5-The Rise and Fall of theBritish Empire 大英帝国的兴衰
the rise and fall of the british empirePPT课件
Colonies
1,Canda ,Australia ,New Zealand (dominion英联邦自 治领域)
2, India(“brightest jewel” on the English Crown) 3,Hong Kong(Opium War,Treaty of Nanking) 4,Burma,SriLanka,Singapore,Malaya,Sarawak,Brunei,
The Rise and
The Formation of the Empire
Queen Victoria Memorial
2
Queen Victoria (1819—1901)
3
The Formation of the Empire
small states in the West Indies and Asia. 5,took control of Suez Canal and conquered Egypt.
6,the Gold Coast,Niger,Sudan,Kenya,Uganda,Zambia,Upper Nigeria
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1898
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The Empire on which the sun never set
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World WarⅠ
Date: June 28,1914—Dec 11,1918 Result : Allies win. The war is unjust, predatory and imperialist .About 1.5 billion people involved in war, about 8.4 million people were killed and 21 million were wounded.
英国的兴衰英语作文
The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireThe history of the British Empire is a tale of remarkable rise and fall, spanning over five centuries. From a small island nation, Britain emerged as a global power, dominating trade, politics, and culture across the globe. However, the empire's decline was also swift and devastating, leaving a lasting impact on the world.**The Rise of the British Empire**The early history of Britain was marked by conflict and instability. However, by the 16th century, the country had begun to consolidate its power, thanks to the establishment of the Royal Navy and the colonization of far-flung territories. Britain's geographical location, situated between Europe and the Americas, made it a natural hub for trade and exploration.The 17th and 18th centuries saw the apex of Britain's imperial ambitions. The country engaged in a series of wars, known as the Age of Discovery, to expand its territory and influence. These wars resulted in the acquisition of vast tracts of land, including India, Australia, and much ofAfrica. Britain's economic might grew with the establishment of trade routes and colonies, which provided raw materials and markets for its manufactured goods.**The Fall of the British Empire**However, the empire's decline began in the late 19th century. The industrial revolution, which had begun in Britain, had spread to other countries, challenging the country's economic supremacy. The cost of maintaining the empire became increasingly burdensome, and the population of the colonies began to resist British rule.The two world wars in the 20th century further eroded Britain's power. The country's resources were stretched to the limit, and its global influence waned. The end of the Cold War marked the final nail in the coffin of the British Empire, as the country was forced to accept the reality of its diminished status.**The Legacy of the British Empire**Despite its decline, the British Empire left an indelible mark on the world. The languages, culture, and institutions of Britain have had a profound influence oncountries across the globe. The empire's legacy can be seen in the common law system, the parliamentary system of government, and the English language, which is spoken by millions of people worldwide.The rise and fall of the British Empire is a powerful reminder of the fleeting nature of power and influence. While the empire may no longer exist in its former glory,the impact of its legacy continues to be felt across the globe.**英国帝国的兴衰**英国帝国的历史是一部令人瞩目的兴衰史，跨越了五个多世纪。
Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire课件
• want thorough Parliamentary reform: Government and administration should be
made as efficient as possible;
•
Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832)
Jeremy Bentham:
efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. • Enclosure Act
• Changes in farming • a. crop rotation; • b. artificial fertilizer; • c. new machinery – seed drill; • d. selective breeding. • Thomas – encourage; GeorgeⅢ (who was so
North and South was unfair; • ③ There were also various so-called rotten
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireAbstract:The United Kingdom is located in west Europe. It consists of Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland and over 5500 small islands.It has long coastline which great contributes to the development of its economic, and compare with others countries in the EU, it also has the most abundant energy. Now, the population of Britain is more than sixty million, and its land area is about 244,000 square kilometers. England is the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution and the first modern country that changed form agricultural civilization to industrial civilization. From the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century, Britain constant to aggress and expand overseas, which make it become the biggest colonial power in modern history. Up to 1914, its territory even reached 33,500,000 square kilometers, which is 137 times that of the United Kingdom. The First World War is the turning point for Britain from prosperity to decline, and after the Second World War,under the impact of the national liberation movement, the powerful empire was gone forever.Key Words: colonial power; Industrial Revolution; the First World War; the Second World WarI IntroductionThe British Empire was the largest empire in human history, and now it isn’t as powerful as before. This paper aims at analyzing the factors that influence the rise and fall of the British Empire. There are four parts in this paper,colonial expansion of Britain, the Industrial Revolution, Britain in the World War I and Britain in the World War II. We will reappear the history about Britain from prosperity to decline.II Literature ReviewThe British Empire began with private exploration in the search for wealth. With no luck finding precious metals, privatized naval warfare became the norm because robbing Spanish and Portuguese ships was easiest. As sea-faring technology in Britain improved, Britain became an empire of the sea. Ferguson emphasizes the beginnings of consumer culture in early 18th century England as the ultimate driving force behind British imperialism.Britain was able to control an enormous empire. Most important was British mastering of new technology, its naval advances and accurate mapping of British territory. These factors combined enabled the British to swiftly respond to any crisis. By the turn of the 20th century, the British Empire was looking for new horizons to colonize. During this time, the so-called Scramble for Africa began,with an accompanying arms race among the European powers. Britain's expansion in Africa was a combination of financial power and military might. Ferguson explores the birth of three important modern phenomena, namely the