Issue.笔记全纪录

合集下载

ISSUE大全[224篇](提纲+翻译)

ISSUE大全[224篇](提纲+翻译)

1、"We can usually learn much more from peopl e whose vi ews we share than from people whose views contradi ct our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit l earni ng." 1.我们通常从和我们意见统一的人那里学到的东西比从和我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西多的多;意见分歧阻碍了学习。

Although we can learn knowledge from people whose vi ews we share, the knowledge i s limited, si nce the sphere of knowledge of the people who share the same opinion are confined to same level of cogni tion with us.It will be quite di fferent if we communi cate with people whose views contradi ct to ours.Admitted that, it i s little harder or even bitter to accept opposite views for us due to our self-assertion i s impai red caused by other‟s challenge.2、"Competition i s ul timately more benefi ci al than detrimental to society." 2.竞争对社会的好处大于坏处。

Through competing, the one who i s most eligible i s put on the right place, and then will produce much more val ues than those who are not competent as he or she.While, on the other hand, i f a competi tion is fraught wi th adulterati on and illegality, it will bring deteriorati on to the society rather than progress. A case in point i s related to market economi cs.3."It i s more i mportant to allocate money for immediate, exi sting social problems than to spend it on l ong-term research that might help future generations." 3.我们应该把更多的钱用在当前的问题上,而不是用在可能有助于我们后代的长期的研究项目上。

GRE_issue例子总结

GRE_issue例子总结

我在准备issue过程中用到的查到的一些词及词组,我发现在引用例子的时候很多时候是知道用中文怎么说却常常被一个词的英文说法而难住了,所以我就一个个都查了出来,可能不能满足大家所有的要求,也希望对大家有点帮助吧,祝大家杀G成功:1)The flight of Apollo 11; lunar landing mission ,阿波罗11号的登月计划另外,Apollo 13号的登月很惊险,大家可能都知道吧?看过电影“阿波罗13”的人都知道这段历史吧?不知道的兄弟姐妹上百度搜一下就知道啦!,还有,“挑战者号”Challenger;哥伦比亚号Columbia2)杨氏双缝实验(大学物理讲过的,呵呵):Young’ double-slit experiment,严格来说,这个实验是用classical theory cannot explain,这里面涉及到quantum theory,即量子理论,我不是学物理的,但是据我查的资料上说,其实人类对量子理论并没有完全地明白,也没法用它解释一切,这个观点我觉得可能用来说明人类的认识过程是由不知到知的认识过程,要用发展的眼光来看问题。

3)火星登月计划:Mars Exploration Rover Mission which costs $425 million every year for the assembly, test and launch process which is just the same amount as it costs to the film Titanic and Pearl Harbor,哇,够狠,老美有钱!另外,moon rover是月球车的意思,同理Mars rover.4)Manhattan Project,曼哈顿计划,就是当年Einstein 和Oppenheimer(奥本海默,这小子狠,被称为原子弹之父,一定要记住,这小子在听说美国在对Hiroshima,即日本广岛投原子弹之后,曾感叹自己当初不应该研制原子弹which给人类带来了灾难,科技与人性的题目能用到)5)多利Dolly,不用说了,我想顺着这只名羊提一提关于基因工程( genetic engineering),转基因技术:transgenics,人体胚胎:human embryo,DNA分子双螺旋结构:the double-helix structure of DNA,还有两个牛人,就是发现DNA分子双螺旋结构的沃森和克里克,Waston and Crick6)二战纳粹德国在活人上做实验,用大量的犹太妇女人活体实验为的是研制避孕药(oral contraceptive)7)关于丑闻:Bill Clinton’s sexual scandal with Monica Lewinsky;Nixon’s Watergate scandal;兴奋剂:stimulant;猥亵(针对那个把自己黑皮染白的那个小子的):v. molest; n. molestation;Kobe Bryant Rape case;8)垃圾邮件:不要再说junk mail啦,老土!有个更native的词:spam,记住哟!9)环境问题:氟利昂:freon,臭氧层:ozonosphere/ ozone layer,臭氧空洞:ozone hole;赤潮:red tide 10)关于美国总统:刺杀总统;岂今为止,美国一共有四位总统被刺杀,第一位是Abraham Lincoln,最后一位是John F. Kennedy,还有许多刺杀未遂的,比如刺杀Roosevelt,Truman等等,这可以被用来例子表明领导者不可能让每一个人都满意.另外,罗斯福是个残疾人,大家知道吧?脊髓灰质炎导致坐在轮椅上,不过他并不是小时候得的病,挺奇怪,小儿麻痹并不是像我们想象的那样只能小时候得谈到杜鲁门,我得多说一句,当年美国的曼哈顿计划是罗斯福批的,知道美国要研究原子弹的人并不多,甚至许多后来参加研制的科学家都不知道自己在从事什么研究工作,保密工作做的相当严密,以致后来罗斯福下台,杜鲁门上台的时候都不知道美国已经研制出了原子弹.11)北美最大范围的停电:blackout (or power failure )in eastern US and Canada,人类对科技依赖的例证.12)巨牛的深蓝电脑,就是下棋的那个Deep Blue,是IBM的电脑,有256个processor,另外IBM还有个别称Big Blue13)直线加速器linear accelerator,回旋加速器cyclotron accelerator14)永动机perpetual motion machine15)名人Albeit Einstein:photo electronic effect (光电效应) ;question classical mechanics, quantum theory,不要墨守成规stick to conventions,头脑要灵活,不能太固执adamant/ obstinate/ stubborn/ headstrong,质能方程:mass-energy equationGalileo: did experiment on Leaning Tower of Pisa to discover law of uniform acceleration of falling bodies; discovered that moon shines with reflected light; denounced for advocating Copernican system ;was later tried by Inquisition(宗教法庭) and forced to recant(改变信仰); 哥白尼Copernicus,日心说:sun-centered system地心说:earth-centered system,布鲁诺Bruno,火刑be burned at stakeIsaac Newton:经典力学classical mechanics, 万有引力universal gravitation,be inspired by the falling apple;stand on the shoulders of giantsHegel 黑格尔: 1770-1831 German philosopher; his dialectic process for reconciling opposites influenced Existentialists, Marx, etc.Karl Marx 的辩证唯物主义来自于黑格尔的辩证法dialectic 和费尔巴哈Feuerbach的唯物论Vincent van Gogh:梵高,作品sunflowerMonet莫奈作品sunriseSteven Hawking: British theoretical physicist noted for his research into the origin of the universe. His work influenced the development of the big bang(宇宙大爆炸理论)and black hole(黑洞)theoryMandela(曼德拉), (struggle against segregation in South Africa)the South African black political leader and former president, was awarded 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to antiracism and antiapartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality.Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, forms a transition from classical to romantic composition. Individual, Companies, Leadership and Internal controlDiscriminating services may cause misunderstanding and unpleasant result.The best example is [Toshiba |, one of the largest Japanese companies. In 2000, the Company announced that among notebook computers it produced, one model had serious defect. Users in North America could choose either replacements with an upgraded model or full refund. However, no such offer for users in China. Chinese users were outraged at the company's discrimination and refused to use any of Toshiba's notebook computers. What the company lost is not only the temporary revenue but also the consumer's confidence, which contribute to the long-term success of the company.Roosevelt: the 32nd president and the only president elected for 4th terms (1933-45); developed reforms and projects known as the New Deal. Under his sagacious leadership, America successfully walked out the shadow of Recession and conquered the notorious fascism in the Second World War. And according to a poll conducted at Harvard in 1950, Roosevelt is highly renowned as one of the greatest president of American, ranking only after Washington and Lincoln.Washington: 1st president of the U.S. (1789-1797); established many precedents that permanently shaped the character of the office of president; universally regarded as father of his country. Abraham Lincoln: 16th president of the U.S. (1861-65); successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War; issued Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in rebelling states; made famous address dedicating cemetery at Gettysburg; assassinated five days after end of Civil War.Jefferson: chief author of Declaration of Independence (1776); 3d president of the U.S. (1801*09); purchased Louisiana from France, sent Lewis and Clark to explore it; prohibited importation of slaves; instrumental in founding U. of Virginia. From him we can see the importance initially laid upon education. He required his progenies to carve such epitaph on his tombstone as ‘chief author of Declaration of Independence; author of the Freedom Law of Religion in Virginia; Father of the Virginia Uni.’ Without mentioning of his presidenc y. It reflected vividly what a status of education in Jefferson’s heart and this status was inherited by his successors. It is why American’s being super power of the world today.Wright Brothers(怀特兄弟):It lasted only 12 seconds, but those 12 seconds changed history. On December 17, 1903, two brothers named Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first airplane flight 哥俩的飞机就在天上呆了12秒.Marie Curie: probed the mysteries of radioactivity and X rays. In 1903, she and her husband won the Nobel Prize in physics, one of the most important awards in science. In 1911, Marie Curie won a second Nobel Prize, this time in chemistry. She is one of very few people in history to win two Nobel prizes.Martin Luther King, Jr. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!”Captain James Cook : sailed around the world twice. He was the first European to reach Hawaii and New ZealandOsama bin LadenConfucius孔子,Mencius孟子16)偷窥:peep,窃听: wiretap17)颁布法律:enact a law18)弱肉强食:the law of jungle19)路易十六Louis XVI,就是被最终砍头(be guillotined)的那个法国国王。

