2014年全国职称英语考试 理工类A级 阅读理解 孙伟老师预测讲义
2014年职称英语考试真题及解析(理工类A)
2014年职称英语考试真题及解析（理工类A）insane1.Both of the old man’s daughters were killed, and now he is goingA.sadB.mourningC.crazyD.revenge正确答案:C解析:老人的两个女儿都被杀死了，现在他快要疯了。
A 伤心B哀悼C 疯了D 报仇2.The teacher got annoyedwith him because his was always lateA.enjoyedB.connectedC.satisfiedD.upset正确答案:D解析:他总是迟到，这令他的老师很生气。
A 喜欢B 联系C 满意D 生气consequently3.The supermarket was closed, and they returned home with empty handsA.conciselyB.eloquentlyC.as a resultD.frequently正确答案:C解析:超市关门了，结果他们只能空手而归。
A 简明地 B 雄辩地 C 结果D频繁地foliage4.The park is famous for the autumnA.weatherB.harvestC.festivalsD.leaves正确答案:D解析:那个公园以秋叶闻名。
A 天气，气候B收获C节日D叶子fruitful5.The scientific work in the past ten years turns outA.blindpleteC.productiveD.careful解析:十年来的科学工作结果硕果累累。
A 盲的B 完整的C 有收获的D 仔细的dog than the wolf6.Of all the wild dogs, none is more closely related to the domesticatedA.ordinaryB.tameC.faithfulD.hunting正确答案:B解析:所有的野狗都没有狼与家狗的关系密切。
2014年职称英语理工类A级考试真题(含答案)
2014年职称英语考试试题理工类c级真题及答案（word版）第1部分词汇选项1.Take some spare clothes in case you get wet.A fineB winterC outdoorD extra2.Afterwards there was just a feeling of let-down.A excitementB angerC calmD disappointment3.The AIDS convention will be held in Glasgow.A conferenceB partyC celebrationD union4.The new service helped boost pre-tax profits by 10%.A returnB realizeC increaseD double5.Some comments are just inviting trouble.A asking forB keeping out ofC getting intoD suffering from6.His knowledge of French is fair.A very usefulB very limitedC quite goodD rather special7.The book raised a storm of controversy.A damageB voiceC doubtD argument8.My principal concern is to get the job done fast.A seriousB mainC deepD particularck of space forbids further treatment of the topic here.A receivesB deservesC acceptsD prevents10.He made a number of rude remarks about the food.A commentsB signsC mannersD noises11.They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present systm.A proveB discoverC considerD imagine12.His heart gave a sudden leap when he saw her.A hopeB jumpC silenceD life13.The worst agonies of the war were now beginning.A partsB aspectsC painsD results14.I'm sure I'll be able to amuse myself for a few hours.A entertainB treatC holdD keep15.Several windows had been smashed.A cleanedB brokenC replacedD fixed答案：DDACA CDBDA BBCAB第二部分阅读判断So Many "Earths"The Milky Way(银河) contains billions of Earth-sized planets that could support life.That's the finding of new study.It draws on data that came from NASA's top planet-hunting telescope.A mechanical failure recently put that Kepter space telescope out of service.Kepler had played a big role in creating a census of planets orbiting some 170,000 stars. Its date have been helping astronomers predict how common planets are in our galaxy.The telescope focused on hunting planets that might have conditions similar to those on Earth.The authors of a study published in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences conclude that between 14 and 30 out of every 100 stars with a mass and temperature similar to the Sun may host a planet that could support life as we know it.Such a planet would have a diameter at least as large as Earth's but no more than twice that big.The planet also would have to orbit in a stor's habitable zone. That's where the surface temperature would allow any water to exist as liquid.The new estimate of how many plantes might fit these conditions comes from studying more that 42,000 stars and identifying suitable worlds orbiting them.The scientists used those numbers to extrapolate(推算) to the rest of the stars that the telescope could not see.The estimate is rough，the authors admit. If applied to the solar system，it would define as habitable a zone starting as close ot the Sun as Venus and running to as far away as Mars. Neither planet is Earthlike(although either might have been in the distant pase). Using tighter limits the researchers estimate the between 4 and 8 out of every 100 sunlike stars could host an Earth-sized world.These are ones that would take 200 to 400 days to complete a yearly orbit.Four out of every 100 sunlike stars doesn't sound like a big number. It would mean however that the Milky Way could host more than a billion Earth-sized planets with a chance for life.16. The Kepler space telescpe has been in service for 15 yearsA RightB WrongC Not mentioned17.The main task of the Kepler space telescope is to find out planets with similar conditions to Earth's.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18.The planet that could support life might be a little bit smaller than Earth.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19.The Earth is a planet orbiting in the Sun's habitable zone.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20.The new finding is based on a thorough study of 170,000 stars on the Milky Way.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21.The estimate of the number of planets that could support life is not very accurate.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22.This is the first research finding about the planets with a chance for life.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned答案：CABABAC第3部分概括大意与完成句子Pathways to Research：Problem-solving1 Pittsburgh's many hills aren't kind to bikers. Anyone hoping to pedal to work there has to contend with steep streets like Canton Avenue，which famouslyclimabs at a nearly 40-degree angle.As a result，some residents avoid biking altogether.2 But University of Pittsburgh graduate Micah Toll，23，and a few friends recently launched an invention that they hope will increase the city's pedal power. An electric bike called to Pulse PEVO. A super-strong battery powers the bicycle. Able to hit nearly 20 miles per hours without pedaling，it zips battery powers the bicycle. Able to hit nearly 20 miles per hour without pedating ，it zips up the city's most daunting(令人却步的)hills.Toll hopes it will persuade people in Pittsburgh and elsewhere to get out of their cars and onto bikes.3 If it sounds like Toll has a knack(窍门) for