mass media, the military-industrial complex, and a global bond market. According to Ferguson, those three factors brought the British Empire to its peak, but were also what would foreshadow its decline. Britain's military was weakened as it became less of a political priority, while global economic dominance shifted to the US. Although the era of European colonization has seemed to end, however, the rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power by claiming that empire is still a reality. Today, though, empire is ruled by a single superpower, the United States, and takes an indirect, more abstract form of economic exploitation and political control.The British Empire fell because of its "Pyrrhic victory" in the two world wars remains a bit dubious, however. Certainly the financial burden held significant immediate consequences, but no one should discount the simultaneous impact of liberal social movements within European societies, rebellion against colonialist within British-occupied territory, and the push from the US and other (smaller) nations to liberate colonies. The horrors of the world wars had much to do with the shift in attitude, including the colonies where large numbers of soldiers were recruited as well as - obviously - in Europe itself. The so-called "era of democracy" in the Western world began with the fall of Nazi Germany and the development of the Cold War.III The Analysis of the rise and fall of the British Empire The British Empire began with the colonization in 16th century, and its first colony overseas is Newfoundland. Later, it controlled Canada, Australia, India and many small states in the West Indies. During the mid-19th century, the British consolidated its colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Britain expand their colonies and sphere of influence in Asia at the beginning of the 19th century, British government waged the Opium War against China, and Hong Kong was ceded to Britain. Meanwhile, Britain also occupied Burma, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaya, Sarawak, Brunei and some other small states in Asia. By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass. By the beginning of the 20th century, it occupied the Gold Coast, Niger, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, North Rhodesia, Upper Nigeria and South Africa. On the Eve of World War I, Britain was the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen. It controlled a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers, about a quarter of the world’s landmass, about 137 times as large as Britain. It ruled over a population of 393.5 million, about eight times that of Britain itself. The British boasted that they had an empire on which the sun never set.After the Glorious Revolution, the British Parliament was made up of prosperousmerchants and entrepreneurs who supported commerce and industry. Otherwise, Britain fought and won a series of wars against France, which help it won more colonies overseas, and those colonies provided Britain with necessary raw materials and a large market for its industrial products. From the colonies in America and India, England, acquired enormous wealth with which to develop its industries. All these things resulted in the Industrial Revolution. Industrial Revolution began in the textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions, such as the Spinning Jenny, the water frame, the spinning mule, the power loom and the steam engine. These inventions completed the mechanization of the textile industry and prepared the way for a new system of production: large scale industry. With these developments came a need for a cheap means of transportation. By 1850, Britain had established a railway system encompassing over 10,000 kilometers of track. By the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain. It changed Britain in many ways. Its industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world.By the beginning of the 20th century, the world had entered the period of imperialism. Britain's dominance was challenged by other European nations and the United States, for they had also been industrialized and each were eager to protect their own markets and expand their influence. The power balance in Europe had undergone enormous changes. A conflict of interests and colonial rivalry divided Europe into two camps. The conflict plunged the whole world into two devastating wars. More than 32 countries were involved World War I. Though Britain won this war finally, the cost of the war was great. Britain was drained of its manpower and 70% of the merchant ships were sunk or damaged. As a result, Britain lost the sea supremacy. Business was slack, many factories were closed down and taxes soared. The great depression brought additional problems to the Britain economy and society. Britain’s position in the capitalist world was further weakened. World War II was for all intents and purposes a continuation of World War I. As the result of World War II, most of Britain’s colonies demanded and fought for independence. In the 1960s, an independence movement swept the entire British Empire. More than 20 countries won their independence. The Empire had been replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations.IV ConclusionIt’s the contingency of the necessity that England chose capitalism and successfully founded the Britain Empire, which was once the largest empire in human history. Though there are so many events and elements contributed to the rise of the Great Britain, there are still many variables because other countries were also developing well with expansion. During the world wars, the few odds hadn’t stood with Britain though Britain was the final winner. So I think it is the wars and the Great Depression that result in the fall of the British Empire.References[1]马歇尔. 剑桥插图大英帝国史[M].北京:世界知识出版社，2004[2]李涛，姜晓东.白金汉宫的倒影——看日不落帝国的兴衰[M].北京:中国友谊出版社，2007[3]凤凰网专稿.大历史下看英国兴衰100年[EB/OL]. /zaixianjiangtang/zjjs/detail_2012_05/09/1441209 5_0.shtml,2012-05-09[4]刘中民，张宝霞.崛起与错失——海权强国兴衰的历史解读[J].海洋期刊，2007（10）：75-80[5]唐晋.大国崛起[M].北京:人民出版社，2006[6]金城，阎晓明.世界历史——英帝国的兴衰[EB/OL]. /v_show/id_XMjA1Mzc4MzY=.html?f=1355559,4年前。
Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the__ British Empire
了解18世纪英国工业革命，其中包括圈地运动，殖民剥削和奴隶贸易，工业革命的过程及其影响、宪章运动（1836-1848），殖民帝国的建立，英帝国的衰落与瓦解以及战后英国的概况。
