阅读理解科普类(原卷版)
高中英语真题：阅读理解(科普类)01
阅读理解（科普类）01一、Recordings of angry bees are enough to send big, tough Afric an elephants running away, a new study says. Beehives (蜂窝)-either recorded or real-may even prevent elephants from damaging farmer's crops. In 2002, scientist Lucy King and her team found that elephant s avoid certain trees with bees living in them. Today, Lucy wa nts to see if African honeybees might discourage elephants fr om eating crops. But before she asked farmer to go to the tro uble of setting up beehives on their farms, she needed to find out if the bees would scare elephants away.Lucy found a wild beehive inside a tree in northern Kenya and set up a recorder. Then she threw a stone into the beehive, w hich burst into life. Lucy and her assistant hid in their car until the angry bees had calmed down. Next，Lucy searched out elephant families in Samburu National Res erve in northern Kenya and put a speaker in a close to each f amily.From a distance, Lucy switched on the pre-recorded sound of angry bees while at the same time recording the elephants with a video camera. Half the elephant groups left the area within ten seconds. Out of a total of 17 groups, o nly one group ignored the sound of the angry bees. Lucy repo rted that all the young elephants immediately ran to their moth ers to hide under them. When Lucy Played the sound of a wat erfall (瀑布) instead of the angry bees to many of the same elephant fa milies, the animals were undisturbed. Even after four minutes, most of the groups stayed in one place.Lucy is now studying whether the elephants will continue to a void the sound of angry bees after hearing it several times. Sh e hasn't tested enough groups yet to know, but her initial (最初的) results were promising enough to begin trials with farmers. She has now begun placing speakers in the fields to see if el ephants are frightened away.60. We know from the passage that elephants may he frighte ned of .A. loud noisesB. some cropsC. video camerasD. angry bees61. As mentioned in the passage, LucyA. works by herself in AfricaB. needs to test more elephant groupsC. has stopped elephants eating cropsD. has got farmers to set up beehives on their farms62. Why did Lucy throw a stone into a wild beehive?A. To record the sound of bees.B. To make a video of elephants.C. To see if elephants would run away.D. To find out more about the behavior of bees.63. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Young elephants ignore African honeybees.B. Waterfalls can make elephants stay in one place.C. Elephants do not go near trees with bees living in them.D. Farmers do not allow Lucy to conduct tests in their fields.【考点】考察科普知识类阅读【文章大意】本文讲述了非洲大陆的大象十分害怕蜜蜂的声音，科学家Lucy King正在研究十分可以利用这个现象来保护庄稼不受大象的侵扰。
高考英语阅读理解(科普类)
高考英语阅读理解（科普类）Before the early 1960’s people interested in the differing roles of the left and right hemispheres(半球) of the brain depended almost entirely on facts drawn from animal research, form studies of patients with one-sided brain damage. But it was possible to find out which brain hemisphere was most involved in speech and other functions in normal people by having them listen to two different words coming to the two ears at the same time. This became known as the “dichotic listening” procedur e. When several word pairs are given in a row, people are unable to report them all, and most right-handers prefer to report, and report more correctly, words given to their right ears. This seems to be related to the fact that signals from the right ear, although sent to both hemispheres, are better sent to the left hemisphere which controls speech. People who have speech represented(回忆) in the right hemisphere, a very unusual occurrence even in left-handed people, more correctly report what their left ears hear.In contrast to the right-ear advantage for speech, there is generally a left-ear advantage for another type of auditory(听觉的) signal: music. When right-handed people listen to melodic patterns they report them better from the left ear.1. Which of the following would be the most proper title for the passage?A. An Introduction to Speech Damage in Patients with Brain Damage.B. An Investigation into the Role of the Brain’s Hemispheres.C. An Analysis of Left and Right-handed People.D. An Examination of “Dichotic Listening”.2. The “dichotic listening” procedure could best be described as hearing _______.A. two different words in the same ear twiceB. the same word twice in the same earC. two different words in different earsD. two different words twice in two ears3. according to the passage, right-handed people normally _______.A. have better hearing in their both earsB. have little difficulty in reporting words given to their right earsC. are unable to report word pairs given to their left earsD. correctly report word pairs given in a row4. according to the passage, music is best appreciated when heard by _______.A. the left ear of right-handersB. people with a left-ear advantageC. left-handers in their right earsD. right-handed people who understand melodic patterns【答案与解析】本文主要讲人体的左右半脑对听觉和语言方面的作用和影响。
