中原大学95学年度硕士班入学考试

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1995年全国硕士学位研究生入学考试政治试卷参考答案(文科

1995年全国硕士学位研究生入学考试政治试卷参考答案（文科一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）1.C2.A3. B4.A5.D6.B7.C8. C9.D 10.D二、多项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）11.ACDE 12.BC 13.ABD 14.ABCE 15.ABDE 16.DCD 17.AC 18.ACDE 19.AC 20.ABCDE三、简答题21.答案略。

22.答案略。

四、辨析题23.答案要点：偶然性是必然性相对应的哲学范畴。

必然性是由内部根本矛盾决定的事物发展的确定不移的趋势，仍然性是由非根本矛盾和外部因索决定的事物发展的不确定趋势。

二者辩证联系。

不可分割。

偶然性是必然性的补充和表演形式，偶然性的背后隐藏着必然性，必然性通过无数偶然事件为自己开辟道路并得以实现。

（3分）科学探索的任务是通过反复试验揭示事物的发展规律，即通过大量偶然性发现必然性。

偶然性是科学活动中的“机遇”，对科学发现有着重要作用。

把偶然性看作科学的敌人就无法认识必然性，实际也就取消了科学。

（2分）24.答案要点：商品市场价格以生产价格为中心，随供求关系的变化而上下波动是资本主义自由竞争阶段价值规律作用的表现形式。

（1分）资本主义垄断阶段，垄断组织控制了大部分的生产与销售，限制了资本的流动，使价值转化为生产价格的过程发生障碍。

垄断组织凭借其垄断地位规定垄断价格，获得超过平均利润的垄断利润，使垄断价格长期、稳定地背离生产价格以至价值，使价值规律进一步改变了表现形式。

（3分）25.答案要点：任何政府都是由少数人组成的，但政府作为国家政权机关是有阶级性的，是统治阶级的代表。

在资本主义国家，不管是“使用一个人的名义，还是使用许多人的名义”，无论采取何种政体，其政府都是代表资产阶级的利益，“终归是少数人的政府”。

（3分）在社会主义国家，尽管政府也是由少数人组成的，但它却代表了广大人民群众的利益，是为多数人服务的政府。

上述说法混淆了不同国体的本质区别。

[实用参考]1995年考研英语真题及解析

1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishSleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbPrapid ePemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep. 1 kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis 2 toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepi sevenmore 3 .TheneweGperiments,suchasthese 4 forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietPforSleepResearchinMinnea polis,suggestfascinatingeGplanations 5 ofnon-REMsleep.ForeGample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep 6 is100percentfataltorats,Pet, 7 _eGaminationsofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelPnormal.Arese archerhasnow8 themPsterPofwhPtheanimalsdie.Therats 9 bacterialinfectionsoftheblood, 10 theirimmunesPstems—theself-protectingmechanisrnagainstdisease—hadcrashed.1.[A]Either [B]Neither [C]Each [D]AnP2.[A]intended [B]required [C]assumed [D]inferred3.[A]subtle [B]obvious [C]mPsterious [D]doubtful4.[A]maintained [B]described [C]settled [D]afforded5.[A]inthelight [B]bPvirtue [C]withtheeGception[D]forthepurpose6.[A]reduction [B]destruction [C]deprivation [D]restriction7.[A]upon [B]bP [C]through [D]with8.[A]paidattentionto [B]caughtsightof [C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton9.[A]develop [B]produce [C]stimulate [D]induce10.[A]if [B]asif [C]onlPif [D]ifonlP一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。