1.The Whigs and the Tories2.Aricultural changes in the late 18th century3.The English Industrial Revolution and its impact on the development of Britain.4.The Chartist Movement and its significance5.The origin of the Labour Party6.The bulding of the British Empire7.Britain and the First World War8.Britain and the Second World War9.Postwar Britain10.ThatcherismThe Parliamentary Politicsin the Late 18th and Early 19th CenturiesWhigs and ToriesWhigs and Tories are the nicknames of the two political parties originated with the Glorious Revolution. Whigs was a derogatory name for cattle drivers, while Tories was an Irish word meaning thugs.The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. They stood for a reduction in Crown Patronage, sympathy towards Non-Conformists and care for the interests of merchants and bankers. Most Whigs were in favour of some kind of Parliamentary reform, but could not agree how far this reform should go.The Tories were traditionalists who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the Church of England. They disliked the Nonconformists and considered them a threat to Church of England's influence on people. They wanted strict maintenance of law and order. They might agree to some humanitarian reforms, but were certainly against Parliamentary reforms.The Whigs later formed a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and became the Liberal Party. The Tories developed into the Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today.RadicalsThe Radicals were another force in the Parliament. They wanted fundamental reforms to get to the root of the problems, and their one common aim was the thorough reform of the Parliamentary system. Small as they were, the Radicals were active in Parliament spreading their radical ideas.They were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham's ideals known as 'Utilitarianism'. He suggested that government's function should be to achieve 'the greatest happiness of the greatest number', and this should be done in two ways: firstly, government and administration should be made as efficient as possible; secondly, government should interfere as little as possible with the lives of the people as individuals.They advocated laissez faire, a radical idea of free trade, because they believed that the import and export duties interfered with the natural flow of trade.Agricultural Changesin the Late 18th CenturyTraditional farming system: Open field villageVillages were surrounded by 3 great hedgeless fields. Each year only two of them were cultivated, so that the fallow field recovered its richness after two years' cultivation. The farming was done on a community basis. There were also commons and wastelands used by all villages to graze livestock.This system was an ideal basis for the simple community life of the countryside and the subsistence farming before the modern industrial age. There were of course drawbacks. It wasted land, labour, and time; livestock farming was difficult in winter, and diseases spread quickly on commons; it was a barrier to experiments.Land enclosuresIn the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly. Demands for greater productivity made the landowners replace the small farms cultivated on the open-field system by larger, more efficient farms with hedge divided fields.During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the open-field system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land and divide it into enclosed fields.Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century, when the war against Napoleon meant high food prices.Changes in farming methodsA system of crop rotation was introduced. This meant land could be fully used while the cultivation of fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter months.Artificial fertilizer and new agricultural machinery, such as seed drill invented by Jethro Tull (1674-1741) also made arable farming more efficient and profitable.Selective breeding of livestock introduced by Porbert Bakewell (1725-95) made animals much heavier than ever before.The idea of encouraging tenants to introduce the changes was associated with Thomas Coke (1754-1842) of Norfolk in Southern England. George III (1760-1820), King of the United Kingdom of the House of Hanover was given the nickname 'Farmer George', because he was very enthusiastic about the agricultural changes at Windsor.Consequences of enclosuresFarms became bigger and consumer goods became more varied.Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants. They were evicted from their lands and had to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded.In Ireland and Scottish Highlands, land enclosure led to mass emigration, partic ularly to the New World.A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. The labourers were forced to leave the land to survive because of concentration of land in fewer hands and loss of common land for animals.The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)Factors leading to the Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain became the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:Britain is well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade. Its main towns are not too far from seaports or rivers. It also has many natural resources, such as mineral resources, and rivers useful for transport as well as for water and steam power.Britain had a peaceful society after the Glorious Revolution. Under the influence of laissez faire and 'Protestant work ethic', it was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies, which provided capital in large quantities for industrialization. And the Constitutional Monarchy ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry.Britain had many well-trained engineers and craftsmen. The inventors were respected. They solved the practical problems.England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707, and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by the internal customs barriers.Development of the Industrial RevolutionWhile the movement to enclose the land and use new agricultural methods was at its height, similar changes took place in manufacture. New techniques and water powered machines resulted in organization of industries on a large scale. At this time population became increasingly concentrated in towns, especially in Midlands, North of England, Southern Wales and Central Scotland, which provided the desperately needed laborers for the industrialization.Changes occurred earliest and quickest in textiles, especially silk and cotton, which were first to adopt factory methods of production. By 1760, the silk industry was well established, although it was still no competition for the French and Italians. The real ‘revolution’ in the silk industry was in 1770 when power-driven machinery was introduced.Cotton had been slow to develop, because cotton was mostly imported from West Indies and America, and spinning pure cotton was difficult. Technology aided weaving at first. John Kay's flying shuttle (1733) speeded up hand weaving and created demand for faster spinning. Then spinning was revolutionized by James Hargreaves' spinning jenny (1766), which enabled one hand labourer to spin many threads at a time. Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769) and Samuel Crompton's mule (1779) replaced hand labour altogether, and required waterpower andsteam to drive them. Edmund Cartwright's power loom (1784) eventually enabled weaving to catch up with spinning. British cotton now rivaled the best products of the East.The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century. In 1765, James Watt (1736-1819), the Scottish inventor, modified and improved the design, and produced a very efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.The most important element in speeding industrialization was Abraham Darby's success in melting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709, which hugely increased the production of iron that was used for machinery, railways and shipping. In the forging side of the iron industry,Henry Court's pudding and rolling processes (1840) enabled vastly increased quantities of high-quality iron to replace wood and stone in many sectors of the economy.Improved Transportation, e.g. road and canal construction, ran parallel with production. By the early 19th century, Britain had a road network of some 200,000 km.Consequences of the Industrial RevolutionAs a result of the industrialization, Britain was by 1830 the 'workshop of the world'. No other country was yet ready to compete with her in industrial production. Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation's wealth. The north of England was now the most advanced in Britain.The Industrial revolution created the industrial working class, i.e. the proletariat who had to work and live in extremely bad conditions. Because the working men's livelihood had been destroyed by the mechanization, the 'Luddites', led by Ned Ludd, attempted to destroy the hated machines, but were severely punished by the government.The Chartist Movement (1836-48)Factors contributing to the political change in EnglandTwo great international eventsIn the closing decades of the 18th century, two events greatly alarmed the British ruling classes. The first was the American War of Independence (1776), in which the colonists fought for equality, national identity and political representation. Their war cry 'no tax without representation' encouraged the British middle class and working class to struggle forrepresentation in Parliaments, which represented only aristocrats at that time. The second was the French Revolution (1789-93), in which people fought for liberty, equality and fraternity.The general election of 1830Political change in England did not come through revolution but through gradual reform. When the Whigs under Charles Grey (1830-34) were returned to power at the general election of 1830, they turned their minds to the problems of parliamentary reform.Parliamentary reforms (1830-34)Reasons for parliamentary reformsPower was monopolized by the aristocratsIn the 18th and 19th centuries the Lords had far more influence in Parliament than the Commons. Most important ministers were aristocrats and bishops of Church, while the Commons were elected only by a small proportion of the population, and the vote was only a privilege for a small number of male citizens. Besides, the MPs were not paid.Representation of county and town, and North and South was unfair.The county seats and borough seats were very unfairly distributed. All counties with property worth 40 shillings annually could vote two members of Parliament, although some southern villages had already been deserted; but new northern cities like Manchester had no seats, although they were densely populated.There were also so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.Rotten boroughs were those deserted market towns, which had been busy before, but they could still elect MPs. In pocket boroughs, elections were not won by political views but by influence, and the candidate could buy off the voters, so that even before the election, the seat was already 'in his pocket'.Reform Bills passed in the time of the Whigs' GovernmentThe Reform Act of 1832, also called the Greater Charter of 1832, abolished 'rotten boroughs' and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing towns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property.The New Poor Law of 1834 forced the poor people into workhouses instead of giving them sufficient money to survive in their own homes.The Chartist Movement (1836-48)The London Working Men's Association and the People's Charter(1836-38)Dissatisfied with the two Reform Bills and the failure of attempts to develop trade unionism, some radicals and militant workers were determined to renew the working class fight for political equality.In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers, led by William Lovett, formed the London Working Men's Association, aiming to seek every legal means to place all classes ofsociety in possession of equal political and social rights.In 1838 they drew up a charter of political demands (the People's Charter), with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points: the vote for all adult males, voting by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, abolition of property qualifications for MPs, payments of MPs, annual Parliaments with a General Election every June.The Chartist groups (1838)Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country. In 1838 they held a great meeting in Birmingham to launch the movement officially, with the aim of pressing Parliament to accept the People's Charter.The Chartists could be roughly divided into two groups: the Moral Force Chartists and the Physical Force Chartists. The former, headed by William Lovett, wanted to realize their aims by peaceful means (‘politics of persuasion'), while the latter, headed by Feargus O'Connor, wanted to achieve their purpose by violence.The climax and the end of the movement (1839-48)In 1839, a National Convention was held in London. But it revealed conflicts within the movement and great differences between the Northerners (who were fundamentallyanti-industrialists) and the men from the Midlands and London.In November 1839, Chartist riots occurred in Birmingham, Sheffield and Newport, and 24 Chartists were killed in a full-scale rising.In 1840 and 1842, two petitions were presented to Parliament, but both were rejected. At the same time, the Chartist movement was widely split.In 1848, the proposed great Chartist Demonstration ended quietly with the third petition presented to Parliament.Reasons for the failure of the Chartist MovementThe Movement failed because of its weak and divided leadership, its lack of coordination with trade unionism, and the immaturity of the working class.Significance of the Chartist MovementIt was the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points achieved very gradually from 1858 to 1918, although the sixth has never been practical. Lenin considered it as the first broad, really mass, political formed, proletarian