电阻应变式传感器的测量电路
机械工程测试技术_课后习题及答案

第三章 常用传感器与敏感元件3-1 在机械式传感器中,影响线性度的主要因素是什么?可举例说明。
解答:主要因素是弹性敏感元件的蠕变、弹性后效等。
3-2 试举出你所熟悉的五种机械式传感器,并说明它们的变换原理。
解答:气压表、弹簧秤、双金属片温度传感器、液体温度传感器、毛发湿度计等。
3-3 电阻丝应变片与半导体应变片在工作原理上有何区别?各有何优缺点?应如何针对具体情况来选用?解答:电阻丝应变片主要利用形变效应,而半导体应变片主要利用压阻效应。
电阻丝应变片主要优点是性能稳定,现行较好;主要缺点是灵敏度低,横向效应大。
半导体应变片主要优点是灵敏度高、机械滞后小、横向效应小;主要缺点是温度稳定性差、灵敏度离散度大、非线性大。
选用时要根据测量精度要求、现场条件、灵敏度要求等来选择。
3-4 有一电阻应变片(见图3-84),其灵敏度S g =2,R =120。
设工作时其应变为1000,问R =?设将此应变片接成如图所示的电路,试求:1)无应变时电流表示值;2)有应变时电流表示值;3)电流表指示值相对变化量;4)试分析这个变量能否从表中读出?解:根据应变效应表达式R /R =S g 得 R =S g R =2100010-6120= 1)I 1=R =120=0.0125A=2)I 2=(R +R )=(120+0.012475A= 3)=(I 2-I 1)/I 1100%=%4)电流变化量太小,很难从电流表中读出。
如果采用高灵敏度小量程的微安表,则量程不够,无法测量的电流;如果采用毫安表,无法分辨的电流变化。
一般需要电桥来测量,将无应变时的灵位电流平衡掉,只取有应变时的微小输出量,并可根据需要采用放大器放大。
3-5 电感传感器(自感型)的灵敏度与哪些因素有关?要提高灵敏度可采取哪些措施?采取这些措施会带来什么样后果?解答:以气隙变化式为例进行分析。
20022N A dLS d μδδ==- 又因为线圈阻抗Z =L ,所以灵敏度又可写成20022N A dZ S d μωδδ==-图3-84 题3-4图由上式可见,灵敏度与磁路横截面积A 0、线圈匝数N 、电源角频率、铁芯磁导率0,气隙等有关。
电阻应变式传感器的测量电路

图1 电子秤平剖图 1 台面壳体2均压框架3电阻应变片4弹性体 5补偿电阻6可调支撑脚7底座如图1所示,底座通过贴有电阻应变片的双孔型等强度弹性体梁与均压框架相接,均压框架用螺钉与壳体相联。
弹性体是应变式力传感器将力转换为应变量的关键部件。
研究结果表明,双孔梁弹性体按刚架计算比按平行梁计算精确,而且桥路输出和载荷之间的线形好、灵敏度高。
非线性和灵敏度与竖梁的长度和刚度无关。
由于采用陶材料设计制作弹性梁,其灵敏度结构系数不仅取决于弹性体结构形式和应变区的选择,而且和陶瓷材料的微结构、质量及机械强度等因素密切相关。
为此,进行了双孔梁的应力分析、抗冲击载荷分析、额定载荷计量等,并用计算机进行了有限元分析。
经模拟验证分析,选用图1a所示的双孔梁结构形式。
该梁的应力分布均匀对称,其应力最大点在弹性梁的最薄偏离两端处。
根据图1a所示的结构形式: ε=M/W.E (1)式中:ε为应变量;M为弯矩;W为抗弯模数;E为弹性模量。
对于这类应变式弹性体上的全等臂电桥,其输出电压V0和桥压V i有如下关系: V0=G F.ε.V i (2)式中:G F为应变电阻的应变系数。
将式(1)代入式(2),可得: V0=G F.M.V i/W.E (3) 对于矩形截面,W=1/6b.h2式中:b为弹性体承载面宽度;h为弹性体承载梁厚度。
由A—A剖面分析,负荷F必须由一对剪力F/2与之平衡。
若取一应变电阻进行分析,F/2对应变电阻中心点的弯距为M0: M0=F(L/2-X)/2 (4) 以式(4)代入式(3),可得: V0=3F(L/2-X)G F.V i/b.h2.E (5) 由式(5)可见,双孔梁的桥路输出和载荷F之间具有良好的线形,而且灵敏度高。
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Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of theOffice team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documentsrunning not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should alwaysfocus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiativeSecondly, we should strengthen the team. A unit is a team in various sections of the unit inside is also a small team. A unit with a team spirit, formed a team responsibility, cohesion and competitiveness. You want to make a unit, a Department work improvement, must be melting inside a feeling of solidarity and mutual help, for a common goal and determined to achieve the spirit, cultivating a strong collective spirit and team responsibility, sense of honor. Therefore, we need to start improving office work and enhance the efficiency of Office work and strive to build a concerted ... Fault. In accordance with the requirements of modern management science, establishing strict responsibility system of management by objectives. A work who is in charge, who is in charge and who is responsible, what right do these people have, what responsibility, hasto truthfully and clearly understood. Departments at all levels should strictly implement