1995年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案

1995年全国硕士研究生考试英语试卷及答案PartⅠSection A:1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed_____.A. had producedB. have been producedC. would have producedD. had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ___ in the public mind todayA. existsB. existC. existingD. existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his argument in favor of the new theory.A. which to base onB. on which to baseC. to base on whichD. which to be based on4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.A. EverybodyB. AnybodyC. SomebodyD. Nobody5. How many of us ___, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?A. attendedB. AttendingC. to attendD. have attended6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ____ it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.A. so thatB. but thatC. in thatD. provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ____ in a personal one.A. rather thanB. Other thanC. better thanD. less than8. ______ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A. WhatB. ThatC. ItD. As9. It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force ____ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.A. byB. withC. atD. on10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _____ the atmosphere.A. as it isB. the same asC. so isD. and so isSection B(改错):ll . The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.A BC D12. In debating one must conect the opponent's facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that what he presents as proof, unless relevant , is sufficient.A B C D13 . We are not conscious of the extent of which provides the psychological satisfaction that canmake the difference between a full and an empty life.A B C D14. The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that manwas Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.A B C D15 . Accounts of scientific experiments are generally correct for those write about science arecareful in checking the accuracy of their reports.A B C D16. whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathyfor the people to have affected.A B CD17 . It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health, wealth andhappiness to elements with whom very names the general public are unfamiliar.A B C D18. The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth topublic assistance and health than the United States does.A B C D19 . There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linked research projects willaccount for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, to do much to protect our diminishing resources.A B C D20. If individuals are awakend each time as they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely tobecome irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.A B C DSection C:21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ___ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.A. admiredB. regardedC. expectedD. worshipped22. A _____ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.A. shorthandB. schemeC. scheduleD. sketch23. A man has to make ____ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.A. supplyB. assuranceC. provisionD. adjustment24. The newly-built Science Building seems _____ enough to last a hundred years.A. spaciousB. sophisticatedC. substantialD. steady25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ___ free medical care.A. entitled toB. involved inC. associated withD. assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at____.A. dangerB. stakeC. lossD. threat27. I felt ____ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman's speech.A. fatiguedB. tiredC. exhaustedD. bored28. When the engine would nto start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ___.A. wrongB. troubleC. faultD. difficulty29. Your advice would be ____ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit's end.A. exceedinglyB. excessivelyC. extensivelyD. exclusively30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to _____ theconsequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step into31. The river is already _____ its bans because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatenedwith a likely flood.A. parallel toB. level inC. flat onD. flush with32. People _____ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do theairliners of today.A. convincedB. anticipatedC. resolvedD. assured33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _____ for language learningpurposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.A. adaptedB. acknowledgedC. assembledD. appointed34. The mother said she would ____ her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignmentbefore supper.A. let downB. let aloneC. let offD. let out35. We should always keep in mind that _____ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A. urgentB. hastyC. instantD. prompt36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ____ in the dictionary.A. missingB. losing C dropping D. leaking37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women ____ this field isclimbing.A. engagingB. devotingC. registeringD. pursuing38. The supervisor didn't have time so far to go into it _____, but he gave us an idea about hisplan.A. at handB. in turnC. in conclusionD. at length39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ____ of being met.A. prospectB. predictionC. prosperityD. permission40. It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a _____ way when in a furious state.A. stableB. rationalC. legalD. crediblePart Two:Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all well-understood , but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 43 .The new experiments, such as these 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of non-REM sleep .For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 1OO percent fatal to rats, yet ,47 exanlination of the dead bodies , the animals look completely normal . A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the aninlals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood ,50 their immune systems——the self-protecting mechanism against disease——had crashed.41 . (A)Either (B)Ndther (C)Each (D)Any42 . (A) intended ( B)required (C) assumed (D) inferred43 . (A) subtle (B)obvious (C)mysterious (D)doubtful44 . (A) maintained ( B) described (C)settled (D)afforded45. (A)in the light (B)by virtue(C)with the exception (D)for the purpose46 . (A) reduction ( B) destruction (C) deprivation (D) restriction47. (A)upon (B)by (C)through (D)with48. (A)paid attention to (B)caught sight of(C)laid emphasis on (D)cast light on49 . (A) develop (B)produce (C)stimulate (D)induce50. (A)if (B)as if (C)only if (D)if onlyPart ⅢReading ComprehensinnPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribotion of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it , and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive——advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51 . By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.(A) he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising(B) everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming(C) advertising costs money like everything else(D) it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?(A) Securing greater fame.(B) Providing more jobs.(C) Enhancing living standards.(D) Reducing newspaper cost.53 . The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.