南极的中英文介绍
南极地区_360百科
南极地区_360百科南极地区免费编辑添加义项名B 添加义项南极，英文:Antarctica;法文:Antarctique，被人们称为第七大陆，是地球上最后一个被发现、唯一没有人员定居的大陆。
南极大陆的总面积为1390万平方千米，相当于中国和印巴次大陆面积的总和，居世界各洲第五位。
整个南极大陆被一个巨大的冰盖所覆盖，平均海拔为2350米。
南极洲蕴藏的矿物有220余种。
基本信息•中文名南极•外文名英文名称:Antarctica;法文名称:Antarctique•矿物220余种•纬度60°S -90°S(国际通行概念)•地理位置四周濒临太平洋、印度洋和大西洋•海岸线长约24700千米•经度东西半球0°-180°•面积约1400万平方千米•地形绝大部分是冰原覆盖的高原•条约南极条约•异象是UFO基地•动物企鹅，海豹，海狮，南极磷虾等•气候条件冰原气候•别名第七大陆•科学考察站有28个国家建立53个科学考察站南极地区，是人类最后到达的大陆，也叫“第七大陆”。
位于地球最南端，土地几乎都在南极圈内，四周濒太平洋、印度洋和大西洋。
是世界上地理纬度最高的一个洲。
面积：总面积约1 400万平方千米，约占世界陆地总面积的9.4%。
由围绕南极的大陆、陆缘冰和岛屿组成，其中大陆面积1 239.3万平方千米，陆缘冰面积158.2万平方千米，岛屿面积7.6万平方千米。
南极分东南极洲和西南极洲两部分。
东南极洲从西经30°向东延伸到东经170°，包括科茨地、毛德皇后地、恩德比地、威尔克斯地、乔治五世海岸、维多利亚地、南极高原和极点。
面积1 018万平方千米。
西南极洲位于西经50°～160°之间，包括南极半岛、亚历山大岛、埃尔斯沃思地以及伯德地(玛丽.伯德地)等，面积229万平方千米。
南极洲仅有一些来自其它大陆的科学考查人员和捕鲸队，无定居居民。
南极是世界上唯一一个有陆地的极地。
Antarctica 南极英文介绍
AntarcticaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchThis article is about the continent. For other uses, see AntarcticaAntarctica(i/æntˈɑr tɨkə/or /ænˈtɑr ktɨkə/)[Note 1]is Earth's southernmostcontinent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2(5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents.[4]Antarcticais considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and far less inland.[5] The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (for example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation where it occurs is tundra.Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny. The continent, however, remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation. The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries; to date, 49 countries have signed the treaty. The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supports scientific research, and protects the continent's ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations.Contents[hide]∙ 1 Etymology∙ 2 History of exploration∙ 3 Geography∙ 4 Geologyo 4.1 Geological history and paleontology▪ 4.1.1 Paleozoic era (540–250 Ma)▪ 4.1.2 Mesozoic era (250–65 Ma)▪ 4.1.3 Gondwanaland breakup (160–23 Ma)▪ 4.1.4 Neogene Period (23–0.05 mya)o 4.2 Geology of present-day Antarctica∙ 5 Climate∙ 6 Population∙7 Biodiversityo7.1 Animalso7.2 Fungio7.3 Plantso7.4 Other organismso7.5 Conservation∙8 Politicso8.1 Antarctic territories∙9 Economyo9.1 Fisherieso9.2 Tourismo9.3 Scientific stations∙10 Researcho10.1 Meteorites∙11 Ice mass and global sea level∙12 Effects of global warming∙13 Ozone depletion∙14 Notes∙15 References∙16 External linksEtymologyThe name Antarctica is the romanized version of the Greek compound word ἀνταρκτική (antarktiké), feminine of ἀνταρκτικός(antarktikos),[6] meaning "opposite to the Arctic", "opposite to the north".[7]Before getting its present geographical connotations, the term was used for other locations which could be defined as "opposite to the north". For example, the short-lived French colony established at Brazil in the 16th Century was called "France Antarctique".The first formal use of the name "Antarctica" as a continental name in the 1890s is attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew.[8]History of explorationMain article: History of AntarcticaSee also: List of Antarctic expeditionsAntarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. However, belief in the existence of a Terra Australis– a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa– had existed since the times of Ptolemy (1st century AD), who suggested theidea to preserve the symmetry of all known landmasses in the world. Even in the late 17th century, after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled "Antarctica", geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size.A key part of the story of how Antarctica got its name is how it did not get named Terra Australis. Australia got named after this instead, and it was because of the mistake made by people who had decided that no significant land mass further south of Australia would be found. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular, has been credited with popularizing the transfer of the name Terra Australis to Australia. He justified the titling of his book A Voyage to Terra Australis (1814) by writing in the introduction:There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will ever be found in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain descriptive of the geographical importance of this country, and of its situation on the globe: it has antiquity to recommend it; and, having no reference to either of the two claiming nations, appears to be less objectionable than any other which could have been selected.