专业英语资料
会计专业英语复习资料.doc
会计专业英语复习资料.doc会计专业英语复习资料⼀、短语中英互译1、会计分录2、投资活动3、后进先出法4、客观性原则5、注册会计师6、权责发⽣制7、累计折旧8、资产负债表9、经营决策10、银⾏存款11、到期⽇12、历史成本13、source document14、nominal rate15、credit sale16、sum-of-years-digits method17、economic entity assumption18、financial position19、fixed assets20、public hearing21、income statement22、sales discount23、value added tax24、trade mark25、bank overdraft⼆、从下列选项中选出最佳答案1、Generally，revenue is recorded by a business enterprise at a point when ：( )A、Management decides it is appropriate to do soB、The product is available for sale to consumersC、An exchange has taken place and the earning process is virtually completeD、An order for merchandise has been received2、Why are certain costs capitalized when incurred and then depreciated or amortized over subsequent accounting periods？( )A、To reduce the income tax liabilityB、To aid management in making business decisionsC、To match the costs of production with revenue as earnedD、To adhere to the accounting concept of conservatism3、What accounting principle or concept justifies the use of accruals and deferrals？( )A、Going concernB、MaterialityC、ConsistencyD、Stable monetary unit4、An accrued expense can best be described as an amount ( )A、Paid and currently matched with revenueB、Paid and not currently matched with revenueC、Not paid and not currently matched with revenueD、Not paid and currently matched with revenue5、Continuation of a business enterprise in the absence of contrary evidence is an example of the principle or concept of ( )A、Business entityB、ConsistencyC、Going concernD、Substance over form6、In preparing a bank reconciliation，the amount of checks outstanding would be：( )A、added to the bank balance according to the bank statement.B、deducted from the bank balance according to the bank statement.C、added to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.D、deducted from the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.7、Journal entries based on the bank reconciliation are required for：( )A、additions to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.B、deductions from the cash balance according to the depositor’srecords.C、Both A and BD、Neither A nor B8、A petty cash fund is ：( )A、used to pay relatively small amounts。
(完整)心理学专业英语复习资料
心理学专业英语复习资料I. Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese1. Research Methods 研究方法2。
Psychophysics 心理物理学3. Theories of Learning 学习理论4。
Social Cognition 社会认知5． Personality Test 人格测试6。
Extraneous Variable 无关变量7。
Longitudinal Study 纵向研究8。
Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力9。
Motor control 运动控制10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体11。
Group Thinking 群体思维12。
Social Loafing 社会懈怠13. Social Exchange 社会交换14. Social Approval 社会赞许15。
Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散16。
Recency Effec 近因效应17． Trace Decay 痕迹消退18。
Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘19. Social Support 社会支持20. Self—efficacy 自我效能21。
Case Study 个案研究II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English1。
机能主义 functionalism2。
自我实现 self—actualization3．一般规律研究法 nomothetic method4。
分层抽样 stratified sampling5. 外在信度 external reliability6. 选择性注意 selective attention7。
知觉恒常性 perceptual constancy8. 自我概念 self concept9. 液体智力 fluid intelligence10. 安全型依恋 secure attachment11. 性别图示 gender schema12。
专八复习资料推荐
专八复习资料推荐专八，又叫英语专业八级考试，是英语专业本科毕业生的等级考试之一，通常被视为专业英语水平的代表。
对于考生来说，备战专八并不是一件轻松的事情，需要的不仅仅是坚定的决心和充足的时间，还需要足够的复习资料。
对于专八考试的备考资料，网上的资源丰富多彩，但我们要谨慎地选择优质的资料来进行备考。
以下是一些备受推崇的专八复习资料推荐：1.《考研英语历年真题精析》（王彦、刘洪波著）这是一本全面整理了专业英语历年真题的参考书，不仅有试题整理，还有详细的解析和词汇注解，对于备考专八来说非常实用，是备考过程中不可或缺的一本参考书。
2.《新编大学英语用法》（张道真主编）这是一本英语语言学的经典教材，既包括基础语法知识的讲解，又有丰富的语言实例和练习，可以辅助考生在专家考试中拥有英语语言学的深度理解。
3.《21天攻克雅思写作》（刘洪波著）雅思考试是全球公认的英语水平考试之一，而雅思写作是考生们比较头痛的一部分。
本参考书由专业考试解析师写作，提供简单易懂数以百计的写作实例和技巧，并对作文的常见题型进行深入讲解，可谓是一本能够帮助考生快速提升写作水平的教材。
4.《英语听力原版教材精选》（陆大龙著）英语听力考试是专八考试的重要部分，但是有效的英语听力训练却比较难找，这本书就为考生提供了宝贵的参考。
本书选取了多部优秀的英语听力原版教材，附有听力材料、听力理解和课后练习，可以帮助考生更好地掌握英语听力技巧。
5.《新东方专八写作指导》（刘毅著）刘毅老师有着丰富的英语教学经验，他的著作涉及多个考试科目。