一、科普阅读理解(含答案)
蒸馏或贮存过程中有机物发生化学反应生成的香味物质。
白酒的度数是指酒中所含乙醇(酒精)的体积百分比。某白酒每 100 毫升中乙醇含量为 40 毫升，这种酒的度数就是 40°。液体体积是随环境温度的变化而变化，我国规定在温度为 20℃ 时检测，也就是 20℃时，100mL 酒中含有乙醇的体积数（mL）为该酒的度数。
荔枝品质变化的指标（还原糖含量越高，品质越好），每隔七天进行一次水果品质检测，实
验结果见图 1。
表 1 实验条件
组号
储藏温度
湿度
备注
1
-1.2℃
87%
荔枝的品种、大小、成熟度、数
2
3℃
87%
量以及其他条件均相同且适宜
图 1 还原糖含量变化 氧气的浓度也影响着水果的保鲜。在储存水果时为了抑制呼吸作用，一般要降低氧气 的浓度，当二氧化碳释放量最小时，呼吸作用最弱，此时对应的氧气浓度适宜水果的储存。 如果降得太低，植物组织就进行无氧呼吸，无氧呼吸的产物往往对细胞有一定的毒害作用， 影响蔬菜水果的保鲜。
粮食酿造的白酒中含有醛类物质，而由乙醇（或甲醇）勾兑的假酒不含醛类物质。因此，
可以通过对醛类物质的检测来鉴别真假白酒。
下面是真假白酒的对比实验。
在 3 支洁净试管中，先分别加入 5mL 真酒，再分别加入不同体积的质量分数为 40%的 NaOH 溶液，加热。观察并记录实验现象。将真酒替换为假酒，重复上述实验。
-3-
值以后，去污力就不再随着洗衣粉质量的增加而增强，反而有减小的趋势。洗衣粉加过量， 不仅影响去污力，还会因溶液中碱性的增强而对衣物纤维有损伤。另外，大量洗衣粉附着在 衣服上，泡沫多，不易漂净，残留在衣物上的成分还会对皮肤造成伤害。
误区二：水温越高去污力越强 水温对洗衣粉的洗涤效果确实有影响，在温水中比冷水中好，温水可以使更多的洗衣粉 溶于水中，表面活性剂能发挥更大功效，从而达到洗涤去污的效果。但水温也不是越高越好， 温度太高，会破坏其中的一部分辅助清洁成分，反而影响去污效果。另外，高温还会使衣物 上的某些污物凝固于织物纤维之上，从而更难以洗净。经研究测定，洗衣粉清洗衣物时，水 温以 30℃至 60℃为宜。 在 1000g 清水中加入某品牌洗衣粉，其去污能力的测定结果如下图所示。
【科普类】现代文I篇：抑郁症主题阅读理解和答案解析(2024湖南名校联考)
（湖南省名校联考联合体2023-2024学年高三上学期第三次联考）阅读下面的文字，完成下列各题。
近年来，抑郁症逐渐被人们知晓，但你是否真正理解它的可怕之处？它不只是情绪低落、不愿出门，或是悲观厌世，它更是一种无处可逃的精神囚笼，一种慢性、复发的疾病，一只肆无忌惮侵蚀生活质量和生命力的“怪兽”。
抑郁症是一种影响神经递质平衡的心理疾病，神经递质是大脑中的化学信使，主要包括血清素、多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素等，这些物质帮助大脑中的神经元相互传递信息，从而影响我们的情绪、思考和行为。
在抑郁症患者的大脑中，这些神经递质可能存在不平衡状态，导致患者的情绪、思考和行为出现变化。
不过要说明的是，抑郁症并非单纯由神经递质不平衡引起，它可能与基因、生活压力、人格特质等多方面因素有关，这就是为什么我们不能仅仅通过改变神经递质的平衡来治疗抑郁症。
治疗抑郁症需要综合多种方法，包括药物治疗、心理疏导、改变生活方式等。
在我们生活中，抑郁症经常被人误解和忽视，人们常常忽视它的复杂性和严重性以及其对患者和家人的破坏力，希望这个科普可以帮助大家更深入地理解抑郁症，并且知道如何对待和帮助抑郁症患者，只有这样，我们才能一起对抗这个可怕的“怪兽”。
当我们看到一个朋友长期低落、失去活力，甚至无法享受他自己曾经喜爱的事物时，我们可能会怀疑他是否患上了抑郁症。
那么，究竟是什么原因让人们陷入这种深深的情绪低落中呢？抑郁症与遗传因素有关，有抑郁症家族史的人比没有家族史的人更容易患上抑郁症，这说明抑郁症有一定的遗传倾向。
然而即使有遗传倾向，也需要环境因素的触发才能真正导致抑郁症的发生。
在心理社会因素上，长期的压力和负面生活事件是引发抑郁症的重要原因，例如，丧失亲人、失业、经济困难、婚姻问题等都可能增加患抑郁症的风险。
此外，人格特质也是一个重要的影响因素，那些自卑、多疑、敏感、易受挫败的人更容易患上抑郁症。
而抑郁症的发生，往往是以上因素的交互作用，例如，一个有抑郁症遗传倾向的人，如果他经历了重大的生活压力，他的大脑可能会在生物化学水平上产生改变，导致神经递质失衡，进而引发抑郁症。
阅读理解(科普类说明文)
2020高考英语全国II卷BSome parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?A. Building confidence.B. Developing spatial skills.C. Learning self-control.D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.25.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？A. Parents’ age.B. Children’s imagination.C. Parents’ education.D. Child-parent relationship.26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?A. They play with puzzles more often.B. They tend to talk less during the game.C. They prefer to use more spatial language.D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.27. What is the text mainly about?A. A mathematical method.B. A scientific study.C. A woman psychologistD. A teaching program.2020山东卷阅读理解DAccording to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions （份）, it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly（表面上）participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we’re making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she’s having” effect. However, we’ll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I?12. What is the recent study mainly about?A. Food safety.B. Movie viewership.C. Consumer demand.D. Eating behavior.13. What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in paragraph 1 refer to?A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?A. To see how she would affect the participants.B. To test if the participants could recognize her.C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.D. To study why she could keep her weight down.15. On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph?A. How hungry we are.B. How slim we want to be.C. How we perceive others.D. How we feel about the food.2020深圳第二次线上测试Pinocchio may be just a children’s fairy tale, but Spanish scientists at the University of Granada recently investigated this so-called “Pinocchio effect” and found that our noses don’t grow when we tell a lie, but actually shrink a bit.Dr. Gómez Milán and his team developed a lie detector test that used thermography（体温计）to tell if people were lying, and found that whenever participants in their research were being untruthful, the temperature of the tip of their nose dropped up to 1.2℃, while the temperature of their forehead increased up to 1.5℃. Scientist also found that drop in temperature at nose level actually caused it to slightly shrink, although the difference is undetected by the human eye.