DRE）、血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）水平测定、前列腺活检和影像学检查。
如果DRE发现异常或PSA水平升高，医生可能会建议进行前列腺活检以获取组织样本进行病理学检查。
泌尿外科考试题库及答案
泌尿外科试题及答案单选题1.血尿是下列哪种肿瘤的早期临床表现A.肾癌B.肾盂癌C.肾肉瘤D.肾母细胞瘤E.肾错构瘤正确答案：B答案解析：肾盂癌早期即可出现间歇性无痛性肉眼血尿。
2.下列哪种疾病最易出现无痛性血尿A.肾盂肿瘤B.肾囊肿C.肾结核D.肾结石E.泌尿系感染正确答案：A答案解析：无痛性血尿除非另有其他的证据，提示泌尿系肿瘤，肾盂癌早期即可出现间歇性无痛性肉眼血尿。
3.下列各项中哪种不是引起尿频的原因A.膀胱炎B.膀胱憩室C.神经源性膀胱D.前列腺肥大慢性尿潴留E.膀胱结石正确答案：B答案解析：尿频由泌尿、生殖道炎症、膀胱结石、肿瘤、前列腺增生、精神因素等原因引起。
4.运动性血尿的特点A.血尿程度与运动量无关B.血尿常伴有其他症状C.血生化、肾功能及X线检查可能出现异常D.一般持续1周E.是一种局限的良性过程，预后良好正确答案：E答案解析：①血尿在运动后即刻出现，血尿的严重程度与运动量和运动强度大小有密切关系；②除尿血外，一般没有其他症状和异常情况；③血液化验、肾功能检查、腹部X光照像及肾盂造影等项检查均属正常；④出现尿血后立即停止运动，绝大多数在3天内血尿停止。
5.尿道造影时患者一般采用哪种体位A.正位B.侧位C.斜位D.卧位E.平卧位正确答案：C答案解析：尿道造影时患者一般采用斜位。
6.在尿沉淀中找到移行上皮癌细胞，那么可不考虑下列哪种情况A.肾盂癌B.输尿管癌C.膀胱癌D.尿道癌E.肾癌正确答案：E答案解析：肾癌的组织病理为：以透明细胞，颗粒细胞和梭形细胞为主。
其他病理组织包括嗜色细胞、嫌色细胞、肾集合管细胞，不包括移行细胞。
7.血尿最多见的原因是A.泌尿系感染B.肿瘤C.结核D.损伤E.泌尿生殖畸形正确答案：A答案解析：血尿是泌尿系感染性疾病重要的症状之一。
A.前列腺炎B.精囊炎C.膀胱炎D.泌尿系结核E.前列腺结石正确答案：B答案解析：血精通常继发于精囊的良性充血或感染。
9.常常由结核引起的是A.精索静脉曲张B.鞘膜积液C.鞘膜积血D.睾丸肿瘤E.附睾炎正确答案：E答案解析：附睾结核形成寒性脓肿，合并细菌感染时常常表现为急性附睾炎。
男科(考博)复习试题
男科（考博）复习试题1、男性不育的病患中，大约有20%的患者会有性激素的异常，下列选项中何者不是针对不育患者做性激素检查的适应症：（A）精液分析中精子密度小于10x106/ml（B）性功能障碍（C）甲状腺功能异常（D）先天输精管缺乏（E）以上皆是2、下列叙述何者为非？（A）非梗阻性无精子症患者中约有3﹪～18﹪的病例具有Y染色体基因缺损。
（B）Kallmann 氏症候群患者大部分是因为Y染色体长臂上之基因缺损引起。
（C）先天性双侧输精管发育不全症和CFTR基因突变具有相关性。
（D）男性不育症患者中最常见的染色体疾病为Klinefelter氏症候群。
（E）男性不育症患者若有Y染色体上AZFa 或AZFb整段缺损，则睪丸取精术的成功率明显降低。
3、下列何种药物不会导致性功能障碍？（A）Insulin（胰岛素）（B）Marijuana（大麻）（C）Estrogen（雌激素）（D）Digoxin（地高辛）（E）Ketoconazole（酮康唑）4、用选择性5-羟色胺再吸收抑制（SSRI，抗压抑药物）治疗早泄病患时，哪一种具有最强的延迟早泄效果。
（A）Paroxetine（帕罗西丁）（B）Fluoxetine.（氟西汀，百忧解）（C）Sertraline.（舍曲林）（D）Clomipramine.（氯丙咪嗪）（E）Imipramine.（丙咪嗪）5、睪丸切除是否会降低血液中总睾酮、游离睾酮或雌二醇的含量，下列叙述何者正确？（A）只有总睾酮减少（B）总睾酮和游离睾酮减少（C）总睾酮和雌二醇减少（D）游离睾酮和雌二醇减少（E）总睾酮、游离睾酮及雌二醇均减少6、下列何种药物会抑制阴茎勃起？（A）Nitroglycerin（硝酸甘油）（B）Imipramine （丙咪嗪）（C）Guanethidine （胍乙啶）（D）Phenoxy benzamine （苯氧基苯扎明）（E）Sildenafil（西地那非）7、长期肾衰竭的病人引起不育，请问下列何者不是其生殖功能异常的表现？（A）Gynecomastia（男子女性型乳房）（B）Hypogonadism （性腺机能减退）（C）FSH及LH降低（D）性欲降低（E）Oligospermia （性腺机能减退）8、电刺激射精可以使脊椎受伤的病人排出精液，以进行人工生殖。
中山大学 考博真题 外科学(普外) 2008-2021年答案
山大学 2021 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：外科学一、必答题（80 分）1、急性阑尾炎可能检查到的什么体征？（8 分）答：1、右下腹压痛，是急性阑尾炎最常见的重要体征，压痛点通常位于麦氏点 2、腹膜刺激征象，反跳痛，腹肌紧张，肠鸣音减弱或消失 3、右下腹包块 4、结肠充气试验阳性 5、腰大肌试验阳性说明阑尾位于腰大肌前方，盲肠后位或腹膜后位。
6、闭孔内肌试验阳性提示阑尾靠近闭孔内肌。
2、病人手术区消毒涂抹消毒液有哪些注意事项？（6 分）答：（1）消毒前检查皮肤有无破损及感染；（2）蘸消毒液不可过多，一般从切口中心向四周涂攃，但肛门和感染伤口手术，应由外向肛门或感染伤口；（3）污染的消毒液纱布，不能再用来涂攃清洁处；（4）消毒范围要包括切口周围至少15cm区域；（5）消毒者手勿接触病人的皮肤及其他物品，消毒完毕，应再用消毒继涂攃，然后穿手术衣，戴无菌手套。
3、请简述腹部损伤剖腹探查的适应症（8 分）答：（1）腹痛和腹膜刺激征有进行性加重或范围扩大者；（2）肠蠕动音逐渐减弱、消失或出现明显腹胀者；（3）全身情况有恶化趋势；（4）红细胞计数进行性下降者；（5）血压由稳定转为不稳定甚至下降者；（6）胃肠出血者；（7）积极救治休克而情况不见好或继续恶化者。