(A) very precise in passing his judgement on advertising(B) interested in nothing but the buyers' attention(C) correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information(D) obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author's opinton,__.(A) advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing(B) advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over(C) there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer(D) the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advenisementPassage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itsetf, but rather the attitudes and feellings people have, their caution or courge, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process ,the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept .In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail"at first. How we see our-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our abitity to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we thiQk we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making .55 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then__.(A) he has given up his smoking habit(B) he has made great efforts in his work(C) he is keen on leaming anything new(D) he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author' s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__.(A) succeed in climbing up the social ladder(B) judge his ability to glow from his own achievements(C) face difficulties and take up challenges(D) aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, para. 3) he is referring to__.(A) a new approach to experiencing the world(B) a new way of taking risks(C) a new method of perceiving ourselves(D) a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth ,the author advocates all of the following except_.(A) curiosity about more chances(B) promptness in self-adaptation(C) open-mindedness to new experiences(D) avoidance of intemal fears and doubtsPassage 3In such a changing , complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are qaestions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned .Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information . Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the parttcipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity , the need for infomtatian is of greatest importance.Those people who have accurate , reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word "it" (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to__.(A) the lack of stable communities(B) the breakdown of informal information channels(C) the increased mobility of families(D) the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.(A) they have to learn new things consciously(B) they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information(C) they have difficulty obtaining the needed informatton readily(D) they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.61 . From the passage we can infer that__.(A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages(B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era(C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences(D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.(A) it is necessary to obtain as much(B) people should make the best use of the information(C) we shoutd realize the importance of accumulating information .(D) it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent——A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides , the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! 'By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B' s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child' s personality to his possible future employment . It is top management .If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions , especially medicine,could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.63 . According to the passage , A-type individuals are usually__.(A) impatient (B) considerate (C) aggressive (D) agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoois because__.(A) the pressure is too great on the students(B) some students are bound to fail(C) failure rates are too high(D) the results of exarninations are doubtful65 . The selection of medical professionals are currentiy based on__.(A) candidates' sensitivity(B) academic acbievements(C) competitive spirit(D) surer values66. From the passage we can draw the oonclusion that__.(A) the personality of a child is well established at birth(B) family innuence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics(C) the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors(D) B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory , remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences .Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consquences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be intffpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Inded, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produoe relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration. Without fotgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example ,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by or-dinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage ( input) and forgetting (output) . Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view,__.(A) forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive .(B) if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive(C) the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability(D) sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot ,__.(A) he would survive best(B) he would have a lot of trouble(C) his ability to learn would be enhanced(D) the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that__.(A) forgetfulness is a response to learning(B) the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systenl(C) memory is a compensation for forgetting(D) the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.(A) remembering (B) forgetting (C) adapting (D) experiencingPart ⅣEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71 )The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate.72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the sktlls he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74)In general,the tests work most effectivelv when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be messured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Part ⅤWrlting (15 points)DIRECTIONS :A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"B. Time limit : 40 minutesC. Word limit : 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence : "Education plays a very important role in the modernization ofour country " .E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLEVE:1. Present sluation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion参考答案：1. D2. A3. B4. D5. B6. C7. A8. D9. A 10.C11. A, renect 12. D, if13. B, to which 14. D, being15. C, writing about 或who write about 16. D, affected17. C, whose 18. C, as19. C, do much 20. B, each time21. B 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. A31. D 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. A 37. D 38. D 39. A 40. B41. B 42. C 43. C 44. B 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B51. D 52. A 53. D 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. A 58. D 59. B 60. C61. A 62. D 63. C 64. B 65. B 66. C 67. D 68. B 69. A 70. B71．把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