“One has to think in order to lie, which rises the temperature of the forehead,” Dr. Gómez Milán explained the findings. “At the same time we feel anxious, which lowers the temperature of the nose.”For this study, researchers asked a number of 60 students to perform various tasks while their temperature is scanned by technology. One of these tasks required making a 3 to 4 minutes call to their parents or a friend and telling a significant lie. Participants had to make up the lie themselves during the call. Interestingly, this lie detector picked up the “Pinocchio effect” temperature difference in 80 percent of the test subjects, which is a better rate of success than that of any modern lie detector.“With this method we have achieved to increase accuracy”, said Dr. Gómez Milán, who added that law enforcement interviewers could one day combine other lie detection technology with thermal imaging to achieve better results.1.Why does the writer talk about Pinocchio in the first paragraph?A.To tell a fairy tale.B.To give an example.C.To talk about a scientist.D.To introduce the topic.2.What is “Pinocchio effect”?A.Our noses will grow when we tell a lie.B.Our noses will shrink when we tell a lie.C.The temperature of the forehead falls if we lie.D.The temperature of the student rises for anxiety.3.How did Dr. Gómez Milán feel about the lie detector?A.Doubtful.B.Surprised.C.Confident.D.Puzzled.4.What lesson can we learn from the text?A.A lie will travel very hard.B.Many ways to bring a liar to light.C.A lie never lives to be old.D.Once a liar always a liar.2018北京高考阅读CPlastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alon e was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. The ir findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ”she explains, “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ”Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D. They wind up in landfills.44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find out the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research findingsD. increase the breakdown speed45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future46. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain a study method on worms.B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.C. To present a way to break down plastics.D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.2020高考英语全国II卷B keys:BCDB24.B 细节理解题。
典型考题详解6(科普文章阅读)
典型考题详解6（科普文章阅读）生命的微尘①腊尽春回，百花盛开。
植物开花的本意，是为了繁衍后代。
当你摘下一朵美丽的鲜花时，你是否注意到同时散落一些淡黄色的粉末? 这就是，种子植物的雄性繁殖器官——花粉。
花粉是极微小的生命体，需用显微镜放大几百倍甚至数千倍才能弄清它们的面目。
最大的也不过200多微米(大约是一粒芝麻的五分之一)，最小的只有几微米，所以，人们都称它为“生命的微尘”。
②植物花粉的数量，通常都是很多的，有的多得惊人；一株玉米的花粉，竞达5000万粒；松树的一个花序，就有花粉16万粒；一朵苹果花有5. 7万粒，一朵芍药花多达365万拉。
有趣的是，松柏类植物的花粉还背着气囊，能随风升至2000米以上的高空和飘移到1000多公里以外去远游。
因此，每当松树盛花之际，经风一卷，花粉便飞舞在松涛林空，宛如淡黄色的“轻雾”；若遇春雨，便降金色的“花粉雨”，构成春天一奇观，增添了无限春意。
③花粉虽小，但其形态结构复杂，每一种植物的花粉，都有它自已独有的形态结构，通过鉴定，可推知其原植物。
如小麦的花粉像个皮球，松树的花粉像个元宝。
有的像鸡蛋，有的像哑铃，有的呈三角形，有的像个精致的花瓶，有的外表平滑，有的具有各种各样的花纹、图案；有的鲜黄，有的青、绿，有灰色的，也有暗棕色和暗红色的……④花粉富含蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、维生素和酶类等，可做高级营养品或用于提取雄么素，还可以酿酒和食用。
花粉与人类的健康有密切的关系。
有的花粉可供药用，例如马尾松的花粉，中医称为松花粉，有润肺、益气，止血之效；香蒲的花粉称蒲黄，有消炎利尿之功。
但是，也有对人体有害的花粉，这是需要注意的，例如，有些花粉如洋紫荆、细叶紫荆的花粉，含有一种特殊的蛋白质(有抗原性)，飘浮在空气中，有过敏性体质的人(哮喘病患者)，一旦吸入了这种花粉，则产生过敏反应，轻者像感冒，重者气喘不止，称为枯草热或花粉病。
还有少数植物，如断肠草、闹羊花、藜芦、乌头等的花粉，含有有毒的生物碱及其他成分，被人误食可引起中毒；混有这些植物花粉的蜂蜜，吃后也会中毒。
山东省历年中考真题分类汇编：阅读理解(科普类)
山东省历年中考真题分类汇编：阅读理解（科普类）一、阅读理解(共16题；共32分)阅读下列短文，从每小题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案。