4、胃底-食道下段交通支由什么静脉组成？（5 分）答：（1）门静脉系统的：胃左静脉，胃短静脉；腔静脉系统的肋间静脉，膈-食管静脉，奇静脉，半奇静脉分支；5、导致腹壁强度降低的常见因素有哪些？（5 分）答：（1）腹白线发育不良；（2）切口感染所致术后伤口愈合不良；（3）股管（4）股环（5）腹股沟管（6）老年；（7）肥胖（8）肌萎缩（9）外伤（10）腹壁神经损伤6、简述原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床表现。
（7 分）答：（1）甲状腺肿大，性格急躁，容易激动，两手颤动；（2）怕热，多汗皮肤潮湿，食欲亢进但却消瘦，体重减轻；（3）心悸，脉快有力，内分泌紊乱，以及无力易疲劳，出现肢体近端肌萎缩；其中脉率增快，及脉压增大最为重要，常可作为判断病情程度和治疗效果的重要标志。
中山大学外科学(泌尿外)2019年考博真题试卷
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2019年ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（泌尿外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共课 简答题（80’）：
第1页 共1页
1. 简述破伤风的临床表现。（7’） 2. 试述腹部外伤的手术探查指征。（7’） 3. 根据哪些临床表现，急性阑尾炎临床诊断可以成立？（7’） 4. 什么是包茎？有哪些危害？（7’） 5. 男，65岁，因“进行性吞咽困难1个月”，门诊胃镜检查提示“食管肿物”入院。查体：神志清，对答切题， 缺水貌，心肺检查无异常，腹部膨隆，肠鸣音消失，四肢肌力减弱，腱反射减退。血钾30mmol/L，请回 答：病人可能存在哪种酸碱平衡失调？入院检查尿液pH为4.5，请解释原因。（7’） 6. ERAS的英文和中文全称是什么？ERAS带来的益处包括哪些？（7’） 7. 请简述乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的定义、临床意义和定位方法。（7’） 8. 简述外科感染抗菌药联合用药的指征。（7’） 9. TIPS手术的中英文全称是什么？简述其操作过程及主要适应症。（7’） 10. 儿童跌倒后，肘部肿痛、畸形，肘关节活动障碍，临床上如何鉴别肱骨髁上骨折还是肘关节脱位？（7’） 11. 试述急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的治疗原则及具体治疗措施。（10’） 泌尿外科（20’）： 12. CRPC的定义、中英文全称及其诊断标准是什么？目前临床上治疗CRPC的常见药物有哪几类？ 13. 输尿管镜碎石取石术围手术期及远期分别有哪些并发症？
博士外科试题及答案
博士外科试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 微创原则D. 快速原则答案：D2. 以下哪个不是外科手术中常用的止血方法？A. 压迫止血B. 电凝止血C. 药物止血D. 冷敷止血答案：D3. 外科手术中最常用的麻醉方式是？A. 全身麻醉B. 局部麻醉C. 椎管内麻醉D. 神经阻滞麻醉答案：B4. 以下哪种情况不适合进行腹腔镜手术？A. 腹腔内粘连严重B. 腹腔内肿瘤较大C. 腹腔内炎症较轻D. 腹腔内肿瘤较小答案：A5. 以下哪种情况需要紧急手术处理？A. 慢性阑尾炎B. 急性胆囊炎C. 慢性胃炎D. 胃溃疡答案：B二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 外科手术中常用的缝合材料包括哪些？A. 丝线B. 肠线C. 可吸收线D. 不可吸收线答案：ABCD2. 以下哪些是术后常见的并发症？A. 感染B. 出血C. 血栓形成D. 切口裂开答案：ABCD3. 以下哪些措施可以预防术后感染？A. 术前备皮B. 术中无菌操作C. 术后使用抗生素D. 术后保持切口干燥答案：ABCD三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述外科手术前的基本准备步骤。
答案：外科手术前的基本准备步骤包括：病史收集、体格检查、实验室检查、术前讨论、手术方案制定、术前谈话、术前禁食水、术前用药等。
2. 描述一下术后伤口感染的临床表现。
答案：术后伤口感染的临床表现包括：伤口红肿、疼痛、分泌物增多、发热、白细胞计数升高、伤口裂开等。
四、论述题（每题10分，共20分）1. 论述腹腔镜手术与传统开腹手术相比的优势。
答案：腹腔镜手术与传统开腹手术相比的优势包括：创伤小、术后恢复快、疼痛轻、住院时间短、美观、并发症少等。
2. 论述术后疼痛管理的重要性及其方法。
答案：术后疼痛管理的重要性在于：减轻患者痛苦、促进术后恢复、提高患者生活质量、防止并发症的发生。
术后疼痛管理的方法包括：多模式镇痛、患者自控镇痛、神经阻滞、局部麻醉等。
中山医考博外科真题分类版
中山医考博外科真题分类版一、 外科总论1. 水电解质平衡；水电解质酸碱平衡失调的治疗原则；代谢性酸中毒的病因、临床表现及诊断；低钙血症常见于那些疾病？临床表现？2. 多器官衰竭诊断标准 ，MODS的中英文名称及定义，SIRL写出中英文全称及临床指标；MODS的常见外科病因3. 休克引起心功能障碍的原因有那些？，感染性休克的治疗原则；感染性休克的治疗原则4. 简述创伤的并发症；手急性化脓性腱鞘炎和深部间隙感染与解剖的关系？5、疼痛的三阶梯治疗原则、各举两种代表药物6、骨突浅面的皮肤受体重压迫4小时以上就有可能因毛细血管闭塞、营养不良而坏死，形成压迫性溃疡（褥疮）。
因而对卧床不能翻身的病人，每2小时即需被动翻身一次。
请考虑身体什么部位的褥疮最为常见？共有那些骨突可能形成褥疮（应考虑不同的坐、卧位）？7、心肺复苏术中初期复苏治疗措施8、烧伤：浅2度，深2度烧伤的鉴别，用表表示！；烧伤创面早期切痂、削痂的病理生理学基础；什么是冷伤？冻结性冷伤的病例生理学和三度伤的局部临床表现；烧伤的分级、分度；削痂植皮；瘢痕增生的可能因素。