revolutionary movement.Trade Unions and the Labour PartyEarly trade unionsOwing to the Industrial Revolution, the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century. They became aware of the power they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations such as friendly societies and mutual insurance companies were formed to bring about improvements in their standards of living.However, the movements were regarded by the government as possible centers of revolution. Consequently Parliament passed the Combination Acts of 1799-1800 to forbid the formation of unions. After these laws were cancelled in 1824, the 1825 Act allowed workers to form unions but not to obstruct workers and employers. It was now illegal to strike.The Grand National Consolidated Trade Union (GNCTU)Most early trade unions were small and local. From 1825, large unions began to combine workers in different parts of the country.In 1833, the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union was established to form a national union. But it came to nothing after six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers were tried and transported in 1834 on the charge of administering false oaths.New UnionismFrom 1850, working class energies were taken up with other movements such as the Chartist Movement and the Anti-Corn Law league. And a new kind of trade unionism developed among skilled workers, such as the Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE), which was the model for other national craft unions formed in 1850s and 1860s.These new trade unions offered benefits for sickness, unemployment or old age to their members who had paid a certain sum of money per week. But they placed strict restriction of entry to their trades so as to avoid confrontations with employers as far as possible. As a result, this New Unionism was not favored by all workers.Trades Union Congress (TUC)In the 1860s, trade unionists began to meet regularly to discuss matters of common interests, such as regulation of hours, technical education, and conditions of apprenticeship.In 1868, the TUC was started, thus the trade unionism had a national organization capable of coordinating the interests of industrial workers.New legal security for the trade unionsTrade unions had always lacked legal rights. They had to fight two strong opponents together-employers and the State. In the time of the Liberal Government, two new laws were passed to give the movement new legal security.The Trade Union Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security. This meant that, in law there was no difference between collecting money for benefit purposes and collecting money to support strike action.The Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act of 1876 gave unions the right to exist as corporation, able to own property and to defend their rights cooperatively in courts of law.Formation of the Labour PartyThe Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party (ILP), which was formed in 1893, and led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner. The ILP was too idealistic and its leaders too individualistic to become a mass party. So the foundation of an effective party for labour would depend on the trade unions.In 1900, representatives of trade unions (TUC), the ILP and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), with the simple aim to promote the interests of labour in Parliament.In 1906, the LRC changed its name to the Labour Party in time for the General Election of that year. The Labour Party participated in the war coalition government in 1915-18, became the main opposition party in 1922, and formed majority government in 1924 and 1929-35 under Ramsay Macdonald.Colonial ExpansionThe building of the British EmpireEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583.In the early 18th century, settlements were made in North America, while commercial companies were chartered to trade with other lands, notably the British East Company in India.In the late 18th century and the early 19th century, the British colonialists stepped up their expansion, encouraged by Britain's control of the seas, the discoveries of men like Captain Cook, especially by the rising tide of emigration.By 1900 Britain had set up a big empire, 'on which the sun never set'. It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown Colonies, spheres of influences, and self-governing dominions, and it included 25% of the world's population and area.The growth of dominionsCanadaCanada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris, after the Seven Years' War (1756-63) between Britain and France.French rights were guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774.The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada (Ontario) where the British had settled, and Lower Canada (Quebec) populated by the French.One serious revolt against British rule took place in 1837-38.The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion. The four founding provinces were Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.AustraliaAustralia was first discovered by the Dutch in the early 1600s.In 1770, Captain James Cook discovered Botany Bay, and claimed the east coast region for Britain, naming it New South Wales.In 1788, the English began to transport convicts to Australia.Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840.In 1851-92, the gold rushes brought more people here.In 1901, the six self-governing colonies were united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.New ZealandNew Zealand was settled by Maoris in about the 14th century.In 1642, the Dutch seaman Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand and named it the Netherlands province of Zeeland.In 1770s, Captain James Cook visited New Zealand and claimed it for England.In the early 19th century, missionaries became active to come here.In 1840, the systematic colonization was begun by the New Zealand Company.In 1841, the country was made a separate colony, according to the Treaty of Waitangi between Britain and the Maori Chiefs.It achieved self-government in 1852, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907, and was made completely independent in 1931.The Conquest of IndiaThe establishment of the British East India Company in 1600 was a case of economic penetration. The company took control of areas and as a result the British government becamedirectly involved in Indian Affairs. The India Act of 1784 set up a 'Board of Control' to supervise the company.Political instability and French interference promoted further intervention. By 1819, the British conquest of India was almost complete.The Indian Mutiny of 1857 was raised by the native troops of the Bengal army of the East India Company, because of resentment at the British reforms of ancient Indian institutions; fear of