正反译法

Review1.The last person to be speaking about terrorism is the representative of country A.最没有资格谈论恐怖主义问题的人就是A国的代表。

2.What, if any, effect do you feel the imports of Canadian gas will have on theAmerican producer?你觉得进口加拿大的天然气对美国生产者可能产生什么影响吗？3.他是一位中国现代优秀作家He is an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer.[误译分析]【原文】 The roofs loomed in front of them with starting clarity.暗礁在他们面前令人吃惊地清楚，时隐时现。

【改译】暗礁在他们面前隐隐呈现，看得越清楚就越感到毛骨悚然英语句子经常使用连词、关系代词、关系副词、短语中又包括介词短语、动名词短语、分词短语、不定式短语等，汉语如果照译，读者可能不知所云。

按照汉语习惯，可将这些英语特有的结构转译为短句。

例如：1.The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to lightsmall bulbs, even to run an electric motor, is almost unbelievable.鱼能发电，其强度足以点亮小灯泡，甚至能开动马达，这简直是令人难以置信的。

2.Flooded with calls, the company is maximizing profits by handling in-city runs.要车的人太多了，公司便只接来往于市区的生意，这样好多多赚钱。

【翻译技巧】转句译法 Conversion of words or phrases into sentences有些词和各种短语所含的语义是相当的丰富，但是单靠换序、转性等方法还是不能表达原文的真实含义，而要把原文的内容连词形式一起翻译成汉语几乎不可能的，因此，不得不把这些词、词组转译成句子，称为转句译法。

1.Pressure of work has somewhat delayed my answer.由于工作很忙，答复稍迟了一些。

（主语转句）2.Another hour’s ride will bring us to the village.只要再行车一小时，我们就可以到达那个小村庄。

（主语转句）3.After an hour, the trail took them by a low, spreading tree strung thicklywith beads.走了一个时辰光景，他们走到了一颗矮矮的枝繁叶茂的树旁，树上密密麻麻地挂满了念珠。

（定语转句）4.Nixon was greatly impressed by Stassen’s firm handshake.史塔生紧紧的和他握手，尼克松对这一点印象很深刻。

（逻辑主语转句）5.Heat is required to change ice to water.冰变成水，就需要热。

（不定式转句）6.Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.她满想会有某些奇迹般的解决办法，这是不合情理的事（状语转句）7.Otitis is a frequent affection during infancy and early childhood, attacksusually occurring in the cold season.耳炎是婴儿和幼龄儿童的一种常见病，疾病发作通常出现在寒冷季节（状语转句）8.He accused her of talking childish nonsense, not fluttering to theintelligence of her audience.他责备她讲了一些幼稚的废话，把听众当傻瓜看待。

（状语转句）9.“I t’s very bad, madam, obviously”情况很不好，夫人，这是很明显的。

插入语语转句10.He was a tall, thin, elegant man with the air of thorough-bred.他身材修长，温文尔雅，风度翩翩。

定语转句11.He crashed down on a protesting chair.他猛然坐到一把椅子上，椅子被压得吱吱作响。

定语转句12.The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet onthe inside.虹有各种色彩，外圈红，内圈紫。

介词短语转句在汉译英时，原文若是形容词短语，名词性短语，数量词或介词短语，译文时常常采用系表结构，变短语为短句。

1.他们一定知道，这种打字机轻便高效，经久耐用，经济实惠，适合高中生使用。

You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and durable, economical and practical for high school students.2.金牌脾气床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式繁多，舒适大方，携带方便。

The Colden Cup brand air-filled cushion are made in advancedtechnology. With novel structure, beautiful shape and various patterns, they are comfortable and convenient to carry.3.他像大海捞针一样，在茫茫黑夜里寻找金色的梦。

Ile reached for his golden dream in the pitch dark of the night. It was just like fishing for a needle in the ocean.状语转句4.冬天，快过阴历年的时候，余永泽从外面抱回许多好吃的东西。

It was winter. Not long before the Lunar New Year, Yu Yongze came home loaded with parcels.状语转句句子转换成短语1.的确，散文比诗容易写，但有必要下翻功夫，才能写好。

It is true that prose is easier to write than verse. But to writeprose well, we still have to make an effort.2.目前下岗职工安排工作还有一定困难，具有高新技术的劳动力同样感到不足。

At present, we still have difficulties in the replacement of laid-offworkers, in addition to a shortage of high-tech labor force.翻译练习1.His friends in the audience shout him to read the plaque.Frozen on the stage, Bill cannot.2.He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.3.The very short wavelengths of ultrasound make a greatdifference in what ordinary sound waves can do.4.Fossils are early plants or animals once buried in the earth,now hardened like rock.5.Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowersand leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its sweetrestless seeking!(The Apple Tree)第三节正反译法 Affirmative vs Negative[误译分析]【原文】All these metals are not good conductors.[原译]这些金属都不是良导体【改译】这些金属并不都是良导体【基础知识】英汉否定的比较与翻译Comparison of English and Chinese Negatives and theirTranslation“Are you not going tomorrow?”“No, I’m not going.”英语在表达否定概念方面，从词汇手段到表达方式都与汉语有很大区别。

词汇方面，英语表示否定的词比汉语多，按词分类，有名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等。

按意义分类，有全部否定、部分否定、双重否定。

就表达方式来说，有用单词或词组表示的，也有用特殊结构表示的。

有些单词或词组还有一些特殊的习惯用法。

此外，不少英语句子在形式上时肯定的，而实际上是否定的，或在形式上式否定的，而实际上是肯定的，翻译时，必须先彻底理解这些句子的内在含义，然后选择恰当的正译或反译将其意义准确地表达出来。

一、全部否定 full negatives英语表示全部否定的词有not, no, never, none, nobody, nothing,nowhere, neither…nor等，翻译时要注意这些词在句子中的位置和它们与其他词组成的习惯用语，例如1.Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed.物质既不能生又不能灭。

2.There is no denying the facts.不能否认这些事实。

二、部分否定 partial negatives英语中，在谓语动词前面的not，有时并非否定谓语动词，而是否定其他成分；而汉语中的否定词，如“不”，“非”，“没有”等都直接放在被否定词的前面。

翻译时应加倍小心。

例如3.I don’t remember all their names.我没有把他们的名字全部记住。