烧伤休克期切痂的必要性。
9、什么是脓毒症、菌血症；简述外科感染联合抗炎的适应症；简述破伤风的处理原则。
10、简述输血的并发症或不良反应；输血的并发症；与成分输血相比，输全血有何缺点11、简述肠外营养的并发症；肠外营养的指征及禁忌症；简述外科营养代谢并发症有哪些？；什么是BMI？如何测算及对营养状态诊断的标准？12.手术器械消毒方法应该具有的原则；简述手臂洗手消毒后为何还需戴消毒手套？13.皮脂囊肿是属于什么囊肿及临床特点14、简述腹部切口裂开的主要原因。
有何表现？15、简述Fast track surgery及目的与主要措施。
二、 普外科肝胆：肝癌门静脉转移的临床病理生理；肝门部胆管癌病理、临床表现、诊断；胆道出血病因及临床表现治疗；肝癌治疗新进展；胆管癌的病因，姑息治疗方法中你认为那种最好？；肝功能分级及其临床意义；肝功能的Child分级；CHILD分级A级标准；肝内胆管结石的治疗原则、手术方式、术后复发的处理；何种方法可确诊胆囊息肉?无症状息肉在何种情况下手术治疗；胆囊结石，胆囊息肉在什么情况下行胆囊切除术？急性结石性胆囊炎在什么情况下急诊手术治疗？；急性梗阻化脓性胆管炎有何种手术及非手术治疗方法？在何种情况下手术治疗？；胆道大出血的临床表现及特点，非手术治疗方法及手术指征；肝移植的基本适应症及基本手术方式；简述急性胆源性胰腺炎的治疗；原发性肝癌的治疗方式；胆管炎性狭窄的治疗原则；急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的非手术治疗的措施有哪些？；胆囊癌的Nevin分期以及手术方法；胃肠及其它：胃近端癌R2根治手术方法；腹股沟疝定义，里脱疝、瑞契疝定义及临床特点；吻合口溃疡病因及诊断；上消化道出血的常见原因及治疗原则；上消化道出血剖腹探查的顺序；应激性溃疡的治疗原则；试述胎粪性腹膜炎的临床分型；消化性溃疡穿孔修补术和根治术选择原则？；结肠癌合并急性肠梗阻的处理原则；胃癌的Borrman分型；身体常有一些薄弱区，在异常情况下，某些结构可由正常部位穿过这些薄弱区形成疝，腹内容物有时入一些不寻常的位置，试述身体的一些常见和罕见疝的名称及脱出部位的名称；十二指肠损伤的特点是什么?伤后常见的死亡原因是什么；胃癌根治分级校准,D2胃窦癌的淋巴结分组及名称；腺瘤恶变行肠切除术的指征；何为GIST（胃肠间质癌）？试述其治疗进展？；腹部损伤在什么情况下应考虑腹内脏器损伤；对腹痛病人进行诊断时，应按什么程序进行急腹症的鉴别诊断思考；什么是内痔、外痔和混合痔？内痔的分期？对痔进行治疗时应遵循什么原则？；结直肠癌的高危人群有有哪些？；试述胃癌的pTNM分期（1987）；简述直肠癌根治手术的原则；PPH（吻合器痔上粘膜环切术）的概念、原理、手术适应症及优点。
泌尿外科试题及答案
泌尿外科试题及答案一、单选题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪个器官不属于泌尿系统？A. 肾脏B. 输尿管C. 膀胱D. 胆囊答案：D2. 男性尿道的全长大约是多少？A. 10cmB. 15cmC. 20cmD. 25cm答案：B3. 以下哪种疾病不是泌尿系统疾病？A. 肾结石B. 前列腺炎C. 胆囊炎D. 膀胱炎答案：C4. 肾盂积水最常见的原因是什么？A. 肾结石B. 肾盂肾炎C. 肾小球肾炎D. 肾动脉狭窄答案：A5. 以下哪种检查是诊断泌尿系统疾病最常用的方法？A. X光B. CTC. MRID. 超声波答案：D6. 膀胱癌最常见的症状是什么？A. 尿频B. 尿急C. 血尿D. 尿痛答案：C7. 男性前列腺增生最常用的治疗药物是什么？A. 抗生素B. 抗炎药C. α受体阻滞剂D. 利尿剂答案：C8. 以下哪种情况需要立即进行手术治疗？A. 肾囊肿B. 肾积水C. 肾结石D. 肾小球肾炎答案：B9. 以下哪种检查可以评估肾脏的滤过功能？A. 血常规B. 尿常规C. 血肌酐D. 肾功能试验答案：D10. 以下哪种情况不是进行肾脏移植的禁忌症？A. 活动性感染B. 恶性肿瘤C. 慢性肾病D. 严重心血管疾病答案：C二、多选题（每题3分，共15分）1. 以下哪些是泌尿系统常见的症状？A. 尿频B. 尿急C. 腹痛D. 血尿答案：ABD2. 以下哪些检查可以用于诊断泌尿系统疾病？A. 尿常规B. 血常规C. 肾脏B超D. 尿培养答案：ACD3. 以下哪些是膀胱癌的高危因素？A. 吸烟B. 长期暴露于化学物质C. 经常饮用含糖饮料D. 家族遗传答案：ABD4. 以下哪些是前列腺增生的临床表现？A. 尿频B. 尿急C. 尿痛D. 尿失禁答案：AB5. 以下哪些是肾脏移植的适应症？A. 慢性肾衰竭B. 急性肾损伤C. 肾小球肾炎D. 肾盂积水答案：AC三、判断题（每题1分，共10分）1. 男性尿道比女性尿道短。
2019年中山大学大学博士研究生考试英语真题
中山大学2019年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. The governor was ___ by the public for misusing his power for personal interests.[A] sneaked [B] praised [C] flailed [D] rebuked2. He ___ at his watch before he left the office.[A] glanced[B] glimpsed [C] glared [D] scribbled3. A recent poll shows that, while 81 percent of college students are eligible for some form of financial aid, only 63 percent of these students are __________ such aid.