fixing problems，that's because he does. In high school，he designed a new type of construction beam. It weights no more than a feather pillow but can be used to build sturdy(坚固的)homes for refugees fleeing war or natural disaster.For his work，Toll was invited to attend the Inter International Science and Engineering Fair(Isef)—twice，in 2006 and 2007. The annual competition for young researchers is program of Society for Science&the Public(that's the parent organization of Science News for Kids).Toll says that when it comes to science，he keeps it simple：“You see a problem and say，“How couldI solve that?”4 He's not the only to take that approach. Many young researchers get their start by trying to solve a problem or fulfill a need in their own communities.When students dedicate themselves to finding a solution that many benefit theircommunity，“a passion is ignited(点燃)，”says Wendy Hawkins，executive director of the Inter Foundation，which sponsors Intel ISEF."Finding that passion and fostering it can be the key to many students future success."she says.23. Paragraph 124. Paragraph 225. Paragraph 326. Paragraph 4A Intel International Science and Engineering FairB The enthusiasm for solving problemsC The young researchers' passionD An invention increasing pedal powerE Why people avoid biking in PittsburghF The cause of national disaster27 A Pulse PEVO is powered with28 Toll hopes his Pulse PEVO will encourage people to29 A new construction beam invented by Toll weighs like30 Many young researchers are finding solutions to problems that mayA a nearly 40-degreeangleB get on bikesC a feather pillowD fix more problemsE a super-strong batteryF benefit their community答案：EDBC EBCF第4部分，阅读理解Approaches to Understanding IntelligencesIt bays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way .You may be a talented musician, but you might not be a good reader. Each of us is different.Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities .Psychologists have two different views on intelligence .Some believe there is one general intelligence .Others believe there are many different intelligences .Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests .These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests .They do well on tests using words, numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests, and written or oral tests .Those who do poorly on one test, do the same on all tests.Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence .The brain of intelligence people use less energy during problem solving .The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction .Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain .Howard Gardner, a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education, has four children .He believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test .Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists, he doesn’t think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling .He think that the human mind has different intelligences .These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life .Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences .Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences .Gardner says that his theory is based on biology .For example ,when one part of the Brain is injured ,other parts of the brain still work .People who cannot talkbecause of Brain damage can still sing .So ,there is not just one intelligence to lose .Gardner has Identified 8 different kinds of intelligence; linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, Interpersonal, intrapersonal, body-kinesthetic(身体动觉的),and naturalistic .31. What is the main idea of this passage?A. How to understand intelligence.B. The importance of intelligence.C. The development of intelligence tests.D. How to become intelligent.32. Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence?A. Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence tests.B. People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests.C. Intelligent people do not do well on group tests.D. Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral tests.33. Gardner believes that ________.A. children have different intelligences.B. all children are alike.C. children should take one intelligence test.D. there is no general intelligence.34. According to Gardner, schools should ________.A. test students’IQs.B. train students who do poorly on tests.C. focus on finding the most intelligent students.D. promote development of all intelligences.35. Gardner thinks that his theory has a ________ .A. musical foundation.B. biological foundation.C. intrapersonal foundation.D. linguistic foundation.答案：ABADBMusic is one of the most beautiful forms of artistic expression是ever invented. In movies and plays，music has an added function：it not only moves people but also can shock people.Our eardrums can withstand sound within 20 to 80 decibels(分贝).Once sound exceeds this limit，even beautiful music will become ear-splitting noise and harm health.A strong blast(响声) of high sound can twist and break a solid iron sheet.High sound of 150 decibels can kill a healthy rat.In movies，sometimes the hero can produce a sound that ordinary people can't hear and only those who have the same ability can feel.In nature，there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing. In physics，the sound that exceeds 20000Hz is called ultrasonic(超音波的).Dolphins，whales and bats can make suchhigh-frequency sound.It does no harm to health.Sound less than 20Hz is called infrasonic(次声)waves. When we move，the air will vibrate. The vibration of air can produce infrasonic wave.As the frequency of infrasonic waves is close to that of people's internal organs，infrasonic wave may cause resonance(共振) in human bodies. As a result，people's vision may weaken and internal organs may rupture(断裂). However，whether an infrasonic wave can be used as a weapon depends on its intensity. If its intensity is very low，it won't damage internal organs or a person's health. If the intensity of inf让sonic