[9](For more info about how Australia got named after Terra Australis instead of Antarctica, see Australia#Etymology.)European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774.[10] Cook came within about 75 miles (121 km) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773.[11]The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can be narrowed down to the crews of ships captained by three individuals. According to various organizations (the National Science Foundation,[12]NASA,[13]the University of California, San Diego,[14] and other sources),[15][16] ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica in 1820: Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (a Baltic German captain in the Imperial Russian Navy), Edward Bransfield (an Irish-born captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer (an American sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut). Von Bellingshausen saw Antarctica on 27 January 1820, three days before Bransfield sighted land, and ten months before Palmer did so in November 1820. On that day the expedition led by Von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on ships Vostok and Mirny reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) of the Antarctic mainland and saw ice fields there. The first documented landing on mainland Antarctica was by the American sealer John Davis in West Antarctica on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim[citation needed].On 22 January 1840, two days after the discovery of the coast west of the Balleny Islands, some members of the crew of the 1837-40 expedition of Jules Dumont d'Urville disembarked on the highest islet[17] of a group of rocky islands about 4 km from Cape Géodésie on the coast of Adélie Land where they took some mineral, algae and animal samples.[18]In December 1839, as part of the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–42 conducted by the United States Navy (sometimes called the "Ex. Ex.", or "the Wilkes Expedition"), an expedition sailed from Sydney, Australia, into the Antarctic Ocean, as it was then known, and reported the discovery "of an Antarctic continent west of the Balleny Islands" on25 January 1840. That part of Antarctica was later named "Wilkes Land",a name it maintains to this day.Nimrod Expedition South Pole Party (left to right): Wild, Shackleton, Marshall and AdamsExplorer James Clark Ross passed through what is now known as the Ross Sea and discovered Ross Island(both of which were named for him) in 1841. He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the Ross Ice Shelf. Mount Erebus and Mount Terror are named after two ships from his expedition: HMS Erebus and Terror.[19]Mercator Cooper landed in East Antarctica on 26 January 1853.[20]During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931.[21]In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 –February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountain Range (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier.[22]One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole.Richard E. Byrd led several voyages to the Antarctic by plane in the 1930s and 1940s. He is credited with implementing mechanized land transport on the continent and conducting extensive geological and biological research.[23]However, it was not until 31 October 1956 that anyone set foot on the South Pole again; on that day a U.S. Navy group led by Rear Admiral George J. Dufek successfully landed an aircraft there.[24]The first person to sail single-handed to Antarctica was the New Zealander David Henry Lewis, in 1972, in a 10-meter steel sloop Ice Bird.GeographyMain article: Geography of AntarcticaSee also: Extreme points of Antarctica and List of Antarctic and subantarctic islandsLabelled map of Antarctica.Centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2(5,400,000 sq mi),[1]making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi)[1]and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:Coastal types around Antarctica[25]Type FrequencyIce shelf (floating ice front) 44%Ice walls (resting on ground) 38%Ice stream/outlet glacier (ice front or ice wall) 13%Rock 5%Total 100%Antarctica is divided in two by the Transantarctic Mountains close to the neck between the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea. The portion west of the Weddell Sea and east of the Ross Sea is called West Antarctica and the remainder East Antarctica, because they roughly correspond to the Western and Eastern Hemispheres relative to the Greenwich meridian.Elevation colored by relief heightAbout 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).