[A] complaining about [B] recipients of[C] dissatisfied with [D] turned down for4. The ____ landlord refused to return the security deposit, claiming falsely that the tenant had damaged the apartment.[A] unscrupulous [B] resplendent [C] divine [D] deceased5. Moby Dick, now regarded as a great work of American literature, was virtually ____ when itwas first published, and it was not until many years later that Melville’s achievements were ____.[A] renowned ... relegated [B] notorious ... justified[C] hailed ... understood [D] ignored ... recognized6. He refused to _____ that he was defeated.[A] burlesque [B] conceive [C] acknowledge [D] probe7. The people stood ______ at the beautiful picture.[A] glaring [B] gazing [C] peeping [D] gasping8. The judge is committed to maintaining a _____ of impartiality.[A] stance [B] motto [C] pretense [D] commotion9. Dell quit dealing in souped-up versions of other companies’products, and started designing,_______ and marketing his own.[A] fashioning [B] assembling [C] pruning [D] slashing10. This law ______ the number of accidents caused by children running across the road whenthey get off the bus.[A] intends reducing [B] intends to be reduced[C] is intended to reduce [D] is intended reducing11. By the time you arrive in London, we_____in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay [B] have stayed [C] will have stayed [D] have been staying12. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge_____ our thinking.[A] which to be based on [B] which to base upon[C] upon which to base [D] to which to be based13. The little man was _____ one meter fifty high.[A] almost more than [B] hardly more than[C] nearly more than [D] as much as14. The young applicant is under great ___ at the thought of up-coming job interview.[A] comprehension[B] apprehension[C] miscomprehension [D] concern15. The successful launch of the Special Olympic Games has demonstrated that ___ Shanghai iswell on its way to become one of the most internalized metropolises worldwide.[A] imperceptibly [B] conceivably [C] deceivably [D] imaginatively16. I would rather ______ trouble and hardship like that than ____ by others.[A] had….take care of [B] have…taken care of[C] had…taken care of[D] have …be taken care of17. One difficulty _______ the components of economic movements lies in the fact that thosecomponents are not completely independent of one another.[A] of isolation [B] in isolating [C] will isolate [D] to isolate18. Interest on short-term government debt soared to an almost unimaginable 210%, which _____a total collapse of investor confidence.