the check in the Office of party Committee evaluation, significant accountability and reward incentive system, pay close attention to duty cash and making unity, rights, responsibilities, and to inspire each of cadres spirit and morale, Super courage. Investee insists, is a deep topic, is a real problem, is a big issue. Today, I just combined this year, the city's Communist Party Committee Office, had some rough talk and understanding, we must strengthen research and exchanges in this regard in the future. Investee in the new year, we must hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping theory and the "three represents" theory the great banner of, under the correct leadership of the CPC, adhere to the people-oriented, insist on truth, adhere first to excellence, efforts to do Office work to a new level. Speech at the Conference on the system of government offices in the city around the development of servicefunction to create a new situation in the work of the Office of the city's system of Government--speech at the Conference on the system of government offices in the city This system of government offices working in the city's main task is to study Government systems of administrative supervision, administrative information, administrative reception and information technology issues. For the meeting, the City Mayor Ma has made important instructions, the Municipal Government Office fully prepared brewing, combined with practical work to develop the notice on further strengthening the supervision work, the XX, Chief Information interim measures for 2005 and the city's system of Government Administration informatization construction task statement and other documents. Before the General Assembly and organization of counties (districts) of the scene to observe the Government Office, achieve the purpose of exchanges of work, thought. Today, the Tang Mayor also attended the meeting and delivered an important speech in the midst, hope good grasp of implementation. Next, I would like to make a few remarks. A, and around Center,looks at development, strengthened service, city government system Office work rendering atmosphere in recent years, city government system Office toand steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation consciousness, this is Government Office sector first bit of task, to first, and is duty-bound, insisted reported truth, and told truth, and out confess, and do facts, and pragmatic effect, put work of to points real put to research solution reform development stable in the of major problem Shang, put to research solution masses production life in the of urgent problem Shang, put to research solution work in the exists of highlight problem Shang, put an end to to Conference implement Conference, to file implementation file, never can makes superior of decision and deployment in a "implementation" Lost in the sound. SystemOffice of the Government sector must take the lead in