Earthquake rescue (救援) robots experienced their final tests in Beijing, The inventors of this robot said with this robot, rescuers would be able to buy more time to save lives during an earthquake.This kind of robot is able to fly. It's about three meters long, and it took about four years to develop the model. Its main function is to collect information from the air and send goods of up to 30 kilos to people trapped (困住) by an earthquake. It has an excellent camera which can provide very clear pictures. It can work day and night, and is also able to send the latest pictures from the quake area.Dr. Qi Juntong, a researcher from Tsinghua University, said, "The most important character of this flying robot is that it doesn't need a control from faraway paces. We just set in it the information of the places where it should go, and then it takes of, and lands by itself. It flies as high as 30000 meters, and as fast as 100 kilometers per hour."This robot has a different function一it can change as the environment changes. Its main job is to search for any signs of life in places where human rescuers are unable to go. The camera, also acting as a detector (探测器) that finds trapped people and detects harmful gases, is placed in the robot, which can work in the dark, With its 10 - mer - long pipe in the robot, people who are trapped in the fallen buildings will be able to get supplies including oxygen (氧气) and water.Experts have said that the robots would enter production and serve as part of the national earthquake rescue team as soon as possible.1．（2分）In what way is the robot different from others, according to Dr. Qi?A．It has a very special shapeB．It is able to fly everywhereC．It works with no information set inD．It doesn't need a faraway control2．（2分）Which is the function of the camera in the robot?A．Detecting trapped people B．Dealing with harmful gasesC．Providing oxygen and water D．Sending goods to the quake area3．（2分）Which of the following is TRUE about the robot?A．It weighs about 30 kilos B．It has not been put into useC．It works only in the daytime D．It entered production years ago4．（2分）What does the passage mainly tell us?A．Earthquake rescue B．The development of robotsC．Tests on a new robot D．An introduction to a robot阅读理解We see humans all around us. But when was the first human seen? Early humans did not leave behind any written records. However, they left behind many paintings on the walls of the caves(洞穴) where they lived. These paintings tell about their life, and we know these early humans walked on four limbs(四肢) like apes (猿). Also, they did not live at one place but moved from place to place in search of food and water.Without any tools, early humans used stones, bones of animals, and sharp pieces of wood to dig, hunt and cut their food. They also used these to protect themselves from animals. Since stones were used to make tools, this age was called Stone Age.With time going, tools made of bones and stones were replaced with metal(金属的) ones which were stronger, sharper, and long-lasting. Metals were also used for farming and making knives. Copper(铜) was the first metal to be used.The first fire that early humans noticed was natural fire caused by lightning(闪电). With fire, early humans could now light up dark caves. They could keep themselves warm during cold weather and cook meat. Also the fire could drive animals away.Early humans noticed new trees growing from the seeds(种子) that fell to the ground from the fruits. This gave them the idea that they could make their own food by planting seeds, which led to farming. With the beginning of farming, early humans began to settle down(定居). They moved out of the caves and lived on farms and near their fields together, then the first villages came up.Raising animals was a big event in human history that changed the life of early humans. The wild dogs were probably the first animal to be raised. As time went, goats, sheep, cows, donkeys, and horses were kept,too. This led to herding(畜牧业). Milk, meat and wool came from these animals.5．（2分）Early humans' paintings don't tell us _____.A．when the first human appeared B．how they walkedC．where they lived D．how they lived6．（2分）Early humans had to move around in order to ____.A．find more caves to live in B．protect themselves from animalsC．look for food and water D．make kinds of tools7．（2分）Early humans used fire to ______.① light up dark caves ② keep themselves warm ③ cook meat④ drive animals away ⑤ make knivesA．①②③④B．①②④⑤C．②③④⑤D．①②③⑤8．（2分）Early humans were able to live in one place when _______.A．they could walk on two feet B．they could use metalsC．they knew how to farm D．they knew how to use fire9．（2分）Which statement is right according to the passage?A．The first tools were made of copper.B．The first fire noticed by early humans was caused by lightning.C．The first villages came up before the farming appeared.D．The first animal to be raised was sheep.阅读理解Scientists say they've developed a new system(系统). It can use "machine learning" to predict when and where lightning(闪电)will strike(闪击). The research was led by engineers from Switzerland.European researchers have estimated(估算) between 6,000 and 24,000 people are killed by lightning worldwide each year. The strikes can also cause power cuts, destroy houses and start forest fires. For these reasons, some climate scientists have studied to develop methods to predict and control lightning. But nosystem has been created to effectively predict lightning.The new system is being tested in the experiments(实验). It used a combination of data(数据资料) from weather stations and machine learning methods. The researchers developed a prediction model. It was trained to tell weather conditions that were possible to cause lightning.The model was created with some data. The data was collected over a 12-year period from 12 Swiss weather stations in cities and mountain areas. The data related to(与……有关)four main surface conditions: air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity(相对湿度)and wind speed.The atmospheric(大气的) data was put into a machine learning algorithm(计算程序), which compared it to records of lightning strikes. Researchers say the algorithm was then able to learn the conditions under which lightning happens.Amirhossein Mostajabi is a PhD student who led the development of the new system. He said, "Common systems for collecting such data are slow and complex, and they require expensive collection equipment(设备)like radar or satellites (卫星).""Our system uses data that can be gotten from any weather station," Mostajabi said. "This will improve data collection in the areas which are not covered by radar and satellites or in places where communication systems have been cut," he added.10．（2分）According to the passage, the strikes can't causeA．power cuts B．earthquakesC．forest fires D．the death of people11．（2分）What does the underlined word "it" refer to in Paragraph 5?A．The lightning strike.B．The system being tested.C．The machine learning algorithm.D．The atmospheric data.12．（2分）What do the last two paragraphs mainly tell us?A．Where weather stations should be built.B．How the machine learning algorithm works.C．The advantages of the new system in data collection.D．The new system has effectively predicted lightning in faraway areas.13．（2分）Which of the following statements about the new system is TRUE?A．Its prediction model has been tested for 12 years.B．It has been put into use in cities and mountain areas widely.C．The new system requires expensive collection equipment to collect data.D．It uses machine learning to predict the time and places of lightning strikes.阅读理解On a hot day, many people like to go to the beach. Some beaches, however, are not safe for swimming.At some beaches, there are sharks in the water. So people put out shark nets. They help stop too many sharks from getting close to the beach. Sharks can still swim under or around the net. But if they try to swim through, they will get caught. Sharks can die if they are not cut free.Shark nets don't just catch sharks. They can catch other animals, too. They have caught dolphins, stingrays and turtles. Even a whale has been caught in a shark net. I took many people to get it free.Some animals are not so lucky. They are killed in the nets. One day, a whale was swimming with her calf. The calf got caught in a shark net. The mother whale tried to get the calf to come with her. The calf was caught in the net. It couldn't get free. The mother had to watch it die.Many people think shark nets should not be used. Sharks are important to the ocean. They eat sick and dead fish, They help to keep the ocean clean. Sharks are the lions and the tigers of the sea.Some people think there are other ways to keep beach safe for people Sharks potters are people who watch for sharks. They go to a high place Then they can look down on the beach. If they see a shark, a siren （汽笛）will sound. They put up a white flag Then people get out of the water.After all, the water is a shark's home.14．（2分）What can we know about shark nets according to the passage?A．They are used to keep sharks from coming near the beach.B．People place them to catch sharks, dolphins, stingrays and turtles.C．Sharks will be caught when they get close to them.D．All the animals caught by them are set free.15．（2分）What does the underlined word "calf" mean in paragraph 4?A．A huge whale.B．A young whale.C．A father whale.D．A mother whale.16．（2分）What does the writer imply（暗示）about the beach safety?A．People should keep away from beaches.B．Everyone should work as a shark spotter.C．It's not the best way to put out shark nets.D．Some dangerous beaches should be shut down.答案解析部分【答案】1．D2．A3．B4．D【解析】【分析】短文大意：作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了一种新型的机器人-地震救援机器人的功能和特点。