[A] amounts to [B] equals to [C] is added up to [D] reaches to19. It’s a general practice for small factories to _____ more workers during times of prosperity,and lay off some when recession hits.[A] take in [B] take over [C] take on [D] take up20. To ______ freedom against tyranny, our fathers laid down these rules.[A] ensure [B] guarantee [C] assure [D] fulfill21. Merdine is her own woman, with an identity from her mother's.[A] discrete [B] distinctive [C] distinct [D] discreet22. She gave him back the money she'd stolen for the sake of her .[A] conscientious [B] consciousness[C] conscious [D] conscience23. They had the attempt to Anderson to the presidency.[A] evolve [B] elevate [C] evoke [D] evince24. I’m afraid our food stock will be ___ before l ong.[A] put up [B] stayed up [C] saved up [D] used up25. Mr. Morrison has a great ___ for anything that is oriental and exotic[A] vision [B] emotion [C] contribution [D] passion26. The subways and buses tend to be ___ during the rush hours.[A] overcrowded [B] overwhelmed[C] overshadowed [D] overgrown27. Every ___ has been taken to evacuate the stranded sailors from Hurricane Betty.[A] pleasure [B] measure[C] pressure [D] leisure28. We were greatly surprised by the way things were done here.[A] what [B] in which[C] as [D] which29. I __________ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.[A] meant [B] has meant [C] was meaning [D] had meant30. When it comes __________ his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.[A] to help [B] and helps [C] to helping [D] to have helpedPart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Three Yale University professors agreed in a panel discussion tonight that the automobile was what one of them called “Public Health Enemy No.1 in this country.” Besides polluting the air and congesting the cities, cars are involved in more than half the disabling accidents, and they cause heart disease “because we don’t walk anywhere anymore,” said Dr. H. Richard Weinerman, professor of medicine and public health. Dr. Weinerman’s sharp criticism of automobile came in a discussion of human environment on Yale Reports, a radio program broadcast by Station WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut. The program opened a three-part series on “Staying Alive.” “For the first time in human history, the problem of man’s survival has to do w ith his control of man-made dangers,” Dr. Weinerman said. “Before this, the problem had been the control of natural dangers.”Relating many of these dangers of the automobile, Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology, said it was possible to make a kerosene-burning car that would “lessen smog by a very large