party and Government policies, the deployment and carry out specific targets, in the implementation efforts, for example on the implementation, on the implementation of a performance. City Government System Office to seriously implement implementation national, and Province Government system Secretary-General Office Director Conference spirit, according to around overall, grasp implementation this a general requirements, insisted reform innovation, further change management concept, and management functions, and management system and management method; insisted quality first, ensure for led, and for grass-roots, and for masses provides quality efficient service; insisted strictly rule political, efforts construction a support political firm, and business master, and service political clean, and style excellent of Office team. Concrete work, and must deal with "three relationships": one is to handle well the relationshipbetween passive adaptation and active service. Office service functions to the passive aspect of its work, which requires us to host lead when action must be strictly in accordance with the intentions and requirements for leadership, work within the limits of delegated authority, not offside, participation in the intervention, and not decision-making, coordination is not contemplated. Meanwhile, Office work and must become more conscious, give full play to the initiative and work to some foreseeable, be proactive, prepared, thinking ahead, providing information, active leadership, reflect the situation, ahead of good research, reference point, in key places to promote overall efficiency. Second, to handle the relationship between administrative services and transaction services. Administrative services and Services Office services complement the two aspects of the job. Administrative services is the core service is guaranteed. Note that combines both, adhere to government service asthe main line, the Chief turns around the overall situation, turns around the district. On one hand, will attachthree a representative" important thought for guide, efforts adapted new situation, and new task, and new requirements, tightly around city reform development of overall, further change functions, strengthened service, determined to innovation, Government System Office overall work of quality and level has has new of improve, for city economic social development made has due of contribution. 1, staff assistant for further strengthening. Around the focus of leadership services, actively carry out research studies, for all levels of Government on the event, grab global proposed a number of solutions with a higher reference value recommendations provide a basis for improving government leadership. About development, adjustment of interest difficulty, people the focus of the problem, and give full play to the offices that are interlinked, dredge about, contact and coordinationof functions, in order to reduce conflict, to avoid omissions, form a joint force, promoting the Government to play an active role in the work as a whole. Working around Government Center implementation supervision intensified, broadened and improved efficiency, do check the fruit, fruit, assisting the Government in implementation of the Assistant role to play, a powerful impetus to the realization of the objectives of the Government. 