wave exceeds 160 decibels，it is extremely harmful. When wind blows at a force of 3 or 4 over the sea，it will produce infrasonic waves of several decibels. Only typhoons canproduce infrasonic waves of over 100 decibels. At present，scientists can only produce infrasonic weapons in the lab with the help of advanced scientific tools and powerful electric power.36 What could be the best title of the passage?A The power of musicB The harms of noisesC The magic of soundD The discovery of infrasonic waves37 What does the author say about music?A It may be harmful to people's halthB It always cheers people upC It is very often difficult to understandD It sounds better when it is lound enough38 It is true that the soundA of nature is the most beautifulB over 80 decibels is harmful to peopleC of high intensity benefits animalsD in movies is pleasing to the ear39 An ultrasonic soundA is very loudB does harm to people's healthC cannot be heard by peopleD is produced by the hero in movies40 It can be found from the last paragraph that infrasonic wavesA are harmless to people's healthB exist in people's internal organsC can be used as deadly weaponsD can improve eyesight答案：CABCCCompact DisksIf someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he isright in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers —a digital code.1 The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player2 turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers. Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune into specific signals using these codes.There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on(rewritten on)as you would do with a floppy disk3. Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc —Read Only Memory4. This disk is like a "super" floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are considered to be CD-ROMs.CDs were first sold to the public in 1982 These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented5 and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs6 and playing your favorite computer games onCD-ROMs.41 Music is recorded onto CDs asA laser beamsB digital codesC musical notesD special sounds42 E-mail is mentioned in the third paragraph to showA the variety of digital communicationsB the development of new technologiesC the usefulness of digital codesD the relationship between communication and technology43 One of the differences between CD-RWs and CD-ROMs isA CD-ROMs can be used for longer timeB CD-ROMs cannot be rewritten onC CD-RWs hold more informationD CD-RWs are merely used for music recording44 CDs can last a long time ifA they are seldom usedB they play well and sound fineC their users take good care of themD they are developed with new technology45 It can be inferred from the passage thatA CD-ROMs are more expensive than other CDsB new technology for music recording is being developedC the author likes listening to musicD flppy disks are no longer in use答案：BCBCC第5部分，补全短文Do You Have a Sense of Humor?Humor and laughter are good for us. There is increasing evidence that they can heal us physically，mentally，emotionally，and spiritually. In fact，every system of the body responds to laughter in some positive，healing way. So how can we get more laughter into our lives?(46)Psychologist and author，Steve Wlison，has some answers.Many peoplebelieve that we are born with a sense of humor.They think，“either you've got it，or you don't”Dr.Wilson points out that this false.(47) The parts of brain and central nervous system that control laughing and smiling are mature at birth(48)(After all ，when a baby laughs，we don't rush over and say，“That kid has a great sense of humor!”)A sense of humor is something that you can develop over a lifetime.Sometimes people think that they don't have a good sense of humor because they are not good joke tellers.Dr.Wilson reminds us that telling jokes is only one of many ways to express humor.(49)Then we will make others laugh，too.A person who has a true sense of humor is willing and able to see the funny side of everyday life.One of the best definition of a sense of humor is“the ability to see the nonserious element in a situation.”Consider this sign from a sore window.“Any faulty merchandise will be cheerfully replanced with merchandise of equal quality.”The store manager probably placed the sign in the window to impress customers with the store's excellent service.(50)As Dr.Wilson says，“a good sense of humor means that you don't have to be funny;you just have to see what's funny.”A He advises us to lose our inhibitions(抑制)and try to laugh at ourselves.B Is it possible to develop a sense of humor?C However，that does not mean that infants have a sense of humor.D What is true，however，it that we are born with the capacity to laugh and smileE Everyone experiences this emotionF He had a serious purpose，but if you have a sense of humor，you will probably find the sign funny!答案：BDCAF第6部分：完形填空(第51~65题，每题1分，共15分)Citizen ScientistsUnderstanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events —flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring —all around the world. But ecologists can't be everywhere so they're turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest —birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. —and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it in.A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phenology4Network. “Phenology”is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project Bud Burst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from acrossthe United States. People participating in the project —which is open to everyone —record their observations on the Project Bud Burst website.“People don't have to be plant experts —they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood,”says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. “As we collect this data, we'll be able to make an estimate of how plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.”51 A everywhere B anywhere C somewhere D nowher52 A If B Although C When D Because53 A giving B showing C developing D observing54 A special B professional C skillful D ordinary55 A on B at C to D with56 A small B limited C smple D large57 A Very B Much C AsD Many58 A All B Any C Some D Most59 A send B print C answer D keep60 A known B featured C belonged D called61 A alike B like C unlike D likely62 A points B wonders C data D interests63 A common B suitable C open D strange64 A want B forget C mind D have65 A who B how C before D since ADDDC BDAAD ACCDB。
