电动汽车用蓄电池的技术状况及发展前景外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
电动汽车相关课题外文资料翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系（院）：电子与电气工程学院专业：电气工程及其自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：2007 HERE COME THE... CLEANER,GREENER CARS附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文2007年来了...清洁，环保汽车一个全新的领域，在柴油发动机上使用电气混合燃料电池。
这个说法是针对混合动力汽车：美国人爱他们，不过只是猜测。
一些环保人士一直在疑惑，有没有更大的混合电池组，能不能够直接插在墙上进行充电，能不能提供动力让你开车去上班，电力与小型燃气发动机使其变为可能。
这个概念最初是一个环保主义者的梦想，是来自的费利克斯克莱默，他推动了公用事业支持插件的合作。
但现在电动汽车走向市场,就像其他高科技绿色汽车当年发展的情况一样。
清洁汽车新的一天清洁和环保汽车技术正在蒸蒸日上。
可充电混合动力车,在工业发展上展现了比1900年的黄金岁月高很多的研究和开发热情。
当汽油、蒸汽、电动车在市场上进行竞争，许多公司如通用汽车、还在嘲弄像罗杰和我这样的人,是谁扼杀了电动汽车的发展?事实上,美国通用汽车公司是第一个成功制造出了可充电混合动力车的公司,他们使用了一个有趣的新方法。
他们正在研发一种全新的推进系统,在最近的底特律车展上展示,那就是雪佛兰伏特。
随着seesawing对未来石油和汽油价格的不确定性，美国人终于将注意力集中在寻找燃油经济性车辆和展望他们的下一个大型多功能运动型车。
一个由具有很大影响力的公司JD Power and Associates去年夏天对消费者的调查发现，让人吃惊的是有57%的受访者会考虑购买他们的下一个混合动力汽车，有49%的购车者会考虑E85乙醇动力汽车。
另一项由Frost＆Sullivan的调查发现约有80%的人更关注较一年前的燃油价格。
几乎有一半的人说，如果燃油价格持续上涨的话他们会考虑购买更省油的汽车或混合动力汽车。
而从居住在美国的市民的调查中发现，有五分之一的让人印象深刻的说道，他们也开始使用替代交通工具：诸如自行车，步行，公共交通和电动汽车等等。
轮毂式电动汽车驱动系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
轮毂式电动汽车驱动系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译The wheel type electric car is a type of electric car thatutilizes a driving system。
There are two main forms of this system: the direct driving type ___。
This system is installed on the wheel hub of the motor。
___。
n。
main cer。
___。
it allows for the ___。
making electric control technology possible。
As a result。
the wheel type electric car is expected to e the ___ electric cars.2.Advantages and disadvantagesThe wheel type electric car has many advantages。
First。
it has a simple and compact structure。
Second。
it has high n efficiency。
which improves the overall performance of the car。
Third。
it has good ___。
it has a low noise level。
However。
there are also some disadvantages。
First。
the cost of the wheel type electric car is relatively high。
Second。
the maintenance costis also high。
Third。
the wheel type electric car has ___.The wheel type electric car has a simple and compact structure。
国外关于新能源汽车的文献
国外关于新能源汽车的文献
1.'TheFutureofElectricVehicles:OpportunitiesandChallenges'(英国)-这篇文献讨论了电动汽车的未来发展趋势、机遇和挑战，探讨了政策、技术和市场等方面的影响因素。
2. 'Electric Vehicle Policies and Market Development in China' (中国) - 这篇文献主要介绍了中国的新能源汽车政策和市场发展情况，分析了政策实施效果和未来发展趋势。
3. 'The Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Power Grid' (美国) - 这篇文献探讨了电动汽车对电网的影响，包括充电需求、电网负荷和能源管理等方面的问题。
4. 'Battery Technology for Electric Vehicles' (日本) - 这篇文献介绍了电动汽车用电池技术的发展历程，讨论了不同类型电池的优缺点和应用范围。
5. 'The Economics of Electric Vehicles' (德国) - 这篇文献分析了电动汽车的经济学特征，包括成本结构、市场需求和政策支持等方面的因素。
6. 'The Role of Renewable Energy in Electric Vehicle Charging' (丹麦) - 这篇文献讨论了可再生能源在电动汽车充电方面的应用和前景，探讨了能源转型和环保需求等方面的关联。
- 1 -。
外文文献原文和翻译---蓄电池
DescriptionTechnical FieldThe present invention relates to a power source system having a power accumulator for supplying when a commercial power source oe other interruptible power source breaks down,a power supply control method Of the power source system,a power supply control program Of the power source system,a computer readable recoding medium having power supply control program Of the power source system recoded thereon.Background ArtIn recent years ,a power accumulator has drawn wide attention and been used as backup power source.A backup power source is changed when a commercial power source operated normally,and continues supply power to equipment in place of the commercial power source when commercial power source has a defect.Examples of such a backup power source include a UPS（Uninterruptive Power Source）.By instantaneously switching the commercial power source to an output of the backup power source in case of power outage,a computer or a storage unit in use,as well as network equipment such as a server are prevented from being stopped.Such a backup power source combined with the power accumulator is controlled to maintain residual capacity representing the state of charge at a high level.In this system,generally because surplus power is charged in power accumulator efficiently by a power generation action of an electric motor,charge|discharge control is performed so that the SOC does not exceed 100%.In order to supply power to the electric motor when necessary,charge|discharge control is performed so that the SOC does not decrease to 0(zero).Specially,normally in power accumulator,the control is performed so that the SOC fluctuates within a range of 20% to 80%.With regard to elevators,on the other hand,a hybrid elevator that has a cage and a counterweight to inhibit unnecessary power consumption during the operation of hybrid elevator has been developed.Such a hybrid elevator utilizes the power of its battery at the time of power outage,so that in case of power outage or other abnormal state during of operation of the hybrid elevator,the power for driving the elevator is supplied from a power source to carry the elevator to the nearest floor or any floor and safely retrieve the passage from the stage.The following method is proposed as a method for controlling an automatic landing device of the elevator.Patent Document 1,for example,discloses a method for detecting the output voltage ,output current,and a temperature of a battery power source to perform a rescue operation in response to the power supply capacity of the battery power source.Here,as a method for calculating the power supply capacity,a method for calculating the power supply capacity from the open voltage,internal resistance,and minimum voltage(operable voltage) of the battery power source is generally known ,as shown is equation (1) below.The minimum voltage used for calculating the power supply capacity is set with a certain degree of margin,in view of the life of the battery power source .Power Supply Capacity= minimum voltage*(open voltage - minimum voltage)\internal resistance (1)Moreover,the hybrid elevator has to always secure energy amount for carrying the elevator to a necessary floor in case of emergency during the normal operation of commercial power source ,and thereon a large power accumulator with a large