1科技英语阅读
科技英语阅读
EST Reading科技英语阅读1. Main Features of EST科技英语的主要特点1 Objectivity (客观性)文学作品：描写生动，文字优美，而内容大都是人们曾经有过的经历或类似情况，人们读了之后会产生共鸣，而加以欣赏。
科技文章：传授知识，提供不具备或者是不全面具备的新的科技内容，因而着重文章的科学性、事实性和客观性，体现科学工作者的非主观的科学态度。
试比较：描写大海(文学作品)Break, break, break,On thy cold grey stones, O sea!And I would that my tongue could utterThe thought that arise in me.---- A. Tennyson描写大海(科技文章)A sea is smaller than an ocean, and may be more or less landlocked. Aspowerful agents of corrosion (侵蚀), sea waves carrying gritty sediment (沉淀物) can cut into rock and wear down coastlines.2 Clarity (明确性)科技文章一般不用意义含糊、会引起误解的词汇和表达方式。
--in a couple of days--in two or three days (better)在语法结构方面，科技文章里的句子一般都结构比较严密，条理比较清楚，很少有结构上模棱两可的情况。
There are many problems concerning the project to be discussed at the meeting. (可能产生歧义)--将在会上讨论的计划，是有很多问题的。
--关于这计划，有许多问题要在会上讨论。
How to rewrite?--将在会上讨论的计划，是有很多问题的。
2020_2021高中英语Unit1Greatscientists阅读理解科技篇题型专项突破新人教版
题型专项突破-Unit1阅读理解（科技篇）一、阅读理解阅读下列短文，从各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。
1.The year is 1947. Thirteen-year-old Carl Sagan is standing outside a small house in the eastern city of Brooklyn, New York. It is dark. He is looking up at the sky. After a few minutes, he finds the spot for which he has been searching. It is a light red color in the night sky. Carl is looking at the planet Mars.Carl has just finished reading a book by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs called A Princess of Mars, in which the man who travels to Mars can make the trip by looking at the planet for several minutes. He then is transported there by a strange force.Carl Sagan stands watching the red planet. After a while, young Carl realizes this will not happen. He turns to enter his home. But in his mind he says, “Some day it will be possible to travel to Mars.”It should be no surprise to learn that Carl Sagan studied the stars and planets when he grew older. He did this at the University of Chicago. Later he taught astronomy(天文学) at Harvard University and Cornell University. In the 1950s, Mr. Sagan helped design mechanical devices for use on some of the first space flights.He spent much of his life helping make space travel possible far out in the universe. He died in December, 1996. However, much of the work he did during his life helped make it possible for the American Pathfinder vehicle to land on Mars. It landed onJuly 4, 1997. It soon began sending back to Earth lots of information and thousands of pictures about the red planet.Carl Sagan's family say he would have been extremely happy about the new information from Mars.(1) What did little Carl Sagan intend to do while staring at a light red spot in the sky?A. To bee a scientist of Astronomy.B. To be sent to Mars by a strange force.C. To make sure of the position of Mars.D. To decide how to arrive at Mars.(2) It is implied in the last paragraph that .A. Carl Sagan didn't have the chance to go to MarsB. Carl's family felt sad at the news about the travelC. Carl Sagan did much for American space scienceD. Pathfinder was able to send back information from Mars soon(3) The story was written to .A. introduce Carl SaganB. explain space scienceC. record the travel of Pathfinder to MarsD. advertise a book A Princess of Mars(4) It can be inferred that .A. Pathfinder landed on Mars successfullyB. Carl Sagan began to watch Mars when 13C. the book A Princess of Mars may tell about travel from the Earth to MarsD. Carl Sagan was extremely happy to get information from Mars2.Unlike chemists and physicists, who usually do their experiments using machines, biologists and medical researchers have to use living things like rats. But there are three Nobel prize-winning scientists who actually chose to experiment on themselves —all in the name of science, reported The Telegraph.(1) The passage is mainly about .A. some dangerous experiments that Nobel prize winners did on themselvesB. difficulties that scientists went through in order to make important discoveriesC. the reasons why some scientists chose to experiment on themselvesD. three Nobel prize winners who did experiments on themselves(2) Which of the following is TRUE according to the article?A. Forssmann's experiment ended in failure.B. Forssmann managed to do his experiment on different kinds of animals.C. Barry Marshall succeeded by drinking some Helicobacter pylori.D. Barry Marshall's experiment on himself confirmed that most doctors' belief about gastritis was correct.(3) From the text, we can conclude that Ralph Steinman .A. discovered a new type of cancer cell called the dendritic cellB. tried different therapies containing the dendritic cell on himselfC. knew that he himself would have cancer and die from itD. believed that he was better than doctors at treating cancer3.Critics of cloning often repeat the question related to the controversial(有争议的) science “Just because we can, does it mean we should?”The closer we e to being able to clone a human, the hotter the debate over it grows. For all the good things cloning may achieve, opponents say that it will do just as much harm. Another question is how to govern cloning process.There is federal official law banning cloning in the United States, but several states have passed their own laws to ban the practice.The US Food and Drugs Administration (FDA), has also said that anyone in the United States attempting human cloning must first get its permission. In Japan, human cloning is a crime that is punished by up to 10 years in prison.While laws are to ban cloning at this time, some scientists believe that the technology is not ready to be tested on humans. Ian Wilmut, one of the co-creators of Dolly, has even said that human cloning projects would be an irresponsible crime. Cloning technology is still in its early stages, and nearly 98% percent of cloning efforts end in failure. The embryos are either not suitable for implanting into the uterus(子宫) or they die shortly after birth.The clones that do survive end up suffering from deadly or problematic genetic abnormalities(畸形). Some clones have been born with faulty heart, lung problems and blood vessel problems. One of the most famous cases was a cloned sheep that was born with malformed arteries (畸形动脉) leading to the lungs.Opponents of cloning will point out that we can enthanize(安乐死) these faulty clones of other animals, but they ask what if a human clone is born with these same problems. Advocates of cloning respond that it is now easier to pick out faulty embryos even before they are implanted into the mother. The debate over human cloning is just beginning, but as science advances, it could be the biggest moral dilemma of the 21st century.(1) Which word in the text is the opposite of the underlined word “opponents”?A. Critics.B. Advocates.C. Scientists.D. Co-creators.(2) The writer writes this passage mainly to .A. support passing laws to ban human cloningB. list problems with human cloningC. introduce critics' ideas about human cloningD. state the debate over human cloning(3) Which of the following will Ian Wilmut probably NOT agree with?A. Cloning technology is in its early stages.B. Human cloning should be made illegal.C. Very few cloning efforts are successful.D. Cloning technology is ready to be tested on humans.二、短文7选51.Many people think that they have to accept whatever life throws at them. They'll say, "This is my fate. I cannot change it. "(1) You don't have to suffer needlessly. Your fate depends on you, not on any other outside factors.We want to be happy and live our life to the fullest, but we have to do our share of making the effort to live the life of our dreams.