英语语言学-语言学知识点

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英语语言学笔记

英语语言学笔记
英语、汉语、法语等都是不同的语言。
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语音学
语音(Phonetics)
研究语言的发音机制、音素(音位)的发音特征和分布规律。
/b/、/t/、/d/等辅音音素的发音方式。
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音位(Phoneme)
语言中能够区分意义的最小语音单位。
在英语中,“bit”和“bet”因音位/ɪ/和/ɛ/的不同而意义不同。
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音系学
音系(Phonology)
研究语言中音素的组合规则和模式,以及这些规则如何影响语言的意义。
英语中的重音和节奏模式对单词和句子的意义有影响。
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语法学
语法(Grammar)
描述语言中单词、短语和句子如何组合成有意义的结构的规则系统。
句子“The cat sat on the mat.”遵循英语语法规则。
英语语言学笔记
序号
主题/子主题
关键概念/术语
定义/解释
示例/应用
备注
1
语言学基础
语言学(guistics)
研究语言的科学,包括语言的结构、功能、演变以及语言在社会中的应用。
语言学家研究不同语言的语音、语法、词汇等。
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语言(Language)
人类特有的、用于沟通的一套符号系统,包括口语、书面语和手势语等。
研究语言中的词汇、短语和句子如何表达意义。
单词“happy”的意义是“快乐的”。
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语用学
语用(Pragmatics)
研究语言如何在特定情境中使用,以及语言使用者的意图、背景和互动如何影响语言的意义。
“It’s cold in here.”可能不仅仅是描述温度,还可能暗示要求关窗或开暖气。
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社会语言学
社会语言学(Sociolinguistics)

英语语言学知识点总结

英语语言学知识点总结

英语语言学知识点总结
英语语言学是研究英语语言及其发展历史、语音、语法、词汇、语用等方面的学科。

以下是一些英语语言学的知识点总结:
1. 英语语音学:英语语音学主要研究英语的发音、声调、重音等语音现象。

其中,英语的发音规则主要包括元音、辅音和声调等方面的规则。

2. 英语语法学:英语语法学主要研究英语的语法结构和规则,包括句子结构、时态、语态、名词、形容词、副词等语法范畴。

3. 英语词汇学:英语词汇学主要研究英语的词汇构成、演化和使用情况,包括单词、词组和习语等方面的研究。

4. 英语语用学:英语语用学主要研究英语的语用功能和语境,包括语言交际、暗示、礼貌、语用失误等方面的研究。

5. 英语语音语调学:英语语音语调学主要研究英语的语音语调系统,包括英语的发音、声调、重音、节奏等方面的研究。

6. 英语文体学:英语文体学主要研究英语的文体风格和语言习惯,包括正式文体、口语文体、文学文体等方面的研究。

7. 英语词汇记忆学:英语词汇记忆学主要研究如何有效地记忆英语词汇,包括词汇记忆的方法、技巧和策略等方面的研究。

8. 英语跨文化交际学:英语跨文化交际学主要研究英语在不同文化中的交际和使用,包括跨文化沟通、文化差异、交际礼仪等方面的研究。

以上是一些英语语言学的重要知识点总结,不同学科之间的交叉
和融合也在不断推进着英语语言学的发展。

(完整版)英语语言学超强总结

(完整版)英语语言学超强总结

语言学总结一、语言和语言学1、语言的差异性特色:Design of features of language任意性arbitrariness指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系二重性duality指语言由两层结构组成创立性creativity指语言能够被创立移位性displacement指语言能够代表时间和空间上不能及的物体、时间、见解2、语言的功能(不是很重要)信息功能informative人际功能interpersonal施为功能performative感情功能emotive function寒暄功能phatic communication娱乐功能recreational function元语言功能metalingual function3、语言学主要分支语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、流传、接受过程,观察人类语言中的声音音位学phonology研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列形态学morphology研究词的内部结构和构词规则句法学syntax 研究句子结构,词、短语组合的规则语义学semantics不但关心字词作为词汇的意义,还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。