forcible conversion to Christianity; and the issue of cartridges greased with cow-fat and pig-fat which offended Hindus and Muslims respectively.After the mutiny, the control of India passed to the British Crown in 1858, and Queen Victoria (1837-1901) became Empress of India in 1877.The Scramble for AfricaThe South of AfricaIn1652, the Dutch East India Company established a settlement at Cape Town. Settlement extended inland to form Cape Colony in the 18th century.In 1806, Britain took the Cape Colony to protect it route to India. Increasing numbers of British settlers arrived in the 1820s.In 1835-36, in order to escape British domination, the native Boers moved northward in the Great Trek (mass migration) to Natal, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Britain took Natal in 1843 but recognized the independence of the Transvaal in 1852 and the Orange Free State in 1854.Relations between the British colony and the Boer republics became worse, especially when Britain took Griqualand of the Orange Free State in 1871 when diamonds had been discovered there.An attempt to take the Transvaal in 1877 resulted in war between Britain and the Boers (1880-81) in which Britain was defeated and the independence of Transvaal was recognized.The discovery of gold at Witwatersrand in1886 brought many new immigrants, known as Uitlanders, to the Transvaal. But the President of Transvaal refused to give them the right to vote. This, together with the Jameson Raid in 1895, resulted in the Boer War (1899-1902). After the British victory, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State became British colonies in 1902. In 1910, they were united with the Cape Province and Natal to form the Union of South Africa.The West and the Interior of AfricaAt the beginning of the 19th century, British possessions were confined to forts and slave trading posts on the West Coast.Over the 19th century, the interior of Africa was gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. In 1885, the involved European countries signed a treaty in Berlin to lay down rules of conducting the scramble for Africa.By 1900, more than 9/10 had been colonized. Britain led the way in this race to take the fertile and productive areas of Africa.The North East of AfricaThe French influence in Egypt was strong since the French engineers built the Sues Canal, and the French owned half the shares in the Canal Company.In 1875, the British government bought almost all the remaining Canal shares from the bankrupt Egyptian ruler, who abdicated in 1879. In 1882-1914, the British occupied Egypt.In 1899, Sudan was put under the joint Anglo-Egyptian rule after the failure of the Mahdi revolt against Egypt in 1881.Aggression against ChinaBritain, France and Germany were also rivals in establishing trading posts and naval stations in the Far East. In the 1830s, British merchants began to smuggle opium to China from India.In 1839, the Chinese, led by the Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu, confiscated the British opium and burnt them at Canton. This resulted in the Opium war (1840-42) between Britain and China. By the Treaty of Nanking (1842), China ceded Hong Kong to Britain, and opened ports to British trade. Britain were to receive over ￡6 million war indemnity.After the Second Opium War (1856-58), China was forced to sign the treaties of Tianjin (1858) with Britain, France, Russia and the US, by which 11 more ports were opened.Twentieth CenturyBritain before the First World War (1901-14)Reforms continued to come year by yearFactory Acts made further improvements in conditions of work.Housing Acts got rid of some of the worst slums.Education Acts brought free schools and free school meals to poor children.Women's position in society was gradually improved.In 1897 women started to demand the right to vote in national elections. Within ten years these women, the 'suffragettes' led by Mrs. Pankhurst, had become famous for the extreme methods they were willing to use. But the First World War interrupted their campaign.Thanks to this militant feminist movement before the WWI, votes were granted to women over 30 as soon as the war was over, and to all women over 21, equal with men, ten years later in 1929.The Liberal government (1905-22) carried out some reformsThe Parliament Act of 1911 severely limited the powers of the Lords and established the Commons as the supreme legislative body. The MPs were granted an annual salary of ￡400.The National Insurance Act of 1911 provided insurance against sickness and unemployment. Maternity grants and elder pensions were also established.Unions were granted protection from liability for losses caused by strikes. Labour exchanges were established and minimum wages were fixed in certain industriesThe Problem of Ireland remained unsolvedThe Home Rule Bill of 1914 set up an Irish Parliament with limited powers. But it wasn't applied until after the WWI.Britain and the First World War (1914-18)Two European power blocsAt the beginning of the 20th century, France, Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world markets. The new united German state was emerging as the biggest threat to Britain.The War was fought primarily between two European power blocs: the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary), and the Allies (Britain, France and Russia). In wartime, the former were joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, and the latter were joined by Japan, Italy, the U.S.A. and other countries.Beginning of the WarOn June 28,1914, the Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.On July 28, Austria, awaiting a pretext for suppressing Slav nationalism, declared war on Serbia, with Germany's blessing. Russia immediately mobilized, and France rejected Germany's demand for its neutrality.Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, and on France on August 3, then invaded Belgium, hoping to win a quick victory in the West before returning to Russia.Britain's entry into the WarOn August 4, Britain declared war on Germany.There were two reasons for Britain's entry into the war. Firstly, Britain was afraid that Germany would overrun Europe and gain control of parts of the British Empire. Secondly, Britain had a treaty with Belgium to guarantee its neutrality.End of the WarOn November 11, 1918, an armistice came into effect after the Central Powers sued for peace.。
Chapter 2(UK) History 3.The rise and fall of the British Empire
3.1 The Formation of the British Empire
First British Empire: 19th Century It included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies
World war 1
Cause: Balkan Peninsula 巴尔干半岛冲突 萨拉热窝事件 Sarajevo 奥地利大公Francis Ferdinand被Yugoslav南 撕拉夫人刺杀
1914年奥匈帝国向塞尔维 亚宣战
奥地利 VS 赛尔维亚
Germany
The Central Powers
• On the Eve of World War I, Britain had the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen.