factor.” But he expressed doubt that Americans were willing to give up moving about the countryside at 90miles an hour in a large vehicle. “America seems wedded to the motor car - every family has to have at least two, and one has to be a convertible with 300 horsepower,” Professor Galston continued. “Is this the way of life that we choose because we cherish these values?”For Paul B. Sears, professor of conservation, part of the blame lies with “a soc iety that regards profit as a supreme value, under the false idea that anything that’s technically possible is, therefore, ethically justified.” Professor Sears also called the country’s dependence on its modern automobile “lousy economics” because of the large horsepower used simply “moving one person to work.” But he agreed that Americans have painted themselves into a corner by allowing the national economy to become so reliant on the automobile industry.According to Dr. Weinerman, automobiles, not the factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in American cities, and the smog presents the possibility of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment. “Within another five to ten years, it’s possible to have an epidemic of lung cancer in a city like Los Angeles. This is a new phenomenon in health concern,” he said.The solution, he continued, is “not to find a less dangerous fuel, but a different system of inner-city transportation. Because of the increasing use of cars, public transportation has been allowed to wither and degenerate, so that if you can’t walk to where you want to go, you have to have a car in most cities,” he asserted. This, in turn, Dr. Weinerman contended, is responsible for the “arteriosclerosis” of public roads, for the blight of the inner city and for the middle-class movement to the suburbs.31. The main idea of this article is that _______.[A] Americans are too attached to their cars.[B] American cars run too fast and consume too much fuel.[C] the automobile industry has caused all this to happen.[D] automobiles endanger both the environment and people.32. In paragraph 2, Professor Galston implies that _______.[A] people are more interested in fast automobiles than in their health.[B] kerosene-burning cars would pollute the environment more seriously thangasoline-burning engines do.[C] Americans feel more closely connected to their cars than to the environment.[D] it is not right for every family to have at least two cars.33. In paragraph 3, Professor Sears implies that _______.[A] technology is always good for people.[B] technology is not always good for people.