如语素和句子的意义语用学pragmatics在语境中研究意义4、宏观语言学macrolingustics心理语言学psycholinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学 anthropological linguistics计算机语言学 computational linguistics5语言学中的重要差异规定式和描述式:规定式:prescriptive 说明事情应该是怎么样的描述式: descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的共时研究和历时研究:共时:synchronic 研究某个特准时期语言历时: diachronic研究语言发展规律语言和语言:语言:langue 指语言系统的整体语言: parole 指详尽实质运用的语言语言能力和语言运用:乔姆斯基(chomsky 提出 )能力: competence 用语言的人的语言知识储备运用: performance 真实的语言使用者在实质中的语言使用二、语音学1、语音学分支发音语音学声学语言学听觉语音学articulatory phonetics 研究语言的产生acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知2 IPA (国际音标)是由daniel Jones 琼斯提出的三、音位学1、最小对峙体minimal pairs2、音位phoneme3音位变体allophones4互补分布 complementary distribution5自由变体 free variation6差异特色 distinctive features7超音段特色 suprasegmental feature音节syllable 重音 stress 语调 tone 声调 intonation四形态学1词的组成语素 morpheme 自由语素 free morpheme 粘着语素bound morphemeRoot 词根词缀affix词干stem屈折词汇和派生词汇inflectional affix and derivational affix2特有的词汇变化 lexical change proper新创词语 invention 混拼词 blending 缩写词 abbreviation首字母缩写词 acronym逆构词汇 back-formation 例: editor— edit类推构词 analogiacal creation 例: work-worked,,slay-slayed外来词 borrowing五句法学1范围 category 数 number性 gender 格 case 时 tense 体 aspect一致关系 concord支配关系 govenrment2结构主义学派 the structure approach组合关系syntagmatic relation 词和词组合在一起聚合关系paradigmatic 拥有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起结构和成分construction and constituents : 句子不但是线性结构liner structure 还是层级结构hierarchical structure(句子或短语被称为结构体,而组成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分) 3直接成分解析法immediate constitutional analysis指把句子分成直接成分-短语,再把这些短语依次切分,获取下一集直接成分,这样层层切分,直到不能够再分4向心结构和离心结构 endocentric and exocentric constructions向心:指一个结构中有中心词,例an old man ,中心为 man离心:指结构中没有明显的中心词。

英语语言学复习资料

英语语言学复习资料

英语语言学复习资料一:名词解释1. Language (语言) is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Linguistics(语言学) is generally defined as the scientific study of language.3. General linguistics(普通/一般语言学)The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.4. Phonetics(语音学) the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.5. Phonology(语音体系) how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.6. Morphology(形态学) these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.7. Syntax(句法学) then the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies called syntax.8. Semantics(语意学) the study of meaning is known as semantics.9. Pragmatics(语用学) when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.10. Phone(音素) is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.11. Phoneme(音位) is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.12. Allophones(音位变体) the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones.13. IPA(International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标) It’s a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.14. Diacritics(变音符) it is a set of symbols which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions.15. broad transcription(宽式标音) one is the transcription with letter-symbols only.16. narrow transcription(严式标音) the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.17. open class words(开放类词) In English , open class words are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. We can regularly add new words to these classes. 18. closed class words(封闭类词) In English , closed class word are conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. New words arenot usually added to them.19. Morpheme(词素) the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.20. bound morpheme(黏着词素) morphemes which occurs only before other morphemes. They cannot be used alone.21. free morpheme(自由词素) it is the morphemes which can be used alone.22. suprasegmental features(超音段特征) the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features.23. Category(畴) it refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase or a verb.24. Phrases(短语) Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases.二:简答题1. Three distinct of phonetics(语音学的三个分支?)Articulatory phonetics发音语音学; auditory phonetics听觉语音学; acoustic phonetics声光语音学.2. Main features of language(语言的主要特征?)Language is a system. Language is arbitrary. Language is vocal. Languageis human-specific.3. Synchronic vs. diachronic(共识语言学与历史语言学的区别?)Language exists in time and changes through time. The description ofa language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.4. Speech and writing (言语与文字的区别?)Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught late r when he goes to school. Written language is only the “revised” record of speech.5. What are the branches of linguistic study?(语言学研究领域中的主要分支有哪些?)1) sociolinguistics; 2) psycholinguistics; 3)applied linguistics and so on.6. Traditional grammar and modern linguistics(传统语法与现代语言学的区别?) Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, tended to emphasize,maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.7. Prescriptive vs. descriptive (语言学中描写性与规定性的特征是什么?) Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive. 8. Design features of language (语言的识别特征?)Arbitrariness随意性,productivity生产性, duality 二重性, displacement 不受时空限制的特征, cultural transmission 文化传递系统. 9. Competence and performance (语言能力与语言行为的区别?) Competence is defined as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledgein linguistic communication. Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 10. Organs of speech (发音器官)Pharyngeal cavity—the throat, oral cavity—the mouth, nasal cavity—the nose. 11. Word-level categories(决定词畴的三个标准) To determine a word’s category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution.三:问题回答1. Some rules in phonology(音位学规则)sequential rules(序列规则);assimilation rule (同化规则) ;deletion rule(省略规则)。