2, the service areas to further expand. The full implementation of the open government pilot project, strengthening carrier construction, innovative forms of public, deepening public content, extends the open range, regulate public procedures, establishment of a city, County, Township and village-level administration system, to meet the people's right to know, creates conditions for the effective exercise of supervision. Development issued the XX, matters of significant public policy implementation measures, such as the question of hearing 6 system,open Government continues to promote in depth. Established opened the city (County) long public phones, solving a number of concern people's immediate interests and produce hot spots and difficult problems in life, by all sectors of the community alike. Universal Chief was built starting at the city and county levelsHall masses, serve the community for the Government to play a better Windows and tie. With the system of Government Office for hub, connecting the County (district) and the departments of municipal government Web sites and Office decision-making service system has been built in the city, Government Office local area network established, significantly accelerate the pace of office automation and information network. 3, improved quality and productivity with new work. City levels Government Office put pursuit quality and efficiency as measure Office overall work level of important standard, pendulum in highlight location, around service overall, and pay closeattention to the implementation this central, right processing inherited and innovation, and full and focus, and on Shang service and on Xia service of relationship, bold innovation, focused on effectiveness, presentation of policy sex, and targeted and3421R R R R =[][][])()()()()()(22R R R R R R R R E R R R R uo ∆-+∆+∆-+∆+∆--∆+=E RR ∙∆=当满足条件R 1R 3=R 2R 4时,即(2.3)=0,即电桥平衡。
简析电阻应变式传感器电桥测量电路

电阻应变式传感器是一种常用的测量物体受力或变形情况的传感器,通过测量物体的应变来获取所需的物理量。
而电桥测量电路则是用来测量电阻变化的一种常见电路,结合两者可以实现对物体受力或变形情况的准确测量。
一、电阻应变式传感器的基本原理和特点电阻应变式传感器是一种将物理量(如力、压力等)转化为电信号的传感器。
它的基本原理是通过应变片(或称为应变贴片)来感知物体的受力或变形情况,进而将其转化为电阻值的变化。
当物体受到外力作用时,应变片会产生应变,从而导致其电阻值发生变化,通过测量电阻的变化可以间接得到受力或变形的大小。
电阻应变式传感器的特点包括灵敏度高、响应速度快、结构简单、成本低廉等,因此在工业控制和自动化领域得到了广泛的应用。
二、电桥测量电路的基本原理和特点电桥测量电路是一种常见的用于测量电阻变化的电路,它利用电桥平衡原理来测量电阻的变化。
电桥由四个电阻组成,当电桥中的电阻发生变化时,会导致电桥的电平发生变化,通过测量这种变化可以得到电阻的大小。
电桥测量电路的特点包括精度高、稳定性好、适用范围广等,因此被广泛应用于各种电阻测量场合。
三、电阻应变式传感器与电桥测量电路的结合将电阻应变式传感器与电桥测量电路结合起来,可以实现对物体受力或变形情况的准确测量。
具体而言,可以通过将电阻应变式传感器的应变片接入电桥测量电路中来实现对电阻变化的测量,从而间接得到物体受力或变形的大小。
结合两者的特点,可以实现对物体受力或变形情况的高精度、高稳定性测量,适用于各种工业控制和自动化领域。