2014年职称英语理工类ABC级讲义
2014年职称英语（理工类）考试辅导课程讲义目录第一部分了解职称英语 (3)一、概述 (3)二、评价目标 (3)三、考试内容与试卷结构 (5)四、命题原则 (6)五、答题及计分方法 (7)第二部分答题技巧 (8)一、词汇选项 (8)二、阅读判断 (10)三、概况大意与完成句子 (10)四、阅读理解 (12)五、补全短文 (13)六、完形填空 (13)第三部分 2013年新增文章 (15)2013年职称英语理工类新增文章篇目（ABC类） (15)阅读理解新增文章 (17)第十一篇 (17)第十九篇 (19)+第四十八篇 (22)完形填空新增文章 (25)第三篇 (25)第八篇 (28)+第十三篇 (31)第四部分 2013年真题 (36)2013年职业英语（理工类）A级考试真题 (37)2013年职业英语（理工类）B级考试真题 (55)2013年职业英语（理工类）C级考试真题 (70)第一部分 了解职称英语一、概述总述：全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由人事部组织实施的一项国家级外语考试。
专业类别注：三类考试的共同点和不同点：每个级别的试卷内容，除综合类外，普通英语和专业英语题目各占50%。
对于类别的区分意义不大，原则上考生报综合、理工、卫生的任何一类都是可以的，考生可结合自身情况及单位规定进行报考。
在正式考试中，50%的题都是一样的。
等级总分：100分 考试时间：120分钟注：参加考试的考生允许带一本普通的英语字典进入考场。
建议参加C 级和B 级考试的考生可以使用《牛津英汉双解词典（中级）》，参加A 级考试的考生适用《牛津英汉双解词典（高级）》，还可以同时考虑准备一本《牛津英语同义词词典》。
二、评价目标总目标：要求： （一）词汇量注：可以主要掌握2000个左右的核心单词和短语结构。
实际考试中出现的超纲词一般都会给出中文注释。
（二）语法知识注：不直接考查语法，对基本语法的考查融入到各类考题中，进行间接考查。
2014职称英语理工A阅读理解(教材)
A级—理工类第一部分阅读理解Black Holes Trigger Stars to Self-DestructScientists have long understood that super massive black holes weighing millions or billions of suns can tear apart stars that come too close. The black hole's gravity pulls harder on the nearest part of the star, an imbalance that pulls the star apart over a period of minutes or hours, once it gets close enough.Scientists say this uneven pulling is not the only hazard facing the star. The strain of these unbalanced forces can also trigger a nuclear explosion powerful enough to destroy the star from within. Matthieu Brassart and Jean-Pierre Luminet of the Observatoire de Paris in Meudon, France, carried out computer simulations of the final moments of such an unfortunate star's life, as it veered towards a super massive black hole.When the star gets close enough, the uneven forces flatten it into a pancake shape. Some previous studies had suggested this flattening would increase the density and temperature inside the star enough to trigger intense nuclear reactions that would tear it apart. But other studies had suggested that the picture would be complicated by shock waves generated during the flattening process and that no nuclear explosion should occur.The new simulations investigated the effects of shock waves in detail, and found that even when their effects are included, the conditions favor a nuclear explosion. "There will be an explosion of the star —it will be completely destroyed," Brassart says. Although the explosion obliterates the star, it saves some of the star's matter from being devoured by the black hole. The explosion is powerful enough to hurl much of the star's matter out of the black hole's reach, he says.The devouring of stars by black holes may already have been observed, although at a much later stage. It is thought that several months after the event that rips the star apart, its matter starts swirling into the hole itself. It heats up as it does so, releasing ultraviolet light and X-rays.If stars disrupted near black holes really do explode, then they could in principle allow these events to be detected at a much earlier stage, says Jules Halpern of Columbia University in New York, US. "It may make it possible to see the disruption of that star immediately if it gets hot enough," he says.Brassart agrees. "Perhaps it can be observed in the X-rays and gamma rays, but it's something that needs to be more studied," he says. Supernova researcher Chris Fryer of the Los Alamos National Laboratory inLos Alamos, New Mexico, US , says the deaths of these stars are difficult to simulate, and he is not sure whether the researchers have proven their Case that they explode in the process.练习：1. Something destructive could happen to a star that gets too close to ablack hole. Which of the following destructive statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A The black hole could tear apart the star.B The black hole could trigger a nuclear explosion in the star.C The black hole could dwindle its size considerably,D The black hole could devour the star.2. According to the third paragraph, researchers differed from each other in the problem ofA whether nuclear reaction would occur.B whether the stars would increase its density and temperature.C whether shock waves would occur.D whether the uneven forces would flatten the stars.3. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following is NOT true?A No nuclear explosion would be triggered inside the star.B The star would be destroyed completely.C Much of the star's matter thrown by the explosion would be beyond the black hole's reach.D The black hole would completely devour the star.4. What will happen several months after the explosion of the star?A The star's matter will move further away from by the black hole.B The black hole's matter will heat up.C The torn star's matter will swirl into the black hole.D The black hole's matter will release ultraviolet light and X-rays.5. According to the context, the word "disruption" in Paragraph: 6 meansA "Confusion. "B "Tearing apart."C "Interruption. "D "Flattening. "Too Little for Global WarmingOil and gas will run out1 too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios to materialize, according to a controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. The authors warn that all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize predictions of melting ice caps and searing temperatures. Defending their predictions, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change saythey considered a range of estimates of oil and gas reserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up the shortfall. But all agree that burning coal would be even worse for the planet.The IPCC's predictions of global meltdown pushed forward the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, an agreement obliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emissions. The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, from unlimited burning of fossil-fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources. But geologists Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleldett and Colin Campbell of Uppsala University say there is not enough oil and gas left even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC scenarios to come to pass.Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers are part of a growing group of experts who believe that oil supplies will peak as soon as 2010, and gas soon after. Their analysis suggests that oil and gas reserves combined amount to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil considerably less than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC. Even the average forecast of about 8,000 billion barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the world's remaining reserves. Nebojsa Nakicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, Austria who headed the 80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says the panel's work still stands. He says they factored in a much broader and internationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the "conservative" Swedes.Even if oil and gas run out, "there's a huge amount of coal underground that could be exploited", he says that burning coal could make the IPCC scenarios come true, but points out that such a switch would be disastrous. Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2for each unit of energy, as well as releasing large amounts of particulates. He says the latest analysis is a "shot across the bows'' for policy makers.练习：1. What do the authors of the new analysis presented at the University of Uppsala intend to say?A) The burning of coal will accelerate the arrival of Earth's doomsday.B) The oil reserves are big enough to materialize the doomsday scenarios.C) Melting ice caps and searing temperatures exist only in science fiction.D) Oil and gas will run out so fast that Earth's doomsday will never materialize.2. Nations that signed the Kyoto Protocol agree toA) pay attention to global meltdown. B) cut CO2 emissions.C) use more green energy. D) stop using fossil fuels.3. What are the estimates of the world's oil and gas reserves?A) 4,000 billion barrels by the average forecast. B) 8,000 billion barrels estimated by the Swedes.C) 3,500 barrels envisaged by IPCC. D) 3,500 billion by a growing number of scientists.4. Which of the following about Nebojsa Nakicenovic is true?A) He thinks fossil fuels are as dirty as oil and gas.B) He thinks green fuels will replace oil and gas eventually.C) He thinks IPCC's view on the world's oil reserves is too optimistic.D) He thinks that IPCC's estimates are more optimistic than the Swedes.5. Which of the following is the near explanation of Nakicenovic's assertionthat "... such a switch would be disastrous ..."?A) The IPCC scenarios would come true because burning coal will emit largeramounts of CO2.B) A switch to burning coal would produce disastrous environmental problems.C) Oil and gas to replace coal as fuel would speed up the process of global warming.D) A switch from the IPCC scenarios to the policymakers' ones would be disastrous.U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on MarsNASA scientists said that Mars was covered once by vast lakes, flowing rivers and a variety of other wet environments that had the potential to support life. Laboratory tests aboard NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander have identified water in a soil sample. The lander's robotic arm delivered the sample Wednesday to an instrument that identifies vapors produced by the heating of samples."We have water," said William Boynton of the University of Arizona, lead scientist for the Thermal and Evolved-Gas Analyzer, or TEGA. "This is the first time Martian water has been touched and tasted."The robotic arm is a critical part of the Phoenix Mars mission. It is needed to trench into the icy layers of northern polar Mars and deliver samples to instruments that will analyze what Mars is made of, what its water is like, and whether it is or has ever been a possible habitat for life.The soil sample came from a trench approximately 2 inches deep. When the robotic arm first reached that depth, it hit a hard layer of frozen soil. Two attempts to deliver samples of icy soil on days when fresh material was exposed were foiled when the samples became stuck inside the scoop. Most of the material in Wednesday's sample had been exposed to the air for two days, letting some of the water in the sample vaporize away and making the soil easier to handle."Mars is giving us some surprises," said Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona. "We're excited because surprises are where discoveries come from. One surprise is how the soil is behaving. The ice-rich layers stick to the scoop when poised in the sun above the deck, different from what we expected, from all the Mars simulation testing we've done so far."Since landing on May 25, Phoenix has been studying soil with a chemistry lab, TEGA, a microscope, a conductivity probe and cameras. The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for biology and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life are present. The mission is examining the sky as well as the ground. A Canadian instrument is using a laser beam to study dust and clouds overhead."It's a 30-watt light bulb giving us a laser show on Mars," said Victoria Hipkin of the Canadian Space Agency.A full-circle, color panorama of Phoenix's surroundings also has been completed by the spacecraft."The details and patterns we see in the ground show an ice-dominated terrain as far as the eye can see," said Mark Lemmon of Texas A & M University, lead scientist for Phoenix's Surface Stereo Imager camera. "They help us plan measurements we're making within reach of the robotic arm and interpret those measurements on a wider scale."