[26] In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few "blue ice" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.West Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The sheet has been of recent concern because of the real, if small, possibility of its collapse. If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise byseveral metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries. Several Antarctic ice streams, which account for about 10% of the ice sheet, flow to one of the many Antarctic ice shelves.East Antarctica lies on the Indian Ocean side of the Transantarctic Mountains and comprises Coats Land, Queen Maud Land, Enderby Land, Mac. Robertson Land, Wilkes Land and Victoria Land. All but a small portion of this region lies within the Eastern Hemisphere. East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.Mount Erebus, an active volcano on Ross IslandVinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, both on the main continent and the surrounding islands. Located on Ross Island, Mount Erebus is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on Deception Island, which is famous for a giant eruption in 1970. Minor eruptions are frequent and lava flow has been observed in recent years. Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active.[27] In 2004, an underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers. Recent evidence shows this unnamed volcano may be active.[28]Antarctica is home to more than 70 lakes that lie at the base of the continental ice sheet. Lake Vostok, discovered beneath Russia's Vostok Station in 1996, is the largest of these subglacial lakes. It was once believed that the lake had been sealed off for 500,000 to one million years but a recent survey suggests that, every so often, there are large flows of water from one lake to another.[29]There is some evidence, in the form of ice cores drilled to about 400 m (1,300 ft) above the water line, that Lake Vostok's waters may contain microbial life. The frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter's moon Europa. If life is discovered in Lake Vostok, this would strengthen the argument for the possibility of life on Europa.[30] On 7 February 2008, a NASA team embarked on a mission to Lake Untersee,searching for extremophiles in its highly alkaline waters. If found, these resilient creatures could further bolster the argument for extraterrestrial life in extremely cold, methane-rich environments.[31]GeologyMain article: Geology of AntarcticaSubglacial topography and bathymetry of bedrock underlying Antarctica ice sheetThe above map shows the subglacial topography of Antarctica. As indicated by the scale on left-hand side, blue represents portion of Antarctica lying below sea level. The other colors indicate Antarctic bedrock lying above sea level. Each color represents an interval of 2,500 feet in elevation. Map is not corrected for sea level rise or isostatic rebound, which would occur if the Antarctic ice sheet completely melted to expose the bedrock surface.topographic map of Antarctica after removing the ice sheet and accounting for both isostatic rebound and sea level rise. Hence this map suggests what Antarctica may have looked like 35 million years ago, when the Earth was warm enough to prevent the formation of large-scale ice sheets in Antarctica.Geological history and paleontologyMore than 170 million years ago, Antarctica was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Over time, Gondwana gradually broke apart and Antarctica as we know it today was formed around 25 million years ago. Antarctica was not always cold, dry and covered in ice sheets. At a number of points in its long history it was farther north, experienced a tropical or temperate climate, was covered in forests, and inhabited by various ancientlife-forms.Paleozoic era (540–250 Ma)During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the Devonian period(416 Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from this time. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), as Gondwana became centered around the South Pole and the climate cooled, though flora remained. During the Permian period, theplant life became dominated by fern-like plants such as Glossopteris, which grew in swamps. Over time these swamps became deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains. Towards the end of the Permian period, continued warming led to a dry, hot climate over much of Gondwana.[32]Mesozoic era (250–65 Ma)As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, the seed fern became established, and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during the Late Permian and Early Triassic and included forms such as Lystrosaurus. The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206–146 Ma), and islands gradually rose out of the ocean. Ginkgo trees and cycads were plentiful during this period. In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated through the entire Cretaceous period (146–65 Ma), though Southern beech began to take over at the end of this period. Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only three Antarctic dinosaur genera (Cryolophosaurus and Glacialisaurus, from the Hanson Formation,[33] and Antarctopelta) have been described to date.[34] It was during this period that Gondwana began to break up.Gondwanaland breakup (160–23 Ma)The cooling of Antarctica occurred stepwise, as the continental spread changed the oceanic currents from longitudinal equator-to-pole temperature-equalizing currents to latitudinal currents that preserved and accentuated latitude temperature differences.Africa separated from Antarctica around 160 Ma, followed by the Indian subcontinent, in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma). About 65 Ma, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a tropical to subtropical climate, complete with a marsupial fauna. About 40 Ma Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica, so that latitudinal currents could isolate Antarctica from Australia, and the first ice began to appear. During the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago, COlevels have been found to be about 760 ppm[35] and had been2decreasing from earlier levels in the thousands of ppm.Around 23 Ma, the Drake Passage opened between Antarctica and South America, resulting in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completelyisolated the continent. Models of the changes suggest that declining CO2 levels became more important.[36] The ice began to spread, replacing the forests that then covered the continent.Neogene Period (23–0.05 mya)Since about 15 Ma, the continent has been mostly covered with ice.[37]Intermittent warm periods allowed Nothofagus shrubs to cling to the Sirius group in the Dominion Range as late as 3-4 Ma.[38]After that the Pleistocene ice-age covered the whole continent and destroyed all major plant life on it.[39]Geology of present-day AntarcticaThe geological study of Antarctica has been greatly hindered by the fact that nearly all of the continent is permanently covered with a thick layer of ice. However, new techniques such as remote sensing,ground-penetrating radar and satellite imagery have begun to reveal the structures beneath the ice.Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America.[32] The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common rocks in West Antarctica are andesite and rhyolite volcanics formed during the Jurassic period. There is also evidence of volcanic activity, even after the ice sheet had formed, in Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island. The only anomalous area of West Antarctica is the Ellsworth Mountains region, where the stratigraphy is more similar to the eastern part of the continent.East Antarctica is geologically varied, dating from the Precambrian era, with some rocks formed more than 3 billion years ago. It is composed of a metamorphic and igneous platform which is the basis of the continental shield. On top of this base are various modern rocks, such as sandstones, limestones, coal and shales laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains. In coastal areas such as Shackleton Range and Victoria Land some faulting has occurred.The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal.[37] It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973. Exploitation of all mineral resources is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.ClimateMain article: Climate of AntarcticaAntarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Russian Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983.[40] For comparison, this is 11 °C (20°F) colder than subliming dry ice. Antarctica is a frozen desert with little precipitation; the South Pole itself receives less than 10 cm (4 in) per year, on average. Temperatures reach a minimum of between −80 °C (−112 °F) and −90 °C (−130 °F) in the interior in winter and reach a maximum of between 5 °C (41°F) and 15 °C (59°F) near the coast in summer. Sunburn is often a health issue as the snow surface reflects almost all of the ultraviolet light falling on it.[41]The snow surface at Dome C Station is typical of most of the continent's surface.East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the center cold and dry. Despite the lack of precipitation over the central portion of the continent, ice there lasts for extended time periods. Heavy snowfalls are not uncommon on the coastal portion of the continent, where snowfalls of up to 1.22 metres (48 in) in 48 hours have been recorded.At the edge of the continent, strong katabatic winds off the polar plateau often blow at storm force. In the interior, however, wind speeds are typically moderate. During summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface during clear days at the South Pole than at the equator because of the 24 hours of sunlight each day at the Pole.[1]Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons. First, much of the continent is more than 3 kilometres (2 mi) above sea level, and temperature decreases with elevation in the troposphere. Second, theArctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica. Given the latitude, long periods of constant darkness or constant sunlight create climates unfamiliar to human beings in much of the rest of the world.[41] Third, the Earth is at aphelion in July (i.e., the Earth is furthest from the Sun in the Antarctic winter), and the Earth is at perihelion in January (i.e., the Earth is closest to the Sun in the Antarctic summer). The orbital distance contributes to a colder Antarctic winter (and a warmer Antarctic summer) but the first two effects have more impact.[42]The aurora australis, commonly known as the southern lights, is a glow observed in the night sky near the South Pole created by the plasma-full solar winds that pass by the Earth. Another unique spectacle is diamond dust, a ground-level cloud composed of tiny ice crystals. It generally forms under otherwise clear or nearly clear skies, so people sometimes also refer to it as clear-sky precipitation. A sun dog, a frequent atmospheric optical phenomenon, is a bright "spot" beside the true sun.[41]PopulationSee also: Demographics of Antarctica and Research stations of AntarcticaThe "ceremonial" South Pole, at Amundsen–Scott StationA number of governments maintain permanent manned research stations throughout the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer. Many of the stations are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. An Orthodox church, Trinity Church, opened in 2004 at the Russian Bellingshausen Station is also manned year-round by one or two priests, who are similarly rotated every year.[43][44]The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion of Britons. The settlements included Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour and Godthul. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain Carl Anton Larsen, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910.The first child born in the southern polar region was Norwegian girl S olveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen, born in Grytviken on 8 October 1913, and her birth was registered by the resident British Magistrate of South Georgia. She was a daughter of Fridthjof Jacobsen, the assistant manager of the whaling station, and of Klara Olette Jacobsen. Jacobsen arrived on the island in 1904 and became the manager of Grytviken, serving from 1914 to 1921; two of his children were born on the island.[45]Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south(the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty),[46]as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula;[47][48] his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if family life was suitable on the continent. In 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho was born at the Frei Montalva Station, becoming the first Chilean born in Antarctica. Several bases are now home to families with children attending schools at the station.[49] In 2009, eleven children were born in Antarctica (south of the 60th parallel south): eight at the Argentinean Esperanza Base[50] and three at the Chilean Frei Montalva Station.[51]BiodiversitySee also: Antarctic ecozone, Antarctic microorganism, and Wildlife of Antarctica。
