中英文感谢信
感谢信用英文写范本(6篇)【完整版】
感谢信用英文写范本（6篇）【完整版】下面是作者为大家整理的感谢信用英文写范本（6篇）【完整版】,供大家参考。
感谢信用英文写的内容（通用6篇）感谢信用英文写的内容篇1Dear Mom and Dad,Although we can only keep in touch with each other by the telephone or the Internet, I wish I could let you know how much I love you and how much Ive appreciated the things youve done for me. It is never too much to say thank you to you, my dear parents.First and the most important is that thank you for bringing me to this world. During the 20 years, you have done a lot for me, but I havent realized how much I love you until I left home to the university. I understand how much effort you have cost to bring me up. Now, I have grown up, I can look after you.Second, I want to thank you that you give me a good environment to grow up. There is an old saying “Parents are the first teacher to their children”. In my life, you are the typical ones. Be cause of your good examples I formed the good habit of learning at an early age which benefits my life.At last, I want to say “thank you” is that you always support my choice. You never forced me to do anything I was not interested in. You told me to pursuit my own dreams without hesitation and you would support me forever. You also told me to how to be a human. Now I bee an optimistic and cheerful girl and I feel happy every day.I really miss you when I am writing this thank you letter. I cant wait to go home to share more time together with are my most important people in the world and I will love you forever.Yours,感谢信用英文写的内容篇2Dear Dad,Today is fathers day, for so many years Ive been seekig a way to express my heartfelt thanks for all you have done for me. Here es it!Thank you for always being there sharing my life when I need you most. Whenever I encounter difficulties, I never feel alone and vulnerable, because you will keep me on the right path. Im blessed to have you for offering me education and teaching me how to be a man. You always inspire me not by words, but by what you have done! Your efforts in the work, your loyalty to your friends, your responsibility for the family and your persistence in the life have already set me good examples in my own you for always appreciating my work, no matter how tiny it is! You have made me realize that its capacity not scores that really counts.Dad, I love you and I will love you forever!Yours beloved,感谢信用英文写的内容篇3Dear parents,Now I know clearly that you both are expecting me anxiously. I can say nothing but thanks to you both on this special occasion, because words have failed me when I want to express my thanks to you both for the loving care you have shown for me, especially since I went to Senior Three. These days I have been studying hard and have made some progress. And everything has got along well with my college entrance examination. I have performed my ability in this exam. I hope you both can set your mind at rest. After this exam, I intend to help you do some housework which I have seldom done before. And I also mean to learn to cook in order to preparea dinner for you both in person.My dear parents, everything is going on well with me and do have a rest! Best wishes.Yours,感谢信用英文写的内容篇4Dear Ling Fen，I would like to thank you at the end of our middle school education。
英文感谢信经典范文（带翻译）
英文感谢信经典范文（带翻译）感谢信表达的感激之情要恰到好处，不要过于夸张。
下面为大家推荐的是英文感谢信经典范文，欢迎阅读参考。
英文感谢信经典范文(一)dear mr. xx,尊敬的xx先生:thank you very much for the interview yesterday. i learned a great deal about your company, its major projects, and its ambitious plans for future development in shenzhen.非常感谢您昨天的面试.我了解到许多有关贵公司的情况,它的主要产品以及未来在深圳的宏大发展计划.i believe i am fully qualified for the work you described. my exxperience with xx corporation is directly related to the work you are offering. also, my academic background and the training i received as an administrative assistant provide a strong base for further development.我自信完全有资格承担您所描述的工作.我在xx公司的经验与贵方提供的工作直接相关.而且我的教育背景和所受的.行政助理方面的培训,为我提供了进一步发展的坚实基础.thanks again for the interview. i look forward to hearing from you soon.再次感谢您的面试.