issue怎么写?四种方法写好issue

issue怎么写?四种方法写好issue

智 课 网 G R E 备 考 资 料issue怎么写?四种方法写好issue授人以鱼不如授人以渔,如果大家能掌握几种快速的分析技巧加上一些通用性很强的国际化事例,准备GRE ISSUE文章将事半功倍。

拆分法分析题目极为有效的一种手段,其基本原理就是面对一个云山雾罩的抽象的大的概念,将其一分为二或者一分为多进行分别讨论。

解析法通过对题目主体的需求进行分析,从而找到支持论证的有说服力的理由与典型的论据。

主体需求,可以是个人,教育,社会,政府与文化发展等方面的需求。

正反法对题目的主张或者结论分成两面分析。

没有绝对对错,哪边理由与例证多我们走哪边。

也可写成让步式或者对照式两面论证。

比较法适用于题干中两个对等概念的比较。

这四种解题办法可以交替结合使用。

下面我们通过几道典型题目举例说明拆分法在解题中的应用。

93."The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction.Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions,people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."在英文中,如果将一个概念定义为FICTION 或者 MYTH,基本就等于对其的否定。

这里一个大的抽象概念就是个人责任,题目对其进行了否定。

本题涉及了“个人的行为”是由什么驱动的?是个人责任还是外在因素?如果我们只关注“个人责任”这个貌似很哲学的概念,然后上网铺天盖地一顿查询,得出一堆很高深的哲学与政治概念,我们就把题目给复杂化了。

这样准备题库里的244道题目,将把你的GRE备考带进一个没完没了的泥沼。

我们需要做的就是把“个人”这个概念拆分成一些自己熟悉的,有把握写好的,能够分析其行为动力的不同的人群。

论文读书笔记3篇_读书笔记_

论文读书笔记3篇_读书笔记_

论文读书笔记3篇的要求:1、topic 主题是什么(重要吗?)2、theory 理论背景是什么(充分吗?)3、issue 要研究的问题是什么(有趣吗?/有意义吗?)4、hypothesis 研究假设是什么,推导的逻辑是什么(合理吗?)5、study 求证的方法是什么(科学吗?)6、result 主要的结果是什么(令人惊奇吗?surprise?)7、explanation 结果的意料/意外是什么,基于文献如何解释,有什么意义和启示,存在的问题(有价值/不足吗?)8、implication 对该领域的研究有什么启发,对你的研究有什么借鉴(有实用/收获吗?)9、如果让你来做这样一个研究,你会这么做吗?你还能怎么做?一篇文献阅读笔记都要对以上问题给予回答,从读每一篇文献开始积累idea,为今后的 study 积累素材。

上一个读书笔记的要求是把具体细节都给说清楚了,下面是关于读书笔记写法。

读书笔记的写法是:(1)什么杂志,第几期,什么地方有关于什么问题的什么论述,它对于我即将做的博论文有什么参考作用,或者我对于这个问题有什么自己的见解,可能会有什么贡献等等。

(2) 读书笔记要进行分类,如分为数学模型方面的;实证研究方面的;中文文献方面的;外文文献方面的;数据方面的;纯理论方面的;政策分析方面的;学术争论方面的;案例材料方面的等等。