1995年考研英语真题及解析

1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。

1995考研数二真题及解析

1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.把答案填在题中横线上.) (1) 设221cos()siny x x=,则y '=＿＿＿＿＿＿. (2) 微分方程2y y x ''+=-的通解为＿＿＿＿＿＿.(3) 曲线231x ty t⎧=+⎪⎨=⎪⎩在2t =处的切线方程为＿＿＿＿＿＿.(4) 22212lim()12n nn n n n n n n→∞+++=++++++＿＿＿＿＿＿. (5) 曲线22x y x e -=的渐近线方程为＿＿＿＿＿＿.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内.)(1) 设()f x 和()x ϕ在(,)-∞+∞内有定义,()f x 为连续函数,且()0f x ≠,()x ϕ有间断点,则 ( ) (A) [()]f x ϕ必有间断点 (B) 2[()]x ϕ必有间断点 (C) [()]f x ϕ必有间断点 (D)()()x f x ϕ必有间断点 (2) 曲线(1)(2)y x x x =--与x 轴所围图形的面积可表示为 ( )(A) 2(1)(2)x x x dx ---⎰(B)1201(1)(2)(1)(2)x x x dx x x x dx -----⎰⎰(C) 121(1)(2)(1)(2)x x x dx x x x dx ---+--⎰⎰(D)2(1)(2)x x x dx --⎰(3) 设()f x 在(,)-∞+∞内可导,且对任意12,x x ,当12x x >时,都有12()()f x f x >,则( )(A) 对任意,()0x f x '> (B) 对任意,()0x f x '-≤ (C) 函数()f x -单调增加 (D) 函数()f x --单调增加(4) 设函数()f x 在[0,1]上()0f x ''>,则(1)(0)(1)(0)f f f f ''-、、或(0)(1)f f -的大小顺序是 ( ) (A) (1)(0)(1)(0)f f f f ''>>- (B) (1)(1)(0)(0)f f f f ''>-> (C) (1)(0)(1)(0)f f f f ''->> (D) (1)(0)(1)(0)f f f f ''>-> (5) 设()f x 可导,()()(1|sin |)F x f x x =+,若使()F x 在0x =处可导,则必有 ( )(A) (0)0f = (B) (0)0f '= (C) (0)(0)0f f '+= (D) (0)(0)0f f '-=三、(本题共6小题,每小题5分,满分30分.) (1)求0lim x +→(2) 设函数()y y x =由方程()f y yxee =确定,其中f 具有二阶导数,且1f '≠,求22d ydx.(3) 设222(1)ln 2x f x x -=-,且[()]ln f x x ϕ=,求()x dx ϕ⎰.(4) 设21arctan ,0,() 0, 0,x x f x x x ⎧≠⎪=⎨⎪=⎩试讨论()f x '在0x =处的连续性. (5) 求摆线1cos sin x ty t t =-⎧⎨=-⎩一拱(02t π≤≤)的弧长.(6) 设单位质点在水平面内作直线运动,初速度00t v v ==,已知阻力与速度成正比(比例常数为1),问t 为多少时此质点的速度为03v ？并求到此时刻该质点所经过的路程.四、(本题满分8分)求函数2()(2)x t f x t e dt -=-⎰的最大值和最小值.五、(本题满分8分)设xy e =是微分方程()xy p x y x '+=的一个解,求此微分方程满足条件ln20x y ==的特解.六、(本题满分8分)如图,设曲线L 的方程为()y f x =,且0y ''>,又,MT MP 分别为该曲线在点00(,)M x y 处的切线和法线,已知线段MP 的长度为3220(1)y y '+''(其中00(),y y x ''= 00()y y x ''''=),试推导出点(,)P ξη的坐标表达式.七、(本题满分8分)设0sin ()xtf x dt tπ=-⎰,计算0()f x dx π⎰.八、(本题满分8分)设0()lim1x f x x→=,且()0f x ''>,证明()f x x ≥.1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题解析一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1)【答案】22222cos()sin12sin()sin x x x x xx ⋅-⋅-【解析】该函数是由两个复合函数的乘积构成,满足复合函数求导法则,222211cos()sin cos()sin y x x x x '⎡⎤''⎡⎤=+⎣⎦⎢⎥⎣⎦22221111sin()2sincos()2sin cos (1)x x x x x x x=-⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅- 22222cos()sin 12sin()sin x x x x x x⋅=-⋅-. 【相关知识点】复合函数求导法则：(())y f x ϕ=的导数为(())()y f x f x ϕ'''=. (2)【答案】12cos sin 2y c x c x x =+-【解析】微分方程2y y x ''+=-对应的齐次方程0y y ''+=的特征方程为210r +=, 特征根为1,2r i =±,故对应齐次方程的通解为12cos sin C x C x +.