Prescriptive linguistics and descriptive linguistics
英语语言学部分名词解释(英文版)
1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. general linguistics: The study of language as a whole.3. applied linguistics: the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.4. prescriptive: If linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, ,it is said to be prescriptive.( i.e. to tell people what they should and should not say).5. descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.(09C)6. synchronic study: The description of language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. (06C/ 04)7. diachronic study: It’s a historical study of language,it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (06C)8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（08F/09C）linguistic competence: universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker.11. performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.13. design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.(08C)15. productivity: Language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by it’s users.16. duality（double articulation）: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and higher lever of meaning.17. displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker.( regardless of time or space) (04)18. cultural transmission: The capacity for language is genetically based while the details of any language system have to be taught and learned.( Language is culturally transmitted rather than by instinct).19.Sociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society from the core of the branch.20.Psycholinguistics: the study of language processing, comprehending and production, as well as language acquisition.municative competence:the ability to use language appropriately in social situations.Chapter 2: Phonology1. phonic medium : The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonetic medium of language.(and the individual sounds within this range are speech sounds)2. phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with all sounds in the world’s languages. (06C)3. articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e. how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. (03)4. auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.5. acoustic phonetics: It studies the physical properties of the stream of sounds which the speaker issues.QR It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another)6. voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.7. voiceless: the way that sounds are produced with no vibration of the vocal cords.8. broad transcription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or sounds sequences in written form.9. narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to show sounds in written form.10. diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.11. IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists of letters and diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any language.12. aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.13. manner of articulation : The manner in which obstruction is created.14. place of articulation : The place where obstruction is created.15. consonant: a speech sound in which the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.16. vowel : a speech sound in which the air stream from the lung meets with no obstruction.17. monophthong : the individual vowel.18. diphthong : The vowel which consists of two individual vowels and are produced by moving one vowel position to another through intervening positions.(08F)19. phone: A phonetic unit,the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.20. phoneme : An abstract phonological unit that is of distinctive value;it’s represented by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. (06F/ 04)或者The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two sounds.21. allophone : the different phones which can represent the same phoneme in different phonetic enviroments are called allophones of that phoneme (07C/ 05)22. phonology : The description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds form patterns and function to distinguish and convey meaning.(06C)23. phonemic contrast : two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning,they form phonemic contrast.24. complementary distribution : allophones of the same phoneme and they don’t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.25. minimal pair: two different forms are identical in every way except forone sound segment which occurs in the same position.26. sequential rules: The rules to govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.27. assimilation rule: The rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.28. deletion rule: The rule that a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.29. suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments(syllable, word, sentence),including stress tone intonation.(08F)30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isola tion, they’re collectively known as intonation.32. nucleus: It refers to the major pitch change in an intonation unit.32. minimal set: sound combinations which are identical in form except for the initial consonant together constitute a minimal set.。
新编简明英语语言学教程第2版学习指南答案