这本参考书针对专八写作，系统地梳理了各类文章的写作方法和技巧，并附有大量的实例和模板，可以为考生的写作提供有力的支持。
除了以上推荐的参考书外，学习工具也是备考专八必不可少的。
前一段时间，网上出现了一款备受好评的英语学习App“AI易阅”。
该App基于智能语音识别和AI技术，能够为用户提供真实的英语口语训练和听力训练，以及各种题型的模拟考试。
专业英语基础知识
1.广泛使用被动语态 (客观性)
非人称语气
主体是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证 说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读 者的注意。 Solid materials are grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics and polymers. 固体材料可分为三种基本类型：金属、陶瓷和聚合物。 The structure of a material can be investigated on several levels. 材料的结构可以在几个层次上进行研究
精练性(conciseness)。
论文、综述、实验报告、教材、专利、说明书等
专业英语
Specialized English
（English for Special Science and Technology）
是结合各自专业的科技英语
有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，
与专业内容配合更为密切。 隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与
3、后置形容词短语作定语多 （精炼）
代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。 All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to those of waves moving through water. All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water. 所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。
专业英语复习资料小结
bar graph n.条形图equalization n.均衡化;均等image contrast n.图像对比度addition n.加subtraction n.减lapse v.流逝, 失效, 下降time-lapsed (时间上)相继的matrix n.矩阵motion n.运动, 动作v.运动dimension n.维数convolution n.回旋, 盘旋, 卷积boundary n.边界, 分界线blur v.涂污, 污损, 使……模糊,sharp adj.锐利的, 锋利的, 明显的locate v.定位, 位于spectra n.范围, 光谱spectrum n.光谱, 频谱phase spectrum相位频谱magnitude spectrum幅度频谱facsimile n. 传真,摹写,影印lossless compression（压缩）无损压缩lossy compression 有损压缩irretrievably adv.不能挽回地, 不能补救地CT (computed tomography) 计算机断层造影MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) 核磁共振成像DCT (discrete cosine transform)离散余弦变换run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding霍夫曼编码Image contrast图像对比度Edge filter边缘滤波Edge detection边缘检测Object recognition目标识别Run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding哈夫曼编码Pixel 像素Gray scale image 灰度图像Gray scale level灰度级Histogram 直方图Bar graph条形图Histogram equalization直方图均衡encryption program 加密程序deletion command 删除命令authorized user 授权的用户backup copy 备份的副本voltage surge 电涌，浪涌电压circuit breaker 断路器electronic component 电子器件data-entry error 数据输入错误electronic break-in 电路中断power line 电力线，输电线EC:Electronic Commerce 电子商务Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)电子数据交换Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)电子资金转账embedded system 嵌入式系统radio frequency 射频schematic原理图capture记录,输入building block模块,构件EDA (Electronic Design Automation)电子设计自动化HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言Full-custom IC（全定制集成电路）Semi-custom IC（半定制集成电路）FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) 现场可编程门阵列CD: compact disc光盘LP: long playing record慢转密纹唱片CAD: Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计EDA: Electronic Design Automatic电子设计自动化HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言VHDL: VHSIC Hardware Description Language极高速集成电路(VHSIC)硬件描述语言ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit专用集成电路PLD: Programmable Logic Device可编程逻辑器件PLA: Programmable Logic Array可编程逻辑阵列RTL: Register Transfer Level寄存器传送级CRT: Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管transducer 传感器，换能器fundamental frequency基频sonic boom声爆single-shot单脉冲raster 光栅attenuator 衰减器particle 粒子phosphor 磷，启明星vibrating 振动grading 分级，归类pervade 遍及indispensable不可缺少的demanding过分的,苛刻的luminous 发光的,明亮的legible 清晰的,易读的front-end 前端的，前期的archive 存档,档案文件user authentication 用户认证electronic purse 电子钱包information filter 信息过滤data integrity 数据完整性smart card 智能卡HTML 超文本标记语言symmetric key cryptosystem 对称密钥密码系统message authentication code 信息鉴定码unauthorized access control 未授权访问控制electronic catalog 电子目录electronic money (或cash) 电子货币search engine 搜索引擎digital signature 数字签名user interface 用户界面EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer) 电子资金转帐public key cryptosystem 公钥密码系统PDA (personal digital assistant)个人数字助理hypertext link 超文本链接3D image 三维图像credit card 信用卡Alkaline 碱性的Resolution 清晰度，分辨力Beam splitter分光镜，分色镜Photography 摄影，摄影术Lens 透镜，镜头Film 薄膜，胶卷，影片Focus 焦点TIFF: Tagged Image File