四、电阻应变式传感器电桥测量电路的优化和应用在实际应用中,为了提高测量的精度和稳定性,可以对电阻应变式传感器电桥测量电路进行优化。
可以根据具体的应用场景选择合适的电阻应变式传感器和电桥测量电路,进行匹配和调试,以实现最佳的测量效果。
电阻应变式传感器电桥测量电路在工业控制和自动化领域有着广泛的应用,例如在机械设备的负载检测、结构件的变形监测、地质勘探等领域都有着重要的作用。
第2章 电阻应变式传感器

F
3.2.2 位移传感器
R4 R3 U0 R1 E R2 R1 R2 F
图2.11 应变片式线位移传感器
U
3.2.4 压力传感器
0
= k U ε = kU
3l 4 Eb h
2
F
3.2.3 加速度传感器
作业: 作业:
1. 什么叫电阻式传感器?什么是电阻应变效应? 什么叫电阻式传感器?什么是电阻应变效应? 2. 电阻应变式传感器的工作原理? 电阻应变式传感器的工作原理? 3. 作出桥式测量电路图,并推导直流电桥平衡条件, 作出桥式测量电路图,并推导直流电桥平衡条件, 以及不对称电桥的输出电压变化. 以及不对称电桥的输出电压变化.
3.2 应用
3.2.1 应变式测力与荷重传感器
kU F U 0 = 2 (1 + ) AE
图2.8 受力圆柱上应变片的粘贴
图2.9 受力薄臂环上应变片的粘贴
U
0
= k U ε = kU
1 .092 R bδ E
2
F
图2.10 受力等强度梁应变片的粘贴
U
0
= k U ε = kU
6l E b0 h
1
Z3 = Z 2Z 4
z1 z3 = z 2 z 4
φ1 + φ3 = φ2 + φ4
或
(R1 + jX1)(R3 + jX3 ) = (R2 + jX2 )(R4 + jX4 )
2.2 电桥的调平衡
在应变片工作之前必须进行电桥的平衡调节. 在应变片工作之前必须进行电桥的平衡调节.对于直流 电桥可采用串联或并联电位器法, 电桥可采用串联或并联电位器法,对于交流电桥一般采用阻 容调平衡法. 容调平衡法.
电阻应变式传感器实验

③ 用实验仪音频振荡器输出频率为 5KHZ/2Vp-p激励电压,必须从LV插 口输出,作为交流电桥供桥电压。
④ 用示波器的“CH1”接相敏检波器的调制信号输入端“4”,“CH2”接相敏检波器的载波 信号输入端“5”,调整移相器,使其两信号的波形同相,若此时系统输出不为零,重新反 复调整w1,w2及移相器,以确保系统输出为零,且移相器的输出与相敏检波器的输入信号 同相。
R1 R2 R3 R4
R5
RX
R6
R7
RW1
RW2
C
2)差分放大器电路单元
差动放大器也是一个电路模块,它是由集成运算放大器组成的增益可调的 交直流放大器。可以接成同向、反相放大器,增益可达1~100倍。差动放大 器就其功能来说,是放大两个输入信号之差。由于它在电路和性能方面有着 许多的优点,因此成为集成运放的主要组成单元。此差动放大器模块主要由 运放OP-07组成,它的电路原理如图所示:
3、电阻应变式传感器的用途与特点
主要用于:能转化成形变的各种非电物理量的检测,如力、压力、加速 度、力矩、重量等,在机械加工、计量、建筑测量等行业应用十分广泛。其主 要特点是:① 结构简单,使用方便,性能稳定、可靠;② 灵敏度高,频率
响应特性好,适合于静态、动态测量. ③ 环境适应性好,应用领域广泛。
⑤在应变传感器的托盘上放置一只砝码(20克),读取数显表数值,依次增加砝 码和读取相应的数显表值,直到160-200g砝码加完。记下实验结果填入表,关 闭电源。
⑥ 根据实验测量结果,计算出全桥灵敏度S,并作出V—X关系曲线。
重量 交流全桥 (克)
20 40 60 100 120 140 160 180 200
弹
应
性
变
电阻应变式传感器的工作原理及应用

成本较高
电阻应变式传感器的制造成本 较高,价格相对较贵。
对激励电源要求高
电阻应变式传感器需要稳定的 激励电源,对电源的要求较高
。
05 发展趋势与展望
技术创新与改进
微型化
随着微电子和纳米技术的发展, 电阻应变式传感器正朝着微型化 方向发展,以提高测量精度和灵
敏度。
智能化
集成化、智能化的传感器已成为趋 势,通过与微处理器和算法结合, 实现自校准、自补偿和自适应等功 能。
电阻应变片的结构与工作原理
01 基底
02 敏感栅
03 引线
04 盖片
05 工作原理
支撑电阻丝并传递应力的 介质。
由金属丝或金属箔制成的 敏感元件,用于感受形变 并产生电阻变化。
连接敏感栅与测量电路的 导线。
保护敏感栅和引线的覆盖 层。
当被测物体受到外力作用 时,粘贴在其上的电阻应 变片会随之产生形变,导 致敏感栅的电阻值发生变 化。通过测量电路可以测 量出电阻值的变化,从而 推算出受力的大小。
传感器简介
电阻应变式传感器由敏感元件、转换元件和测量电路组成, 其中敏感元件负责感知被测量的变化,转换元件将敏感元件 输出的应变信号转换为电信号,测量电路则对电信号进行测 量和输出。
电阻应变式传感器的敏感元件通常采用金属箔、金属丝等材 料,当受到外力作用时,这些材料会发生形变,导致其电阻 值发生变化,从而输出相应的电信号。
多功能化
为了满足复杂环境下的测量需求, 电阻应变式传感器正朝着多功能化 方向发展,如压力、温度、湿度等 多参数测量。
应用领域的拓展
医疗健康
01
用于监测生理参数,如血压、心电等,为医疗诊断和治疗提供
支持。
智能制造
电阻应变式传感器的工作原理

电阻应变式传感器的工作原理
电阻应变式传感器是一种常见的力学测量装置,它利用材料在受力作用下发生微小变形的原理来测量物体受力情况。
该传感器由一个电阻应变片组成,应变片是一个具有变形敏感性的金属片。
当受到外力作用时,应变片会发生微小的形变。
这个微小的形变会引起应变片上的电阻值发生变化。
通常, 应变片上会有一个电桥电路,它是由四个电阻组成的。
其中两个电阻位于直流电源的两个支路上,这两个电阻的电阻值是恒定的。
另外两个电阻位于应变片的两个支路上,这两个电阻的电阻值会受到应变片形变的影响而发生变化。
当物体受力作用时,应变片会发生微小的形变,其中一个电阻值会增大,另一个电阻值会减小。
这样,电桥电路中就会产生一个输出电压信号。
通过测量输出电压信号的变化,就可以确定物体受力情况的大小。
电阻应变式传感器的工作原理基于材料应变与电阻值之间的关系。
不同材料的应变-电阻特性曲线不尽相同,因此在设计传感器时需要选择合适的材料。
此外,传感器的灵敏度和稳定性也是需要考虑的因素。
应变式传感器的基本知识(2)

p52 第8题
课堂作业:
WHY???
➢应变符号相同的接入相对桥臂上。 ➢应变符号相反的接入相邻桥臂上。
2.4.2 交流电桥
引入原因:由于应变电桥输出电压很小,一般都 要加放大器,而直流放大器易于产生零漂,因此应变 电桥多采用交流电桥。
由于供桥电源为交流电源 U,引线分布电容使得二
桥臂应变片呈现复 阻抗特性,即相当于两只应变片 各并联了一个电容。
? 当E值确定后,n取何值时才能使KU最高?