(完整版)高考英语阅读理解科普类说明文4篇--较难(有答案)
高考英语说明文4篇1Here is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can’t makeus tire. It sounds absurd/əb'sɜːd/荒谬的. But a years ago, scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage 阶段of fatigue /fə'tiːg/(疲劳). To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered that blood passing through the brain, when it is active, shows no fatigue at all! If we tooka drop of blood from a day laborer劳动者, we would find it fullof fatigue toxins /'tɒksɪn/ (毒素) and fatigue products. But if wetook blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein, it would show nofatigue toxins at the end of the day.So far as the brain is concerned, it can work as well and swiftly很快地at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning. The brain istotally tireless. So what makes us tired?Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional(情绪的) attitudes. One of England’s most outstanding scientists, J.A. Hadfield, says, “The greater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin /'ɒrɪdʒɪn/起源. In fact, fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.”Dr. Brill, a famous American scientist, goes even further. He declares, “One hundred percent of the fatigue of sitting worker in good health is due to emotional problems.”What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction?No! A feeling of being bored, anger, anxiety/æŋ'zaɪətɪ/焦虑, tenseness紧张, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated---those are the emotions that tire sitting workers. Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue. We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.1. What surprised the scientists a few years ago?A. Fatigue toxins could hardly be found in a laborer’s blood.B. Albert Einstein didn’t feel worn after a day’s work.C. The brain could work for many hours without fatigue.D. A mental worker’s blood was filled with fatigue toxins.2. According to the author, which of the following can make sitting workers tired?A. Challenging mental work.B. Unpleasant emotions.C. Endless tasks.D. Physical labo3. What’s the author’s attitude towards the scientists’ idea?A. He agrees with them.B. He doubts them.C. He argues against them.D. He hesitates to accept them.4. We can infer from the passage that in order to stay energetic, sitting workers need to ________.A. have some good food.B. enjoy their workC. exercise regularlyD. discover fatigue toxins2They baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quietbut alert /ə'lɜːt/（警觉）. Twenty centimeters厘from her face researchershave placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, her gaze（凝视）starts to lose its focus — until a third, with three black spots,is presented. Her gaze returns: she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three, just 24 hours after coming into the world?Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness 名，新奇? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three? No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three,or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise （同样地）when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.5. The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the baby’s__.A. sense of hearingB. sense of sightC. sense of touch D sense of smell6. Babies are sensitive to the change in______.A. the size of cardsB. the colour of picturesC. the shape of patternsD. the number of objects7. Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats?A. To reduce the difficulty of the experiment.B. To see howbabies recognize sounds.C. To carry their experiment further.D. To keep the babies’interest.8. Where does this text probably come from?A. Science fiction.B. Children’s literature.C. An advertisement.D.A science report3Last night’s meteor(流星) 英/'miːtɪə/ shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding 苛求的；要求高的；吃力的answers. According to Gabe Rothsclild, Emerald Valley’s mayor市长, people gathered in thesuburbs /'sʌbɜːb/of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightene by the city’s lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead. “My family was so frustrated,” admitted town resident Duane Cosby, “We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointments.”Astronomers- /ə'strɒnəmə/n. 