Format标签图像文件格式JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group 联合图像专家组LCD: Liquid Crystal Display液晶显示器CCD: Charge Coupled Device电荷耦合器件user authentication 用户认证electronic purse 电子钱包symmetric key cryptosystem 对称密钥密码系统search engine 搜索引擎detection program 检测程序power source 电源digital signature 数字签名software piracy 软件侵权hard-disk drive 硬盘驱动器Programmable Logic Array 可编程逻辑阵列primary storage 主存储器electronic bulletin board 电子公告板histogram equalization 直方图均衡edge detection 边缘检测magnitude spectrum 幅度谱Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器full-custom integrated circuit 全定制集成电路embedded system 嵌入式系统图象传感器image sensor电子设计自动化electronic design automation模拟电子电路设计analogue electronic circuit design加密程序encryption program电子器件electronic component计算机病毒computer virusⅡ. Choose among the four choices the one that best completes the sentence. (70 points) 1. A ___B___ copy is a copy of a current file made in order to protect against loss ordamage.A. hardB. backupC. softD. file2. T h e infamous “Michelangelo” __C__ strikes thousands of computers every year onMarch 6.A. crackerB. hackerC. virusD. disease3. D ata __A____ can reduce the amount of data sent or stored by partially eliminatinginherent redundancy.A. compressionB. conversionC. configurationD. compilation4. C onfidentiality of the message is not enough in a secure communication; ____C____is also needed. The receiver needs to be sure of the sender’s identity.A. encryptionB. authorizationC. authenticationD. encapsulation5. T o access a page on the WWW, one needs a ___D_____ that usually consists ofthree parts: a controller, a method, and an interpreter.A. routerB. codeC. passwordD. browser6. T he data, when they are not encrypted, are called ___A_____.A. plaintextB. ciphertextC. hypertextD. context7. W hereas the decimal system is based on 10, the _____B___ system is based on 2.There are only two digits in the latter system, 0 and 1.A. bilateralB. binaryC. byteD. bit8. The larger the number of pixels in an image, and the lager the number of availablegray scale levels, the better the ___A__ of the image.A. resolutionB. identificationC. recognitionD. shade9. The gray scales present in a digital image can be summarized by its _C_______.A. graphB. schematicC. histogramD. diagram10．The abbreviation JPEG stands for Jointed Picture ___B_____ Group.A. ExpertsB. ExpertC. EngineersD. Engineer11.When you send a document electronically, you can also sign it. This is called___B____ signature.A. onlineB. digitalC. virtualD. simulated12. People who gain unauthorized access to a computer system for malicious purposes are called ____B____.A. HackersB. CrackersC. breakersD. intruders13. The abbreviation FPGA stands for Field ____B____Gate Array.A. ProgramB. ProgrammableC. ProgrammingD. Programmer14.To save time and bandwidth, both images and other files are often compressedbefore being ____C____.A. transferredB. transportedC. transmittedD. traversed作业如下：翻译文章"Digital Image Fundamentals"（P237~240)翻译“补充资料”中的《Computer Security》全文翻译补充资料"Electronic Commerce"中的<4. Security Services>部分翻译文章"Overview of Modern Digital Design"中的<Design automation>部分(Page 131~132)完成<课后练习>的第1题的第一段(Page 149)。
专业英语——精选推荐
专业英语⼀、词语搭配1、polysome (g)RNA and ribosomes2、pinocytosis (n)cell drinking3、exocytosis (k)expel4、plastid (i)in plants only5、Golgi complex (o)packaging6、flagella (m)whiplike7、phagocytosis (f)engulfment 8、lysosome (b)baglike structure 9、basal body (d)where flagella grow 10、vacuole(l)vacant11、nucleus (j)control room12、chemotactic (e)toward or away from a chemical stimulus13、ribosome (a)protein synthesis 14、cytoskeleton (h)weblike15、mitochondrion (c)power generator 16、C3 plant (e)moist climates 17、pigment (n)absorbs 18、light reactions (g)water oxidized 19、thylakoid (a)surrounds a lumen 20、ground state (o)most stable21、reaction center (j)a specific site22、photorespiration (l)inefficient dark reaction23、RuBP (d)electron acceptor for CO224、Calvin-Benson cycle (c)light-independent reactions25、C4 plant (m)dry