希望尽早得到您的消息.sincerely yours,xxx英文感谢信经典范文(二)Respect leadership and colleagues:You are good!I due to personal reasons, quit OA development engineer position, leaving our xx group.Thanks to the xx Group I bring opportunities and challenges!Thanks to all the leaders of my concern and trust!Thanks to all my colleagues on the work support and help!To xx this huge enterprise, I think I was lucky, here to learn a lot, feeling a lot, and last year right out of high school, has matured a lot ... ...In xx year, for me is the most important thing in my life experience. Here I have experienced the defeat, also achieved success, there have been depressed, there have been happy. Failure is the imprint is engraved on my heart., it will become an alarm, a cornerstone to goad me unceasingly enterprising; achievement is another person happy, they will becomes a new target, show me the way.As a technician, I yearned to see their increasingly adept, also understand xx such environment will certainly be able to provide experience their own opportunities, just as we can not completely predict natural disasters, some objective contradiction I don't know how to solve, how to avoid, a single selected topic, one of two, will be homes.There is no all feast, Kuwata sea, between transform is natural, for colleagues only bleand expectation, blemy colleagues all the best, and we look forward to xx everything is going smoothly!A letter of resignation letter of thanks译文尊敬领导和各位同事：您们好!我因个人原因，辞去OA开发工程师的职务，即将离开我们的xx 集团了。
感谢信的英文范文优秀8篇
感谢信的英文范文优秀8篇英文感谢信篇一Dear (Bosss Name)，Thank you so much for seeing me The day before yesterday. The interview confirmed what others have told me - that (Company Name) would be a terrific place for someone with my skills and interests.I am convinced that I could make an impact and add value as a (job title) in your department. As we reviewed my background, I hope that you came to a similar conclusion. It was indeed a pleasure to discuss the opportunities with you. I thank you again for the opportunity and look forward to our next interaction.Again, you can reach me (when) (Call time) at (telephone)，or you may leave a message on my answering machine, and I will return your call promptly.Sincerely,(Signature)感谢信英语篇二Dear Sue,I’m Li Hua, one of your students inChina. It’s almost a month since you left us. We all miss you and are verygrateful for what you did for us.We are busy as usual. We had an Englishspeech contest the otherday. I won the first prize! This again reminds me ofall your kind help. Do you still remember the trees we planted together on thehill behind the school? Yesterday, we went there and watered them. The tree youplanted yourself is growing well, and the whole class decided to name it SueWood. Will you e back to see Sue Wood?How is everything with you lately? Wehope to know more about you and your American students. Hope to keep in closetouch.All the best.Li Hua感谢信的范文英文篇三Dear teacher:A: hello!Pen, full of words like a flood in my heart, don't know where to start. That you give us the deepest impression of your words and deeds left our best memories.Time flies, unconsciously, the teacher you have to pany the time we spent almost a year, this year, we have to say no to you out of gratitude.Come to the first lesson of the university, is your English class. In our eyes, your kind, no vehemently enforcement. Your class, I feel no pressure and tension. Not only learning in class, after class, you are also very concerned about to us. Whenever we meet with difficulties, you are always thinking about new ways to help us, teach us; When our mood depressed,you will take the initiative to clean our struggle, you have confidence in our future.Although the teacher you often mention their own children in class, in our hearts, you are not only our English teacher, is more like a great mother.Your class, I can't pick out any problem, you use your unique way of teaching to us in every class, both humorous and vivid.In the ing days, we will be more efforts to study, with the most excellent grades in return for your sweat, return school and society.\“To the dead silk side, ended.candles burn\"，you the silkworm spirit however we respect, thank you, teacher.Thousands of words, express thanks to you.Finally wish the teacher:Healthy body, a happy family,Happy every day.英文感谢信篇四dear ，we are the parents of yan han. it's a great honor for our daughter to be chosen by your organization after the test and interviewing. in the middle of august, 2023, yan han went to minnesota, usa, as an exchange student of 11th grade.having been in america for more than two months, our daughter, yanhan, have gotten a good care from the sweetest families. the american family's father james and mother karen treat her just like their own daughters. my daughter calls james and karen “father” and “mother”。
实用的英文感谢信范文（精选20篇）