练习：1. What was discovered by NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander on Mars?A Vast lakes.B Flowing rivers.C Water in a soil sample.D Living things.2. Why did the first two attempts to deliver samples fail?A The sample vaporized away.B Fresh material was exposed to the air.C The samples got stuck inside the scoop.D The robotic arm hit a hard rock.3. Which one of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?A Scientists have been trying to break the ice-rich layers of soil on Mars.B Scientists have been surprised by how the soil on Mars behaves.C Scientists have been trying to find out if there is life supporting material on Mars.D Scientists have been trying to know if water ice will melt.4. Where are the scientists involved in the research from?A They are from America.B They are from Canada.C They are from both America and Canada.D They are from neither America nor Canada.5. Which of the following do you think is the best description of Phoenix's Surface Stereo Imager camera, according to your understanding of the passage?A It imitates human vision and is able to capture three-dimensional images.B It imitates human voice and is able to record slight sounds while taking photos.C It takes clear photos that show every detail of the object.D It is this particular type of camera that can take wide angle pictures."Hidden" Species May Be Surprisingly Common Cryptic species — animals that appear identical but are genetically quite distant —may be much more widespread than previously thought. The findings could have major implications in areas ranging from biodiversity estimates and wildlife management, to our understanding of infectious diseases and evolution.Reports of cryptic species have increased dramatically over the past two decades with the advent of relatively inexpensive DNA sequencing technology. Markus Pfenninger and Klaus Schwenk, of the Goethe-Universitat in Frankfurt, Germany, analyzed all known data on cryptic animal species and discovered that they are found in equal proportions throughout all major branches of the animal kingdom and occur in equal numbers in all biogeographical regions.Scientists had previously speculated that cryptic species were predominantly found in insects and reptiles, and were more likely to occur in tropical rather than temperate regions. “Species that are seemingly widespread and abundant could in reality be many different Cryptic species that have low populations and are highly endangered," says Pfenninger. Until the genetic information of all species in at least one taxon is thoroughly studied, no one will know just how many cryptic species exist, "It could be as high as 30%, Pfenninger says."I'm extremely surprised by their results," says Alex Smith of the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. "It's a call to arms to keep doing the broad kind of genetic studies that we are doing. "Sampling as many individuals as possible, scientists hope to complete. work on all fish and birds in another 5 to 10 years. Once either of these taxonomic groups is completed, Pfenninger says researchers will be able to decide how many cryptic species exist throughout the animal kingdom.Examples of cryptic species include the African elephant. A 2001 study found the elephants were actually two genetically distinct, non-interbreeding species, the African bush elephant and the African elephant. The species are currentlylisted as vulnerable and threatened, respectively, by the World Conservation Union (WCU).The reclassifications are more than an academic exercise. They define populations that have evolved independently of each other and whose genetic differences can have significant consequences.In the early 1900s misidentification of mosquito species based on morphology confused: attempts to control malaria in Europe. Ultimately, what was thought to be a single species was actually made up of six sibling species, only three of which transmitted the disease. "The basic unit in biology is always the species, and you have to know what you are dealing with," Pfenninger says. Much previous research is now no longer used, he Says, because it is not clear what species was being studied.练习：1. Which of the following about the significance of the research on cryptic species is NOT true?A The results of the research can help the development of many other research areas.B The results of the research can help the development of biodiversity estimates.C The results of the research can help our understanding of infectious disease evolution.D The results of the research can help our understanding of "survival of the fittest. "2. What was scientists' understanding of cryptic species?A They occurred in equal numbers in all biogeographical regions.B They were mostly found in insects and reptiles.C They were likely to be in tropical rather than temperate regions.D Both Band C.3. Do scientists know how many cryptic species exist?A Not yet.B Yes, they do.C They will know the answer in another one or two-years.D They will never know the answer.4. Which of the following about the African bush elephant and the African elephant is true?A The WCU are interbreeding those elephants.B They are interbreeding species.C They are two genetically distant species.D They depend on each other for survival.5. People were confused in their attempts to control malaria in Europe inthe early 1900s. because scientistsA identified only one mosquito species instead of six species.B thought only three mosquito species transmitted disease.C thought there was only one mosquito species.D did not know what species was being studied.Thirsty in Karachi （卫生A）After two weeks in Karachi, I’m not sure whether to laugh or to cry. Either way, it involves water—or rather the lack of it.In Western Europe or the US, you only have to turn on the