climates 26、photon (h)wave and particle 27、chlorophyll (b)principal pigment 28、chloroplast (k) banana shape29、carbon cycle (i) greenhouse effect30、light-independent reactions (f)light optional⼆、判断1、F Unlike other cell membranes, the nuclear envelope has no pores.2、T Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes.3、T White blood cells work by phagocytosis.4、F Prokaryotic cells have microbodies.5、T Mitochondria are self-replicating.6、F Carotenoids are colorless molecules.7、F Grana are surrounded by stomata.8、F Photosynthesis occurs in all living thing.9、T Photon energy is inversely proportional to wavelength.10、F The reaction center in photosystem II is P70011、F Chlorophyll b is not found in any prokaryote.12、T Cyclic photophosphorylation produces additional ATP in plants.13、F The chemiosmotic theory applies to mitochondria but not to chloroplasts.14、T Light-dependent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma.15、T The Calvin-Benson cycle may take place either in light or in the dark.16、T Light-independent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane.17、T C3 plants grow slowly in hot, dry weather.18、T Chlorophyll a is the primary photosynthetic pigment in green plants.三、多选⼀1、Ribosomes (a)a、are organelles involved in protein synthesis2、Transformation of energy and storage of energy in the cell are the mainfunction of (d)d、mitochondria3、Chromoplasts are a type of (d)d、plastid4、Each individual cell is supported by a network of filaments and tubules known as (d)d、a cytoskeleton5、Proteins synthesized on endoplasmic reticulum are modified (c)c、in the Golgi complex6、An organelle isolated from an animal cell is found to contain large number of enzymes involved in energy transformation. This organelle is most likely to be (c)c、a mitochondrion7、In the early 1900s the discovery that the nucleus contains nucleic acids and proteins led many scientists to believe that(d)d、genes are made of protein8、In the DNA molecule (e)e、all of the above9、The double helix model of DNA structure was proposed by (b)b、Watson and Tatum10、The phosphate group in the DNA molecule (b)b、links the 5-C sugar of one nucleotide to the 3-C sugar of the next nucleotide11、DNA replication is termed semiconservative because (d)d、each new molecule has one strand from the original molecule12、Energy to power the sperm flagellum is generated by (a)a、mitochondria13、Meiosis is completed in egg cells (e)e、the egg,s time of release14、Spontaneous development of an unfertilized egg is known as (d)d、parthenogenesis15、The end product of cleavage is a (c)c、blastula16、A cell that can only give rise to cells with a specific function is（b）b、differentiated17、Morphogenesis involves a change in (c)c、cell shape四、阅读理解1、What does the passage mainly discuss?B、Why birds migrate2、According to the passage, which of the following protects birds against cold weather?C、Feathers3、In paragraph one, the word “constant” is closest in meaning to which of the following?B、Invariable4、In paragraph two, the author mentions young arctic terns as an example of birds thatB、migrate instinctively5、The passage mentions all of the following as changes that birds exposed to longer periods of darkness experience EXEPTD、increased appetite6、In the experiment mentioned in the passage, the scientists adjusted the birds,C、exposure to light五、英译汉1、If you were asked to summarize your paper in one sentence,what would you say?译：如果让你⽤⼀句话对你的⽂章进⾏总结，你会怎么说？2：Focusing on your central message.译：聚焦于你的中⼼思想。
专业英语复习资料