(2) You just don't sit around and wait for a million dollars to fall from the sky. You have to get off the couch, get your eyes off the TV screen, get your hands off the phone (unless it contributes to your success), and get your mind and body to work! Don't expect your luck to change, unless you do something about it. If your life is not meant the way you want it to be, don't just say, "Our time will e." or "(3) " Don't expect your luck to change, unless you do something about it. If something goes wrong, don't just regard it as a temporary setback; but use it as feedback. Learn yourlesson, make the most of the situation, and do something to solve the problem. It's not enough to think positive; you also have to act positive.If someone's life is in trouble, do you just hope and pray that things will turn out fine? Of course not! (4)So it is with your own life. It is not enough to hope for the best, but you have to DO your best. In other words, don't just stand (or sit) there. (5)A. I think so.B. Of course not.C. You'd better let it be.D. Things will get better someday.E. Do something to improve your life.F. Remember that you harvest what you sow.G. You've got to do anything you can to save the person.题型专项突破-Unit1阅读理解（科技篇）答案一、阅读理解阅读下列短文，从各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。
英语科普阅读材料双语——科技4篇
英语科普阅读材料双语——科技4篇（一）我们如何在28小时内到达火星？ (1)（二）饮水鸟蕴含的工程学原理 (9)（三）人们是否应该接受人造肉 (29)（四）为什么当代手机电池还是这么不经用 (40)（一）我们如何在28小时内到达火星？How Could We Get To Mars In Only 28 Hours?Everyone always wants to get to Mars.每个人都总是渴望去火星Unfortunately, the journey would be a long one,不幸的是依靠我们目前的技术taking hundreds of days of travel with our current technology.这趟旅途将会十分漫长长达几百天Well, what if we could shorten that time to only a matter of days试想如果我们不使用宇宙飞船by throwing away our spaceships而是用一些在太空中急速穿梭的东西and using something that’s already zooming acr oss space?这趟旅程可以缩短到几天？I’m talking about comets.我说的是彗星Comets are big ol’ cosmic snowballs,彗星是一个由冻结气体岩石和尘埃made from frozen gases, rock, and dust组成的巨大雪球that end up orbiting the Sun after the other planets当其他行星试图把彗星扔向地球tried throwing them at Earth and missed.但没成功时它们便围绕地球飞行Well, that last part probably isn’t true.当然最后那部分可能是假的Everyone knows that the planets only have water gun battles.我们都知道行星上只有水枪之战Not to mention, comets can actually be pretty big.更不必说彗星实际上可能非常大Frozen, you could probably liken them to about the size of a small town.这些雪球你可以把它们比做一个小镇那么大However, when these things get close to the Sun in their orbit,然而它们在自己的轨道环形并接近太阳时they can begin to heat up.会逐渐变热Then they start spewing dust and gases,接着喷涌出尘埃和气体forming a giant glowing head.形成一个巨大的发光脑袋Huh. I thought only I had that problem.哈我认为只有我有这个顾虑Luckily enough, if we want to use one of these things for stellar travel,幸运的是如果我们想用其中一个彗星进行星际旅行we have quite a few to choose from!我们的选择有很多！According to NASA,根据美国航天局there are around 3,600 comets that we currently know of.我们目前已知的彗星约有3600颗Beyond that, it’s believed that there are billions of other comets out there此外据说在遥远的柯伊伯带还有数十亿颗彗星orbiting our Sun in the Kuiper Belt and even more distant Oort Cloud. 甚至是更远的奥尔特云围绕着太阳运行的What makes comets great for getting around in space彗星能够穿梭星际is that they can go SUPER fast.是因为其速度极快Yeah, this baby can fly!是的这小东西会飞！How fast they’re travelling depends on a bunch of different factors,它们的速度取决于多种不同因素but they can travel anywhere from a few thousand kilometers per hour,但在一定条件下它们的速度可以从时速几千公里to over 160,000 kilometers per hour under certain conditions.达到每小时超16万公里在任何地方飞行In fact, in 2016, scientists at NASA recorded2016年美国航天局的科学家们记录了a comet traveling at nearly 600 kilometers per second as it dove toward the Sun.一颗秒速六百公里驶向太阳的彗星That’s over 2 /million/ kilometers per hour!那超过了两百万公里每小时！To put that in perspective,就此展望if we could travel at 2 million kilometers per hour,如果我们能以每小时两百万公里的速度飞行then wecould get to Mars from Earth in around 28 hours,我们可以在一天多的时间里just little more than a single day,约28小时就可以完成火星之旅assuming the two planets were close together in their orbits. 假设轨道上有两颗行星距离很近Lining up the planets is the least of our worries though.我们可以在可控范围内排列行星While comets can go super fast,彗星的速度超快getting to them would be a big problem.登上彗星仍会是一大问题That’s because, not even considering how hard it would be to actually commandeer one,因为我们甚至没有考虑控制一个彗星有多难comets just don’t typically get that close to Earth.彗星一般离地球很远Hale-Bopp, a comet that made the news about two decades ago, 大概二十年前新闻上报道了海尔-波普彗星came closer to Earth than most comets do,它比大多彗星更靠近地球and it was still about 200 million kilometers away.但还是有约两百万公里的距离We might as well just go straight to Mars at that point!照那样我们还不如直接去火星吧！Even if a comet did come by Earth,即使彗星确实经过地球we assume that its trajectory is towards Mars,我们也断定它的轨道是朝着火星的and we ignore that it would likely be in its more gassy, less-solid state,并且我们忽略了它可能更多的是气体而非固态物质you’d still have to keep yourself alive on the comet.你还要在彗星上生存下去I guess if it’s only a day or so then food and water would be less of an issue我猜如果只是一天左右那食物和水就不是问题了since the aliens would definitely feed you once we got there,因为一旦我们到了那里外星人肯定会伺候我们的but you’d still have to worry about oxygen and protecting your self from space.但你仍要担心氧气并且保护自己远离太空You would need about 0.84 kilograms of oxygen a day,你每天约需0.84公斤的氧气so you better grab a spacesuit and take a big breath before jumping on the comet.所以跳上彗星前你最好穿上宇航服深吸一口气So yeah, using comets as a means of space travel is probably not that viable in the end.所以利用彗星进行太空旅行或许并不可行Sometimes I like doing these thought experiments, you know,有时我喜欢做这些思维实验and then realizing that they can’t work.然后意识到不可能实现But it’s still interesting!仍然它仍很有趣！That’s how we learn people!这也是咱认识人类的方法！So do you have any questions about space that you want me to answer.你有关于太空的疑问想要我解答？Any planets that we should cover next?接下来我们要讲哪些行星？Let me know right now in the comment section below!请立刻在下方评论区告诉我吧！Curious to know what would happen if you were trapped on the international space station?我很好奇如果你被困在国际空间站会发生什么？We teamed up with our friend William Osman to answer that question.我们会与我们的朋友William Osman一起为你解答ISS actually gets its power from solar arrays made up of thousands of solar cells.国际空间站的能量来自上万个太阳能电池组成的阵列These arrays can efficiently covert solar energy into electrical power. 这些阵列可以有效地将太阳能转换成电能Typically producing more power than the station needs at one time. 通常在同一时间产生超出所需的电力（二）饮水鸟蕴含的工程学原理The Engineering of the Drinking BirdThis toy has fascinated me since childhood.我从小就对这个玩具着迷To me its motion is almost hypnotic.对我来说它的运动就像是催眠Here’s how it operates.它是这样运转的Wet the bird beak thoroughly with room temperature water.将鸟喙完全浸透在室温的水中The opaque container makes it looked chilled,不透明容器使它看起来冷淬了but it isn’t…其实并没有Then stand it upright…然后让它直立It will take a few seconds for it to start drinking…它要等几秒钟后才开始喝水Notice that all of the action right now takes place in the stem here 注意现在所有的运动都发生在躯干这里As l speed up the action当我快进这个过程you see liquid rising and the bird rocking back and forth.可以看见液面上升饮水鸟开始前后摇摆If I return to normal speed,如果调回常速播放you can see the bird slowly …可以看到饮水鸟慢慢地very, very slowly ….非常非常慢地Rock forward…向前摆动Until it takes a drink,直到它喝到了水which it will do again and again.然后一遍又一遍地重复此过程In this video I’ll detail the bird’s clever engineering design,在本视频中我将详述这只鸟精妙的工程设计explain how it uses thermodynamics,阐明它是如何运用热力学知识and link its action to some of the greatest将其运动与一些工程师创造的and most impactful devices created by engineers.伟大且影响深远的装置联系起来的This toy has long history,这个玩历史悠久but its current incarnation is due to Miles V. Sullivan—它的当前形态是由贝尔实验室一名科学家a scientist at Bell Labs.Miles V. Sullivan创造的He specialized in methods of manufacturing semiconductors,他专精于研究制造半导体的方法but as a sideline invented toys.发明玩具是他的副业Its reported that this bird delighted U.S. President Herbert Hoover,据说这只饮水鸟深得美国总统赫伯特·胡佛喜爱an engineer who failed to figure out how it worked,作为一名工程师他没搞懂它的工作原理and it also defeated the great scientist Albert Einstein,而且它还难倒了伟大的科学家艾尔伯特·爱因斯坦who spent three and half months studying it.爱因斯坦花了三个半月来研究它It’s reported that he refused to take the bird apart.