实用的英文感谢信范文（精选20篇）实用的英文范文篇1Dear Sir,Thank you very much for the interview yesterday. It was very enjoyable to speak with you about the accounting executive position at your company. The job seems to be an excellent match for my skills and interests. In addition to my enthusiasm, I will bring to the position with strong writing skills, assertiveness and the ability to encourage others to work cooperatively within the department.I appreciate the time you took to interview me. I am very interested in working for you and look forward to your call soon.Yours sincerely,Zhang Hua实用的英文感谢信范文篇2Dear mom and dad,although we can keep in vitual touch evey day by means of msn o e-mails, i still feel it not enough to let you know how much i love you and how much i’ve appeciated the things you’ve done fo me. i find that it will neve be too much to say thank you to you, my beloved paents.fist, i want to thank you fo making all you effots to bing me up. i was told that you wee shot of money when i was bon and it became even moe difficult fo a young couple to aise a child without any help fom elde geneation. so i appeciate you caeful nusing vey much fo giving me a good health and the feeling of being loved.second, i want to thank you fo you good education on me. thee is an old saying goes like this “paents ae the fist teache tothei childen”. yes, you ae the typical ones. you wee so stict with me that i told my kindegaten teache of my wonde about whethe i was the child of yous, not the one picked up fom steet. touching on this soft spot deeply in my heat, vivid memoies came flooding back. i won’t foget the scene of my fist and also the last lie found out by you. couldn’t stop tembling all ove. i was ashamed to cy when you beat me. i thought i deseved this punishment and told myself to keep away fom telling lies fom then on.i won’t foget how much you’ve impessed on me to love books and eading. even in the most difficult time, you still spaed me some money fo the books i was fond of. my love of books neve diminished and late led me towad witing aticles myself. so many times, i have felt a sense of content when i saw you smiling faces on eading my aticles, good o bad. in fact, this gaduated into one of my habits of shaing eveything i achieved with you and feeling content with you smiles i’m so foolish to ty to wite all the things you’ve done in my favo. if it is possible, this lette must be endless.so, the most impotant thing that i want to say “thank you” fo is you geat admiation on my own feedom. you neve foced me to do anything i was not inteested in, even you had aleady known that i would eget not doing it. you neve fobade me to do anything i was tuly inteested in and suppoted me financially and mentally. you told me to look ove the hoizons and to pusuit my own deams without hesitation. you also told me to conside eveything caefully befoe getting stat. oh, wheeve i go, i can see you eage eyes ; wheneve i am, i can touch you genuine heats. you’ve been l oving me heat and soul, how can i epay you mavelous love to me?i eally feel that my pen fails me when i am witing this thankyou lette. luckily, may holiday is coming. it will give me the most excellent oppotunity to expess my heatfelt gatitude to you----coming home and shae moe time togethe with you.yourswang minyuan实用的英文感谢信范文篇31）感谢信的写法人们在交往中常需要相互致谢，收到别人赠送的礼物，得到别人的帮助、受到别人的慰问，都应该表示感谢。
英文感谢信(5篇)
最新英文感谢信精选(5篇)英文感谢信篇一i am writing to tell you a good news——i passed cet-4!i sincerely thank you for your kindness. thanks to your encouragement, i could get up early every morning. thanks to your effort to be such an excellent english partner, i improved not only my speaking english and other skills.i know, it is impossible to pass it without your help. i am lazy and with poor english months ago. i owe you so much. so if you need any help in near future, please do not hesitate to let me know. it will be my pleasure to do something for you.thanks and best wishes,yours gratefully.英文感谢信篇二dear xx,i will be very grateful if you can take several minutes to finish reading this email.i have been working in xxxx for over xxx year since xxxx. i feel very thankful to you and hr of offering me this job. at the very beginning, i haven’t graduated. because my major is not related to the job, i am lack of the basic knowledge of xxxxxx. as a result, i bought a book which can help me have some basic understanding of my job. furthermore, i also finished reading the two books which xxx lent me. they are very helpful to me and i can deal much more things recently on my own due to all the efforts i put into my study.the charm of this job is that it is full of challenges; nevertheless, i can always find some good solutions to solve the problems on my own or with the help of some more experienced colleagues.i love this job, i put my energy into it, i am diligent, meticulous, and easy-going. i got along with different people including my colleagues and guys from different panies. additionally, i rarely make mistakesduring the work. last year, i was assigned to the finance department to give them a hand. the major job was to input the transactions of rmb and usd. during the process, i always double checked the transactions to make sure all the account numbers are correct. this small exle