仿照五年级课本英语作文写北极介绍一下南极
仿照五年级课本英语作文写北极介绍一下南极Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent, located almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle. It is surrounded by the Southern Ocean and divided into East Antarctica and West Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains. With an area of 14.2 million square kilometers, Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent and is covered by an ice sheet that averages 1.9 kilometers in thickness. The continent is the coldest, driest, and windiest on Earth, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm along the coast and even less inland. There are no permanent human residents in Antarctica, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside at various research stations throughout the year. Antarctica plays a vital role in global climate and ocean circulation systems due to its immense ice sheet and unique geographical location.中文翻译如下:南极洲是地球最南端的大陆,几乎全部位于南极圈以南。
南极洲和企鹅的英语作文
南极洲和企鹅的英语作文（中英文版）**English Essay: Antarctica and Penguins**Antarctica, the southernmost continent on Earth, is a land of extremes.With its freezing temperatures and vast, icy landscapes, it is often considered the coldest, windiest, and driest place on the planet.Despite its harsh environment, Antarctica is home to a variety of unique and fascinating creatures, with penguins being among the most iconic.Penguins are flightless birds that have adapted to life in the freezing waters of the Southern Hemisphere.Several species can be found in Antarctica, with the Emperor Penguin being the most well-known.These remarkable birds have a variety of adaptations that allow them to thrive in their icy habitat.For instance, their bodies are covered in a thick layer of blubber that acts as insulation against the cold.Their feathers are also dense and waterproof, keeping them dry and warm even in the harshest conditions.One of the most interesting aspects of penguins" lives is their social behavior.They are highly social creatures that live in large colonies, sometimes numbering in the tens of thousands.These colonies provide safety in numbers, as well as warmth, as the birds huddle together to keep warm during the frigid Antarctic nights.Penguins are alsomonogamous, forming lifelong partnerships with a single mate.Both parents take turns incubating the eggs and caring for the chicks, showcasing their dedication to family and community.Moreover, penguins are excellent swimmers, spending a significant portion of their lives in the water.They have evolved streamlined bodies and powerful flipper-like wings that allow them to move gracefully through the water in search of food.Their diet mainly consists of fish, squid, and krill, which they catch using their sharp beaks and swift swimming abilities.Unfortunately, the lives of these remarkable creatures are under threat due to climate change.The melting of Antarctic ice sheets not only affects their habitat but also disrupts the food chain, making it harder for penguins to find food.It is crucial for the international community to take action to protect this fragile ecosystem and ensure the survival of these incredible animals.In conclusion, Antarctica and its penguin inhabitants are a testament to the wonders of nature.Despite the harsh conditions, these resilient birds have found ways to thrive and create a thriving community.It is our responsibility to protect their home and ensure their survival for future generations to appreciate and learn from.**中文作文：南极洲与企鹅**南极洲，地球上最南端的大陆，是一个极端之地。
南极的中英文介绍
南极的中英文介绍中文介绍：南极，这片神秘而广阔的大陆，位于地球的最南端，几乎完全被冰雪覆盖。
它是地球上唯一没有永久居民的大陆，也是人类探索和研究的最晚的处女地之一。
南极的气候极其严酷，全年大部分时间都处于极寒状态，温度可以低至零下60摄氏度。
然而，正是这种极端的气候条件，使得南极成为了一个独特的生态系统，孕育了大量的野生动物，如企鹅、海豹和鲸鱼等。