设非齐次方程的特解Y ax b =+,则Y a '=,0Y ''=,代入微分方程2y y x ''+=-,得02ax b x ++=-,比较系数得2,0,a b =-=故2Y x =-.所以通解为12cos sin 2y C x C x x =+-.【相关知识点】1.二阶线性非齐次方程解的结构：设*()y x 是二阶线性非齐次方程()()()y P x y Q x y f x '''++=的一个特解.()Y x 是与之对应的齐次方程 ()()0y P x y Q x y '''++=的通解,则*()()y Y x y x =+是非齐次方程的通解.2. 二阶常系数线性齐次方程通解的求解方法：对于求解二阶常系数线性齐次方程的通解()Y x ,可用特征方程法求解：即()()0y P x y Q x y '''++=中的()P x 、()Q x 均是常数,方程变为0y py qy '''++=.其特征方程写为20r pr q ++=,在复数域内解出两个特征根12,r r ；分三种情况：(1) 两个不相等的实数根12,r r ,则通解为1212;rx r x y C eC e =+(2) 两个相等的实数根12r r =,则通解为()112;rxy C C x e =+(3) 一对共轭复根1,2r i αβ=±,则通解为()12cos sin .x y e C x C x αββ=+其中12,C C 为常数.3.对于求解二阶线性非齐次方程()()()y P x y Q x y f x '''++=的一个特解*()y x ,可用待定系数法,有结论如下：如果()(),x m f x P x e λ=则二阶常系数线性非齐次方程具有形如*()()k xm y x x Q x e λ=的特解,其中()m Q x 是与()m P x 相同次数的多项式,而k 按λ不是特征方程的根、是特征方程的单根或是特征方程的重根依次取0、1或2.如果()[()cos ()sin ]xl n f x e P x x P x x λωω=+,则二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程()()()y p x y q x y f x '''++=的特解可设为*(1)(2)[()cos ()sin ]k x m m y x e R x x R x x λωω=+,其中(1)()m R x 与(2)()m R x 是m 次多项式,{}max ,m l n =,而k 按i λω+(或i λω-)不是特征方程的根、或是特征方程的单根依次取为0或1. (3)【答案】370y x -+= 【解析】切线的斜率为2222233322t t t t dy dy t dt t dx dx tdt========. 当2t =时,5,8x y ==.故所求切线方程为 83(5)y x -=-.化简得 370y x -+=.【相关知识点】参数方程所确定函数的微分法：如果()()x t y t φϕ=⎧⎨=⎩,则()()dy t dx t ϕφ'='.(4)【答案】12【解析】应用夹逼准则求数列的极限.令2221212n na n n n n n n n=+++++++++ 则 22212n na n n n n n n n n n>+++++++++221(1)1222211.22n n n n n n n n n ++++==+++=⋅+ 又 222221(1)1212122n n n n n a n n n n n n n n n n ++++<+++===+++++, 即 111222n n a n +⋅<<+,所以 11111lim lim lim 22222n n n n n a n →∞→∞→∞+⋅=<<=+.由夹逼准则,得1lim 2n n a →∞=.即222121lim()122n n n n n n n n n →∞+++=++++++. (5)【答案】0y =【解析】函数22x y x e -=的定义域为全体实数,且22lim lim 0x x x y x e -→∞→∞==,所以曲线只有一条水平渐近线0y =.【相关知识点】铅直渐近线：如函数()y f x =在其间断点0x x =处有0lim ()x x f x →=∞,则0x x =是函数的一条铅直渐近线；水平渐近线：当lim ()x f x a →∞=(a 为常数),则y a =为函数的水平渐近线.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1)【答案】(D)【解析】方法一：反证法,利用连续函数的性质,即有限多个在同一点处连续的函数之乘积,仍然在该点处连续.设函数()()x f x ϕ无间断点,因为()f x 是连续函数,则()()()()x x f x f x ϕϕ=⋅必无间断点,这与()x ϕ有间断点矛盾,故应选择(D).方法二：排除法,举出反例排除.设 1,0,()1,()1,0,x f x x x ϕ-<⎧≡=⎨≥⎩则2[()]1,[()]1,[()]1f x f x x ϕϕϕ≡≡≡都处处连续,排除(A),(B),(C).故应选择(D). (2)【答案】(C)【解析】方法一：利用定积分的求面积公式有22(1)(2)(1)(2)x x x dx x x x dx --=--⎰⎰121(1)(2)(1)(2)x x x dx x x x dx =---+--⎰⎰应选择(C).方法二：画出曲线(1)(2)y x x x =--的草图,所求面积为图中两面积之和,即121(1)(2)(1)(2)x x x dx x x x dx ---+--⎰⎰,故应选(C). (3)【答案】(D)【解析】因为对任意12,x x ,当12x x >时,12x x -<-,则函数12()()f x f x -<-,即12()()f x f x -->--,故()f x --是单调增加的.