– a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers (1/4 of the world’s total land). – a population of 393.5 million (8 times as large as that in Britain)
广州
定海
1860年
占领京津，火烧圆
明园，咸丰帝逃亡，签《北 京条约》（结束）
英国东印度公司的鸦片仓库
Boer War
• 英国人和布尔人之间为了争夺南非殖民地 而展开的战争。 • 荷兰殖民者于17世纪来到南非。他们和葡 萄牙、法国殖民者的后裔被称为布尔人。 19世纪晚期，德兰士瓦共和国和奥兰士自 由国相继发现世界上最大的钻石矿和金矿。 英国殖民者觊觎这些宝藏，于1899年8月与 布尔人爆发战争。
《英语国家概况》- Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
第五章英帝国的兴衰Ⅰ.辉格党人和托利党人这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命，皆以绰号命名。
辉格是对牧牛人的贬称，而托利是爱尔兰语歹徒的意思。
泛泛而言，辉格人是指那些反对绝对王权、支持新教徒享有宗教自由权利的人们。
第一位沙夫茨伯雷伯爵(1621-1683)被视为辉格党首任领袖。
托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。
辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人结盟组成自由党。
托利党则为保守党的前身，至今还保留托利党这个绰号。
在19世纪初，辉格党没有特定的纲领，也不是现代意义上团结一致的政党。
他们还没有组建政党结构，例如没有政党基金。
辉格党人主张：(1)削弱王权(比如任命政府重要官员的权力)；(2)同情非国教教徒(即已脱离国教的卫理公会及其他新教派别)；(3)保护商人和银行家的利益。
大多数辉格党人赞同某种形式的议会改革，但就改革的深度不能达成一致。
(例如:允许商人投票吗?或者允许所有的男性有选举权吗？)托利党人是一批持传统观点的人。
他们主张保留君主和英格兰教会的权力。
他们不喜欢非国教教徒，认为他们是对英格兰教会的一大威胁。
他们想严格地维护法律与秩序，害怕下层造反。
他们并不总是赞同改革，尤其坚决反对议会改革，他们只同意某些人道主义改革。
议会中还有另一派观点，支持者较少。
他们是激进派分子，认为只有彻底的改革才能解决根本问题。
议会成员中只有少数激进派分子，但在18世纪末、19世纪初他们非常活跃，广泛散播激进观点。
他们的一个共同目标是彻底改革议会制度。
激进派分子深受杰拉米·本汉姆"功利主义"哲学的影响。
本汉姆认为政府的功能应是"取得最大多数人的最大幸福"。
他认为有两种办法做到这一点：(1)政府和行政应尽可能高效。
任何低效和无用的事情都应改革(例如，教育制度，监狱制度和议会)；(2)政府应尽可能少地干涉人民的个人生活。
激进派分子倡导"不干涉主义"，这是一种激进的自由贸易观点，因为他们认为进出口关税干涉了贸易的自然流通。
大英帝国到年在南非英文作文
大英帝国到年在南非英文作文The Rise and Fall of the British Empire: A Reflection on its Legacy in South AfricaThe British Empire, once the largest and most powerful global superpower, left an indelible mark on the world, particularly in its colonial territories. One such region that bore the brunt of the Empire's expansionist policies was South Africa, a land rich in natural resources and cultural diversity. The story of the British Empire's presence in South Africa is one of both triumph and tragedy, a complex narrative that continues to shape the country's present-day landscape.The British first set their sights on South Africa in the early 17th century, drawn by the strategic importance of the Cape of Good Hope as a vital stopover on the trade route to the East Indies. The Dutch had established a settlement at the Cape in 1652, but the British soon recognized the value of this strategic location and set about securing it for their own interests. The ensuing conflict between the British and the Dutch settlers, known as the Boers, would ultimately lead to the Anglo-Boer Wars, a series of brutal conflicts that would have lasting consequences for the region.The First Anglo-Boer War, fought from 1880 to 1881, saw the Boers emerge victorious, dealing a significant blow to British imperial ambitions. However, this triumph was short-lived, as the British returned in 1899 with a larger and more well-equipped force, determined to subjugate the Boers and assert their dominance in the region. The Second Anglo-Boer War, which lasted until 1902, was a protracted and bloody affair, with the British employing tactics that would later be condemned as war crimes, such as the use of concentration camps to imprison Boer civilians.The British victory in the Second Anglo-Boer War marked a significant turning point in the history of South Africa. The country was now firmly under British control, and the stage was set for the implementation of the infamous system of apartheid, a policy of racial segregation and discrimination that would cast a long shadow over the nation for decades to come.Under British rule, South Africa was transformed into a key component of the Empire's global economic and strategic interests. The discovery of vast mineral resources, particularly diamonds and gold, fueled the expansion of the British economy and solidified the country's position as a vital hub for the extraction and export of raw materials. This economic exploitation, however, came at a heavy price for the indigenous population, who were systematicallymarginalized and denied basic rights and opportunities.The legacy of the British Empire in South Africa is a complex and often contentious one. On the one hand, the British introduced a system of governance, infrastructure, and economic development that laid the foundations for the modern South African state. The establishment of railways, roads, and ports, as well as the integration of the country into the global trade network, undoubtedly contributed to the country's economic growth and development.However, the cost of this progress was borne by the indigenous population, who were subjected to a brutal system of colonial rule and oppression. The apartheid system, which was heavily influenced by the racial ideologies of the British Empire, entrenched a deeply unequal and unjust society, denying the majority of the population basic rights and opportunities.The impact of the British Empire's legacy in South Africa can still be felt today. The country's political and social landscape continues to be shaped by the lingering effects