专业英语复习资料1. 专业词语互译：〔考其中20个〕2. 英译中：〔考其中5句〕1.It is important for a novice designer to understand the fact that beautiful and practi cal design solutions don’t appear out of thin air like magic.2.The design process is a framework of steps, incorporating both rational and intuitive phrases, that aid the designer to organize his/her work, thoughts, and feelings in an effort to produce the best design solution possible.3.The purpose of a foundation is to carry the load of a structure and spread it over a greater area, evenly and without undue settlement, to the ground beneath.4.A foundation normally consists of either plain or reinforced concrete, which should be laid sufficiently below the ground frost level to avoid the possible danger of frozen soil lifting it.5.Precast concrete blocks are made by pouring unset concrete into a mold and allowing it to harden.6.Solid walling is generally constructed of either bricks, precast concrete blocks or in-situ concrete.7.Solid ground floors are neatly always of concrete laid on hardcore beds and are reinforced with mesh reinforcement.8.The inclusion of reinforced beams in a reinforced concrete floor adds to its strength and loading capacity.9.The main advantages of flat roofs are that they are comparatively simple to construct and generally less costly than pitched roofs.10.I n the design of pitched roofs, one of the most important factors is the degree of the pitch or slope, which depends mainly on the material used to cover the roofs.11.T he disruption of road and real traffic, so often experienced when a flyover, an underpass or a service is being constructed, can be minimized in those constructions incorporating prefabrication.12.T he main advantage of factory industrialized building is that the prefabricated units can be produced to a very high standard of precision and a consistently high quality.13.T here remains very little in the world of building and civil engineering that cannot be constructed effectively and attractively by means of prefabricated units.14.T he inability of existing road systems of large towns to cope with modern traffic requirements has made tunnel construction a proposition well worth serious consideration.15.M odern equipment and ingenuity have enabled the construction of tunnels to be far less laborious than hitherto.16.T he ability of roads to enable traffic to flow freely and safely between the industrial and commercial centres contributes enormously towards a progressive economy.17.A ccording to Leonhardt, the composite concrete deck is also economical for triple-span cable-stayed suspension bridge, but only for those with a center span of up to 700 meters.18.I n planning the layout of drains (normally regarded as pipes serving one building) or sewers ( pipes serving more than one building), the pipes should, wherever possible, fall with the ground contours, so that the excavation is kept to a minimum.阅读理解〔考其中三段，题型为判断题以及单项选择题〕：Passage One: Structural DesignIn structural engineering, structural design is an iterative process of applying engineering mechanics and past experience to create a functional, economic, and, most importantly, safe structure for the public to inhabit or to use. Using structural analysis techniques and conforming to design specifications and the local design codes, the structural design engineer works to create a solution that is to everyone's benefit.Structural design is an expression of an understanding of the flow of forces. The distribution of forces is initially understood diagramatically and mathematically. Based on this scientific understanding, sketches of members and connections are developed. Structural design which is highly expressive of the flow of forces is also associated with modern architectural design.Structural design includes accommodation for the practicalities of construction, including on site assembly, shop assembled components, accessibility, and maintenance.Passage Two: Deep FoundationA deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished from shallow foundations by the depth they are embedded into the ground. There are many reasons a geotechnical engineer would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, but some of the common reasons are very large design loads, a poor soil at shallow depth, or site constraints (like property lines). There are different terms used to describe different types of deep foundations including piles, drilled shafts, caissons, and piers. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms. Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete and pre-tensioned concrete. Deep foundations can be installed by either driving them into the ground or drilling a shaft and filling it with concrete, mass or reinforced.Passage Three: Load-bearing wallA load-bearing wall or bearing wall, is one in which a wall of a structure bears the weight and force resting upon it, conducting the vertical load from the upper structure to the foundation.A bearing wall is opposed to a curtain wall, which uses the strength of a sub-wall to bear the weight of the curtain such as the brick facade on a skyscraper, and superstructure, usually a steel frame, to carry the weight of the floors and walls inside the curtain walls protection. The materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large buildings are concrete, block, or brick.Passage Four: Floor numberingIn most of continental Europe, as well as the British Isles and much of the Commonwealth and Latin America, the floor at the ground level is the ground floor and the floor above is the first floor, which maintains the continental European use that dates from the days of the construction of palaces.In North American usage (with certain exceptions in Quebec),however, the floor at the ground level is usually, but not always, the first floor and the floor above is the second floor; this system is also used in Russia, parts of Scandinavia outside Denmark and some countries of the former Soviet Union or Eastern bloc.China, Taiwan, and Japan follow the American system, except that the numbers used are cardinals ("1F, 2F") rather than ordinals ("1st/2nd fl." or "fl. 1/2").Passage Five: Pavement engineeringPavement engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to design and maintain flexible (asphalt) and rigid (concrete) pavements. This includes streets and highways and involves knowledge of soils, hydraulics, and material properties. Pavement engineering involves new construction as well as rehabilitation and maintenance of existing pavements. Maintenance often involves using engineering judgment to make maintenance repairs with the highest long-term benefit and lowest cost. The Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is an example of an engineering approach applied to existing pavements. Another example is the use of a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to non-destructively test existing pavements. Calculation of pavement layer strengths can be performed from the resulting deflection data.Passage Six:. PrefabricationPrefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located. The term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional construction practice of transporting the basic materials to the construction site where all assembly is carried out.The term prefabrication also applies to the manufacturing of things other than structures at a fixed site. It is frequently used when fabrication of a section of a machine or any movable structure is shifted from the main manufacturing site to another location, and the section is supplied assembled and ready to fit. It is not generally used to refer to electrical or electronic components of a machine, or mechanical parts such as pumps, gearboxes and compressors which are usually supplied as separate items, but to sections of the body of the machine which in the past were fabricated with the whole machine. Prefabricated parts of the body of the machine may be called 'sub-assemblies' to distinguish them from the other components.Passage Seven: Types of bridgesThere are six main types of bridges: beam bridges, cantilever bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges and truss bridges:(1) Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by piers. Weight on top of the beam pushes straight down on the piers at either end of the bridge.