应选择(D).对于(A)(B)(C)可令3()f x x =,则对任意12,x x ,当12x x >时,都有12()()f x f x >, 但 20(0)30x f x='==,2()3()0f x x '-=-≥,3()f x x -=-,在其定义域内单调减少.故排除(A)(B)(C). (4)【答案】(B)【解析】由()0f x ''>可知()f x '在区间[0,1]上为严格的单调递增函数,故(1)()(0),(01)f f x f x '''>> <<由微分中值定理,(1)(0)(),(01)f f f ξξ'-=<<.所以(1)(1)(0)()(0)f f f f f ξ'''>-=>,(01)ξ<<应选择(B). (5)【答案】(A)【解析】函数()f x 在0x x =处可导的充分必要条件是0()f x -'与0()f x +'存在且相等. 由于()()()|sin |F x f x f x x =+,而()f x 可导,所以()F x 在0x =处可导等价于()|sin |f x x 在0x =可导.令()()|sin |x f x x ϕ=,则0000()|sin |()sin (0)lim lim (0),()|sin |()sin (0)lim lim (0),x x x x f x x f x x f x xf x x f x x f x x ϕϕ++--+→→-→→⎧'===⎪⎪⎨⎪'==-=-⎪⎩于是要使()F x 在0x =处可导,当且仅当(0)(0)f f -=,即(0)0f =.故选择(A).三、(本题共6小题,每小题5分,满分30分.)(1)【解析】利用等价无穷小计算,即当0x →时,sin xx .原式22200022sin 1112lim lim lim 2222x x x x x x +++→→→⎛⎫⋅ ⎪⎝⎭====⋅⎝⎭. (2)【解析】这是一个由复合函数和隐函数所确定的函数.方法一：将方程两边对x 求导,得()()()f y f y y e xe f y y e y '''+⋅⋅=⋅,即 ()()()f y y f y e y e xf y e'='-, 将()f y y xee =代入并化简,得 1(1())y x f y '='-.两边再对x 求导,得[][][][]220(1())(1())(())(1())(1())x f y f y x f y y y x f y x f y ''''''----+-⋅''==''--[]221()(1())(1())y f y x f y x f y '''=-+'-'-. 将1(1())y x f y '='-代入并化简得 []3221()(1())(1())f y y x f y x f y ''''=-+'-'-. 方法二：方程两边先取对数再对x 求导.方程两边取对数得 ln ()x f y y +=,求导得1()f y y y x'''+⋅=, 因为1f '≠,所以 1(1())y x f y '='-.以下同方法一.【相关知识点】复合函数求导法则：(())y f x ϕ=的导数为(())()y f x f x ϕ'''=. (3)【解析】首先应求出()x ϕ的表达式.由2222211(1)ln ln 211x x f x x x -+-==---,令21,x t -=得1()ln1t f t t +=-.又 ()1[()]lnln ()1x f x x x ϕϕϕ+==-,则()1()1x x x ϕϕ+=-.解得1()1x x x ϕ+=-.因此12()(1)2ln 111x x dx dx dx x x C x x ϕ+==+=+-+--⎰⎰⎰. (4)【解析】函数()f x 在0x x =处的导函数连续的充分必要条件是0()f x -'与0()f x +'存在且必与0()f x '相等.当0x ≠时,22412()arctan 1x f x x x '=-+,由于224000012lim ()lim ()lim ()lim arctan 0122x x x x x f x f x f x x x ππ→-→+→→⎡⎤'''===-=-=⎢⎥+⎣⎦, 2000()(0)()1(0)limlim limarctan 02x x x f x f f x f x x x π→→→-'====-, 所以 00lim ()lim ()(0)x x f x f x f →-→+'''==.故()f x '在0x =处连续. (5)【解析】由弧微分公式得ds ===,所以2222000022sin2sin224cos4(11)8.2t t s dt dttπππππ====⎡⎤=-=---=⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰⎰⎰(6)【解析】设质点的运动速度为()v t,由题设,阻力为()v t-,按牛顿第二定律有()()dv tm v tdt=-,其中质量1m=,即()()dv tv tdt=-.这是简单变量可分离的微分方程,解之得()tv t Ce-=.另有初始条件(0)v v=,得()tv t v e-=.当此质点的速度为03v时,有3tvve-=,得ln3t=.到此时刻该质点所经过的路程为ln3ln3000012133t ts v e dt v e v v--⎛⎫⎡⎤==-=--=⎪⎣⎦⎝⎭⎰.