分析思路:dKU/dn = 0求KU的最大值
dKU dn
1 (1
n2 n)4
0
当n=1时,KU为最大值。即在供桥电压确定后,当R1=R2=R3=R4 时,电桥电压灵敏度最高,此时有
Uo
E 4
R1 R1
KU
E 4
结论:当电源电压E和电阻相对变化量ΔR1/R1一定时, 电桥的 输出电压及其灵敏度也是定值,且与各桥臂电阻阻值大小无关。
当受应变时:若应变片电阻变化为ΔR,电桥输出电压
Uo≠0,则电桥不平衡,输出电压为
Uo
E
R1 R1 R1 R1 R2
R3 R3 R4
R1R4
( R1 R1 R2 )(R3 R4 )
R4 R1
E
R3 R1
1
R1 R1
R2 R1
1
R4 R3
设桥臂比n=R2/R1,由于ΔR1<<R1,分母中ΔR1/R1可忽略, 并考虑到平衡条件R2/R1=R4/R3, 则上式可写为
单臂电桥 :电桥中一桥臂为电阻应变片,其阻值变化为
ΔR,其他桥臂为固定阻值。
若ΔRi<<Ri,R1=R2=R3=R4=R,则得
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图1 电子秤平剖图1 台面壳体2均压框架3电阻应变片4弹性体5补偿电阻6可调支撑脚7底座如图1所示,底座通过贴有电阻应变片的双孔型等强度弹性体梁与均压框架相接,均压框架用螺钉与壳体相联。
弹性体是应变式力传感器将力转换为应变量的关键部件。
研究结果表明,双孔梁弹性体按刚架计算比按平行梁计算精确,而且桥路输出和载荷之间的线形好、灵敏度高。
非线性和灵敏度与竖梁的长度和刚度无关。
由于采用陶材料设计制作弹性梁,其灵敏度结构系数不仅取决于弹性体结构形式和应变区的选择,而且和陶瓷材料的微结构、质量及机械强度等因素密切相关。
为此,进行了双孔梁的应力分析、抗冲击载荷分析、额定载荷计量等,并用计算机进行了有限元分析。
经模拟验证分析,选用图1a所示的双孔梁结构形式。
该梁的应力分布均匀对称,其应力最大点在弹性梁的最薄偏离两端处。
根据图1a所示的结构形式:ε=M/W.E (1)式中:ε为应变量;M为弯矩;W为抗弯模数;E为弹性模量。
对于这类应变式弹性体上的全等臂电桥,其输出电压V0和桥压Vi有如下关系:V 0=GF.ε.Vi(2)式中:GF为应变电阻的应变系数。
将式(1)代入式(2),可得:V 0=GF.M.Vi/W.E (3)对于矩形截面,W=1/6b.h2式中:b为弹性体承载面宽度;h为弹性体承载梁厚度。
由A—A剖面分析,负荷F必须由一对剪力F/2与之平衡。
若取一应变电阻进行分析,F/2对应变电阻中心点的弯距为M:M=F(L/2-X)/2 (4)以式(4)代入式(3),可得:V 0=3F(L/2-X)GF.Vi/b.h2.E (5)由式(5)可见,双孔梁的桥路输出和载荷F之间具有良好的线形,而且灵敏度高。
)(434211R R R R R R E +-+=))((43214231R R R R R R R R E ++-•电阻应变式传感器的测量电路电阻应变式传感器是一种利用电阻应变效应,将各种力学量转换为电信号的结构型传感器。
电阻应变片式电阻应变式传感器的核心元件,其工作原理是基于材料的电阻应变效应,电阻应变片即可单独作为传感器使用,又能作为敏感元件结合弹性元件构成力学量传感器。
导体的电阻随着机械变形而发生变化的现象叫做电阻应变效应。
电阻应变片把机械应变信号转换为△R/R 后,由于应变量及相应电阻变化一般都很微小,难以直接精确测量,且不便处理。
因此,要采用转换电路把应变片的△R/R 变化转换成电压或电流变化。
其转换电路常用测量电桥。
直流电桥的特点是信号不会受各元件和导线的分布电感及电容的影响,抗干扰能力强,但因机械应变的输出信号小,要求用高增益和高稳定性的放大器放大。