tap and you’ll see a jet of cold water, ready to drink, cook and bathe in, or wash the car. Turn on the tap in Karachi and you’ll be lucky to fill a few buckets. Until 1947 the city was part of British India, whose engineers built and maintained a modest water supply network for the city’s 500,000 inhabitants. Today, Karachi is home to around 12 million people. Half of them live in slum townships, with little or no water through the mains. Even the rich half usually have to wait days before anything tickles through their pipes. And the coloured liquid that finally emerges is usually too contaminated to drink.Half usually have to wait days before anything tickles through their pipes. And the coloured liquid that finally emerges is usually too contaminated to drink.According to the state-owned Karachi Water and Sewerage Board, the city needs more than 2,500 million litres of water each day. The board currently supplies 1,650 million litres of which nearly 40 per cent is lost from leaks—and theft. Leaks are dime a dozen to water utilities the world over, but theft?Karachi’s unlikely water pirates turn out to be ordinary families struggling to get adequate supplies of one of life’s necessities. Stea ling water takes many forms. The simplest is to buy a suction pump and get it attached to the water pipe that feeds your house from the mains. This should maximize your share of water every time the board switches on the supply. When the practice started 20 years ago, the pumps would be carefully hidden or disguised as garden ornaments. These days people hardly bother. The pumps are so widespread and water board inspectors so thin on the ground that when officials do confiscate a pump its owner simply buy a replacement.Insisting that people obey the law won’t work because most households have little alternative but to steal. For its part, the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board says it would dearly like to make life easier, but finds itself mired in debt beca use most residents either won’t pay water charges or can’t afford to the Urban Resource Centre, a Karachi-based think tank, of the 1.2 million known consumers of water only 750,000 are billed, of whom just 163,000 actually pay for their supplies. The board makes a perpetual loss, and there is no money to improve the system or even plug the leaks. Worse, the board increasingly relies on international loans from institutions such as the Asian Development Bank, which only makes its debt worse.The joke is that the owners of the suction pumps end up with little—if any—extra water. Your house is in a line with 20 other households all tapping into one horizontal pipeline. All you can end up doing, given you have pumps of equal strength, is redistri bute each other’s entitlement and pay higher electricity bills into the bargain.Back home in London, I’ll remember not to complain about the water meter, or the hosepipe ban.练习：1．According to the passage, people in Karachi today suffer from a short supply of water becauseA. the water supply network built in 1947 has stopped to function.B. the city has become much larger than before.C. old networks can not meet the need of the city’s greatly-increased population.D. other city is longer a part of British India.2. Now people in Karachi do not hide or disguise the suction pumps they use to steal water becauseA. the pumps are no longer wanted as garden ornaments.B. water supply board officials no longer confiscate them.C. it does not cost much money to buy a new one.D. many households have them and there are very few inspectors around to try to find them.3. Confronted with a severe shortage of water supply, the city’s Water and Sewerage BoardA. tries to improve the water supply system with borrowed money.B. is not making any effort to improve the situation.C. urges the consumers to obey the law.D. charges the consumers more for the water they use.4.Which of the following is true of the owners of the suction pumps, if their neighbors have equally powerful pumps as they do?A. They get some extra water.B. They only pay more for electricity.C. They share what they can get with their neighbors.D. They replace their pumps with new ones.5. Which of the following is true about the author when he is back home in London?A. He misses the days he spent in Karachi.B. He forgets the complaints he made in Karachi.C. He is content with the water supply in London.D. he complains about the water supply in London.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
职称英语理工A阅读理解与完形填空押题 总结王霞、李玉芝、孙伟、建华、争锋等机构押题 附理工A词典版教程
H
第 47 篇 Listening to Birdsong 第 49 篇 U.S.Scientists Comfirm Water On Mars 第 44 篇 Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed 第 36 篇
Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"
为生态工程师对环境有巨大影响（2012 新增文章） 第 四 十 九 篇 U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars 美国科学家们确认火星上有水 第五十篇 Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities 手机增加交通行人死亡 2 第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety（ 201 2012 新增文章）教数学 教焦虑 第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses 病毒电池 第三十九篇 Clone Farm 克隆农场 g 全球变 第四十一篇 Too Little for Global Warmin Warming 暖“缺油 【王霞】 第 46 篇 Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as ” “Ecosystem Engineers Engineers” 第 34 篇 Batteries Built by Viruses
Began Walking Upright （2013 教材新
增）研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因 第 三 十 六 篇 Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning 听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警 第 四 十 六 篇 Ants Have Big Impact on 蚂蚁作
2014年职称英语模拟试题_理工A_第一套套答案与题解
2014职称英语理工类A级全真模拟试题(一)答案与题解第一部分：词汇选项ACCDC DCBBB CBDAD第二部分：阅读判断16 A文中第一段第一句专家预测火山随时会爆发。
17 B第二段最后一句，2000米指的是火山的灰尘喷发的高度。
18 B文中第三段第一句第一次的喷发就形成看这个大坑。
19 A文中第六段harmonic tremors （震动）recorded by scientists showed a big eruption would happen.地震记录仪预示还会有一场地震。
20 C文中没有提到科学家丧失了生命。
21 B从两次爆发的时间看，是在五月的下半月。
22 C 文中最后一句some people got past the road barriers and risked their lives trying to get close to the volcano.并未说到是外国人。
第三部分：概括大意与完成句子23 B 第二段的第一句话说了大多数人对英国人有很大的偏见。