英语语言学知识点

英语语言学知识点

英语语言学知识点英语语言学是英语语言文学专业培养计划中的一门基础必修课,接下来店铺为你整理了英语语言学知识点,一起来看看吧。

英语语言学知识点:定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited sourceof expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCo mpetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

(827)英语语言学知识

(827)英语语言学知识

英语语言学是研究英语语言的科学领域,它涵盖了英语的语音、语法、词汇、句法、语义以及语用等方面的研究。

本文将从不同角度介绍英语语言学的基本概念、研究方法以及一些相关的重要理论。

一、语音学语音学是研究语音的科学,它关注的是语音的产生、传播和感知。

在英语语言学中,我们需要了解英语的音素和音系,即英语中的音位和音位之间的关系。

此外,我们还需要了解如何正确地发音,包括英语的元音和辅音。

二、语法学语法学是研究语言的结构和规则的科学,它关注的是语言中单词和句子的组成以及它们之间的关系。

在英语语言学中,我们需要了解英语的基本句型和句子成分的分类。

同时,我们还需要学习英语的时态、语态和语气等语法现象。

三、词汇学词汇学是研究词汇的科学,它关注的是词汇在语言中的作用和使用。

在英语语言学中,我们需要了解英语的词汇分类和词义的多样性。

同时,我们还需要学习如何正确地使用英语词汇,包括词汇的拼写和用法。

四、句法学句法学是研究句子结构和句子成分的科学,它关注的是句子的组成和句子成分之间的关系。

在英语语言学中,我们需要了解英语句子的基本结构和句子成分的分类。

同时,我们还需要学习如何正确地构造和分析英语句子。

五、语义学语义学是研究语言意义的科学,它关注的是语言中词汇和句子的意义。

在英语语言学中,我们需要了解词汇的意义和句子的意义,包括词语之间的关联和句子的推理。

同时,我们还需要学习如何正确地理解和表达英语的语义内容。

六、语用学语用学是研究语言使用的科学,它关注的是语言在社交交际中的实际运用。

在英语语言学中,我们需要了解英语的语用规则和语用策略,包括言语行为和话语的意图。

同时,我们还需要学习如何在不同语境下使用英语,以达到有效交流的目的。

《(827)英语语言学知识》是一篇关于英语语言学基本概念、研究方法和相关理论的文档。

通过学习语音学、语法学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学等方面的知识,我们可以更好地理解和运用英语语言。

希望本文能够帮助读者对英语语言学有更深入的了解和认识。

英语语言学

英语语言学
4) Complementary distribution (互补分布): allophones that are not found in the same position (从不出现在相同环境中的音位变体,入送气的[p](peak)决不会出现在[s]之后,而不送气的[p](speak)也决不会出现在词首):
4)Displacement:We can use language to describe things that are not present, such as something in the past, the future, or things that does not even exist in reality, such as E.T.移位性,指我们用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西,比如外星人
3)Morphology (形态学): the study of the minimal units of meaning—morphemes and word-formation processes, that is , the internal organization of words (研究意义的最小单位—语素合成词过程,即单词的内部构造);
英语语言学
一、语言的特点和功能(Features and Functions of Language)
语言:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
1. Features of Language(言的特点)
3) Contrastivedistribution(对立分布): the typical to be found in Minima Pairs (最小语音对). A Minimal Pair refers to two words which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound (one Phoneme) and which also differ in meaning, for example, bear and pear.如pin和pen