(3) 重点分析或者精读几篇代表性的文献;(4) 重要的是要写;(5) 重要的数据要及时记下来;(6) 前面的过程可能有反复,自己的见解也会有变化的。

以上只是简单的对网络上关于读书笔记写法的一个汇总。

有点乱,但是还比较全。

等自己写出一篇像样的读书笔记后,再结合自己的写作过程好好修改整理下该日志。

做好读书笔记是获取知识的一种基本工具,一篇好的读书笔记要让自己几乎不用阅读原文就可以掌握大致内容。

所以读书笔记的结构、内容不重要,重要的是能提供一个直观的理解。

以本人阅读经济管理类外文的经验,做这类读书笔记一般包括以下几个方面:一、作者简介要简要说明作者的学术和工作背景,主要成就、主要书籍、论文和研究方向。

GRE考试写作范文Issue汇总

GRE考试写作范文Issue汇总

GRE考试写作范文Issue汇总今日我搜集了一些GRE issue 的优秀范文,快来一起学习吧,下面我就和大家共享,来观赏一下吧。

.GRE考试写作范文IssueMost people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity.Personal economic success might be due either to ones investment strategy or to ones work or career. With respect to the former, non-conformists with enough risk tolerance and patience invariably achieve more success than conformists. With respect to the latter, while non-conformists are more likely to succeed in newer industries where markets and technology are in constant flux, conformists are more likely to succeed in traditional service industries ensconced in systems and regulations.Regarding the sort of economic success that results from investing ones wealth, the principles of investing dictate that those who seek risky investments in areas that are out of favor with the majority of investors ultimately reap higher returns than those who follow the crowd. It is conformists who invest, along with most other investors, in areas that are currently the most profitable, and popular. However, popular investments tend to be overpriced, and in the long run their values willcome down to reasonable levels. As a result, given enough time conformists tend to reap lower rewards from their investments than nonconformists do.Turning to the sort of economic success that one achieves by way of ones work, neither conformists nor non-conformists necessarily achieve greater success than the other group.In consumer-driven industries, where innovation, product differentiation and creativity are crucial to lasting success, non-conformists who take unique approaches tend to recognize emerging trends and to rise above their peers. For example, Ted Turners departure from the traditional format of the other television networks, and the responsiveness of Amazons Jeff Bezos to burgeoning Internet commerce, propelled these two non-conformists into leadership positions in their industries. Particularly in technology industries, where there are no conventional practices or ways of thinking to begin with, people who cling to last years paradigm, or to the status quo in general, are soon left behind by coworkers and competing firms.However, in traditional service industries--such as finance, accounting, insurance, legal services, and health care--personal economic success comes not to non-conformists but rather to those who can work most effectively within the constraints of established practices, policies and regulations. Of course, a clever idea for structuring a deal, ora creative legal maneuver, might play a role in winning smaller battles along the way. But such tactics are those of conformists who are playing by the same ground rules as their peers; winners are just better at the game.In conclusion, non-conformists with sufficient risk tolerance and patience are invariably the most successful investors in the long run. When it comes to careers, however, while non-conformists tend to be more successful in technology-and consumer-driven industries, traditionalists are the winners in system-driven industries pervaded by policy, regulation, and bureaucracy.GRE考试写作范文IssueWhat society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent.I strongly agree that great achievements often lead to great discontent. In fact, I would assert more specifically that great individual achievements can cause discontent for the individual achiever or for the society impacted by the achievement, or both. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that whether a great achievement causes great discontent can depend on ones personal perspective, as well as the perspective of time.With respect to individual achievements, great achievers are by nature ambitious people and therefore tend to be dissatisfied anddiscontent with their accomplishments-no matter how great. Great athletes are compelled to try to better their record-breaking performances; great artists and musicians typically claim that their greatest work will be their next one--a sign of personal discontent. And many child protégés, especially those who achieve some measure of fame early in life, later suffer psychological discontent for having peaked so early. Perhaps the paradigmatic modern example of a great achievers discontent was Einstein, whose theoretical breakthroughs in physics only raised new theoretical conundrums which Einstein himself recognized and spent the last twenty years of his life struggling unsuccessfully to solve.Individual achievements can often result in discontent on a societal level. The great achievement of the individual scientists responsible for the success of the Manhattan Project resulted in worldwide anxiety over the threat of nuclear annihilation--a form of discontent with which the worlds denizens will forever be forced to cope. Even individual achievements that at first glance would appear to have benefited society turn out to be causes of great discontent. Consider the invention of the automobile, along with the innovations in manufacturing processes and materials that made mass production possible. As a result we have become a society enslaved to our cars, relying on them as crutches not only for transportation but also for affording us a false sense ofsocioeconomic status. Moreover, the development of assembly-line manufacturing has served to alienate workers from their work, which many psychologists agree causes a great deal of personal discontent.Turning from individual achievements to societal, including political, achievements, the extent to which great achievements have caused great discontent often depends on ones perspective. Consider, for example, Americas spirit of Manifest Destiny during the 19th Century, or British Imperialism over the span of several centuries. From the perspective of an Imperialist, conquering other lands and peoples might be viewed as an unqualified success. However, from the viewpoint of the indigenous peoples who suffer at the hands of Imperialists, these so-called achievements are the source of widespread oppression and misery, and in turn discontent, to which any observant Native American or South African native could attest.The extent to which great socio-political achievements have caused great discontent also depends on the perspective of time. For example, F.D.R.s New Deal was and still is considered by many to be one of the greatest social achievements of the 20th Century. However, we are just now beginning to realize that the social-security system that was an integral part of F.D.R.s social program will soon result in great discontent among those workers currently paying into the system but unlikely to see any benefits after they retire.To sum up, I agree that great achievements, both individual and socio-political, often result in great discontent. Moreover, great individual achievements can result in discontent for both the individual achiever and the society impacted by the achievement. Nevertheless, in measuring the extent of discontent, we must account for varying personal and political perspectives as well as different time perspectives.GRE考试写作范文IssueThe well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.The speaker asserts that when many people question