proves that i am a trustworthy and meticulous employee.nowadays, the price in xxxx is higher than other cities in china. the high rent and transportation fees really give me a lot of pressure. to tell the truth, the current salary is not enough for my daily life. sometimes i have to ask my parents for some extra money.owing to the reasons which i have listed above, i sincerely hope you can consider raising my salary to xxxxx per month, i would be very glad if you approve my proposition. of course, i will also work more efficiently and improve myself in every aspect for the interest of the pany.moreover, i hope i can use my oral english to handle more responsibilities such as dealing with foreign customers directly.thanks and best regardssincerelyxxxxxx英文感谢信篇三members of the leadership, colleagues:hello, everyone.the first is to thank the pany for giving a good job opportunity, as well as a serving zero three years and two months of my cultivation and care, let me at any time the heart is filled with gratitude. due to personal reasons, not for the pany brilliant tomorrow to contribute their strength, and in june 21st the turnover, i'm so sorry.in two years time, the pany gives me the opportunity to participate in many sizes of the implementation of the project, make me in this job has accumulated a certain crm expertise and customer management, membership management work experience, butalso learned a lot of work outside of life and truthin life. all these i cherish appreciate the pany, because these are for me in the future work and life help.i sincerely hope that the size of the pany continues to expand, continue to enhance the performance! also wish the pany leadership and colleagues work, happy life!sincerely yourssalute!英文感谢信篇四dear prof。
英文感谢信带翻译最新4篇
英文感谢信带翻译最新4篇(实用版)编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用资料，如主题班会、教案大全、教学反思、教学设计、工作计划、文案策划、文秘资料、活动方案、演讲稿、其他资料等等，想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!And, our store provides various types of practical materials for everyone, such as theme class meetings, lesson plans, teaching reflections, teaching designs, work plans, copywriting planning, secretarial materials, activity plans, speeches, other materials, etc. If you want to learn about different data formats and writing methods, please stay tuned!英文感谢信带翻译最新4篇在不断进步的时代，越来越多的事务都会使用到感谢信，我们在写感谢信的时候要注意态度要真挚。
英语感谢信范文（带翻译）（精选5篇）
英语感谢信范文（带翻译）（精选5篇）英语感谢信范文（带翻译）（精选5篇）在日常生活和工作中，越来越多的事务都会使用到感谢信，不同种类的感谢信使用的场景也会有所不同。
相信大家又在为写感谢信犯愁了吧！下面是小编整理的英语感谢信带翻译，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
英语感谢信带翻译篇1Dear Mr Li，I’m very excited to write to express my thanks to you．I am now a freshman of Wuhan University，which I have been dreaming about．Mr Li，I still remember the days when you taught me English．My English has been improved greatly because of your creative work．However，at one time，the pressure of examinations，too much homework and the high expectations made me depressed．I was tired of the warning that if I didn’t do my best，I wouldn’t have the chance to go to college．Thanks for your encouragement；if not，I wouldn’t have realized m y dream．And now I really understand you．I wish more and more of your students could go to their ideal colleges．Are you still so busy？How I miss you！Hoping to hearfromyou soon．Yours，Li亲爱的李先生：很高兴写信表达对您的感谢。
关于英文感谢信(通用10篇)
关于英文感谢信(通用10篇)关于英文感谢信(一)Dear Sir:I am a business man from America, and my name is . Last month it was the first time that I traveled to Beijing for business, signing a contract with a Chinese food pany. Unfortunately I got a bad flu and then had a fever. I was sent to your hoital. Because my temperature was nearly 40 degree centigrade, I was asked to be in hoital. I worried about my business and the delay of signing the contact would lead to great losses to my pany. However, After the doctors’ careful treatment and nurses’ patient care, I was recovered only in 4 days.I pleted the negotiation with the food pany smoothly and signed the contract on time finally. So I sincerely appreciate all the staffs in your hoital who helped me full-heatedly. I was deeply impressed by the kind doctors and nurses, the pleasant and fortable environment, and considerate services. I have no relatives and friends in Beijing, but I felt at home in your hoital. I will always remember all those warmhearted persons and your hoital in my heart.Best wishes to you all!Faithfully yours,关于英文感谢信(二)I am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
中英文感谢信
中英文感谢信
在人们素养不断提高的今天，男女老少都可能需要用到感谢信，请注意不同的对象有不同的感谢信。
写感谢信需要注意哪些问题呢？下面是帮大家整理的中英文感谢信，欢迎阅读与收藏。
中英文感谢信1Dear Sue,
I am writing to express my heart felt gratitudeto you for your kindest help when I was involved in that terrible trafficaccident.