(2) Cantilever bridges are built using cantilevers — horizontal beams that are supported on only one end. Most cantilever bridges use two cantilever arms extending from opposite sides of the obstacle to be crossed, meeting at the center.(3) Arch bridges are arch-shaped and have abutments at each end. The weight of the bridge is thrust into the abutments at either side.(4) Suspension bridges are suspended from cables. In modern bridges, the cables hang from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams are implanted deep into the floor of a lake or river.(5) Like suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges are held up by cables. However, in a cable-stayed bridge, less cable is required and the towers holding the cables are proportionately shorter.(6) Truss bridges are composed of connected elements. They have a solid deck and a lattice of pin-jointed girders for the sides.Passage Eight: Civil EngineeringCivil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings.Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish it from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same person, often used interchangeably. In the 18th century, the term civil engineering began to be used to and exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the art of distinguish it from military engineering.。
专业英语
1、（中英文互译）网络：network客户-服务器网络：C/S client –server network 文本：text音频：audio计算机培训：CT Computer Traing 信息获取：information access 视频编辑：video editing 声卡：sound card显卡：Graphics 只读光盘：ROM 光驱：CD-ROM 可擦写光盘：CD-R对象：object 数据库：database 数据库管理系统：DBMS Database Management System 查询：query符号：symbol 关系数据库：relation database 病毒：virus 潜伏：lurk蠕虫：worm 周期：cycle 漏洞：bug 数据：data集线器：hub 网桥中继器：bridge repeater 交换机：switch 路由器：router网关传输介质：gateway transmission media 多媒体：multimedia 压缩：compression 压缩方法：compression methods视频：video 音频：audio 帧：frame 图像图形：photographic2、（英汉互译）Topology:拓扑结构Ethernet:以太网FDDI:光纤分布数据接口LAN: 局域网CD-ROM:光驱CD-R:可擦写光盘MAN:城域网NIC:网络接口卡WAN:广域网BIOS:基本的输入输出系统CMOS:互补金属氧化半导体DRAM: ISO:国际标准化组织a from of communication:|images:图片full-motion video :动态视频communication:交流、沟通devices on the network:网络设备a range of frequencies : process digitized sound: infection phase:感染期attack phase:攻击期parasite :寄生虫query: 查询SQL:结构化查询语句CBT:基于计算机的培训information access:信息获取Buiness presentations:商业演示Video editing :视频编辑video conferencing:视频会议Sound card :声卡Relational database:关系数据库Database model :数据库模型database management system:数据库管理系统full-motion video:动态视频database server:数据库服务器copy a file:复制文件animations:动画Hub:集线器execute a program:执行程序network interface card:网络接口卡repeater:中继器bridge:网桥switch:交换机router:路由器gateway:网关transmission media:传输介质per pixel:像素client-server network:客户-服务器网络peer-to-peer network:点对点网络bus topology :总线型网络ring topology:环形网络tree topology:树形网络mesh topology:网型网络hub and concentrator: compression standard:压缩标准RGB&YUV: single video frames: 单个视频帧static graphics images:静态图像Email attachments:邮件附件pirate d software:盗版软件shareware: 共享computer environment:计算机环境Frames: 帧 a rectangular grid : 一个矩形网格gray levels:灰度层次Compression methods:压缩方法high-quality images:高质量的图像重点句子：1、Computer networks are data communication system made up of hardware and software计算机网络是由硬件和软件组成的数据通信系统2、A computer virus is a special kind of computer program that reproduces its own code by attaching itself to other executable files and spreads usually across disks and networks surreptitiously.计算机病毒是一个能够通过把自身附加到可执行文件的方式来复制其自身代码的特殊的计算机程序，并常常利用磁盘和网络秘密的进行传播。
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英译中1 More generally, signal processing is an operation designed for extracting, storing, and transmitting useful information. The distinction between useful and unwanted information is often subjective as well as objective.更普遍的是，信号处理，提取，存储和传输有用的信息而设计的操作。
有用和无用信息之间的区别往往是主观和客观。
2 DSP is the mathematics, the algorithms, and the techniques used to manipulate real world signals after they have been converted into a digital form. This includes a wide variety of goals, such as: enhancement of visual images, recognition of speech, compression of data for storage and transmission, etc. DSP包含数学算法，算法实现和用于现实世界信号转换成数字形式后的处理技术。