authority society is better off. While I contend that certain forms of disobedience can be harmful to any society, I agree with the speaker otherwise. In fact, I would go further by contending that societys well-being depends on challenges to authority, and that when it comes to political and legal authority, these challenges must come from many people.Admittedly, when many people question authority some societal harm might result, even if a social cause is worthy. Mass resistance to authority can escalate to violent protest and rioting, during which innocent people are hurt and their property damaged and destroyed. The fallout from the 1992 Los Angeles riots aptly illustrates this point. The authority which the rioters sought to challenge was that of the legal justice system which acquitted police officers in the beating of RodneyKing. The means of challenging that authority amounted to flagrant disregard for criminal law on a mass scale--by way of looting, arson, and even deadly assault. This violent challenge to authority resulted in a financially crippled community and, more broadly, a turning back of the clock with respect to racial tensions across America.While violence is rarely justifiable as a means of questioning authority, peaceful challenges to political and legal authority, by many people, are not only justifiable but actually necessary when it comes to enhancing and even preserving societys well-being. In particular, progress in human rights depends on popular dissension. It is not enough for a charismatic visionary like Gandhi or King to call for change in the name of justice and humanity; they must have the support of many people in order to effect change. Similarly, in a democracy citizens must respect timeless legal doctrines and principles, yet at the same time question the fairness and relevance of current laws. Otherwise, our laws would not evolve to reflect changing societal values. It is not enough for a handful of legislators to challenge the legal status quo; ultimately it is up to the electorate at large to call for change when change is needed for the well-being of society.Questioning authority is also essential for advances in the sciences. Passive acceptance of prevailing principles quells innovation, invention, and discovery, all of which clearly benefit any society. In fact, the verynotion of scientific progress is predicated on rigorous scientific inquiry--in other words, questioning of authority. History is replete with scientific discoveries that posed challenges to political, religious, and scientific authority. For example, the theories of a sun-centered solar system, of humankinds evolution from other life forms, and of the relativity of time and space, clearly flew in the face of authoritative scientific as well as religious doctrine of their time. Moreover, when it comes to science a successful challenge to authority need not come from a large number of people. The key contributions of a few individuals---like Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, Darwin, Einstein, and Hawking---often suffice.Similarly, in the arts, people must challenge established styles and forms rather than imitate them; otherwise, no gemtinely new art would ever emerge, and society would be worse off. And again, it is not necessary that a large number of people pose such challenges; a few key individuals can have a profound impact. For instance, modern ballet owes much of what is new and exciting to George Ballanchine, who by way of his improvisational techniques posed a successful challenge to established traditions. And modern architecture arguably owes its existence to the founders of Germanys Bauhaus School of Architecture, which challenged certain authoritative notions about the proper objective, and resulting design, of public buildings.To sum up, in general I agree that when many people question authority the well-being of society is enhanced. Indeed, advances in government and law depend on challenges to the status quo by many people. Nevertheless, to ensure a net benefit rather than harm, the means of such challenges must be peaceful ones.GRE考试写作范文IssueIt is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value.This statement asserts that art, not the art critic, provides something of lasting value to society. I strongly agree with the statement. Although the critic can help us understand and appreciate art, more often than not, critique is either counterproductive to achieving the objective of art or altogether irrelevant to that objective.To support the statement the speaker might point out the three ostensible functions of the art critic. First, critics can help us understand and interpret art; a critic who is familiar with a particular artist and his or her works might have certain insights about those works that the layperson would not. Secondly, a critics evaluation of an art work serves as a filter, which helps us determine which art is worth our time and attention. For example, a new novel by a best-selling author might nevertheless be an uninspired effort, and if the critic can call our attention to this fact we gain time to seek out more worthwhileliterature to read. Thirdly, a critic can provide feedback for artists; and constructive criticism, if taken to heart, can result in better work.However, reflecting on these three functions makes clear that the art critic actually offers very little to society.The first function is better accomplished by docents and teachers, who are more able to enhance a laypersons appreciation and understanding of art by providing an objective, educated interpretation of it. Besides, true appreciation of art occurs at the moment we encounter art; it is the emotional, even visceral impact that art has on our senses, spirits, and souls that is the real value of art. A critic can actually provide a disservice by distracting us from that experience.The critics second function that of evaluator who filters out bad art from the worthwhile is one that we must be very wary of. History supports this caution. In the role of judge, critics have failed us repeatedly. Consider, for example, Voltaires rejection of Shakespeare as barbaric because he did not conform to neo-classical principles of unity. Or, consider the complete dismissal of Beethovens music by the esteemed critics of his time. The art critics judgment is limited by the narrow confines of old and established parameters for evaluation. Moreover, critical judgment is often misguided by the ego; thus its value is questionable in any event.I turn finally to the critics third function: to provide useful feedbackto artists. The value of this function is especially suspect. Any artist, or anyone who has studied art, would agree that true art is the product of the artists authentic passion, a manifestation of the artists unique creative impulse, and a creation of the artists spirit. If art were shaped by the concern for integrating feedback from all criticism, it would become a viable craft, but at the same time would cease to be art.In sum, none of the ostensible functions of the critic are of much value at all, let alone of lasting value, to society. On the other hand, the artist, through works of art, provides an invaluable and unique mirror of the culture of the time during which the work was produced a mirror for the artists contemporaries and for future generations to gaze into for insight and appreciation of history. The art critic in a subordinate role, more often than not, does a disservice to society by obscuring this mirror.11。