接下来又评价英国人的幽默和热情友好，所以People概括了本段的内容。
24 C第三段的第一句说在英国四处转转是非常简单的。
接下来分别提到了航班、火车、四轮马车、公交车等交通工具，所以Transport概括了本段的内容。
25 E 第四段的开头两句说英国并不是因为食物而闻名，但是你仍然需要知道一些传统的英国食物。
接下来就以此为中心介绍了一些传统的英国食物，所以Food概括了本段的内容。
26 F第五段的的开头提到Pubbing and clubbing是英国人夜生活的主要方式。
接下来分别介绍了Pubbing 和clubbing，所以Nightlife概括了本段的内容。
27 B文章开头提到从Buckingham Palace到Oxford，英国装载着美妙的富含过去时代气息的标志，同时又非常的现代化，即既体现了英国的ancient ，又体现了它的modern。
2014年职称英语综合类A级考试试题答案及解析(二)
职称英语综合类A级考试试题答案及解析(二)一、词汇选择（本大题15小题．每题1.0分，共15.0分。
下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与画线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
）第1题Their research merely duplicates work already done elsewhere.A borrowedB purchasedC copiedD rewritten【正确答案】：C【本题分数】：1.0分【答案解析】[解析] 本句意思：他们的研究工作只是重复别人做过的事情。
duplicate：复制。
copy和它是近义词。
如：The secretary was asked to copy the contract．秘书被要求复印合同书。
purchase和buy意思相同，表示购买，只是它比buy用法要正式。
rewritten是rewrite的过去分词，表示改写，如：He was asked to rewrite the article．他被要求重写这篇文章。
第2题After supper we usually take a stroll around the park for about an hour.A walkB restC bathD breath【正确答案】：A【本题分数】：1.0分【答案解析】[解析] 本句意思：我们饭后经常在公园散步大约一个小时。
句子意思应该是很悠闲地散步，所以A与其意思较接近。
walk：走路，行走。
bath：洗澡，用法为“to take a bath”。
breath：呼吸，如：I was out of breath/short of breath after running for the bus．我因为追赶公共汽车，弄得上气不接下气。
第3题The film originated from a short story.A resultedB heardC derivedD made【正确答案】：C【本题分数】：1.0分【答案解析】[解析] 本句意思：这部电影取材于一篇短篇小说。
2014年职称英语_国家教材精讲精练_阅读理解部分(理工类)文章精讲讲义
考试内容及试卷结构一览表
题型
材料内容
答题要求
题量
分值
第一部分Hale Waihona Puke 词汇选项(四选一)
15个句子
给出15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，要求应试者从所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
15
15
第二部分
阅读判断
(三选一)
1篇短文(300～450词)
B.It twitched but gradually gained height.
C.It was twitched and broke down.
D.It landed not long after the test.
3.Which of the following is nearest to Peter Bentley’sview on the winged robot?
KristerWolff and Peter Nordin of Chalmers University of Technology (CUT.in Gothenburg,Sweden, built a winged robot and set abouttesting whetherit could learn to fly by itself, without any pre-programmed data on what flapping is or how to do it.
Feedback from the movement detector let the program work out which sets of instructions were best at producing lift. The mostsuccessful ones were paired upand “offspring”sets of instructionswere generated by swapping instructions randomly between successful pairs. These next-generation instructions were then sent to the robot and evaluated before breeding a new generation, and the process was repeated.
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理工A阅读押题机会只给有准备的人。
Opportunities are only for the prepared person.理工阅读押题共2篇文章第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans BeganWalking Upright研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don't question.But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GW's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, have discovered that human walking upright , may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation源于to carrying 搬运scarce稀有的, high-quality高质量的resources资源. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape - one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees - to walk on two legs.我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。
这样的活动看似太简单，大多数人没有疑问。
但是一个国际研究者（包括乔治o华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond博士）团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。
这些来自美国、英国、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争抢食物时的行为特征，试图对什么样的生态环境竟然导致大猿（一种我们与现存的黑猩猩一样的600万年前的祖先）直立行走作出解释。
"These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions underwhich our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, "said Dr. Richmond."这些黑猩猩居住的生态环境和我们最早的祖先开始直立行走时是相同的，" Richmond博士说。
The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time, intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.研究结果显示，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时，它们就从四肢行走转换为直立行走。
由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。
久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此这种变化也就成为自然选择的主题，在那种情况下，对食物或其他资源的争夺是十分激烈的。
Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto University's "outdoor laboratory" in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut—the oil palm nut, which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees" behavior was monitored in three situations: (a) when only oil palm nuts were available, (b) when a small number of copula nuts were available, and (c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.有两项研究是在几内亚完成的。
第一项研究是在京都大学博苏森林的一块天然空地--"室外实验室"进行的。
研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩能得到两种不同的坚果，一种叫油棕榈坚果，自然界随处可见，一种叫可乐果，自然环境中不常见。
人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)只有油棕榈坚果；（b)只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果;(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕榈坚果。
When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prizedresource and competed for them more intensely.当稀有的可乐果数量很少时，黑猩猩一次就会拿得多。
同样，当大部分是可乐果时，黑猩猩对油棕榈坚果根本视而不见。
黑猩猩认为可乐果才是珍贵的资源，并为得到可乐果激烈竞争。
In such high-competition settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource ,but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available - even their mouths.处于这种激烈竞争的环境中，黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了四倍。
很显然，双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资源，而且，为了尽可能地一口气多拿，它们积极利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。
The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University", was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rate and unpredictable resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees' activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.第二项研究是在牛津布鲁克斯大学的Kimberley Hockings进行的。
该研究历时14个月，主题是博苏的黑猩猩抢劫粮食，场景是它们不得不为稀有和不可预知的资源竞争。
在这项研究中，黑猩猩35%的活动是直立行走。
而这一次研究再一次证实了黑猩猩的直立行走与它们试图一次搬走尽可能多的东西有关。
练习：1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first twoparagraphs?根据前可段，下例那一个不对！A Many people question the simple human activities ofwalking and carrying items.B Chimpanzee's behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.。