亲爱的Sue:
我写信的目的是衷心感谢你在我遭遇那场可怕的交通事故时所给予我的最善意的帮助。
You saw how seriously I had been hurt when yourushed me to the hoital. I was hit from the back by a taxi and was thrownforward for at least three meters. Though I did not lose my consciousness, thesharp pain was really killing me. If it had not been for your timelyassistance, giving me first aid and sent me to hoital right away, I fear thatthe consequences might have been much more serious.
在你将我匆忙送往医院时已经看到了我伤得有多重。
我被一辆出租车从背后撞上，向前抛出至少三米远。
虽然我没有失去知觉，但那
剧烈的疼痛确实难忍。
如果不是你及时的协助，给我实施急救，并将我马上送往医院的话，我担心后果将会更为严重。
The doctor said that my wounds are healingquickly and that I would be able to stand up again in a week’s time. Inaddition, the taxi company has agreed to pay my hoital bills.
医生说我伤口愈合得很快，一周后便可再次站立起来。
此外，出租汽车公司已同意支付我的医疗费用。
Anyway, everyone agrees that it was yourquick-witted reonse in this emergency that has led to this satisfactoryresult. I feel I owe you so much, so please accept my most sincere thanks.
不管怎么说，大家都认为：是你在紧急情况下的机智反应才有了目前这一良好的结果。
我深感欠你太多，因此，请接受我最真诚的谢意。
Best wishes,
Ken
最美好的祝愿!
Ken
中英文感谢信2尊敬的某教育局和实习学校各位领导、老师及全体同学们：
你们好！
首先请接受我们深深的敬意和诚挚的谢意！
我们是河北师范大学第六期顶岗实习支教工程某实习分队的58名师生，当某到处还是银装素裹，天地间一片冰清玉洁，瑞雪为远道而来的我们奉上一片圣洁的时候，我们从滹沱河畔的河北师大来到了漳河岸边的邺城某。
“入乎其内，故有生气；出乎其外，故有高致”，初来时，我们就呼吸到了美丽邺城之清香，感受到了邺都名校之灵气、之深沉、之韵味。
自从20xx年2月24日来到某担任实习教师以来，短短的四个月里，我们参与了顶岗支教的各项工作，局领导关心我们的生活、校领导大力支持我们的实习工作，老师们热情指导我们的教学工作，我们深深地感受到了各级部门领导和指导老师温暖和教诲。
感谢教育局领导为我们提供了优越的后勤保障条件，你们为了丰富我们的业余生活、特地为我们购买了一台29寸彩电，并安装了有线电视。
为了使我们能够很好的锻炼身体，有更加充沛的精力为某的教育工作做贡献，特地为学生购买了崭新的双鱼牌乒乓球台。
为了大家能随时喝到热水保重身体，特地给我们买了一个大保温桶。
夏天还没到，电扇早已安好，门帘已装上，教育局还给每位同学发了生活补助等等，李局长的深夜慰问、刘局长和闫股长的“座谈家访”及各位校长的嘘寒问暖等等
领导的厚爱，第六期的.顶岗师生不会忘记。
感谢实习学校领导为我们提供了优越的实习条件。
校领导大力支持我们的实习工作，老师们热情指导我们的教学工作，并为我们提供了发展自我、展示自我的平台。
我们一到学校便根据所学专业分配到了各教研组，并指定了
指导教师，分配了任教班级，为我们日后实习工作的顺利进行提供了可靠保障。
这些工作使大家深受鼓舞，并感到了自食其力的成就感和体现自身价值的满足感。
感谢指导教师对我们悉心关怀和精心指导，在实习的这段时间里，我们真切地感受到了某校园里的无限活力和蓬勃朝气。
你们先进的教学理念和管理方式无疑给我们这些即将步入教师工作岗位的实习生以思想上的洗礼。
最让我们敬佩的，是教师刻苦的工作作风，严谨的治学态度，精湛的教学技艺，崇高的敬业精神和博大的爱生心怀。
在老师们的身上，我们学到了许多宝贵的经验和书本上没有的知识，这些都让我们实习生受益匪浅。
大学生暑期实习报告”>xxx
xx年xx月xx日
中英文感谢信4
尊敬的横县民族中学的领导、老师：
你们好!