新编简明英语语言学教程第2版学习指南答案Study Guide for New Concise English Linguistics Tutorial 2nd Edition AnswersIntroductionThe New Concise English Linguistics Tutorial 2nd Edition is a comprehensive guide to the study of the English language. This study guide provides answers to the exercises and questions found in the textbook, helping students to better understand the concepts and theories discussed in each chapter.Chapter 1: Introduction to Linguistics1.1 What is Linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure, including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.1.2 What are the subfields of Linguistics?The subfields of linguistics include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.1.3 What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive grammar?Prescriptive grammar is concerned with rules for what is considered "correct" language use, while descriptive grammar describes how language is actually used by speakers.Chapter 2: Phonetics and Phonology2.1 What is phonetics?Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, including their production, transmission, and reception.2.2 What is phonology?Phonology is the study of the sound system of a language, including the patterns and rules that govern the pronunciation of words.2.3 What is the difference between consonants and vowels?Consonants are speech sounds that are produced with some degree of obstruction in the vocal tract, while vowels are speech sounds that are produced without obstruction.Chapter 3: Morphology3.1 What is morphology?Morphology is the study of the structure of words and how words are formed from smaller units called morphemes.3.2 What are free and bound morphemes?Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes to form a complete word.3.3 What is the difference between inflectional and derivational morphemes?Inflectional morphemes modify the grammatical function of a word (e.g., tense, number), while derivational morphemes create new words or change the meaning of existing words.Chapter 4: Syntax4.1 What is syntax?Syntax is the study of the structure of sentences and how words are combined to create meaningful phrases and sentences.4.2 What is the difference between phrases and clauses?Phrases are groups of words that function as a single unit within a sentence, while clauses are larger structures that contain a subject and a predicate.4.3 What is the difference between syntax and semantics?Syntax deals with the structure of language, while semantics is concerned with the meaning of language.Chapter 5: Semantics and Pragmatics5.1 What is semantics?Semantics is the study of meaning in language, including how words and sentences convey meaning.5.2 What is pragmatics?Pragmatics is the study of how context influences the interpretation of language, including the social and cultural factors that affect communication.5.3 What are speech acts?Speech acts are actions that are performed through speech, such as making a request or giving an order.ConclusionThis study guide provides answers to the exercises and questions found in the New Concise English Linguistics Tutorial 2nd Edition, helping students to deepen their understanding of the core concepts and theories in the study of English linguistics. By using this guide, students can enhance their knowledge andskills in the field of linguistics and improve their overall comprehension of the English language.。
英语语言学导论《简明英语语言学概论》
Chapter 2 Phonology
Phonology vs. phonetics Both are related to the study of speech sounds Phonetics: of general nature, and interested in
all the speech sounds used in all human languages Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication
(two ways of how phonetically similar sounds are related) ◆minimal pairs: when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal set.
(Chomsky) From now on I will consider language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements
Spoken language precedes the written language everywhere in the world and most writing systems are derived from the vocal sounds.
(NEW)刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解
语言来源于人本能表达情感的声音。 4. Yo-He-Ho Theory (呦嘿吼理论) Language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work. 语言来源于共同劳动时发出的呦嘿声。 5. Ta-Ta Theory (哒哒说) Language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongue movements. 语言来源于移动舌头发出的声音与某个手势的结合。 6. Bow-Wow Theory (汪汪理论) Language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature. 语言起源于人们模仿动物的叫声和其他自然界中的声音。
本章内容索引： I. Definition of linguistics II. Linguistics vs. traditional grammar III. Scope of linguistics 1. Microlinguistics 2. Macrolinguistics IV. Definition of language V. Origins of language
VI. Design features of language (语言的定义特征) 【重点、考点：论述语言的识别特征】 1. Arbitrariness (任意性) This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. There is no reason, for example, why English should use the sounds /dɔg/ to refer to the animal dog,
英语专业语言学复习试题
Morphology1.What is morphology?2.How are words classified?3.What is the relationship between word category and its meaning?4.How can you identify the meaning of a word?5.What is a morpheme?6.What is a morph and an allomorph?7.How many morphemes are there in each of the following words?a) superasegmental b) interactionistc) industrialization d) decentralized8.How many allomorphs does the plural morpheme ｛s｝have? What are they?9. How are morphemes classified?10. What is an inflectional morpheme? And what is a derivational one?11. How many inflectional morphemes does modern English have? What are they?12. How are the following words formed?antislavery; greenhouse;skin the apple; UFO; TESOL; medicare; adSyntax1.What is syntax?2.What is a syntactic category?3.What are endocentric and exocentric constructions?4.What are phrase structure rules like?5What are the three syntactic relations like?6. What is sentence rule like?7. What is IC Analysis?8. What are deep structures and surface structure?9. What are transformational rules?10. Are you able to analyze sentences with tree diagrams? Introduction: Language1. What’s your understanding of la nguage?2. What are the well-known theories about the origin of language?3. What are the design features of human language?4. What functions does language have?Introduction: Linguistics1. What is linguistics?2. What are the main branches of linguistics?3. Please describe the scope of research for each branch of linguistics.4. What are the interdisciplinary studies of language?5. What is the difference between synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics?6. What distinguishes prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies of language?7. What is the difference between langue and parole?8. What is the difference between competence and performance? Introduction: Language & LinguisticsI. Fill in the blanks.(1) Language, broadly speaking, is a means of human communication.(2) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is metalingual.(3) The theory that language arose from human beings instinctive need for contact with his companion has been called the pooh-pooh theory.