四、(本题满分8分)【解析】对函数2()(2)x tf x t e dt-=-⎰两边求导并令()0f x'=,得22()2(2)0xf x x x e-'=-=,解得驻点0,x x==由于()0,()()0,0,()()0,0()()0,,()f x x f xf x x f xf x x f xf x x f x'>-∞<<'<<<'><<'<<<+∞⎧⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎩严格单调增,严格单调减,严格单调增,严格单调减,所以(f f为函数()f x的极大值点,(0)f为函数()f x的极小值点,且222200((2)(2)1t t tf t e dt t e e dt e----=-=---=+⎰⎰,(0)(2)0tf t e dt-=-=⎰,又00lim()li(2)(2)1m()x xt t tf x f t e dt t e e dtx+∞→-∞→+∞+∞+∞----=---===⎰⎰, 所以2(1f e-=+为函数()f x最大值,(0)0f=为函数()f x的最小值.【相关知识点】积分上限函数的求导公式：()()()()()()()()()x x d f t dt f x x f x x dxβαββαα''=-⎰.五、(本题满分8分)【解析】把xy e =和xy e '=代入所给的一阶线性微分方程,得()x x xe p x e x +=,解得 ()xp x xex -=-.线性方程被确定为()xxy xe x y x -'+-=,即(1)1x y e y -'+-=.这是一阶线性非齐次微分方程,通解为 (1)(1)x x e dxe dx y e e dx C -----⎛⎫⎰⎰=+ ⎪⎝⎭⎰ ()()xxxxx x e exex e x e x e x e eedx C e dx C e e dx C e -------+--++-⎛⎫⎛⎫'=+=+=+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰ ()xx xe xe x exe e C e Ce ---+-+=+=+.再由 ln20x y==得ln 2ln 2ln 20e e Ce-++=,即12C e -=-.故所求的特解为 12x e x xy e e-+-=-.【相关知识点】一阶线性非齐次微分方程()()y p x y q x '+=的通解公式为:()()(())p x dx p x dxy e q x e dx C -⎰⎰=+⎰,其中C 为常数.六、(本题满分8分)【解析】要求点P 的坐标,也就是说,要用0000,,,,x y y y '''表示出,ξη. 由()32201MP y y '''=+,有 ()3202200201()()y x y y ξη'+-+-='', ①又由法线的斜率与切线斜率互为负倒数的关系,知x y y ξη-'=--, ②把②式,即000()()x y y ξη'-=--代入①消去,ξ得到 2222000()(1)/y y y η'''-=+, ③ 由0y ''>,知曲线是向上凹的,容易看出0y η>,所以③可化为 20001y y y η'+-='',且 2000000(1)()y y x y y y ξη''+'-=--=-'',于是得 200002000(1),1(1).y x y y y y y ξη'⎧'=-+⎪''⎪⎨⎪'=++⎪''⎩七、(本题满分8分)【解析】方法一：这是一个积分上限函数求定积分,可以考虑用定积分的分部积分法.由于 sin ()xf x xπ'=-, 因而由分部积分法和00sin (0)0tf dt t π==-⎰,有()()()()()()()f x dx f x d x f x x f x x dx πππππππ'=-=-+-⎰⎰⎰[]000sin ()sin cos 2x x dx xdx x xπππππ=-==-=-⎰⎰.方法二：对于二重积分0sin ()x t f x dx dt dx t πππ⎛⎫= ⎪-⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰,可以通过变换积分次序来求解.0sin sin ()x Dt t f x dx dt dx dtdx t t ππππ⎛⎫== ⎪--⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰, 其中{}{}(,)0,0(,)0,.D x t x t x x t t t x πππ=≤≤≤≤=≤≤≤≤于是00sin sin ()sin 2t t t t f x dx dx dt dt dx tdt t t ππππππππ⎛⎫==== ⎪--⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰.八、(本题满分8分) 【解析】由于 0()lim1x f x x→=,所以必有(0)0f =,且0()(0)()(0)limlim 10x x f x f f x f x x→→-'===-. 证法一：用函数单调性证明不等式. 令 ()()x f x x ϕ=-,则 ()()1()(0)x f x f x f ϕ''''=-=-. 由于()0f x ''>,所以函数()f x '单调增加,()()(0)0,0,()()(0)0,0,x f x f x x f x f x ϕϕ'''=->>⎧⎨'''=-<<⎩()x ϕ'在0x =由负变正,所以0x =是()x ϕ的极小值点也是最小值点,()()(0)(0)00x f x x f ϕϕ=-≥=-=,即()f x x ≥. 证法二：用泰勒公式.2211()(0)(0)()()2!2f x f f x f x x f x ξξ'''''=++=+. 因为()0f x ''>,所以 21()02f x ξ''≥. 所以 21()()2f x x f x x ξ''=+≥.。