据报道他拒绝把这只鸟拆开With the benefit of hindsight,有了后见之明let’s start by exploring how it works让我们从探索它的工作原理and examining the key engineering design aspects.以及检查关键的工程设计方面开始First, let’s ask is the water ornamental or essential?首先要问的是水是装饰品还是必需品？At first the bird acts just as if the water were still there.最初饮水鸟的行为好像水还在那里一样Now let’s speed up the bird’s motion我们快进饮水鸟的动作you see at 15 minutes it is still drinking.可以看见过了15分钟它仍在喝水At 30 still drinking.30分钟还在喝水45 minutes still drinking.45分钟依然还在喝水60 minutes still drinking.60分钟还在喝水75 minutes still drinking.75分钟仍然还在喝水And five or ten minutes later,又过了5到10分钟后at eighty or eight-five minutes it takes its last drink.约在80到85分钟它喝了最后一次水The liquid still rises a bit,虽然液面上升了一点but it never rises enough to make the bird tip over,但它从没上升到足够使鸟翻倒的高度which shows that the motion is not perpetual说明这个运动不是永恒的—as long as there is water, the bird keeps drinking.只要有水鸟就一直喝水Let’s look inside the bird来看看饮水鸟的内部to get an idea of how it works.了解它的工作原理Underneath the bird’s hat, beak and fabric covering lies a glass bulb 在鸟帽鸟嘴和织物覆盖物下面有一个玻璃泡smaller than the bulb at the base, and also rounder.它比底部的玻璃泡小也更圆Now, watch as I put a few drops of isopropyl alcohol on the bulb to cool it.现在我滴几滴异丙醇在玻璃泡上使它降温The liquid rapidly rises to the head,里面的液体快速上升到头部this changes the bird’s center of gravity这改变了饮水鸟的重心so that it will tilt forward.使它向前倾斜The head now fills with liquid and then …现在头部充满了液体接下来……there…你看…it …drinks.它喝水了It becomes upright and the liquid drains from the head.它直立后液体从头部排出Liquid rises again to the head and…液体再一次上升到头部……the bird drinks again.饮水鸟再一次喝水This cycle repeats until all of the isopropyl alcohol on the bird ’s head evaporates.这个过程循环往复直到鸟头上的异丙醇都蒸发掉Why does the liquid rise?为什么液面会上升呢？The place to begin is with the bird’s manufacture.我们从饮水鸟的制造说起The bird is filled through this “tap ”—a small pipe built into the head —通过装在头部里的小管子即龙头with methylene chloride dyed red, which is then frozen,向鸟内装入冷冻的染成红色的二氯甲烷a vacuum applied to evacuate the air,抽走空气形成真空the tap sealed ( and of course, later hidden by the bird’s hat )…把龙头密封(当然后来被鸟帽盖住了)And then the methylene chloride melts:之后二氯甲烷融化It turns to liquid and then some of it evaporates（turns into vapor）.转变为液态其中部分二氯甲烷蒸发(变成蒸汽)The key to the bird’s operation is饮水鸟运转的关键就在于that the vapor in the head and in the base are separated by the liquid in the base.头部和底部的气体被底部的液体所隔离It’s hard to see,这很难看清楚but the tube extends into the base, nearly reaching the bottom.不过管子延伸到底部几乎接触到底面This separates the vapor in base and the vapor in the tube使得底部和管中的气体隔离……and …of course, the head.当然还有头部的气体So, at rest the pressure in these two spaces are equal,在静止状态这两个空间的压强相等but when the bird’s beak is wet,但当鸟喙湿润时the temperature falls鸟喙温度下降and as I’ll explain in a moment the pressure in the head drops头部的压强下降这个我稍后会解释below that in the base and the liquid rises.降到低于底部的压强然后液面上升Of course this liquid in the head causes the bird to…tilt forward, to drink …自然头部的液体导致饮水鸟向前倾斜喝水and when it drinks,当它喝水时the vapor in the head and the base are connected,头部和底部的蒸汽连通the pressures is nearly equalize两端压强几乎相等—a slug of vapor rises to the top and some liquid drains from the head一股蒸汽上升到头部迫使部分液体流出and then the cycle repeats.然后循环重复To see the pressure equalize为了看到压强平衡过程l will slow down the bird as I tilt it forward.我会慢一点倾斜饮水鸟Right now the head is half full.现在头部已经半满了When I tilt it you see a slug of vapor go from bottom to top.当它倾斜时可以看见一股蒸汽从底部升到顶部I’ve tilted it far enough forward我把它倾斜得够多that the liquid in the head is below the top of the tube以至于头部的液面低于管子的顶端and the liquid in the base is below the section of the tube that almost reaches the bottom of the bird.同时底部液面也低于几乎触底的管子底端This allows the pressure to equalize,这样头部和底部的压强相等and as the bird becomes upright而当饮水鸟站起来时the liquid returns to the base before the cycle starts again.液体会在下一次循环开始之前返回到底部In operation it doesn’t tilt quite this far forward实际运转时它不会向前倾斜这么多and so the pressures don’t fully equalize.因此压强不会完全平衡Why, though, does the pressure in the head drop as the temperature falls?那么头部压强为何会随着温度下降而下降呢？You can see the answer if I shoot cool, compressed gas across the bird’s head.你看我向头部射低温压缩气体就知道答案了As the cool gas strikes,遇到低温气体时you see liquid condensing inside the head;头部内壁出现了冷凝的液体and, as you see on the left,正如你在左图看到的this causes the liquid in the base to rise.这导致底部的液面上升The cool gas withdraws energy as heat from the head,低温气体带走头部的热量causing some of the methylene chloride vapor inside to condense –to turn into a liquid.导致头部部分二氯甲烷气体冷凝成液体This decreases dramatically the amount of vapor in the head.这大大减少了头部的气体体积Liquid is 1,000 times more dense than vapor.液体的密度是气体的1000倍This in turn lowers the pressure in the head and causes the liquid to rise.结果降低了头部的压强使液面上升I used compressed gas to cool the head我用压缩气体给头部降温because I can control the amount of cooling;因为我可以控制降温的程度the bird, though, cools its head by “drinking.”然而饮水鸟通过喝水来降温The head is wrapped in fabric that absorbs water.其头部包裹在吸水的织物中As I put drops on its beak当我把水滴在鸟喙上you can see the water beads up at first…一开始你可以看到水珠……and then saturates the fabric and spreads rapidly across the bird’s face.然后水珠浸透织物并迅速扩散到鸟的整个面部On the right side you can see it creeping to back of the head.从右边看可以看到水渍浸到了后脑勺If I now turn the bird around,如果我现在把鸟转过来you can see that the water has spread to the back.可以看到水已经蔓延到后面As I continue adding drops on the beak如果我继续往鸟喙上滴水the saturated area on the back increases.头背处渗水区域扩大When this water evaporates into the air, it removes energy from the bulb as heat当水蒸发到空气中带走了头部的热量you feel this effect every time you step out of the shower,每次你洗完澡都会有这种感受the evaporating water withdraws energy as heat and chills you.蒸发的水带走热量让你感到冷飕飕的This evaporation, this withdrawal of heat, lowers the temperature 蒸发吸热降低了头部的温度and begins the condensation of the vapor, which starts the cycle 蒸汽冷凝启动循环as I showed you with the cool, compressed gas.就像我之前用低温压缩气体做的演示一样As long as the head is wet and heat is withdrawn from it,只要头部保持潮湿而且有热量带走the bird will always “drink, ”饮水鸟将一直“喝水”but if you were to operate the bird in humid air,但如果你把饮水鸟放在潮湿的环境it would slow down, because little water would evaporate,它就会减速喝水因为很少有水分蒸发and if the air were at 100 % humidity the bird would stop如果空气湿度是100% 饮水鸟将停止喝水because no water would evaporate at all.因为根本没有水蒸发Now, to make this dramatic condensation happen现在为了达到明显的冷凝效果when the temperature is lowered just slightly当温度只稍微降低时the evaporating water lowers the temperature by only about three-tenths of a degree水的蒸发只降低了0.3 度the bird’s designer choose a highly volatile liquid.饮水鸟的设计者选择了一种极易挥发的液体This means one whose boiling point is near ambient temperature这就需要这种液体的沸点接近室温because for small changes in temperature因为即使温度轻微变化there is a large change from vapor to liquid从气态至液态的变化也是巨大的and so the variation of pressure is large.从而引起压强的巨大变化Watch what happens as I “heat ”the base of the bird with my hand.观察我用手加热饮水鸟的底部时会怎么样You see the liquid level in the base dropping,可以看到底部的液面在下降that’s because energy from my hand is converting some of the liquid into vapor,这是由于手的热量使部分液体转化成气体which increases the pressure in this region…增大了这个区域的压强and that causes the liquid to rise to the head.从而使液体上升到头部Eventually I heat the vapor so much that it shoots up the stem.最终我把蒸汽加热到从管子中冒出来Now watch as I place my hand around the head.现在看我把手放在头部Heat from my hand converts liquid to vapor,手上的热量将液体转化为蒸汽which increases the pressure从而增大了压强and forces the liquid back to the base.并迫使液体回到底部To test this explanation of the bird’s operation,为了验证这个饮水鸟运转的解释let’s activate the bird in different ways.让我们用不同方式来触发饮水鸟As I noted it is the temperature difference between its top and bottom我说过是它顶部和底部的温差that drives liquid to rise to the head.驱使液体上升至头部So, let’s see what happens if I point a light at the base of the bird,那么我们看看对底部进行光照会怎么样which I’ve painted black我把饮水鸟的底部涂成了黑色so it will absorb the energy from the light better.这样它能更好地吸收光能As I heat the base of the bird,当我给饮水鸟底部加热时the liquid rises, as before but …液体像之前一样上升但是……五倍速播放the bird tips backwards.饮水鸟向后倾斜The wet nose tilted the center of gravity……湿润的鼻子倾斜了饮水鸟的重心……and so I added some modelling clay to the nose于是我在鸟鼻子上加了些粘土to get the bird to tilt forward.好让鸟向前倾斜And now when I turn on the light the liquid rises,现在当我打开灯光液体上升the birds drinks as if there were liquid in front of it until…鸟儿就像面前有水一样喝水直到……I turn the light off我把灯关掉and the bird drinks for a little bit longer until eventually…这只鸟再坚持了一会儿直到最终……it comes to rest.它停了下来Next, let’s see what happens if we use this: Whiskey.接下来让我们看看用这个会怎么样：威士忌Again, thoroughly wet the bird’s beak with the liquid…再次用液体浸润鸟喙……stand it upright …让它直立……and then we see again the liquid rising in the bird …然后我们又看到饮水鸟体内的液面上升and then …it drinks.然后……它在喝水We can also now understand why the bird’s rate of drinking differs 我们现在也能理解在三种不同的刺激下among the three methods I used to “activate ”the bird:为什么饮水鸟的喝水频率不同了a heat lamp, whiskey and water.加热灯威士忌和水三种刺激Roughly, heat bird takes three drinks for every one of the water bird,大致上饮水鸟每喝一次水受热鸟喝三次the whiskey bird takes two for every drink of the water bird.而饮水鸟每喝一次饮酒鸟喝两次The reason the bird drinks whiskey faster than water is之所以饮酒鸟比饮水鸟快because the rate of evaporation of the alcohol is greater than that of water.是因为相对于水酒精更易挥发This means that heat is withdrawn faster from the head也就是说头部的热量散失更快and so more vapor condenses in a shorter amount of time,短时间内冷凝的蒸气更多which accelerates the pressure difference.从而加速扩大压差The heat lamp causes the greatest difference of all,加热灯导致的压差最大which highlights how an engineer thinks about this bird.这重点表明了工程师对饮水鸟的想法To an engineer this bird is a heat engine.对工程师来说饮水鸟是一个热机A heat engine turns heat differences into work —mechanical motion.热机将热能转化为功——机械运动To see that recall that when the bird is just about to drink回想一下当鸟正要喝水时that its head is at a lower temperature than its base,它的头部温度比底部的低which is at ambient temperature.底部温度就是环境温度Then when it “drinks ”, the pressure in the head and base start to equalize,当它“喝水”时头部和底部的压强开始平衡so liquid returns to the base,于是液体回到底部but the overall temperature of the bird但是现在饮水鸟的整体温度is now just a little below ambient temperature.只是稍低于环境温度When it return to upright, the base draws in energy as heat…当它恢复直立时底部吸热……the head then rejects some energy as heat头部放热and the bird drinks again.然后饮水鸟再次喝水These two flows define a heat engine:这种热传递定义了热机：a device, operating in a cycle一种循环运行的装置that absorbs heat from a high temperature reservoir,从高温热源处吸热converts part of it into work,将部分热能转化为功and rejects the remainder into a low temperature reservoir.向低温热源放热The fact that this is a heat engine饮水鸟就是热机这一事实means it’s related to the great machines that make our globalized world happen:表明它跟实现全球化的许多伟大机器有关among those the mighty steam turbine that generates electricity,其中有能发电的大型蒸汽轮机the giant diesel engine that propels container ships across the oceans,推动货轮穿越海洋的大型柴油机and the great gas turbine that flies us around the globe.还有让我们飞遍全球的燃气轮机（三）人们是否应该接受人造肉Lab-Grown Meat Is Coming to Your Supermarket. Ranchers Are Fighting Back.Would you eat a hamburger or a chicken nugget你会吃在实验室生长的肉made of meat grown in a laboratory?所制的汉堡或鸡块吗？Joshua Tetrick, co-founder and CEO of JUST is betting that you will. JUST的合伙人兼CEO Joshua Tetrick断言你会吃In tomorrow’s world, you can eat more meat,在将来你能在不吃动物的情况下hopefully safer meat, even better tasting meat, without eating the animal.吃到更多的肉很可能是更安全甚至更好吃的肉JUST which is based in San Francisco,JUST公司位于美国旧金山has been producing and selling2013年起就生产销售non animal versions of food like mayonnaise since 2013各种无动物食品and it’s raised more than 310 million dollars in venture capital.并筹集到超过3.1亿美元的风险投资基金Tetrick and his team have created products like JUST Mayo Tetrick及其团队通过寻找鸡蛋等常见动物产品的植物替代品by identifying plant based alternatives to common animal products like eggs.创造了像JUST Mayo这样的产品We’re one part pharma,我们公司有医药部one part bio-tech and a whole bunch of regular food company.有生物技术部总得来说是一个常规的食品公司We built a discovery system that我们创建的搜索系统has the only patent of the world拥有世界上唯一能够that utilizes machine learning for food ingredient discovery利用机器学习如何搜索食物组成的专利and it helped us find this mung bean该系统还帮我们找到了that when you put it in a pan scrambles一种放入平底锅时变得蓬松的绿豆and that process broken down means that这一过程的突破意味着we source from over 51 countries in the world,我们的原料来自超过世界上51个国家we look at about 21 different molecular properties,我们要研究大约21种不同分子的性能we look at how that bean functions,研究这种绿豆的作用does it bake a cake, does it gel in a pan看它能否用来烤蛋糕是否会粘在平底锅上and then we see if it makes ice cream or butter or scrambled eggs. 以及能否用来做冰淇淋黄油或炒鸡蛋Our process of finding these new tools is high tech,这些新工具的开发过程技术含量高but what we find is not high tech at all.但开发结果却简单的很The mung bean has been in the world’s food system for 4400 years.早在4400年前绿豆就已经被当做食物了I sure as hell didn’t invent the mung bean.我很肯定绿豆不是我发明的JUST is one of the handful of tech companies workingJUST只是众多致力于to disrupt the meat production industry.颠覆肉类供应行业的高科技公司之一While many of its competitors are pursuing better plant based meat substitutes,正当其他竞争者还在寻找更好的以植物为基础的肉类替代品时JUST is pushing ahead with so called clean meatJUST已经开始推进所谓的瘦肉or lab grown animal tissue that requires no farming,和无需农场养殖无需喂养牲畜且无需屠宰场no feeding of livestock and no slaughterhouses.的实验室生长的动物组织Only a single sample from a single animal duplicated endlessly.只需要动物身上的一个样本就可以无限克隆JUST and companies like it are poised toJUST和其他同类公司准备disrupt the entire livestock industry but颠覆整个畜牧业the established players are turning to the government to protect their turf.但是现有的畜牧公司正在向政府寻求庇护The United States Cattlemen’s Association, which declined to participate in this story,美国牧民协会拒绝受访submitted a petition still under consideration by the United States Department of并向美国农业部递交了请愿书目前正在受理中Agriculture asking that the words meat and beef exclude any products他们请求肉和牛肉这样的词汇不得用于that are ‘neither derived from animals, nor slaughtered in the traditional manner.’任何既不来自动物也不经传统方法宰杀的肉类产品The power of the terms is a lot more powerful than people think, 这些术语的影响力远比人们想象的要大especially in food尤其是在食品行业Imagine Tesla launches a pickup truck,想象一下如果特斯拉推出了一辆小货车but US Department of Transportation says然后美国交通部门说-Hold up, Tesla, y ou can’t call it a pickup truck.-等等特斯拉你不能把它称作小货车You have to call it electric mobility transport unit.你必须叫它“电动交通装置”That’s not winning in Alabama, even though it might be fast,这在阿拉巴马州行不通即使它可能很快even though it might have an amazing amount of horsepower,马力也超级大because a car is identity, but food’s identity even more.因为车有它的定义而食物的定义则更复杂JUST is also looking to transcend the vegan vs carnivore paradigm. JUST也在试图寻找一种超越纯素食主义者和肉食主义者的范式来界定We don’t allow the term vegan to be used in our company.我们公司不允许使用“纯素食主义者”这个词Not because we don’t believe in the spiri of it,并不是因为我们不相信素食主义精神that word ends up turning off 99% of people.而是这个词会令99%的人反感The food system needs to start over,食物体系需要革新了little girls in the second row of a class in Liberia aren’t ge tting proper nutrients,在利比里亚教室里第二排的女孩们营养不良a young boy growing up in Birmingham Alabama is阿拉巴马州伯明翰的一个男孩accelerating a path to Type 2 diabetes,患2型糖尿病的速度加快了animals are being confined in needless ways,动物们受到了一些不必要的限制it’s contributing to climate change,这加剧了气候变化and I think if we can think differently about the food system而且我觉得如果我们对食物系统换种思维while also realizing that we can’t be so new and so out there同时认识到我们不能太新奇太超前that it doesn’t relate to the everyday human being,以至和百姓的寻常生活脱节we can do a whole lot of good.我们就可以造福大家And that’s what I want to do.而这就是我想要做的This isn’t Tetrick’s first fight with entrenched food interests.。
科技英语阅读(李健版)
Unit 1 EnvironmentEarth’s Health in Sharp Decline, Massive Study Finds大规模研究发现：地球的“安康〞每况愈下The report card has arrived from the largest ever scientific Earth analysis, and many of the planet’s ecosystems are simply not making the grade.有史以来对地球进展的最大规模的科学分析结果说明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。
The UN-backed Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report found that nearly two-thirds of Earth’s life-supporting ecosystems, including clean water, pure air, and stable climate, are being degraded by unsustainable use.由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统〔包括干净的水源、纯洁的空气以与稳定的气候〕正遭受破坏。
Human has caused much of this damage during the past half century. Soaring demand for food, fresh water, timber, fiber and fuel have led to dramatic environmental changes, from deforestation to chemical pollution, the report says.The already grim situation may worsen dramatically during the first half of the 21st century, the report’s authors warn.以上大局部的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。
科技英语阅读李健答案
科技英语阅读李健答案【篇一：科技英语阅读(李健版)翻译u3】物的适应性植物为了生存也必须像人类和动物一样适应周边的环境。
生存就意味着竞争，我们很难想象植物之间的竞争，但它往往又存在的。
首先，不同的植物之间会争夺阳光、空气、土壤和水。
其次，植物也会与那些吃它或者威胁到它生存环境的人类和动物竞争。
再次，植物所处的环境也可能也是有敌对性的或者不利于植物生长的。
怎样才能有足够的阳光、水分、空气和土壤？气温的冷热就是植物生长的主要因素吗？光对于植物来说是最基本的，尤其是对于绿色植物来说。
绿色植物在光下能制造养分——这是一种被称为光合作用的过程，而光也能影响水分蒸发的速率和花的形成。
温度也是必须考虑的因素。
对于大多数植物来说，所处的温度低于一度或者高于四十三度都将对其造成严重的损伤甚至死亡。
而温度也直接影响了种子的萌芽以及开花，当然温度也决定了它们的地理分布。
没有水植物也是无法生存的。
有些植物的生长过程需要大量的水分，因此潮湿的空气、大量的降水以及溪流湖泊和湿润的土壤对于植物都是重要的。
大多数植物需要有足够空气。
大气中所包含的一些必要的气体包括：氧气、二氧化碳、水蒸气和氮气。
空气移动所产生的风对于植物也有很大影响。
风有助于传播花粉、孢子和种子从而将它们播种在各种地方，但强风也有可能折断或者损害植物，尤其是大树。
而大风吹走了一些有养分的土壤，也会加快水分的蒸发甚至使植物缺水。
土壤对于陆生植物来说是必不可少的。
大部分植物生长在自然土壤里：其中包含着它的湿度、酸度、矿物成分、含氧量。
植物生长也会受到其他竞争生物的影响。
它必须能适应寄生菌、饥饿的鸟类、牛羊等食用叶子的动物，但植物也需要动物帮助传播花粉以及播洒种子。
有树叶和枝干的树以及灌木向我们展示了它们的适应性，这也告诉了我们植物是怎样获得最大量的光和空气的。
和那些山毛榉树、榆树、橡树、苹果树和栗子树一样，它们有一些芽最初是垂直生长的然而另一些却变成了水平生长。
为了能得到最多的阳光，一些垂直生长的枝芽会螺旋缠绕生长以至于不会遮挡到自己下边的叶子。
科技英语阅读(EST
科技英语阅读（EST Reading）课后习题答案Unit 1 MathematicsPart I EST Reading1. Who is Bertrand Russell?Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 – d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century.2. What is Russell’s Paradox?Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russell’s paradoxPart 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russell’s paradox on Gottlob Frege’s system.Para. 2: Russell’s paradox dealt a heavy blow to Frege’s attempts to develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic.Para. 3: An illustration of Russell’s paradox in terms of setsPara. 4: Contradiction found in the set.Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russell’s paradox on his system and inability to solve it.Part 3 (Paras. 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russel’s paradoxPara. 6: Russell’s own response to the paradox with his "theory of types."Para. 7: Zermelo's solution to Russell's paradoxPara. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation for all of mathematics?Part 4 (Para. 9): Correspondence between Russell and Frege on the paradoxVocabulary and Structure2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities ("initial" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base)2) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of "weak" in the OALD, with adistinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition)3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow)4) Singapore's continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in our pool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the world's best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term)5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead)6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same way as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way)7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly found particles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form)8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as " the discovery of numerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. " (serve)9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become)10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace) 3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence.1) A simple way to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' — topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed.2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities, whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead.3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under the assumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented.4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal sense.5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways.4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones.1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars.2) The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers.3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period.4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red.5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes's theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse Understanding1. C. A "3 percent margin of error" means that there is a 95 percent chance that the survey result will be within 3 percent of the population value.2. E. How is it that a survey of only 1,000 people can reach this level of accuracy?3. G. The margin of error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size.4. A. The margin of error is a mathematical abstraction, and there are a number of reasons why actual errors in surveys are larger.5. F. Finally, the 3 percent margin of error is an understatement because opinions change. Section A Pre-reading Task1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set?This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery.2. Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot?The set is named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because he coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales.3. Why has there been so much controversy about who discovered the Mandelbrot set? Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim.4. What did the challengers say about Mandelbrot’s claim of discovery?Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and described the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrot's efforts but also helped to guide them5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrot’s claim?Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because his efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community.Section C Post-reading TaskLanguage in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.迭代函数iterative function优先权之争priority battle分形特征fractal properties有意义make sense以越来越小的规模重复同一模式patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales混沌理论chaos theory季刊a quarterly journal数学界the mathematics community波纹线crisp lines会议公报proceedings of a conference2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.e.g. a. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape .b. The shape can be subdivided in parts.c. each part is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property calledd. each part has a property of self-similarity.e.g. A fractal is generally "a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole", a property called self-similarity.1) In addition to coining the term "fractal" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as "fractal dimensions" and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c.2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lessons supplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraic problems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the "perfected" shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns.4) But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。
科技英语阅读Unit1
Appendix I Reference AnswersUnit 1 MathematicsPart I EST ReadingReading 1Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1. Who is Bertrand Russell?Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 – d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century.2. What is Russell’s Paradox?Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics.3. What effect did Russell’s Paradox have on Gottlob Fregg’s system?At first Frege observed that the consequences of Russell’s paradox are not immediately clear. For example, “Is it always permissible to speak of the extension of a concept, of a class? And if not, how do we recognize the exceptional cases? Can we always infer from the extension of one concept’s coinciding with that of a second, that every object wh ich falls under the first concept also falls under the second?Because of these kinds of worries, Frege eventually felt forced to abandon many of his views.4. What is Russell’s response to the paradox?Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherentcondition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level, sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type."5. Have you ever heard of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.? Can you give an account of it?Contradictions like Russell’s paradox arose from what was later called the unres tricted comprehension principle: the assumption that, for any property p, there is a set that contains all and only those sets that have p. In Zermelo’s system, the comprehension principle is eliminated in favour of several much more restrictive axioms:a.Axiom of extensionality. If two sets have the same members, then they are identical.b.Axiom of elementary sets. There exists a set with no members: the null, or empty, set. Forany two objects a and b, there exists a set (unit set) having as its only member a, as well as a set having as its only members a and b.c.Axiom of separation. For any well-formed property p and any set S, there is a set, S1,containing all and only the members of S that have this property. That is, already existing sets can be partitioned or separated into parts by well-formed properties.d.Power-set axiom. If S is a set, then there exists a set, S1, that contains all and only thesubsets of S.e.Union axiom. If S is a set (of sets), then there is a set containing all and only the membersof the sets contained in S.f.Axiom of choice. If S is a nonempty set containing sets no two of which have commonmembers, then there exists a set that contains exactly one member from each member of S.g.Axiom of infinity. There exists at least one set that contains an infinite number ofmembers.With the exception of (b), all these axioms allow new sets to be constructed from already-constructed sets by carefully constrained operations; the method embodies what has come to be known as the “iterative” conception of a set.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russell’s paradoxPart 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russell’s paradox on Gottlob Frege’s system.Para. 2: Russell’s paradox dealt a heavy blow to Frege’s attempts to develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic.Para. 3: An illustration of Russell’s paradox in terms of setsPara. 4: Contradiction found in the set.Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russell’s paradox on his system and inability to solve it.Part 3 (Paras. 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russel’s paradoxPara. 6: Russell’s own response to the paradox with his "theory of types."Para. 7: Zermelo's solution to Russell's paradoxPara. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation for all of mathematics?Part 4 (Para. 9): Correspondence between Russell and Frege on the paradox2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1)W hat is the basic idea of Russell’s paradox?Russell's paradox is the most famous of the logical or set-theoretical paradoxes. The paradox arises within naive set theory by considering the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set appears to be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself, hence the paradox.2）How to explain Russell’s paradox in terms of sets?Some sets, such as the set of all teacups, are not members of themselves. Other sets, such as the set of all non-teacups, are members of themselves. Call the set of all sets that are not members of themselves S. If S is a member of itself, then by definition it must not be a member of itself. Similarly, if S is not a member of itself, then by definition it must be a member of itself.3）Can you explain the contradiction found in the sets related to Russell’s paradoxThe contradiction arises in the logic of sets or classes. Some classes (or sets) seem to be members of themselves, while some do not. The class of all classes is itself a class, and so it seems to be in itself. The null or empty class, however, must not be a member of itself.However, suppose that we can form a class of all classes (or sets) that, like the null class, are not included in themselves. The paradox arises from asking the question of whether this class is in itself. It is if and only if it is not.4）Is Russell’s own response to the paradox workable?Russell's response to the paradox is contained in his so-called theory of types. His basic idea is that we can avoid reference to S (the set of all sets that are not members of themselves) by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy. This hierarchy will consist of sentences (at the lowest level) about individuals, sentences (at the next lowest level) aboutsets of individuals, sentences (at the next lowest level) about sets of sets of individuals, etc.It is then possible to refer to all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds only if they are all at the same level or of the same "type". Yes, it is workable. According to the test, this system served as vehicle for the first formalizations of the foundations of mathematics; it is still used in some philosophical investigations and in branches of computer science.5）Do you know Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory?In mathematics, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice, named aftermathematicians Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel and commonly abbreviated ZFC, is one of several axiomatic systems that were proposed in the early twentieth century toformulate a theory of sets without the paradoxes of naive set theory like Russell's paradox.Specifically, ZFC does not allow unrestricted comprehension. Today ZFC is the standard form of axiomatic set theory and as such is the most common foundation of mathematics.3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words you’ve learned in the text.Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level, sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on. Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type".Vocabulary and Structure1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.1)The math may not have been new, but Duchin enjoyed the process of discovery, and she gotto work collaboratively with half a dozen other math whizzes.2)Packages can be sealed and can contain personal correspondence if it relates to the contentsof the package.3)New research indicates that the brain region may prefer symbolic notation to other numericrepresentations.4)To do this, an ideal model based on the equality paradigm was constructed and thencompared with a neutral model reflecting the further education system as it existed before the Act took effect.5)Is this not in flagrant contradiction to Einstein's rule that signals do not travel faster than thevelocity of light?6)Sequential organization has the major advantage that the records are stored in a logicalorder, presumably that sequence to which the records are normally required for printing and for soft copy reports.7)The mathematical description of a zero-sum two-person game is not difficult to construct,and determining the optimal strategies and the value of the game is computationally straightforward.8)The proof we now know required the development of an entire field of mathematics thatwas unknown in Fermat's time.9)Williams adds that many courses in geometry, “the one high school class that demandsformal reasoning,” have already been “gutted” and are no longer proof-based.10)The concept of total aircraft ownership will become increasingly important should thetraditional trade structure be unable to cover the expanse of technologies economically.2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1)The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set ofpossibilities ("initial" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information.2)Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of"weak" in the OALD,with a distinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions.3)The resulting radical pollution control program outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per centreduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie.4)While most of us are used to representing physical objects in the terms of one, two, or threedimensions (or four, if one considers time ) , Mandelbrot came up with a way of representing another “dimension” of an object —that is, its degree of roughness and irregularity.5)In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry,and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions.6)If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the sameway as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word.7)During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newlyfound particles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications.8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as " the discoveryof numerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. "9)Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas withsmall tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance.10)The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterlyincongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows.3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence.1) A simple way to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' - topologists study thoseproperties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed.2)Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numericquantities, whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain.3)As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead, researchers noted changesunder the assumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented.4)That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which cancalculate a lot faster than ordinary computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal sense.5)Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes thatbends light in funny ways.4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones.1)The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars.2)The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers.3)The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period.4)There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining threesocks is red.5)The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes'stheorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse UnderstandingDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.1. C.2. E.3. G.4. A.5. F.Reading 2Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set?This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery.2. Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot?. The set is named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because He coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales.3. Why has there been so much controversy about who discovered the Mandelbrot set?Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim.4. What did the challengers say about Mandelbrot’s claim of disco very?Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and described the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrot's efforts but also helped to guide them5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrot’s claim?Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because his efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community.Section C Post-reading TaskReading and Understanding1. Choose the best summary of the passage.C2. Complete the sentences based on the text.1)The term Mandelbrot set is used to refer both to a general class of fractal sets and to aparticular instance of such a set.2)In general, a Mandelbrot set marks the set of points in the complex plane such that thecorresponding Julia set is connected and not computable.3)The Mandelbrot set is the set obtained from the quadratic recurrence equationz_(n+1)=z_n^2+c with z_0=c, where points in the complex plane for which the orbit of z_n does not tend to infinity are in the set.4)Setting z_0equal to any point in the set that is not a periodic point gives the same result.5)The Mandelbrot set was originally called a molecule by Mandelbrot. J. Hubbard and A.Douady proved that the Mandelbrot set is connected.Language in Use1.Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.1)In addition to coining the term "fractal" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregularat various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as "fractal dimensions"and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c.2)It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his schoollessons supplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia.3)Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translatingalgebraic problems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the "perfected" shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns.4)But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness,but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。
科技英语阅读教程unit1A(张敏杨秀芬版)
Unit 101 Something in the American psyche loves new frontiers. We hanker after wide-open spaces; we like to explore; we like to make rules but refuse to follow them. But in this age it’s hard to find a place where you can go and be yourself without worrying about the neighbors.美国人的内心深处具有一种酷爱探索新领域的气质。
我们渴求宽敞的场地，我们喜欢探索，喜欢制定规章制度，却不愿去遵守。
在当今时代，却很难找到一块空间，可以供你任意驰骋，又不必担心影响你的邻居。
02 There is such a place: cyberspace. Formerly a playground for computer fans, cyberspace now embraces every conceivable constituency: schoolchildren, flirtatious singles, Hungarian-Americans, accountants. Can they all get along? Or will our fear of kids surfing for dirty pictures behind their bedroom doors provoke a crackdown?确实有这样一个空间，那就是信息空间。
这里原本是计算机迷的游戏天地，但如今只要想像得到的各类人群应有尽有，包括少年儿童、轻佻的单身汉、美籍匈牙利人、会计等。
问题是他们都能和睦相处吗?人们是否会因为害怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上的淫秽图片而将它封杀?03 The first order of business is to grasp what cyberspace is. It might help to leave behind metaphors of highways and frontiers and to think instead of real estate.2 Real estate, remember, is an intellectual, legal,artificial environment constructed on top of land. Real estate recognizes the difference between parkland and shopping mall, between red-light zone3 and school district, between church, state and drugstore.首先要解决的问题是，什么是信息空间。
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③ Accuracy (准确性) 科技文章要求内容准确、结构严密、 概念清楚。文字不必讲究华丽，但内容 必须表达无误，体现出科技文章的科学、 严谨的性质。 e.g. --one fifth of the whole
--a small part of the whole
Which one is better?
Which one is more specific?
① Using Specific Expressions 专业词汇的使用。 专业词汇严谨、规范、词义单一、使用范 围狭窄。有很大一部分由源于希腊语和拉 丁语的词缀和词素构成。这两种语言自十 九世纪以来变成了一种形态和词义上不再 起变化的死语言，但其构词能力很强的基 本词缀和词素符合科技术语概念准确、形 式固定、一词一义的客观需要。 eg. hydroxide(氢氧化物)，isotope (同 位素)，etc.
① The Use of Nouns and Noun Phrases Cf. --in case of the power interruption --in case the power is interrupted
Which one is better in an EST writing?
Main Features:
① Objectivity (客观性)
② Clarity (明确性) ③ Accuracy (准确性) ④ Formality (正式性)
② Clarity (明确性) 科技文章一般不用意义含糊、会引起 误解的词汇和表达方式。 Which one is better? e.g. --in a couple of days --in two or three days
Which one is better in an EST writing?
① The Use of Nouns and Noun Phrases Cf. --People are all familiar with heat causing metals to expand. --People are all familiar with the fact that heat causes metals to expand.
章的读者能够更加准确、直观的获 得相关信息。
Do Ex. on P3 >>
2. Technical/
Semi-Technical Words 科技、半科技专业术语
I. Technical Words :
不同专业中使用的专业技术词汇。
它们严谨、规范、词义单一、使用范
围狭窄，而且多是国际上通用的。
The Ways to Achieve Objectivity & Formality
①The Use of Nouns and Noun Phrases (使用名词和名词短语) ②The Use of Passive Voice (使用被 动语态) ③The Use of Anticipatory “it” (使用 先行词it)
The Ways to Achieve Objectivity & Formality
①The Use of Nouns and Noun Phrases (使用名词和名词短语) ②The Use of Passive Voice (使用被 动语态) ③The Use of Anticipatory “it” (使用 先行词it)
随着科技发展，新词不断出现。
I. Technical Words :
Features：
①Highly Specialized in Meaning
③ The Use of Anticipatory “it” 科技文献中常见it is…that/to do句型。
It is ___ that…/to do … stated evident necessary natural inevitable unavoidable …
The Ways to Achieve Accuracy
--关于这计划，有许多问题要在会上讨论。
--The project has in it many problems to be discussed at the meeting.
Main Features:
① Objectivity (客观性)
② Clarity (明确性) ③ Accuracy (准确性) ④ Formality (正式性)
The Ways to Achieve Objectivity & Formality
①The Use of Nouns and Noun Phrases (使用名词和名词短语) ②The Use of Passive Voice (使用被 动语态) ③The Use of Anticipatory “it” (使用 先行词it)
① Objectivity (客观性) 试比较：描写大海(文学作品)
Break, break, break,
On thy cold grey stones, O sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thought that arise in me. ---- A. Tennyson
The Ways to Achieve Accuracy
①Using Specific Expressions (使用 更为明确的表述方式) ②Using Statistics and Figures (使用 数据和图表)
② Using Statistics and Figures
数字和图表的使用，使得科技文
① Objectivity (客观性) 试比较：描写大海(科技文章) A sea is smaller than an ocean, and may be more or less landlocked. As powerful agents of corrosion (侵蚀), sea waves carrying gritty sediment (沉淀物) can cut into rock and wear down coastlines.
figure: 数字；图表 Which one is more specific?
① Using Specific Expressions Cf. --The reflected light was taken in by the transducer . -- The reflected light was absorbed by the transducer .
① Using Specific Expressions 一词多义：通过某种方式限定该词在某
句话中的具体含义。
多词近义：选取最为准确的词汇。
① Using Specific Expressions Cf. 统计价值以数字表示
--The statistical values are given in figures. -- The statistical values are given in numerical figures.
EST Reading
科技英语阅读
Contents
1.科技英语的主要特点 2.科技、半科技专业术语
3.科技英语中的复合词与专有名词
4. 科技英语中的复数形式与缩略语 5. 科技英语的主要句型 6.科技英语篇章阅读方法
1. Main Features of
EST 科技英语的主要特点
Main Featter in an EST writing?
The Ways to Achieve Objectivity & Formality
①The Use of Nouns and Noun Phrases (使用名词和名词短语) ②The Use of Passive Voice (使用被 动语态) ③The Use of Anticipatory “it” (使用 先行词it)
① Objectivity (客观性)
② Clarity (明确性) ③ Accuracy (准确性) ④ Formality (正式性)
Main Features:
① Objectivity (客观性)
② Clarity (明确性) ③ Accuracy (准确性) ④ Formality (正式性)
② Clarity (明确性)
How to rewrite? There are many problems concerning the project to be discussed at the meeting. (可能产生歧义) --将在会上讨论的计划，是有很多问题的。 The project to be discussed at the meeting has many problems in it.
①Using Specific Expressions (使用 更为明确的表述方式) ②Using Statistics and Figures (使用 数据和图表)
The Ways to Achieve Accuracy
①Using Specific Expressions (使用 更为明确的表述方式) ②Using Statistics and Figures (使用 数据和图表)
① The Use of Nouns and Noun Phrases Cf. --If the pressure is decreased, the boiling point of water will become lower. --A decrease in pressure will bring the boiling point of water lower.