[C] financial profit is more important than technological advancement.[D] technological advancement will improve financial profit.34. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _______.[A] a fuel less dangerous than gasoline must be found.[B] people should get rid of their cars and take the bus to work.[C] public transportation should be improved so that people can become less dependent upontheir cars for inner-city transportation.[D] the only solution to this problem is to build more high ways and more subways.35. Dr. Weinerman would probably agree that _______, if public transportation were improved.[A] the inner city might improve[B] the middle class would move to the suburbs[C] public roads would get worse[D] there would still be an urgent need to build more highwaysPassage TwoQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The Food and Drug Administration said on Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is on pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow; the other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they won’t get into the food supply.The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference on Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois would face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sold them to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning(新兴的)area of scientific research. “This is a small incident, but it’s incidents like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence,” says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to which we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn’t inherited th e genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn’t were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig that was tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market,” says Charles Zukoski, vice cha ncellor for research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university’s agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check w ith FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.36. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ________.[A] Europe[B] an American research organization[C] a meat processing plant[D] an animal farm37. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to ________.[A] get pigs of larger size in a shorter time[B] make sows produce more milk[C] make cows produce more milk[D] make pigs grow more lean meat38. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois ________.[A] was criticized by the FDA[B] is in great trouble[C] is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets[D] may have to pay the penalty39. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets ________.[A] may have side effects on consumers[B] may be harmful to consumers[C] are safe to consumers[D] may cause human illness40. It can be inferred from this passage that ________.[A] all the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[B] part of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[C] none of the o ffspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[D] half of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineeringPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Title:How to handle psychological pressure in today’s competitive lifeNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehensionThere are altogether 12 sections. Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks.Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your will. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。
泌尿外科专科知识考试试题及答案
泌尿外科专科知识考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共40分）1. 以下哪个器官不属于泌尿系统？A. 肾脏B. 输尿管C. 膀胱D. 肝脏答案：D2. 男性尿道长约为：A. 10cmB. 15cmC. 20cmD. 25cm答案：B3. 泌尿系结石最常见的发生部位是：A. 肾脏B. 输尿管C. 膀胱答案：B4. 以下哪个疾病不是泌尿系统肿瘤？A. 肾癌B. 膀胱癌C. 前列腺癌D. 肺癌答案：D5. 前列腺增生症最常见的症状是：A. 尿频B. 尿急C. 尿痛D. 排尿困难答案：D6. 以下哪个疾病不属于泌尿系统感染？A. 肾盂肾炎B. 膀胱炎C. 尿道炎D. 肺炎7. 泌尿系结石的主要成分是：A. 草酸钙B. 磷酸镁C. 尿酸D. 所有以上选项答案：D8. 肾脏损伤最常见的类型是：A. 肾挫伤B. 肾裂伤C. 肾蒂损伤D. 肾盂损伤答案：A9. 以下哪个药物不是治疗泌尿系统感染的常用药物？A. 头孢菌素B. 氟喹诺酮C. 硝酸咪康唑D. 青霉素答案：C10. 前列腺癌的确诊方法主要是：A. 血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）测定B. 肛门指诊C. 前列腺穿刺活检D. 影像学检查答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 泌尿系统由________、________、________、________组成。
答案：肾脏、输尿管、膀胱、尿道2. 泌尿系结石的三大主要成分是________、________、________。
答案：草酸钙、磷酸镁、尿酸3. 前列腺增生症的症状主要包括________、________、________、________。
答案：尿频、尿急、尿痛、排尿困难4. 肾癌的常见治疗方法有________、________、________。
答案：手术切除、放疗、化疗5. 泌尿系统感染的主要病原体是________。
答案：细菌三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）1. 肾脏是人体最重要的排泄器官。
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泌尿外科（20’）前临床上治疗CRPC的常见药物有哪几类？
13.输尿管镜碎石取石术围手术期及远期分别有哪些并发症？
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（泌尿外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共课简答题（80’）：
1.简述破伤风的临床表现。（7’）
2.试述腹部外伤的手术探查指征。（7’）
3.根据哪些临床表现，急性阑尾炎临床诊断可以成立？（7’）
4.什么是包茎？有哪些危害？（7’）
5.男，65岁，因“进行性吞咽困难1个月”，门诊胃镜检查提示“食管肿物”入院。查体：神志清，对答切题，缺水貌，心肺检查无异常，腹部膨隆，肠鸣音消失，四肢肌力减弱，腱反射减退。血钾30mmol/L，请回答：病人可能存在哪种酸碱平衡失调？入院检查尿液pH为4.5，请解释原因。（7’）
6. ERAS的英文和中文全称是什么？ERAS带来的益处包括哪些？（7’）
7.请简述乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的定义、临床意义和定位方法。（7’）
8.简述外科感染抗菌药联合用药的指征。（7’）
9. TIPS手术的中英文全称是什么？简述其操作过程及主要适应症。（7’）
10.儿童跌倒后，肘部肿痛、畸形，肘关节活动障碍，临床上如何鉴别肱骨髁上骨折还是肘关节脱位？（7’）