DSP包括各种各样的目标，如：提高视觉图像，语音识别，存储和传输的数据压缩，等3 The channel capacity is a function of the probabilistic description of the output conditional on each possible input. Conversely, it is not possible to achieve low error probability at rates above the channel capacity.信道容量是在每个可能的输入输出条件概率描述的功能。
相反，它是不可能实现低错误率超过信道容量的概率.4 The blocks of binary digits can be generalized into variable-length sequences of binary digits. We shall find that any given discrete source, characterized by its alphabet and probabilistic description, has a quantity called entropy associated with it.二进制位的块，可以概括为可变长度的二进制数字序列。
我们会发现，任何给定的离散源，其字母和概率描述的特点，有一个叫做熵与它相关的数量。
5 One approach to channel measurement is to allocate a certain portion of each transmitted packet for that purpose. During this period, a known probing sequence is transmitted and the receive users this known sequence either to estimate the current values for the taps in the discrete-time baseband model of the channel or to measure the actual paths in a continuous-time baseband model.通道测量的方法之一就是为此目的拨出一定比例的每个传输的数据包。
在此期间，一个已知的探测序列传输和接收用户这个已知序列估计通道的离散时间基带模型的当前值的水龙头，或在一个连续时间基带模型来衡量的实际路径。
6 I mage restoration is applied to the restoration of a known distortion for which an objective criterion can be applied.图像恢复被用于复原已知的失真，这个过程将使用一个客观的标准7 In archeology, image processing methods have successfully restored blurred pictures that were the only available records of rare artifacts lost or damaged after being photographed.在考古学中，图像处理技术方法已成为成功恢复罕见文物丢失或损失块后唯一可用记录的模糊照片8 A lot of information is required to specify the exact distribution of a random variable, and even more to specify the joint distribution of two or more variables.在指定一个随机变量的确定分布需要大量的信息如果指定两个或多个变量的联合分布则需要更多的信息9 When feedback is used around an operational amplifier, the closed loop gain of the circuit is determined by a ratio involving the input and feedback impedances used.在理想运放的电器分析过程中使用在反相输入端零电压和零电流的约束条件简化电路分析。
10 Systems are defined to be stable if every bounded input excites a bounded output. The condition for discrete-time system to be stable is that all poles of H(x) lie inside the unit circle on the Z-plane.如果每一个有界输入激发有界的输出，那么可定义系统是稳定的，离散时间系统的稳定条件是H（x）几点都在Z坐标单位圆的内部。
中译英1 Large communication system such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and the Internet have incredible complexity, made up of an enormous variety of equipment made by different manufactures at different times following different design principles.大型通信系统，如公用电话交换网（PSTN）和Internet，都是异常复杂的，它们由大量的、由不同厂商在不同时期按不同设计原则出来的不同设备所设计。
2 Some discrete sources generate finite segments of symbols, such as email messages, that are statistically undeleted to other finite segments that might be generated at other times.一些离散源产生的有限长符号，如电子邮件信息，它们在统计意义上是与其他时间所产生的有现场符号段无关的。
3 1G analog system for mobile communications saw two key improvements during the 1970s: the invention of the microprocessor and the digitization of the control link between the mobilephone and the cell site.20世纪70年代，1G 模拟制式的无线通信系统见证了两项重要的技术改进：微处理器的发明及无线电话和小区之间控制链路的数字化。
4 Thus, what we call in this book digital image processing encompasses processes whose inputs and outputs are image and, in addition, encompasses processes that extract attributes from images, up to and including therecognition of individual objects.因此，书中所说的“数字图像处理”既包括输入/输出都是图像的过程，也包括从图像中提取特征等其他过程，直至对个体目标进行识别也属于本书的范畴。
5 Description, also called feature selection, deals with extracting attributes that result in some quantitative information of internet or are basic for differentiating one class of objects from another.图像描述也称为特征选取，是指从图像中提取某些特征，这些特征或者产生人们感兴趣的定量信息，或者作为区别不同目标类别的基础。
6 To process an analog signal digitally, it must first be discretized in time to yield a discrete-time signal and then quantized in amplitude to yield a digital signal.要以数字化的方式处理模拟信号，应先对模拟信号在时间上离散以产生离散时间信号，然后对其幅值量化以产生数字信号。