下图为一直流供电的平衡电阻电桥,in E 接直流电源E :图2.6 传感器结构原理图当电桥输出端接无穷大负载电阻时,可视输出端为开路,此时直流电桥称为电压桥,即只有电压输出。
当忽略电源的内阻时,由分压原理有:AD AB BD o u u u u -=== (2.2)当满足条件R 1R 3=R 2R 4时,即3421R R R R =[][][])()()()()()(22R R R R R R R R E R R R R uo ∆-+∆+∆-+∆+∆--∆+=E RR •∆=(2.3) o u =0,即电桥平衡。
式(2.3)称平衡条件。
应变片测量电桥在测量前使电桥平衡,从而使测量时电桥输出电压只与应变片感受的应变所引起的电阻变化有关。
若差动工作,即R1=R -△R,R2=R+△R,R3=R-△R ,R4=R+△R,按式(2.2),则电桥输出为E k ε= (2.4)常规的电阻应变片K 值很小,约为2,机械应变度约为0.000001—0.001,所以,电阻应变片的电阻变化范围为0.0005—0.1欧姆。
所以测量电路应当能精确测量出很小的电阻变化,在电阻应变传感器中做常用的是桥式测量电路。
桥式测量电路有四个电阻,其中任何一个都可以是电阻应变片电阻,电桥的一个对角线接入工作电压E ,另一个对角线为输出电压Uo 。
其特点是:当四个桥臂电阻达到相应的关系时,电桥输出为零,或则就有电压输出,可利用灵敏检流计来测量,所以电桥能够精确地测量微小的电阻变化。
常用的电阻应变片有两种:电阻丝应变片和半导体应变片,本设计中采用的是电阻丝应变片,为获得高电阻值,电阻丝排成网状,并贴在绝缘的基片上,电阻丝两端引出导线,线栅上面粘有覆盖层,起保护作用。
电阻应变片也会有误差,产生的因素很多,因此测量时必须要注意。
其中温度的影响最重要,环境温度影响电阻值变化的原因主要是:U 0A.电阻丝温度系数引起的。
B.电阻丝与被测元件材料的线膨胀系数的不同引起的。
对于因温度变化对桥接零点和输出,灵敏度的影响,即使采用同一批应变片,也会因应变片之间稍有温度特性之差而引起误差,所以对要求精度较高的传感器,必须进行温度补偿,解决的方法是在被粘贴的基片上采用适当温度系数的自动补偿片,并从外部对它加以适当的补偿。
非线性误差是传感器特性中最重要的一点。
产生非线性误差的原因很多,一般来说主要是由结构设计决定,通过线性补偿,也可得到改善。
滞后和蠕变是关于应变片及粘合剂的误差。
由于粘合剂为高分子材料,其特性随温度变化较大,所以称重传感器必须在规定的温度范围内使用。
测量电路中,将受力性质相同的两应变片接入电桥对边,当应变片初始阻值:R1=R2=R3=R4,其变化值ΔR1=ΔR2=ΔR3=ΔR4时,其桥路输出电压U out =KEε。
其输出灵敏度比半桥又提高了一倍,非线性误差和温度误差均得到改善。
前置大器部分经由传感器或敏感元件转换后输出的信号一般电平较低;经由电桥等电路变换后的信号亦难以直接用来显示、记录、控制或进行A/D转换。
为此,测量电路中常设有模拟放大环节。
这一环节目前主要依靠由集成运算放大器的基本元件构成具有各种特性的放大器来完成。
放大器的输入信号一般是由传感器输出的。
传感器的输出信号不仅电平低,内阻高,还常伴有较高的共模电压。
因此,一般对放大器有如下一些要求:1、输入阻抗应远大于信号源内阻。
否则,放大器的负载效应会使所测电压造成偏差。
2、抗共模电压干扰能力强。
3、在预定的频带宽度内有稳定准确的增益、良好的线性,输入漂移和噪声应足够小以保证要求的信噪比。
从而保证放大器输出性能稳定。
4、能附加一些适应特定要求的电路。
如放大器增益的外接电阻调整、方便准确的量程切换、极性自动变换等。
因此放大电路采用仪器放大器,如:AD620,INA114等。