(4) Modern linguistics is descriptive in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.(5) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing.(6) The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.(7) Saussure put forward two important concepts. competence refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.(8) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limitedrules.This feature is usually termed Productivity/creativity.II.. Decide whether the following sentences are T or F.T(1) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.F(2) Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language.T(3)Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.F(4) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.T(5) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is more important for us.T(6) By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.T(7) Language is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.F(8) Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.T(9) In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to studentsis basically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners’ communicative skills.F(10) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.F(11) Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical linguistics.T(12) Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.Language and society1.What is sociolinguistics?2.speech community3.speech variety4.dialectal varieties5.Idiolect6.Register7.pidgin and creole8.bilingualism and diglossiaLanguage and culture1.What is culture?2.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (SWH)3.The significance of culture in language classroomsSemantics1. What is semantics?2. How many kinds of meaning did linguists find and study?3. How many views are there concerning the study of meaning?4. What is sense and what is reference?5. What is componential analysis? Give an example to illustrate it.6. What is semantic field? Can you illustrate it?7. What are the major sense relations? Illustrate each type.8. What are the major types of synonyms in English? Illustrate each type.9. What are the major types of synonyms in English? Illustrate each type.10. How many semantic relations are there among sentences?Give examples.11. What is predication analysis?12. Fill in the blanks.(1)Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguisticform?(2)Mean and frugal are said to be emotive synonyms.(3)We call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as hyponymy.(4)“Words are names of labels for things.” This view is called namingtheory in semantic studies.(5)Cold and hot are a pair of gradable antonyms.(6)Bull: 〔BOVINE 〕〔MALE 〕〔ADULT〕is an example ofcomponential analysis.(7)“ John killed Bill but Bill didn’t die is a(an) contradiction.(8)The relation between sentence A “ My radio needs fixing.” andsentence B “ I have a radio.”is that A presupposes B/ B is a prerequisite of A.Pragmatics1. What is pragmatics? How does it differ from semantics?2. What is context?3. What is sentence meaning?4. What is utterance meaning?5. What is speech act theory?6. Explain the meanings of locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act through example?7. How are illocutionary acts classified?8. What is cooperative principle?9. What is conversational implicature?10. Can you illustrate the violation of the maxiams of the CP through some examples?11. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.F(1) A locutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s inten tion. F(2) Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.F(3) John Austin found that natural language had its own logic and conclude cooperative principle.F(4) Y’s utterance violates the maxim of manner.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? Second Language Acquisition1.Theories of language acquisition2.Which theory do you think is more convincing and reasonable? Why?3.the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH).4.Contrastive Analysis5.Interlanguage6.Error analysisprehensible Input Hypothesisphonetics1. What is the phonic medium of human language?2. What does phonetics concern?3. How do the three branches of phonetics contribute to the study of speech sounds?4. What do speech organs include?5. How can the speech sounds be recorded?6. What are broad transcription and narrow transcription? How are they manifested in IPA?7. How are consonants different from vowels?8. In which ways may consonants be classified? And how are they classified in each way?9. How do phoneticians classify vowels? And how are they classified in each way?10. Describe the 48 speech sounds of English.Phonology1.To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?2.Please use examples to explain the definitions of phones, phonemes and allophones.3. What do minimal pairs refer? Use an example to illustrate this linguistic phenomenon.4. What is contrastive distribution? Give an example to illustrate it.5. What is complementary distribution? Give an example to illustrate it.6. What is free variation? Give an example to illustrate it.7. Are the phones in minimal pairs different phonemes?8. Are the phones in contrastive distribution different phonemes?9. Are the phones in complementary distribution different phonemes?10.Are the phones in free variation different phonemes?11. Illustrate the sequential rule with an example.12. Illustrate the assimilation rule with an example.13. Illustrate the deletion rule with an example.14.What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?15. Fill in the blanks.(1). Articulatoy phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech.(2). Consonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless , while all vowel sounds are voiceless .(3). The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the tongue and the lips.(4). Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without obstruction .(5). In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/-/v/. This is an example for illustrating minimal pairs .(6). In English there are a number of diphthongs, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.(7). Assimilation/Coarticulation refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbours.(8).Allophones are the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments.。