一转眼，四个星期的教育实习即将结束，广西民族师范学院08级综合文科教育专业实习小组也亦将返校上课。
藉此习结束之际,我们谨向关心、教导我们的横县民族中学的校领导、老师表示衷心的感谢和高的敬意！
实习期间，在贵校领导的精心安排下，我们实习队队员分别担任了初一至初二年级的实习教师和实习班主任。
“纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事须躬行”，实习之初，我们都对能否胜任实习工作感到不安，
但在我们的班主任指导老师和科任指导老师认真负责的指导下，我们对实习信心十足，同时，我们从老师们身上学习到许多丰富的教学经验，我们所带的班级也积极配合我们的实习工作，表现了良好的精神面貌。
这一切使我们的实习工作开展得很顺利。
四周的实习生活过得很充实也很精彩，我们不仅在教学上取得了很大的进步，也懂得了做人要去面对困难，解决困难；我们不仅完成了预定的教学任务，而且在班主任工作上得到了充分的锻炼，切实体验了当老师的酸甜苦辣。
在贵校学习到的这些经验将是我们今后任教的一大财富！在实习结束之际，我们再一次感谢横县民族中学所有领导和老师们为我们在学习、工作、生活中所提供的一切帮助和指导！最后祝全校领导、老师们身体健康、家庭幸福，也祝愿同学们学习更上一层楼！
我们衷心祝愿横县民族中学的教育事业百尺竿头，更进一步！
此致
敬礼
广西民族师范学院
17级综合文科教育专业实习小组
二○一x年十一月六日
中英文感谢信5尊敬的校领导、老师们：
在这秋风送爽，硕果累累的十一月，我们的实习生活即将结束，在此我们谨向惠阳区秋长中学的领导及老师们表示衷心的感谢和崇高的敬意！八周的实习生活短暂而难忘，领导的丝丝关怀、老师的
一言一行，都已深深地刻在我们的脑海中。
实习期间，各位指导老师更是给予了我们全方位的指导和无私的帮助，并深入到我们的教学活动之中，从备课到讲评各个环节、各个步骤都渗透着他们的辛勤汗水；在班主任工作实习中，各位指导老师给我们提出许多宝贵的意见，这些都将使我们终身受用。
贵校领导及各位指导老师刻苦的工作作风，严谨的教学风格，精湛的教学技艺，崇高的敬业精神和博大的爱生心怀更是为我们展现了作为一名合格、称职的人民教师所必须具备的素质与精神，这也是我们今后努力的方向。
最后，让我们真诚地道一声谢谢，感谢贵校给予我们的支持与指导。
在此诚挚的祝福贵校的教育事业蒸蒸日上！
祝愿贵校领导、老师们身体健康、工作顺利
此致
敬礼!
20xx年华南师范大学赴惠州市惠阳秋长中学实习队
中英文感谢信6
感谢信
Dear______,
I am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for _________ . If it had not been for your assistance in ___________ , I fear that I would have been_________.
Every one agrees that it was you who______________.Again,
I would like to express my warm thanks to you! Please accept my gratitude. Yours sincerely
你的姓名
extend
vt. 延伸；扩大；推广；伸出；给予；使竭尽全力；对…估价 vi. 延伸；扩大；伸展；使疏开
gratitude
n. 感谢；感激
assistance
n. 援助，帮助；辅助设备。