天文学家--scientists who study stars and planets---- have beencomplaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fightagainst it.There is yet a population besides professional and amateur /ˈæmətə(r)/美 /'æmə.tʃʊr/n. 爱好者star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating(迁徙的)birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association. “100million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes 撞碎with lighted buildings and towers.”Countless more animals casualties(伤亡）result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase pers on’s chances of getting cancer. Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years, Flagstaff, Arizona/,æri'zəunə/美 /,æri'zəunə/n. 美国亚利桑那州, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory.英 /əb'zɜːvət(ə)rɪ/美 /əb'zɝvətɔri/n. 天文台；气象台；瞭望台Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement isunderway 进行中的to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so thatother creatures can share the night.9.It happened last night thatA. the city’s lights affected the meteor watchingB. the meteors flew past before being noticedC. the city light show attracted many peopleD. the meteor watching ended up a social outing10. What do the astronomers complain about?A. Meteor showers occur less often than beforeB. Their observation equipment is in poor repairC. Light pollution has remained unsolved for yearsD. Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting11. What the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4?A. Birds may take other migration pathsB. Animals living habits may changesuddenlyC. Varieties of animals will become sharplyreducedD. Animals’ survival is threatened byoutdoor lighting12. Lighting regulations in Flagstaff, Arizona areput into effect toA. Lessen the chance of getting cancerB. create an ideal observation conditionC. ensure citizens a good sleep at nightD. enable all creatures to live in harmony13.What message does the author most want to give us?A. Saving wildlife is saving ourselvesB. Great efforts should be made to save energyC. Human activities should be environmentally friendlyD. New equipment should be introduced for space study4Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know，however，that they existed over 5,500years ago in ancient Asia.The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5，100 years old. Evidence suggests thatwheels for transport didn't become popular for .while, though . This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carryingfarming tools and humans around.But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces weren't going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them. Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modern road design.In the mid-1700s,a Frenchman came up with a new design of road--a base layer (层)of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman苏格兰人improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same time, metal hubs英 /hʌb/美 /hʌb/n. 中心；毂；木片(the central part of a wheel)、came into being, followed by the Wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads(泊油路). As wheel design took off,vehicles got faster and faster.14. What might explain why transport wheels didn’t become popular for some time?A. Few knew how to use transport wheels.B. Humans carried farming tools just aswell. C. Animals were a good means oftransport.D. The existence of transport wheels was not known.15. What do we know about road design from the passage?A. It was easier than wheel design.B. It improved after big changes in vehicle design.C. It was promoted by fast-moving vehicles.D. It provided conditions for wheel design to develop.16. How is the last paragraph mainly developed?A. By giving examples.B. By making comparisons.C.By following time order.D.By making classifications.17.What is the passage mainly about ?A.The beginning of road deaign.B.The development of transport wheel.C.The history of public transport.D.The invention of fast-moving vehicles.。
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专题05 阅读理解（科普类）
【母题来源一】【2019·全国卷I ，C 】
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测
量)technologies —like fingerprint scans —to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the
keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to —regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch ”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A. To reduce pressure on keys.
B. To improve accuracy in typing
C. To replace the password system.
D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible ？
A. Computers are much easier to operate.。