of colonialism and apartheid, with ongoing efforts to address the deep-seated inequalities and injustices that have been ingrained in the system.As South Africa grapples with the complex legacy of the British Empire, it is important to acknowledge both the positive andnegative aspects of this history. The introduction of modern infrastructure and systems of governance undoubtedly contributed to the country's development, but this progress was achieved at the expense of the indigenous population, who were subjected to a brutal and oppressive regime.In the end, the story of the British Empire in South Africa is a cautionary tale, a reminder of the dangers of unchecked colonial ambition and the lasting impact of systemic oppression. As the world continues to grapple with the legacies of colonialism, it is crucial that we learn from the mistakes of the past and work towards a more just and equitable future, one that recognizes the inherent dignity and rights of all people, regardless of their race, ethnicity, or national origin.。
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Whigs and Tories
In the mid-19th century the Whigs formed a coa1ition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today.
Open Field Village
Drawbacks l. It wasted land because of fallow fields and land for paths. 2. It was wasteful of labour and time. 3. Livestock farming was difficult and diseases spread quickly on commons. Winter feed was rarely enough, so animals were usually killed in autumn and their meat was salted. 4. The open field system was a barrier to experiments.
Enclosure
In the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside for food. Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so landowners wanted to replace the small farms cultivated on the ―openfield‖ system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the ―openfield‖ system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields.
Agricultural changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries were indeed so great that they merit the term ―revolution‖.
English Speaking Countries Unit 5
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688 – 1990)
Whigs and Tories
Whigs and Tories
The Whigs and the Tories were the earliest political parties in England whose names originated with the Glorious Revolution. Whigs = cattle drivers Tories = thugs
English Speaking Countries Unit 5
Results of Agricultural Enclosure
l. Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small. 2. More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied.
English Speaking Countries Unit 5
Results of Agricultural Enclosure
3. Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded. Riots erupted in many areas but they could not prevent the march of progress. In Ireland and the Scottish Highlands land enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World.
land could be fully used while the cultivation of fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter months
English Speaking Countries Unit 5
Open Field Village
This system was an ideal basis for the simple community life of the countryside and subsistence farming before the modern industrial age. subsistence farming: Subsistence farming in agriculture is the growth of crops predominantly for self consumption. Farmers focus on growing food and keeping animals to feed their families rather than growing crops for sale. This kind of farming reduces the cost and expenses of a household.
English Speaking Countries Unit 5
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688 – 1990)
Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century
Agricultural Changห้องสมุดไป่ตู้s
English Speaking Countries Unit 5
―Farmer George‖
George III – the king who lost America
Enclosure
Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century when war against France meant high food prices—war was an incentive to landlords to enclose land.
Open Field Village
Traditional farming = open field village (dated to 5th Century)
Villages were surrounded by 3 great hedgeless fields which centred all the arable land. These fields were divided into strips shared out among the villagers. Each family’s land was scattered about, so good land was fairly distributed. Much was done on a community basis. One great field left ―fallow‖ each year so that its soil recovered its richness after 2 years’ cultivation. This meant only 2/3 of the land was cultivated at any time. In addition to the fields there were commons and wastelands used by all villagers to graze livestock.
Agricultural Changes
crop rotation (the successive planting of different crops on the same land to improve soil fertility and help control insects and diseases)
Bill of Rights (1689)
To exclude any Roman catholic from the
succession; To confirm the principle of parliamentary supremacy To guarantee free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Constitutional monarchy: a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament