price ceiling and price floor
曼昆微观经济学教材第六章练习英文答案
104WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION:There is a new In the News feature on “Should Unpaid Internships Be Allowed ？”LEARNING OBJECTIVES ：By the end of this chapter ， students should understand:➢ the effects of government policies that place a ceiling on prices.➢ the effects of government policies that put a floor under prices 。
➢ how a tax on a good affects the price of the good and the quantity sold 。
➢ that taxes levied on sellers and taxes levied on buyers are equivalent 。
➢ how the burden of a tax is split between buyers and sellers.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE ：Chapter 6 is the third chapter in a three —chapter sequence that deals with supply and demand and how markets work 。
Chapter 4 developed the model of supply and demand 。
Chapter 5 added precision to the model of supply and demand by developing the concept of elasticity-the sensitivity of the quantity supplied and quantity demanded to changes in economic conditions 。
曼昆经济学原理-第六章-供给、需求与政府政策
3. ..更少地由 Demand 生产者承担.
Quantity
供给缺乏弹性,需求富有弹性...
Price Price buyers pay Price without tax
Price sellers receive
1. 当需求比供给富有弹性时...
Supply
3. ...更少地由
Tax
消费者承担.
S1
没有税收时的均衡
Demand, D1
0
90 100
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
工薪税
Wage
企业支付的工 资
没有税收时的 工资
工人得到的工资
税收楔子
0
Labor supply
Labor demand
Quantity of Labor
税收归宿
税收负担在市场参与者之间进行分 配的比例? 与向买者征税相比，向卖者征税的 效果如果？
向卖者征0.5美元的影响...
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone
Price buyers
pay
$3.30
Price without
tax
3.00 2.80
Price sellers receive
有税收时的均衡 Tax ($0.50)
向卖者征税使供给
S2 曲线向上移动，移
动幅度为税收量 ($0.50).
80
Quantity demanded
120
Quantity supplied
Demand
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Cones
Effects of a Price Floor
价格英语词汇大全
价格英语词汇大全price is turning high(low). 价格上涨(下跌)。
price is high(low). 价格高(低)。
price is rising (falling). 价格上升(下降)。
price is up (down). 价格上涨(下跌)。
price is looking up.价格看涨。
price has skyrocketed.价格猛涨，price has shot up.价格飞涨。
price has risen perpendicularly.价格直线上升。
price has risen in a spiral.价格螺旋上升。
price has hiked.价格急剧抬高。
your price is on the high side.你方价格偏高。
price has advanced.价格已上涨。
the goods are priced too high. 货物定价太高。
your price is rather stiff. 你方价格相当高。
price is leveling off.价格趋平。
your price is prohibitive. 你方价格高得令人望而却步。
the japanese yen is strengthening.日圆坚挺。
the u.s. dollar is weakening.美圆疲软。
your price is much higher than the price from u.k. france and germany. 你方价格比英、法、德的都高。
since the prices of the raw materials have been raised, i'm afraid that we have to adjust th e prices of our products accordingly.由于原材料价格上涨，我们不得不对产品的价格做相应的调整。
Price ceiling价格机制
Price CeilingsA price ceiling occurs when the government puts a legal limit on how high the price of a product can be. In order for a price ceiling to be effective, it must be set below the natural market equilibrium.When a price ceiling is set, a shortage occurs. For the price that the ceiling is set at, there is more demand than there is at the equilibrium price. There is also less supply than there is at the equilibrium price, thus there is more quantity demanded than quantity supplied. An inefficiency occurs since at the price ceiling quantity supplied the marginal benefit exceeds the marginal cost. This inefficiency is equal to the deadweight welfare loss.Graph of a Price Ceiling This graph shows a price ceiling. P* shows the legal price the government has set, but MB shows the price the marginal consumer is willing to pay at Q*, which is the quantity that the industry is willing to supply. Since MB > P* (MC), a deadweight welfare loss results. P' and Q' show the equilibrium price. At P* the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied. This is what causes the shortage.Recent increases in the price of gas have left many individuals asking for a price ceiling on gas. You now see why this is a bad idea. If the government sets a price ceiling on gas, there will be a shortage. Remember the long gas lines in the 1970's? This is exactly what happened.If a price ceiling is set, then there must be a way to assign who gets the low supply of the product. Of course, since there is a legal limit on the price, the price can't simply be raised. There are several ways this is done without raising the price:Lottery: One way to distribute a product for which there is a shortage is to draw names out of a hat. In some states there is a high demand to be able to hunt for moose, but the government has a limit on the amount of permits it gives out. Often these states have a lottery and if you are lucky enough to get drawn, you can try your luck at finding and shooting a moose during the season.Black Market: For those lucky enough to get some of the short supply, they are often better off selling what they have obtained to the demanders that will get more benefit out of it. In some cities there have been ceilings put on the apartment rent. While the demand for apartments increases, the rent remains the same. When some renters are ready to move, they sublease their apartment instead of ending their contract. If they were renting for $500, but someone is willing to pay $1000, then the sublease can continue paying $500 and pocket the extra $500 he gets from the subleased.Queue/First Come First Serve: Had they raised the price of tickets to $100 the opening night of Star Wars: Episode I, I wouldn't have been willing to camp out two nights to get a ticket. Since they didn't let the market determine the price, however, there was a huge line and those that were there first got to buy tickets. Of course, in this case they may have wanted the "buzz" that would come from having people camp out a week early just to get tickets, but there are other cases where a buzz isn't useful.Historical Use: Sometimes the government will allow the consumers that were already consuming to continue consuming. This would be hard to do since after the price ceiling there will be many more people claiming they have consumed in the past. Also, the quantity supplied is decreased which will even leave some of the historical consumers wanting.。
价格 Price 常用词
Price 价格，定价，开价priced 已标价的，有定价的pricing 定价，标价priced catalogue 定价目录price of commodities 物价pricing cost 定价成本price card 价格目录pricing method 定价方法price list 定价政策，价格目录，价格单pricing policy 定价政策price format 价格目录，价格表price tag 价格标签，标价条price current （p.c.）市价表ceiling price 最高价，顶价maximum price 最高价minimum price 最低价average price 平均价格base price 底价rockbottom price 最低价bedrock price 最低价hover 徘徊于…，盘旋于original price 原价moderately 适当地，合适地；适度economically 经济地，便宜地stainless steel 不锈钢utmost 极限，竭尽所能cost level 成本费用的水平rock-bottom 最低的Hongkong Dollar （HK$）港元Singapore Dollar （S$）新加坡元Pound Sterling （Stg.）英镑United States Dollar （US$）美圆Canadian Dollar （Can. $）加拿大元Deutsche Mark （DM）德国马克Australian Dollar （A$）澳大利亚元Japanese Yen （￥）日圆Austrian Schilling （Sch.）奥地利先令French Franc （F.F）法国法郎Italian Lira （Lire）意大利里拉Danish Krone （E.Kr.）丹麦克郎Florin （Guilder） H.Fl. （D.Fi.）。
经原第六章习题与参考答案
C hapter SixSupply, Demand, and Government Policies一、名词解释（SOLUTIONS TO Key Concepts):1. price ceiling价格上限指的是一种物品出售时所能够达到的最高法定价格。
政府通常制订一些商品的价格上限，例如为了保障贫困居民的住房而制订的房屋出租价格上限、春运期间制订的汽车票价价格上限等。
这些价格上限往往都低于市场在没有价格限制下达到的均衡价格，往往会降低市场效率，减少消费者和生产者的剩余。
2. price floor价格下限指的是一种物品出售时所能够达到的最低法定价格。
例如政府制订的农产品价格下限、最低工资标准等。
一般情况下，价格下限都高于市场在没有限制情形下达到的均衡价格。
价格下限通常会使得这种物品的供给量大于其需求量，减少消费者和生产者的总剩余，降低市场的效率。
3. tax incidence税收归宿主要研究由谁来承受税收的负担问题。
税收归宿亦称“税负归宿”、“赋税归宿”、“课税归宿”。
它主要用来研究全部税收负担最后是由谁来承担的。
国家对纳税人课税，其税负的运动结果有三种情况：一是纳税人将所缴纳的税款，通过转嫁使税负最终落在负税人身上；二是税负无法转嫁而由纳税人自己承担；三是转嫁一部分，纳税人自己承担一部分。
不管出现何种情形，税负总是要由一定的人来承担，归属于一定的人身上。
二、问答题（PROBLEMS and Applications）:1.Lovers of classic music persuade Congress to impose a price ceiling of $40 per ticket. Does this policy get more or fewer people to attend classical music concerts?答：如果原来均衡状态下的票价低于40美元一张，这对于人们没有任何影响。
商务英语常见价格和费用词汇
商务英语常见价格和费用词汇常见价格及费用词语Common Terms of Prices and Expensesadvertising cost广告费appraised估价basic price基价buying offer买方发价ceiling price最高价C.I.F.value赶岸价combined offer联合发价cost and freight(C.& F.)到岸价；运费在内价cost and insurance(C.&I.)保险在内价cost,insurance and freight(C.I.F.)运费及保险在内价counter offer还价：还发价current price现时价entertainment expenses交际费ex-dock(factory)码头（工厂）交货价ex-mine(plantation)矿区（农场）交货价wx-maker's godown制造商仓库交货价ex-quay(wharf)码头交货价ex-ship输入港船上交货价first cost生产成本价floor price最低价franco全部费用在内价free alongside(on)ship船边（上）交货价free on rail火车上交货价free overside出入港船上交货价free out(F.O.)卸货费船方免责freight collect运货由提货人交付freight repaid运费预付freight terms岸上交货价landing(loading)charges起货（装载）费local(spot)当地付货价miscellaneous expenses杂项开支net price净价；实价offer on sale or return许可退货发价offer without engagement不受约束发价out-of-pocket expenses零星开支overhead日常开支；日常管理费packing charges包装费prime cost原价；主要成本rebate回折retail price零售价stevedorage码头工人搬运费storage charges仓租sundry chargesd（expenses)杂费surcharge附加费wharfage码头费wholesale price批发价。
4.price ceiling and floor
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Байду номын сангаас
Figure 1 A Market with a Price Ceiling
(a) A Price Ceiling That Is Not Binding Price of Ice-Cream Cone
Supply
$4 3 Equilibrium price
• A price floor prevents supply and demand from moving toward the equilibrium price and quantity. • A binding price floor causes . . . • a surplus because QS > QD.
• Examples: The minimum wage, agricultural price supports
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
CASE STUDY: The Minimum Wage
• An important example of a price floor is the minimum wage. • Minimum wage laws dictate the lowest price possible for labor that any employer may pay.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Figure 4 A Market with a Price Floor
(b) A Price Floor That Is Binding Price of Ice-Cream Cone Surplus $4 3 Equilibrium price Price floor
price ceiling and price floor
Chapter 2 Price Ceilings and FloorsWe have been considering the way markets work under normal conditions. Sometimes, markets are not allowed to work. This means that the price is not allowed to move to the equilibrium(均衡) level. Two such conditions are price ceilings and price floors. Let us begin with price ceilings.1. Price Ceilings最高限价One interference（干扰） with the market process is called a price ceiling.A price ceiling occurs when the price is artificially（人为地） held below the equilibrium price and is not allowed to rise. There are many examples of price ceilings. Most price ceilings involve the government in some way. For example, in many cities, there are rent controls. This means that the maximum rent that can be charged is set by a governmental agency. This rent is usually allowed to rise a certain percent each year to keep up with inflation.（通货膨胀） However, the rent is below the equilibrium rent. Also, from 1973 to 1981, there was a price ceiling for gasoline.（汽油） There was a maximum price allowed by law. Any gas station owner charging more than this maximum price would be guilty（有罪的） of fraud.（骗子） During World War II, there were price ceilings on most products. Occasionally, price ceilings are imposed（施加） by the seller. For example, when the Chargers and Padres played in the playoffs, they sold about 65,000 seats. There was demand for at least twice that many. Nothing prevented the Chargers or Padres from raising the price to whatever the market would bear. But they did chose not to do so.In the graph below, assume that the equilibrium price is $2.00 per gallon of gasoline. The maximum price is set by the government at $1.50 per gallon. At the price of $1.50 per gallon, the quantity demanded is 10 million gallons per week and the quantity supplied is 5 million gallons per week. There is a shortage (5 million gallons per week). Price ceilings lead to shortages.Shortages create a rationing（定量配给） problem --- somehow, it must be determined whowill get the product and who will not. There are many ways to resolve the shortage problem. (1) The most common way is first-come, first-served（先到先得）. Shortages are typically（通常地）associated with long lines. In the case of apartments, there are perhaps hundreds of people looking for each apartment that is vacant（空的）. In the case of gasoline and sports teams, people stand in line for hours or even days to be able to buy.(2) Another common way to resolve the problem of shortages is for the sellers to choose which buyers they will sell to. Landlords often rent to preferred renters. These are likely to be married couples, probably over 30, and without children or pets. Gasoline station owners sell gasoline to those customers who regularly have their cars repaired at that station. The Chargers and Padres assure that season ticket（季票） buyers get tickets for the playoffs. (3) A third way to resolve the problem of shortages is by lottery. （运气）Those who pick the right numbers are allowed to buy. The Chargers used a system such as this to determine who would be able to buy some of the tickets for their Super Bowl game. (4) And a fourth way to resolve the problem of shortages is to have the government make the choice of buyer. In 1979, the California government decided that those with license plates that ended in an odd number（奇数） could buy gasoline only on odd days of the month. Those with license plates that ended in an even number（偶数） could buy gasoline only onthe even days of the month. (Everyone could buy on the 31st.) During World War II, Americans had ration coupons（定量优惠劵）, issued by(颁发) the government, to determine the quantities of various products that they would be entitled to（有资格） buy.Price ceilings provide a gain for buyers and a loss for sellers. Sellers would like to avoid the loss if they can. One way to do so is called a black market. In this case, the sellers illegally raise the price and hope to get away with it. So, for example, tickets to popular events are sold by scalpers at high prices. While there are many other examples, black markets are not smart; it is just too easy to be caught. It is also not smart because of the existence of gray markets. A gray market（水货市场） is a way of getting around the price ceiling without actually doing anything illegal. There are two forms of gray market. One form of gray market involves charging for goods or services that were formerly（以前） provided free. If the rent cannot be raised on the apartment, there is nothing preventing the landlord from charging for the parking space, charging for use of the elevator, charging for gardening and cleaning services, forcing the tenants （房客）to pay for electricity and water, and so forth. In New York, a rent-controlled apartment near Central Park might rent for $300 to $400 per month; in a free market, the rent would probably be $2,000 per month. To get in, one needs the key. This has been known to cost $1,000. This is not a refundable（不可退款的）deposit; this is a charge to have the key. It is obviously worth it to be able to rent the apartment for $300 to $400 per month. A Berkeley apartment owner converted（改造） his apartment into a church. To be able to live there, one had to pay church dues of $1,200 per year in addition to the rent. Gasoline stations would commonly charge for washing the windows, checking the tires, and so forth. The price of oil used in oil changes would be raised.The second form of gray market is to provide less service for the same price. The apartmentowner would not repair, clean, paint, nor otherwise maintain （维修） the apartment building. Some people argue that rent controls are one reason for the dilapidated （破败的） state of many apartments in New York and for the fact that nearly half of furnaces in New York apartment buildings do not work. The gasoline companies would lower the octane 辛烷rating. Unleaded gasoline, which was 91 octane, becomes 89 octane and then 87 octane. (For a while, Texaco even tried 85 octane.) If you want 91 octane, you must now buy Super Unleaded, and pay $0.30 per gallon extra.Price Floors 最低限价A price floor exists when the price is artificially held above the equilibrium price and is not allowed to fall . There are many examples of price floors. In some cases, private businesses maintain （维持）the price floor while, in other cases, it is the government that maintains the price floor. In the graph below, the equilibrium price for stereo amplifiers 立体声放大器is assumed to be $200. The floor on the price set by the manufacturer （厂商） is $300. The price is not allowed to fall below $300. At this floor price, the quantity demanded is 500,000 and the quantity supplied is1,000,000. As you can see, there is a surplus （过剩） of 500,000 amplifiers. Price floors always generate surpluses. All who wish to buy at the floor price ($300) will be able to do so. The problem is: "what to do with the surpluses"?Price of Amplifiers ($)Supply300200Demand_____________________________0 500,000 1,000,000 Quantity of AmplifiersThere were many ways to solve the problem of surpluses. Occasionally, a store simply broke the manufacturer's policy （政策）. The store lowered the price to get rid of the surplus. The manufacturer had threatened that the store would be prohibited （禁止） from selling themanufacturer's product; the store either believed that the manufacturer would not carry-out the threat or did not care. For example, Crown Books began lowering the prices of its books and a company called Discount Records began lowering the prices of phonograph records.More likely, stores would try to get around （规避） the price floor without actually violating （违反） it . Onecommon solution was to provide more service for the same money. Stereo stores could add free CDs or other free accessories. Washing machine stores used to virtually give away the dryer. Gas stations gave away glasses, knives, and Blue Chip Stamps. A second solution was to simply absorb thesurplus . Your textbook producers would have a surplus of textbooks. At the end of each edition, the books would be returned to the publisher and the paper was recycled. A third solution was to change the name of the product in order to reduce the price. Surplus gasoline was sold to independent dealers who would sell it as Thrifty, 7-11, or Discount Gas at a lower price. Surplus liquor was bottled with a different label and sold as Slim Price, or Yellow Wrap at a lower price. Surplus washing machines and refrigerators were sold, for example, to Sears and marketed as Kenmore at a lower price. The main point here is that, even if someone interferes （干扰） with the market process, there are powerful forces to return to equilibrium.Case on Price Floors: AgricultureThe economic problem of the American farmer has been longstanding. Because of technological advances, the supply of agricultural products has increased greatly. But the demand for agricultural products has increased much less. The result is that agricultural prices have been falling. These falling prices have caused the profits of farmers to fall. The market is sending the farmer a signal. It is telling him or her to leave farming and do something else. What is the farmer's sin? It is not that the farmer has been inefficient or has made bad business decisions. The problem is that the farmer is too good. Farmers are able to produce more food than consumers want to buy at prices that will allow the farmer to make a profit. To farmers and others, this seems unfair.Because of this sense of inequity （不公平）, or because of political pressure from farm groups, the government has had programs to aid farmers since the mid-1930s. One of these, called the price support program , is an example of a price floor. In the graph below, the equilibrium price for wheat （小麦）would be $2 per bushel. Assume the government sets a floor price of $4 per bushel. Price of WheatSupply$4$2Demand_____________________________0 500,000 1,000,000 Quantity of WheatThe farmer is allowed to produce all that the farmer desires to produce at the floor price of $4 perbushel (1,000,000 tons). The farmer can then sell all that can be sold at the price of $4 (500,000 tons). The result, as with all price floors, is a surplus of agricultural products. For most of the past 60 years,the government has entered the market and bought the surplus from the farmers. The government then stored the surplus. When the storage costs became unacceptable, the government found ways to get rid of the surplus. Some dairy products were just given away. Some of the surplus wheat was sold to other countries, usually at a loss to the government. For example, in the 1970s, wheat was sold to the former Soviet Union at the world price, which was considerably below the price the government had paid to buy it. To get rid of the surplus, the government has also tried to raise the demand for these products. For example, the school lunch program also helps to increasethe demand for agricultural products.It is clear who wins from this program. The farmers produce more than they otherwise would produce and receive a higher price for their products. The consumers lose in that they pay higher prices (an estimated $10 billion for all foods) and also that they buy less food (because of the higher price). There is yet another loser from this program --- the environment. The price support program encourages farmers to produce more than they would otherwise find profitable. This requires more land. Land is likely to be used for crops for which it is not well suited. Those lands brought into production have been drenched（浸泡） with pesticides（农药） and herbicides which then run off into rivers and groundwater.By the middle of the 1980s, these agricultural policies had become very expensive. Yet they had not solved the financial problems of the farmers. There were several attempts at reform（改革）, culminating in the Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act of 1996. In this act, price floors were to be lowered and then eliminated by 2002. Because market prices were rising from 1995 to 1997, it was not a difficult time for the farmers. But in 1998, market prices dropped and farmers in some regions faced serious financial difficulty. As they had in the 1930s, the low prices generated a government response. The government subsidy to farmers increased by $6 billion in 1998. As of this writing (2004), the price floors are still definitely in existence.。
外贸英语-常用讨价还价术语
exchange rate汇率
（五）
I can give you a definite answer on the price terms.
我可以就价格条件答复你方。
You wish to have a discussion of the price terms of washers.
我们已将价格减至最低限度了。
The French price of stainless steel plates are about $1200 per mt, while the German price is stilllower.
法国的不锈钢板价格为每公吨1200美圆，德国的还要低。
We're ready to reduce the price by 5%.
F.舱底交货
F.O.
B. plane飞机离岸价（用于紧急情况）
acceptable可以接受的，可以使用的
to pass over转给，转嫁
你们能否把价格提高5%？
WordsＡnd Phrases
ceiling price最高价，顶价
maximum price最高价
minimum price最低价
average price平均价格
base price底价
rockbottom price最低价
bedrock price最低价
（三）
Price is hovering between $5Ａnd $
E.Kr.)xxxx
Florin (Guilder) H.Fl. (
D.Fi.).荷兰盾
Norwegian Krone (N.Kr.)挪威克郎
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The price ceiling and price floor
1. The price ceiling
Price ceiling is a price which lower than the equilibrium's price. In general, government set a price ceiling to protect customers. But it happens in many situations
(1) Protect customers from buying necessities
Sometimes, including developing and developed countries, government should limit the highest price of some necessities. Such as agricultural products. This price ceiling can stabilize the price of necessities whatever happens. Nowadays, China do not have complete laws or regulations to stabilize price. Only rice and wheat has a price ceiling. Last year, some of condiments like shallot, ginger and garlic had a price rising. Some of the price are 20 times of usual. As a result, the poor cannot afford these condiments. Thus, ceiling price is to protect the minimum living standard. It also protects the citizens’ life. In China, most medicines have been set a price ceiling. Government has set a provision in any standards and types. This provision ensure everyone can afford drags. It's also a guarantee of our life.
(2) Make sure the development of frontier
The development level between west and east of China have a big difference. The east area is more advance than the west area. So, to improve the development of frontier, government set many price ceiling such as industrial products.
2. The price floor
Price floor is a price which higher than the equilibrium's price. Many reason can lead to a price floor.
(1) Protect labors
In the labor market, there is a minimum wage standard. This is the price floor of labor. The minimum wage can protect the labor's living standard. And it also changes with economic growth.
(2) To enhancing competition
In 2007, some provinces' government sell the industrial land so cheap that some land cannot be used effective. When in a low price, the industry with low value-add product can develop fast. But it isn't helpful for economic development. So the government set a price floor for industrial land. Make sure more high-tech industry developed.
Tong Yu 103IF
1214060115
Reference
《国务院关于加强土地调控有关问题的通知》（国发〔2006〕31号）《全国工业用地出让最低价标准》
国家基本药物零售指导价格表（化学药品和生物制品部分）
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/a/2008/54393-1.htm。