英文介绍：Antarctica, this mysterious and vast continent, lies at the southernmost tip of the Earth, almost entirely covered in ice and snow. It is the only continent on Earth without permanent human residents and one of the latest to be explored and studied humans. The climate of Antarctica is extremely harsh, with most of the year spent in extreme cold, temperatures can drop to as low as 60 degrees Celsius. However, it is precisely these extreme climatic conditions that make Antarctica a unique ecosystem, nurturing a large number of wildlife, such as penguins, seals, and whales.中文介绍：南极的地质历史可以追溯到数亿年前，当时它曾是连接南美洲、非洲、印度和澳大利亚的古大陆的一部分。
随着时间的推移，这些大陆逐渐分离，南极洲最终形成了今天的模样。
2018年南极知识中英文翻译-范文模板 (5页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==南极知识中英文翻译南极——终年冰封的不毛之地8．The Antarctic，a Desert of Ice All Year RoundThe antarctic is actually a desert．It is the only continent on the earth without a river or a lake．The antarctic is all ice all year round．The warmest temperature ever recorded there is zero，at the South Pole．Explorers used tothink that a place so cold would have a heavy snow－fall．But less than ten inches of snow falls each year．That is less than half an inch of water．Ten times that much moisture falls in parts of the Sahara．The little snow that falls in Antarctica never melts．Itcontinues to pile up deeper and deeper year after year and century after century．When the snow gets to be about eighty feet deep it is turned to ice by the weight of the snow above it．8．南极——终年冰封的不毛之地南极地区实际上是一片不毛之地，它是地球上唯一没有河流也没有湖泊的大陆。
《南极英文介绍》课件
Many bird species breed in Antarctica, including pens, albatrosses, and other seabirds These birds have also adapted to the harsh conditions, evolving unique traits to survey in this extreme environment
Frequent occurrence of blazes and ice cracking
Blizzards are common occurrences in Antarctica, with winds of exceeding 100 km/h
The ice sheet covering Antarctica is consistently shifting and cracking, creating credits and iceberries
The ice shelves that extend from the mainland into the Southern Ocean are important features of Antarctica's landscape
The distance between Antarctica and other containers
第一部分
Geographic location of Antarctica
It is located south of the Antarctic Circle, with the majority of the continent being located below the South Pole
南极北极的英文单词
南极北极的英文单词南极地区被称为Antarctica，是世界上最南端的大陆。
北极地区被称为Arctic，是世界上最北端的地区。
这两个单词是很常见的英语单词，但是它们的含义和特点还有很多人并不了解，下面我将分步骤阐述这两个词汇及其相关的知识。
1. 南极地区（Antarctica）南极地区是位于南极洲上的大陆。
它的周围被南极海所环绕，是地球上最寒冷、最荒凉、最干燥的地方之一。
它的面积约为1400万平方公里，几乎完全被冰雪覆盖。
2. 北极地区（Arctic）北极地区是位于北极圈内的地区，包括北极海、格陵兰岛以及周边的各种海洋、岛屿和冰川。
它的面积约为1360万平方公里，其中大部分为海洋。
北极地区也是世界上温度最低和最寒冷的地方之一。
3. 南极和北极的相似之处南极和北极都是世界上最极端环境下的地方。
它们都是极地气候，平均温度都很低。
南极和北极都在地球的两端，分别是地球上最南端和最北端的地区。
此外，南极和北极还是极地生态系统的最后防线，是很多极地生物的栖息地。
4. 南极和北极的差异南极和北极有很多差异，最显著的一点是它们地理位置的南北极性。
南极是陆地，而北极则主要是海洋。
南极大陆周围被海洋包围，而北极则是一片冰冻的海洋。
南极地区气温比北极低，主要原因是南极地区比北极更加高海拔，更加贴近南极底部的寒流和冷空气也相对更加容易在南极上层大气中停留。
另外，南极地区的冻融作用比北极更加明显，也是世界上最大规模的海冰区域。
总的来说，南极和北极是两个截然不同的极地区域。
南极地区是陆地，面积相对较大；北极则是海洋，但这两个地方都是地球上独特的，极度的环境下的生态区域，也是研究气候变化和生态系统的重要区域。
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Antarctica is the coldest continent in the world ,lying in south of the Antarctic Circle and it’s covered with snow nearly all around the year . Speculation over the existence of a “southern land” was not confirmed until the early 1820s when British and American commercial operators and British and Russian national expeditions began exploring the Antarctic Peninsula region and other areas south of the Antarctic Circle . Not until 1840 was it established that Antarctic was indeed a continent and not just a group of islands . Several exploration “firsts”were achieved in the early 20th century . With an area of 13 200 000 km2 , Antarctic is the fifth largest continent ，after Asia ,Africa ,North America ,and South America . However ,it is by far the smallest i population :indeed ,it has no permanent population at all , but a number of governments maintain permanent research stations throughout the continent . Many of the stations are staffed around the year . It is also the continent with the highest average altitude , and the lowest average humidity of any continent on Earth , as well as the lowest average temperature .
南极洲是地球最南端也是世界上最冷的大陆，几乎全年有冰雪覆盖，数百年来，为征服南极洲，揭开的它的神秘面纱，数以千计的探险家，前仆后继，奔赴南极洲。
1820年11月18日，美国的帕默乘“英雄”号单桅纵帆船，发现了奥尔良海峡和后来证实为从南极大陆延伸出来的南极半岛的西北岸。
南极洲探险，在1820-1830年间趋于白热化。
1821年俄国别林斯高晋和拉扎列夫率领的探险队，乘“东方”号和“和平”号环南极大陆一周，发现了亚历山大一世岛，别林斯高晋当时把它命名为亚历山大一世海岸。
南极洲的总面积13 200 000平方公里，是继亚洲，非洲，北美洲，南美洲后世界上的第五大洲，也是世界上人口最稀少的一个大洲，没有常住人口，仅有一些来自其他大洲的科学考察人员和捕鲸人员。
南极洲气候异常寒冷，中年冰雪覆盖。
全洲年平均气温为零下25℃，是世界上平均气温最低的地区。
绝大部分地区降水量不足250毫米，水汽少，但是因为气温长年在零度以下，所以积雪，积冰不化，有“白色沙漠”之称。