此类芯片一般由3个运算放大器组成,其中A1,A2接成射级跟随器形式,组成输入阻抗高的差动输入级,在两个跟随器之间的附加电阻Rg具有提高共模抑制比的作用,A3为双端输入,单端输出的输出级,以适应接地负载的需要,Rg V V i in in G -+-=)21)((Rg R V V in in +-=-+))(21(12-+-+-=-=in in O V V RgR U V 放大器的增益由电阻RG 设定,典型仪器放大器的增益设置范围从1到1000。
以AD620为例,内部结构如下图所示:图2.8 AD620的内部等效图接口如下图所示:图2.9 AD620的接口图电路的工作原理:A1、A2工作在负反馈状态,其反向输入端的电压与同相输入端的电压相等。
即Rg 两端的电压分别为Vin+、Vin-。
因此(2.5) 设图(2.8)中电阻R1=R2=R ,则A1、A2两输出端的电压差U 12为 )(2112Rg R R i U G ++=(2.6) 将式(2.6)代入式(2.5)得)(-+-=in in OV V V U A )21(Rg R +-=放大器的增益Av 为(2.7) 可见,仅需调整一个电阻Rg ,就能方便的调整放大器的增益。
由于整个电路对称,调整时不会造成共模抑制比的降低。
在接口图(2.9)中,通过改变可变电阻R3的阻值大小来改变放大器的增益,放大器增益计算公式如下:49.413K G R Ω=+ (2.8) AD620 具有体积小、功耗低、精度高、噪声低和输入偏置电流低的特点。
其最大输入偏置电流为20nA ,这一参数反映了它的高输入阻抗。
AD620在外接电阻Rg 时,可实现1~1000范围内的任意增益;工作电源范围为±2.3~±18V ;最大电源电流为1.3mA ;最大输入失调电压为125μV ;频带宽度为120kHz (在G=100时)。
AD620 是一种低耗高精度仪表放大器。
仅需一个外接电阻即可得到1~1000范围内的任意增益;±2.3V ~±18V 的电源电压;低功耗,最大电源电流1.3mA ,最大输入失调电压125uV ,最大温度漂移1uV/℃,最大输入偏移电流20nA ;最小共模抑制比93dB (增益=10);输入电压噪声9nV (1KHz );0.28uV 噪声 (0.1Hz ~10Hz );带宽120KHz (增益=100);建立时间15us (0.01%)。
AD620的增益是用电阻Rg 来决定的,即用引脚1和8之间的阻抗来决定的。
使用0.1%~1%的电阻,AD620就能提供精确的增益。
对G (增益)=1,Rg 引脚不连接(即Rg 为无穷大)。
其他的任何增益可按:49.413K G R Ω=+ 计算。
系统电源变压器?设计电路时,选用LM317和LM337型号的芯片为核心来设计电源电路。
LM317特性简介以及典型应用电路如下:特性:可调整输出电压低到 1.25V ;保证 1.5A 输出电流;典型线性调整率 0.01%;典型负载调整率 0.1%;80dB 纹波抑制比;输出短路保护;过流、过热保护;调整管安全工作区保护。
典型应用电路参考如下:2)121(R Iadj R R Vref Vout •++•=)121(R R Vref Vout +•=)121(25.1R R Vout +•=图3.13 LM317典型应用电路其输出电压计算公式如下:(3.5)一般情况下电流Iadj 很小,忽略后可得: (3.6) 即:(3.7)最大输出电流为2.2A ,输出电压范围为1.25~37V ;1、2脚之间为1.25V 基准电压;为保证稳压器的输出性能,R1应小于240欧姆;改变R2阻值即可调整稳压电压值;二极管D1、D2用于保护LM317。
LM337基本特性功能和用法类似于LM317。