语言学名词解释
名词解释1.Prescriptive and Descriptive规定性的和描述性的Prescriptive and descriptive represent two kind of different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive.描述性的研究主要以观察和描述人们实际所使用的语言为目的。
规定性的研究以制定语言使用的规范和标准为主要目的，即为使用者指出语言的标准用法，什么是正确的用法，什么是错误的用法，为语言使用者提供典范。
ngue and Parole 语言和言语Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Parole is the concrete use of the convention and the application of rules.语言是一种社会机制、是一种语言的理想形式、是为一个团体所有成员所接受的社会惯例的抽象的语言系统。
大学语言学考试1-7章-试题和答案
大学语言学考试1-7章-试题和答案(总28页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--12maximal?onset?principle? states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant. it is put into the onset rather than the coda. . The correct syllabification of the word country should be第一章，填空1. The study of the meaning of lingustic words, phrases is called semantics.2. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wild range of things free from barriers caused by4. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.6. Chomsky defines“competence” as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.7. Language is a means of verbal communication. It is informative in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.8. The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of9. Language is distinguished from traffic lights in that the former has the designing feature of duality.10. In linguistics research, both quantity and quality approaches are preferred.判断：11. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech, thus there are still many languages in today's have no .... √12. According to Chomsky, the word “competence” is not limited to the ability ofan ideal native speaker to construct and recognize.×13. Duality and cultural transmission are two most important design features ofhuman language.×14. Chomsky's competence' and performance are similar in meaning to Saussure’s langue and parole.√15,An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the“best authors”for language usage √16. In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a of reasons.√17. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic.×chochronic共时的18. Langue and parole is the fundamental distinction discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory ofdistinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as Parole and language. √20. According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been √选择:1. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior, it is said to be descriptive2. I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago. This shows that language has the design feature of displacement.3.“Don’t end a sentence with a preposition.” this is an example of prescriptive rules.4.Which of the following is most referred to as a branch of t he study of meaning in5.The synchronic study of language takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.6. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called pragmatics.7. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is A?没照下图片arbitrary8.The descriptive of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.9.题目没照下来。
语言学的重要区分
• 共时语言学就是研究一种或多种语言 在其历史发展中的某一阶段的情况， 即语言状态(language state)，而不考 虑这种状态究竟如何演化而来,又称静 态语言学(static linguistics).
• 历时语言学集中研究语言在较长历史 时期所经历的变化，又称演化语言学 （evolutionary linguistics）
• Langue refers to the abstract linc system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
• langue is the set of conventions and rules which lg users all have to abide by, and parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the applications of the rules.
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
Contents
• Descriptive vs Prescriptive • Synchronic vs Diachronic • Langue vs Parole • Competence vs Performance • Speech vs Writing
• Synchronic study---description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics)
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A. It is me. B. It is I. One rule: Verb is followed by objective case.
Contrast : • Prescriptive linguistics pays more
attention to the rule.
• Descriptive linguistics pays more
LOGO
In contrast to descriptive linguistics is the prescriptive linguistics . Prescriptive linguistics’objective is to lay down rules for “correct” behaviour. It tells people “what should be in language” or “ what people should say”. In prescriptive linguistics, many early grammars were based on “high” (literary, religious) written language.
attention to the description and analysis.
LOGO
•Prescription is typically contrasted with description, which observes and records how language is used in practice, and which is the basis of all linguistic research. Serious scholarly descriptive work is usually based on text or corpus analysis, or on field studies,. Unlike prescription, descriptive linguistics eschews value judgments and makes no recommendations, without reference to the histories or to comparison with other languages. corpus: A corpus is a large collection of written or spoken texts that is used for language research. eschews: If you eschew something, you deliberately avoid doing it or becoming involved in it.
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary is a descriptive dictionary, which describes the way words actually being used in conversation and writing. Philip Grove, the editor of this dictionary, is the representative descriptivist.
LOGO
•Prescription and description are often seen as opposites.In the sense that one declares how language should be while the other declares how language is. But they can also be complementary, and usually exist in a dynamic tension to each other. Most commentators on language show elements of both prescription and description in their thinking, and popular debate on language issues frequently revolves around the question of how to balance these.
Example:
This is the house I was born in．
This is the house in which I was born．
Prescriptive linguo make rules for “correct and standard” behaviour in using language.
Descriptive Linguistics and Prescriptive Linguistics
规定语言学和描述语言学
Descriptive linguistics描述语言学
——aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.