1995年考研英语真题及解析

1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease —had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。

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Economic data sets come in a variety of types. Carefully define the following data sets: “cross-sectional data”, “time series data”, “pooled cross sections data” and “panel or longitudinal data”.
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(a) The stochastic error term i u and the residual term i e mean the same thing.
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(d) The coefficient of correlation,γ, has the same sign as the slope coefficient b . (e) For a given α and degrees of freedom, if the computed t exceeds the critical
t value, we should not reject the null hypothesis.
(f) In the two-variable regression model 1b is likely to be a more accurate estimate of 1β if the disturbances i u follow the normal distribution.
(g) If heteroscedasticity is present, the conventional t and F tests are invalid.
(h) An increase in the risk of a Type I error results in a decrease in the risk of a Type II error.
(i) If the null hypothesis is not rejected, the researcher concludes that there is
sufficient evidence to infer that the difference between the sample statistic and the hypothesized parameter is zero.
(j) The terms “level of significance” and “p value” mean the same thing.
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A research is conducted to study whether there is a tradeoff between the time spent sleeping per week and the time spent in paid work and to look at other factors affecting sleep:
u age education totalwork sleep ++++=3210ββββ
where sleep and totalwork are measured in minutes per week and education and age are measured in years.
Using the data for sample 706=n , the estimated equation (with standard errors in parentheses) is
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45.1()88.5()017.0()28.112( 113.020.213.11148.025.638,3ˆ2=+−−=R age education totalwork ep e sl
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397.1()017.0()12.68( 109.092.2149.020.469,3ˆ2=+−=R age totalwork ep e sl
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