issue知识点

issue知识点

什么是 issue 知识点?在软件开发和项目管理中,issue(问题)是指在开发过程中遇到的任何类型的问题或任务。

它可以是一个错误、一个功能建议、一个需求、一个技术难题等。

在团队协作中,issue 是一个非常重要的概念,它可以用来跟踪和管理工作流和进度。

如何创建一个 issue?1.打开项目的开发平台或项目管理工具(如 GitHub、Jira 等)。

2.导航到相应的项目仓库或项目页面。

3.在页面上找到“创建一个issue”或类似的按钮或链接。

4.点击“创建一个issue”按钮,进入创建 issue 的页面。

5.在创建页面上填写相关信息,包括:–标题:简洁明了地描述问题或任务。

–描述:详细描述问题或任务的背景、原因和目标。

–分配给:选择该问题或任务的负责人。

–标签:为问题或任务分配适当的标签,以便更好地分类和检索。

–优先级:指定问题或任务的重要程度。

–里程碑:将问题或任务与项目的里程碑关联起来。

6.填写完相关信息后,点击“提交”按钮或类似按钮,创建 issue。

如何跟踪和处理 issue?1.在项目页面或仓库页面上,导航到“Issues”或类似的标签或链接。

2.在 issue 列表中,可以根据不同的属性,如状态、优先级、负责人等进行筛选和排序,以便更好地跟踪。

3.点击某个 issue 的标题或链接,可以查看详细信息和讨论。

4.在 issue 详细信息页面上,可以进行以下操作:–评论:可以发表自己的意见、观点或提供解决方案。

–状态更新:根据当前进展,将 issue 的状态更新为“打开”、“进行中”或“已解决”等。

–关闭:当问题或任务已经解决时,可以将其关闭。

–分配:可以将问题或任务重新分配给其他负责人。

–标签更新:根据需要,对问题或任务进行标签更新。

–里程碑更新:根据项目进展,更新问题或任务与里程碑的关联。

–相关问题:如果某个问题或任务与其他问题或任务相关,可以在适当的地方进行引用或关联。

5.在解决问题或任务的过程中,可以进行适当的讨论、协作和追踪,确保问题或任务得到妥善处理和解决。

Issue笔记

Issue笔记

Issue 作文审题1、单一结论型:至少从两个方面对题干中的的单一结论进行分析论述。

找:字面意思和暗含意思,并列结构,半句。

2、双观点型(题目中暗含两个选项,将其对比优劣)首先,找到题目中的比较类关键词:prefer, more, or, than, replace,instead. 其次,对双选项进行对比分析(没有比较就没有发言权)重点句式:“A的确…;但是B最终更加…”…is admittedly…; nevertheless,…is ultimately more…(要善于用副词)“认为A比B更重要是错误的”It is incorrect to place A′s significance above that of B. Issue 作文结构一、文章开头段落1、原意转述题目(改写题目+解释题目+自己观点)1)“题目说”:The speaker says/states/claims/asserts/defines/suggests.....2)“题目的意思是”:This means thatThe meaning of this statement is thatUnder this definition/concept3)“我认为”:I advocate/insist/argueIn my viewAs I see itFrom my perspectiveAs far as I am concerned.重点句式:从这个角度看待…会有严重问题Viewing… in this light reveals serious problems with it. 题目片面得看待了The claim assumes a distortedly narrow view of没有关联:has/have no bearing on有关联:be relevant to2、针对题目进行发问(哪个更好/更重要? +题目的观点是+我认为)第一步:which is ..:A or B ?第二步:the speaker prefers ..第三步:我认为二、文章主体部分1、论证方法1)完全同意2)完全不同意3)有让步的不同意(即:小部分同意,大部分不同意)4)两种情况2、细节展开1)例证法例子的写法:一个:起因+经过+结果两个:正反例子作对比多个:将例子进行归类分类别讨论三、结尾段落1、过渡连词:transitional words“总而言之”:all in allIn briefTo summarize/in summaryTo conclude/in conclusionTo put all in a nutshell2、Thesis Statements“我赞成”:I intend to stand on the side thatI am inclined to agree with the viewpoint thatI am strongly in favor of doing3、分论点for the reasons that A B and CMain reasons include A B and CThis viewpoint is primarily caused by A B and C. 重点句式:只占少部分…constitute a negligible percentage of..对..有很大的...影响…exerts a strong and beneficial/harmful/positive/negative influence on要求做某事...obligate ...to......impose on ...a duty to...。

【小马过河】课堂笔记 强化班 20小时 Issue

【小马过河】课堂笔记 强化班 20小时 Issue
托福吧官方交流群: 174155755
GRE Revised General Test Analytical Writing 强化班笔记
"Analyze an Issue" task
考点: 1. Critical thinking 2. Persuasive writing
难点 1. 要有独立思考能力 2. 题目学术深度高 3. 涉及题材比较广 4. 语言要求比较高
分类 发散 收敛
PFW: Purposeful Free Writing 1. 不过于注重语言细节 2. 做宏观整体把握, 先不管细节构造 正面 负面 正负不明
DCD(GCP)R(IBN)E
D: Definition of critical terms C: Categories of critical terms and concepts D: Domains that would be affected by the claim
Lawn mowers whining on a summer’s day, vehicles of al kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet village, planes and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume. (NCE3-47)
Invading personal privacy (Effect )
Making human lives (and the society as a whole) unstable and unsafe (Effect )
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