专八语言学知识要点

专八语言学知识要点

第三章英语语言学第一节语言学基本概念知识点较多,但是多集中于基本概念和运用,不需要深入挖掘,记住基本概念即可。

1 语言的特点和功能特点:Creativity 可创造性Duality 两重性(声音和意义)Arbitrariness 任意性Displacement 移位性Cultural Transmission 文化传递性Interchangeabilty 可交换性Reflexivity 自反性人类的语言可以描述语言本身功能:Informative 信息功能(功能语言学中称之为ideational function)Interpersonal 人际功能通过语言来建立社会联系Performative 施为功能通过语言来完成任务,来自于语用学Emotive 感情功能可以改变听者的感情Phatic Communion 交感功能特定的表达方式来维护关系,例如打招呼Recreational 娱乐功能,例如唱歌Metalingual 元语言功能可以用语言来谈论语言本身2 语言学的主要分支内部分支:Phonetics 语音学Articulatory Phonetics 发音语音学语音产生Acoustic Phonetics 声学语音学研究物理特性Auditory Phonetics 听觉语音学发音的潜在机制Consonants / VowelsPhonology 音系学研究语音和音节结构分布和排列Phone 音素语言的一个单元或是音段Phoneme 音位在语言中具有区别意义的最小的语言单位Allophones 音位变体put spanContrastive Distribution 对立分析能够找到的最小的语音对bear pearComplementary Distribution 互补分析从不在相同环境出现的音位变体peak speakFree Variation 自由变体同一个词由于某个原因发了两个音,这种差异可能来源于方言或是习惯increaseSuprasegemental Features 超音段特征(音节、重音、音调、语调)Morphology 形态学研究英语中最小单位——语素和成词过程,即单词的内部构造Morpheme 词素最小的有意义的语言单位Free Morpheme 自由语素(有自己构成英语单词的称为此,是单词root/stem)和BoundMorpheme 粘连语素(需要和自由语素联合构成单词的称为此,是词缀,进一步分为Inflectional Affixes 屈折词缀,在现代英语中主要指单复数,时态比较级等等和Derivational Affixes 派生词缀,这是形成新词的关键)。

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如何记忆: 五性,创意遗传
4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 1) descriptive & prescriptive 2) synchronic & diachronic
3) langue & parole
4)Displacement(替代性): 定义:Human languages enable their users to
symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.
5) Cultural Transmission(文化传递性): 定义:language is passed on from generation to
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
1)Arbitrariness(任意性) 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement(移位性) 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
1)Arbitrariness(任意性): 定义:the forms of linguistic signs bear no
4) competence & performance
1) Descriptive (描述性) vs. Prescriptive (规定性)
Descriptive: describing how things are.
prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
natural relationship to their meaning.
举例: 书, book, livre 喜欢,like,aimer
2)Duality(二层性): 定义:the property of having two levels of
structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.
2). Synchronic(共时性) vs. Diachronic (历 时性)
synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.
diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history.
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例:印度狼孩
3. Design feature 定义特征
1)Arbitrariness(任意性) 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement(移位性) 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
3). langue(语言) & parole (言语) Theorist:Saussure(索绪尔), father of
modern linguistics langue: abstract linguistic system parole: actual realization of langue
meanings because of its duality
举例1:/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park 举例2:England, defeated, France England defeated France. France defeated England.
Impotics
举例:
Don't say X. People don't say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the
second is a descriptive statement.
举例: Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses
3) Creativity/Productivity(创造性): 定义:Language can be used to create new
1. design feature of language(语言的定义特征)
defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
1. design feature of language 语言定义特征
语言学知识点
I 语言学导论 II 语言学主要分支学科 III 语言学的流派和理论
I 语言学导论
1. design feature of language (语言的定义特征)
2. Language Families (世界语言分类) 3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 4. scope of linguistics (语言学的研究范围)
举例: 研究1800年的英语发音 Synchronic studies (共时性研究)
研究1800-1900的法语语法变化 Diachronic studies (历时研究)
2. 世界语言分类
2. 世界语言分类
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
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