Issue题目难点(是非论证的文章)1审题先熟悉题库中文意思2内容不考内容背景,考逻辑分析能力3语言标准书面语三类难题:哲学类道德伦理文化文学只能放掉一类题目不用准备新G取消二选一该考为30分钟按主题分类:纵向比较分类题库1防止跑题2★合并类似题目(新G改革要求1更加具体的细节深度>广度>范度2不能雷同)两道题的论点相似其论据论证过程可以相互使用简易评分要求0-3分:审题和结构3-4.5分:论证过程Reasoning 4.5-6分:语言多看6分文章不要模仿6分以下的文章中心观点不能完全赞成或完全反对要从正反两方面论证审题四步走1中心观点在题目中寻找关键词主体词—确定主题(名词句子的主干)确定中心观点限定词(adj adv 定语从句状语从句)用于确定论证角度(少数抽象题目没有限定词)2中心观点的分支观点现在将来问题有是非两个方面开头结尾是中心观点段中间4段(T+ T- F+ F-)3∆分支观点的理由找限定词写issue 不要走向极端,要看整体框架4 论据evidence 每一个分支观点理由------→分支论据归纳演绎方式观点论据比1:3---1:4---1:5带到生活场景中去-----看题库本身弊端:1斟词酌句浪费时间Issue看整体不看局部Issue入门要求:先用基本单词练习关键是思路(下托福高频词表)先写再修改一气呵成不要写写停停2临时找思路边想边写把能准备的尽量全准备3临时发挥应用分类提纲事先准备Step2先整理分类提纲-----整理单个提纲Step3如何写分类提纲:先找主体词限定词---再归纳p11是非两方面分支观点理由—-限定词论据善于归纳eg. 技术进步的3大种例子1交通2通讯交流(交流与人类的关系)3自动化如何展开分析:演绎要展开包装---学术化★Issue的写作核心:具体问题具体分析的是非论证★Step4 综上400-600字文章--→20-30个长句复杂句Issue 作文的结构开头段2-3句话提出中心句------结尾段2-3句话得出结尾句中间展开部分1 TTF 大正小负2TFF大负小正3TF 平衡结构正文第一段都是先写正的先继承再批判(先扬后抑)6-7句话写每段的主题句---过渡句(并列递进转折)模板:1逻辑性的目标(迎合软件评分表准)2 写作习惯模板包括:1 结构固定21 开头段的中心句1位置要求---每一个位置用什么句型做什么用End focus开头段末句中心观点错误一:用问句结束开头(而要有明确的回答)错误二:做报告式的开头The issue that lies in two points2用何种句型写中心句:1 正反论证结构或有倾向的(TTF 大正小负TFF大负小正)用让步语气2 平衡结构也可用平衡让步结果前后同等重要The issue that calls for balance in which there are both A and B(现在将来感性理性正负两观点均可蓝色部分不可雷同同时使用)2 开头段的写法╳B+P 背景+立场层层铺垫---铺垫型的罗嗦开头讲义P38╳E+P 例子+立场讲义P42╳S+P 格言+立场√C+P 矛盾+立场教程P235(题号8 11 25 26 31 41 99 103 112 131 164 190从新组合)每段话开头齐头写每段空一行√Q+A+P 问句引起开头模式教程P233第一部分疑问句开头四个通用疑问词:一般疑问句Do Should特疑问句why解释原因whether第二部分回答题目来回答---转述题目意思第三部分中心观点的写法---阐述自己观点为主即回答大问题提出自己的观点(要区别于Argument评价观点)问句+回答+中心观点结构类似结构文章(1 114 36 49 121 127 183 184)√P+S 中心观点+概述理由提纲性的开头只适用于抽象类题目主谓宾没有任何限定词P15 教程P234(4 17 136 196 )开头占30%的比重,开头写好物超所值3正文部分的写法无论是三段还是两段每一段都是一个独立的分支观点,正文的结构大体相同,展开模式大体相同中间部分靠内容6-7句话必写成分:1主题句2针对主题句的演绎分析(举例子史实数据等)3否定之否定(在进一步支持主题句从不同的角度论述同一个问题层层递进,推出不同的论据)4跟上否定之否定的演绎分析抽象具体夹叙夹议*5小段落分支观点的结论句第二部分演绎分析两种论据逻辑关系1 主题句逻辑2否定之否定论据论据充分展开分两部分1下定义definition ---→描述description→类比compare 比较两者相同点讲义P25On the other hand, over specialization means narrow foci→分类用于没有可比性的(文化伦理)2验证应用到实际中展开问题的主体部分,拉长文章讲义P38主题句的写法:1位置---正文每段首句关键位置不要出问题2主题句的两个基本成分---1态度明确主干提前讲义P38 每一个正文段落只限于展开唯一的分支观点或理以免面混乱Specialists are necessary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and usefully assimilate the masses of new information and knowledge that have come out of research and have been widely disseminated through mass global media.On the other hand, over specialization means narrow foci in which people can lose the larger picture.---2阐述理由—→后置修饰语---表目的的后置修饰语(in order to so that)---主题句+后置修饰语表示补充解释(定从同位从)---表原因理由3引起方式并列关系---题目当中存在两个独立主题词必须用并列关系(现在和将来理性感性现实理想)Eg: (On the one hand, on the other hand in one sense, in an another sense for one thing, for another thing in the first place, in the second place, in the last place.)书面中前半部分可以省略灵活处理避免语言的僵化递进关系---T+递进次TF TF+递进词F 没有递进次会扣分Eg(further, furthermore, besides still also what is more)转折关系---无条件的使用---让步语气的复杂句Eg (It is true that It is correct that of courseno doubt undoubtlydo强调may seems thatadmittedly诚然grantedly consider that acknowledge that )+转折词P15让步语气主题句的写法:1一句话引起一段上段赞成+however+下段反对2分成两句引起两段上段赞成+it it true that however+下段反对It is true that …but (however)TFF TTF TF 正文当中的让步语气只代表两段的的承上启下(勿与阅读当中的多重转折以最后一重为准相混淆)否定之否定:讲义P34结论段结论句的写法(相对不重要)要求:标志词要写清楚P35由此可见accordingly 可想而知understandably 显而易见obviously简单写法:逆否结尾P26 without…without…thus等同于否定之否定的写法更灵活★★★Chapter2 论证手法和论证过程一论证过程1比较型论证题目只涉及两个事物的比较标志词more than better than worse thanRather than instead of prefer A to B中心观点: A>B A<B A=B 自圆其说中间段落: 第一步找主题词A B第二部找A正负两方面B是非两方面A>B→A+ B- B+ 其中B-=AA<B→A+ A- B+不推荐使用A=B→A+ A- B- B+P17 218 "A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."找主体词统一nation使用国家这个场景来限制same 分歧parts of the nation找分支观点的理由----找限定词限定条件最难的写法:until they enter college 因为去掉这个条件文章出题的意思就变了---接着根据这个限定条件的场景往下推断国家统一安排课程政府两方面赞成1进入大学之前的中小学课程2中小学课程中与大学课程是统一的为大学做准备需要国家统一安排的(基础课程)反对1极端法则不能过分的安排统一课程教育方式不同教育目的不同地方分别安排课程政府两方面赞成1 从题目得出不同地方的课程different parts即本地课程因材施教反对1 too local2 ★★★因果型论证标志词because since for 冒号分号表解释说明Thus hence thereforeConclude conclusion conclusive consequentResult in result from lead to lie inA extendB 前果后因 A reflect B A是结果 A after all B A结果找主体词确定中心观点: 提炼题目得出A原因推出B结论中间段落: 赞成先支持A再推出B成立你否命题B-推出A-反对攻击原因A 釜底抽薪拆桥A原因退不出B结论P5 90 21190 "At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species." (211"Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being.")从题干找理由理由一A自然灭绝B结论there is no justification for做什么没有道理概括为人类不管自然灭绝推出人类不管赞成1赞成题目理由1自然选择论nature choice 2物种缺乏生存能力----论据(最精确论据最好例子如恐龙)2逆否命题B-人类管→A-非自然的物种灭绝(因为人自身的不足因此人类不得不牺牲一些物种来保证生存如失业犯罪贫穷)反对 1 攻击原因A 釜底抽薪我们的行为导致物种灭绝而这个物种是生态平衡的一环它们在调节生态环境就会打破生态平衡如果生态平衡被打破就会导致气候突变而气候突变就会反过来是人类自身遭受灾害人类的行为→物种灭绝→打破生态平衡→气候突变→人类自身遭受灾害2 拆桥攻击因果关系自然灭绝推不出人类不管即就算自然要灭绝人类还是要管(弱势动物Panda/可以用任何国家的国宝级动物)中心观点:保护物种是情况而定该保护要保护但不能过分保护全能论证2 假设法---推到论据有理由而没有例子的题编例子假设一个符合逻辑的论据(共存物种coexist with human beings 人类的主食大米猪牛羊等等)3 问题解决型论证标志词the way to should by through主体词:A方法解决B问题进行是非论证赞成 1 Ts 赞成题目的观点Ts-题目的方法有缺陷反对他因法---专门用于问题解决型驳论的间接反对如政府解决老年人问题----家庭社会政府共同解决老年人问题简介削弱A方法解决B问题219 "The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth."主体词:通过年轻人来了解文化赞成Ts 年轻人是了解当代文化的必要条件为什么?时尚文化如果要了解现代文化就要了解时尚文化---要找年轻人论据时尚文化:快餐文化年轻人→快餐文化→当代文化特征对比写法比较两种不同点相对于成年年老人年轻人更能代表快餐文化网络文化年轻人→网络文化→当代文化特征1全球化特征信息共享---互联网---相对于其他人群年轻人更喜欢网络文化全能论证三利原则will(充分条件)必须性原则must缺少该条件就不成立了(必要条件)全能论证四搭桥法自圆其说A→B很难自圆其说考虑从A→C→B 这个过程就是在做研究用→来细化思路反对他因法成年老年人→了解当代文化特征Why? 成年老年人代表(传统风俗文化)文章中提到主流文化(古希腊的理性文化基督教文化)提示:纵向比较题目积累论据42 One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities 主体词:通过major cities来了解the most important characteristics of a society论据赞成society→cities major→cities要写美国社会的基本特征:商业社会Business society民族多元化Ethnic diversity 个体整体关系不同的交流统一和分歧wpst (whitePuritanism)African American Asian American Latin American历史特征:新兴国家的历史纽约波士顿费城古老城市来反映历史反对他因乡村非主要城市假设---编例子编写英国某农村例子搭桥---自圆其说光是靠主要城市是不足以了解主要特征的年轻文化新兴文化中心思想:33 "To truly understand your own culture—no matter how you define it—requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own."223 "Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."42 "One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities."172 "The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."4结论型论证要同时满足两个条件才能满足结论型论证1 题目是个判断句& 2题目中不能出现上述三种论证词建议:能写成上述三种就要避免结论型主体词:提炼出结论---对结论进行正反论证赞成Why?为什呢结论能成立通过自己的想法推出结论结论型题目的结论都是有悖常理的因此要进行正反论证欲擒故纵先找靶子反对结论如果极端情况下有哪些不足之处釜底抽薪变成因果型221、"It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public."简单解释:老百姓必须被骗而且老百姓希望被骗Why? Necessary充分条件will原则领导者向老百姓隐瞒信息→对老百姓有好处-------领导者→集体→老百姓1 authority领导者有威信---集体很强大---老百姓生活有保障---flaw privacy必要条件Must 原则不好的信息必须要隐瞒rumor 国家的机密情报classified intelligence反对不能过分隐瞒信息不足之处国家无法控制的问题(全球问题非典)隐私国家机密什么错误都隐瞒会导致集权---腐败Chapter3* 30"The media—and society in general—mistakenly expect an individual to speak for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly represents the views of the entire group."中心观点:舆论或媒体错误的以偏概全赞成充分条件政治方面以偏概全五免之王All crode king 剪辑经济方面以偏概全虚假广告必要条件媒体为了控制成本媒体的民意公众测验收视率调查(普查但成本太高只能用抽样随机调查Random survey)反对身份多重写法entire group 只要是反对个体代表总体众口难调来批判全能论证五客观和主观客观条件:人事具有分歧性主观条件:倾向性得出结论:众口难调无法用个体完全代表总体舆论以偏概全是有好处的但也存在缺点59"Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them."中心观点:时势造英雄责任产生英雄---客观环境客观条件产生英雄赞成要想获得成功就要善于抓住机遇美国战争时代发动正义战争的总统两种例子不要写1敏感的美国时政话题2不要攻击美国的文化和价值观美国战争好总统乔治华盛顿George Washington经济方面:满足了人们要求钱印花税Stamp Duty茶税Tea tax政治方面:土地和政治的关系土地所有权不毛之地独立战争的写法:The American Revolution 支持独立战争林肯Lincoln 经济方面:工业化道路Industrialization Workaholic政治方面:奴隶制罗斯福Roosevelt 经济方面:经济大萧条The Depression 百日新政New Deal政治方面:二战打败侵略者反对要想获得成功需要学识理想Ideal 远大的眼光Far-sighted 勇气courage 正义感Sense of justice 勤奋hardwork41 Spending time along makes one a better companion to others中心观点:Spending time along的延伸自己花时间独立的想问题做事情赞成:独立和别人更好相处好相处先决条件---平等相处1家庭成员相处比较传统大家庭extended family小家庭nuclear family2公共关系平等相处比较依赖性强的人dependent 有个性的人individual反对:他因法善解人意identification认同感换位思考合作问题teamwork-63"The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."-125"Choice is an illusion. In reality, our lives are controlled by the society in which we live."-131"One often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own lives. However, the conditions in which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed."+105"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."-131"One often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own lives. However, the conditions in which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed."对自己人生负责的三种层次写法:1 物质生活负责Material Life 2精神生活spiritual life 3 knowledge智慧我们无法决定先天环境四个统一提纲Individual choice两种先天环境Objective born conditions innate(种族性别歧视glasscelling )后天条件knowledge 直接经验direct experience 意志力perseverance177"The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people."问解67"It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people's lives."92"It is possible to identify a person's politics within a very short time of meeting him or her. Everything about people—their clothes, their friends, the way they talk, what they eat—reflects their political beliefs."177主体词:通过外表了解内心万能理由:科学的---合理的理性的具备的两个基本特征:observation &experiment实践(investigation---commutation---identification)题目中出现大量论据如何写:确定数量例子l ook, dress, and act每一个都要涉及到A B C or D选择写A B C& ect.ABC可写可不写赞成:Ts+ look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interestsDress & eat---宗教信仰---政治信仰(1有些国家教派斗争什叶派叙泥派2宗教和国家的关系伊朗伊斯兰教国家3法律和宗教关系伊斯兰教法是最高法律)Dress & eat---美国阶层---政治信仰upper class---middle class ---lower class 贫富差距wealth gap 食物和家庭状况反对:58"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."结论因果主体词Technologies→social customs and ethics不能用:攻击原因釜底抽薪Technologies太过简单而用拆桥技术进步通用词传统当代时期tool age--- machine age 做两者的比较赞同:从tool age--- machine age我们的日常生活发生了三种大的变化transportation communication automation伦理1家庭伦理道德family ethic 2是非标准Technologies→家庭伦理extended family---technologies---nuclear family物质进步----道德沦丧---single parent family /divorce family丁克家庭(DINK double income no kids)反对:Technologies---ethic没有发生太多改变是非标准论据:圣经十戒ten commandments 黄金法则golden rules 法庭宣誓就职都会手摸圣经upper class宗教信仰Technologies---Customers风俗---四方传统节日---传统风俗常用素材Christmas thanksgiving’s day St.Valentine'sP26理性&感性理性反对:过分的理性无法应对突发事件如混沌理论(生活充满随机性和变量---理性不能过分)过分的理性导致残酷感性赞成:(科学家)做事需要兴趣和热情商业获得成功也需要感性(EQ 个人魅力)政治家拉选票法律政治也需要感性(陪审团人性都是有倾向的有感情的)职业道德work ethic 医生反对:Sentimental impulse purchasing---credit card consumption---shopper holly---over drat---card slaveAddiction---(an addict/addict to)100 The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.)reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses力量of a society----问解赞成必要条件:在集权社会要表达个人的思想又避免触及法律画家通过绘画表达思想毕加索毕加索艺术馆梵高音乐:黑人音乐hip-pop充分条件:通过艺术来了解不同意见是有好处的art与美学有关系活泼通过艺术的方式更有说服力讽刺作家---马克吐温反对:他因法问题解决型三权分立美国老百姓如果想表达不同意见不可能通过艺术形式而需要社会政治手段表达不同意见1 立法权legislation 国会山capital mountain 请愿pertation 示威2 行政权选举权3 司法权换成free speech整理分类提纲1 整理信息纵向比较题目理性Objective Rational Reason Logical Intelligent Planning Discovery Invention感性Subject Emotions Relief Inclination Accidental Hunch灵感Creative精神世界的伟大创造2 归纳信息相同的论据和理由如果论证类型变了按照不同的论证类型展开顺序调整一下就行内容完全一样逻辑方式不太一样理性的正负两方面科学经济政治如:(科学/商业经济/政治)为什么需要理性---Observation & Experiment---Evidence & data---Reasoning & Analysis ---Theory & Solution政治---政治分类---无罪假设everyone is innocent until he is proved guilty商业经济---学科分类---会计Chapter5 语言提炼---变化1 词汇同义词近义词原则:一篇文章一段话除了文章的主题词以外其他的辅助性词汇避免重复三种基本变化词汇:n. v. adj.选词原则:抽象&具体英文的书面语选择具体词汇居多如:老年人senior people词汇的搭配组合:五种基本搭配v.+ n. 造成伤亡inflict adj. + n. pervasive example theory adv. + v.unfairly overlookadv. +adj. deeply commit to sth. prep. + n.2句型结构长句复杂句:句型嵌套三原则主[主从(主从同位定从) 同位定从]+谓[状(状)] +宾(定从同位)复合句S1( and or but for nor so yet )S2 表并列关系复杂句S1(after even if however although)S2表从属关系句型:双重否定句1否定之否定2逆否结尾教程209同位语用于代替定从主从同位从后置修饰语用于写主题句分三种表目的表补充解释表原因教程P207修改文章基本原则:有增无减插入语教程P208 常见写法,if any,表示前提,if so,=thus ,if not,=otherwise被动句表强调正式文体中少用正式文体是以主动语态为主让步语气用于--- 1文章中心句2倒装结构教程P2153强调句It is that/who It is only because of each of the narrowly focused individuals at each step that a full and true understanding of the complexities of life can be had.3语言的主语事项:1非人称主语原则I We You People正式人称主语:one he or she is人如何如何(s/he)形式主语it is claim that there is a controversy over that关于…方面with respect to=in terms of =in reference to ----about2词义替换考试现场有单词拼写不清楚用法表达不明确应灵活应用同义词从句进行替换常见错误:人名地名专有名词中文直译成英文错误的不要写解释清楚是必要的3极端词汇原则1 逻辑错误----最高级(频率最高级:一直有all the time forever 一直没有never no 顺序最高级唯一性弥补上述缺陷使用的限定词under some circumstance almost nearly2感情词汇---过分热情(perfect extremely)4 长句短句变化原则5句式演变原则简单句(思维表达清楚)---修改个并简单句(逻辑清楚)---再改(复合句复杂句特殊句型结构)短期准备英汉互译(历年考研翻译新概念四比较和模仿)中长期准备背范文25篇找语感更长期准备大量泛读新闻&评论讲义P26复习过程巩固阶段课后整理三个基本内容:结构论证语言归纳模板模板与论证无关模板就是结构和语言熟悉题库锻炼快速审题10s 得出有效信息---论证过程(四步走)---相关主题整理提纲先写提纲在写文章独立思考高频题目网上资料做参考整理八个分类主题提纲重点准备40-50个高频提纲来源(不完全统计)机经(历史总高频)城市最新一两个月的机经联系写文章按时间要求练习8个主题分类+高频20-30篇文章修改文章互批文章冲刺阶段(考前两三周)整理思路:模板提纲语言关键词复合句修改习作模考:PP3审题1-2min 开头2-3min 结尾中间30min 分开掐表联系检查文章1-2min。

相关文档
最新文档