capacity required.In the method disclosed in Patent Document 1,the output voltage and the voltage set value are compared with each other by a discharge time and discharge state of the battery is detected by the magnitude relation there between to control the operation of the elevator.Therefore,when the power supply capacity of the battery power source is low,the power supply capacity will be lost,thereby stopping the power supply from the battery.In this case,because charging of the battery power source is started after the interruptible power source returns ,and the rescue operation is conducted upon completion of the charging,the elevator cannot be carried to the nearest floor to perform rescue operation in the case of an abnormal situation of the interruptible power source.As a result,the passengers remain trapped in the elevator.Moreover,when the interruptible power source is stopped due to disaster like as in the hybrid elevator,it is necessary for the backup power source to ensure the minimum power supply capacity for enabling minimum operation. Consequently,because a margin becomes necessary in the capacity of the backup power source,a large power accumulator is necessary.In addition,the minimum voltage used for calculating the power supply capacity has a margin,in view of the life property.Therefore,the value of the actual power supply capacity is smaller than the that of the primary power supply capacity of the power accumulator.Disclosure of inventionAn object of the present invention is to provide a power source system capable of realizing at least the minimum backup function ,increasing the life duration of a power accumulator,and reducing the size of the power accumulator by temporarily improving the power supply capacity of a power accumulator when an interruptible power source is stopped by disaster or the like.The present invention also provide a power supply control method of the power source system ,a power supply control program Of the power source system and a computer readable recoding medium having power supply control program Of the power source system recoded thereon.A power source system according to an aspect of the present invention has:a power unit for supplying power to a load service;a power accumulator for supplying the power to a load service in place of the power unit when the power unit is stopped,and a controller for controlling power supply from the power accumulator to a load service;wherein the controller sets an operable voltage,which is determined as an output voltage foe ending discharge of the power accumulator,at a first voltage when the power unit is operated,and sets the operable voltage at a second voltage lower than the first voltage when the power unit is stopped ,thereby increasing the power supplied to the load device by the power accumulator.According to the power source system described above,the power supply capacity of the power accumulator can be improved by reducing the operable voltage of the power accumulator when the power unit is stopped,the operable voltage being set during the normal operation of the power unit.Furthermore,because the operable voltage of the power accumulator is reduced after the power unit is stopped,and the number of the times that the power accumulator is over-discharged duo to the decrease in the operable voltage can be prevented from increasing.,the life duration of the power accumulator can be increased.In addition,the size of the power accumulator can be reduced because it is not necessary to increase the capacity of the power accumulator beforehand in the light of an increase in power supply when the power unit is stopped.Brief description pf the drawings:[Fig.1 ] Fig.1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a power source system according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.Best Mode For Carrying the invention.(Embodiment 1)Fig.1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a power source system according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.As shown in Fig.1,a power source system 10 according to the present invention has an interruptible power source 100,a load device 200,a power accumulator 300,a charge|discharge control device 400,a power supply control device 500,and an electric control unit 600.The interruptible power source 100 is ,for example ,a commercial power source,such as a generator having an engine as a source of power.The power accumulator 300 stores surplus power from the interruptible power source 100 and regenerative electric power generated by the load device 200,and supplies the stored electric power to the load device 200 according to need.The power accumulator 300 is configured by connecting N number of electric power accumulation element blocks B1,B2,......BN in series.Each of the electric power accumulation element blocks B1,B2,......BN is configured electrically connecting a plurality of electrical storage elements 301 series.An alkaline storage battery such as a nickel hydride battery ,an organic battery such as a lithium-ion battery ,and an electrical double layer capacitor can be used as each of the electrical storage elements 301 .Note that the number N of electric power accumulation element blocks and the the number of the electrical storage elements 301 are not particularly limited.The power accumulator 300 has a predetermined range of operating voltage determined beforehand ,so that the battery characteristics,life duration and reliability of the power accumulator 300 are not degraded.Operable voltage,which is the minimum voltage (final voltage) of this operating voltage range is the voltage for ending discharge of the power accumulator 300 .During the normal operation ,when the output voltage of the power accumulator 300 falls below the operable voltage,discharge of the power accumulator 300;namely,power supply from he power accumulator 300,is stopped.However,power supply from the power accumulator 300 is possible until the output voltage of the power accumulator 300 falls below the operable voltage;namely,by reducing the operable voltage.In this case,the power accumulator 300 is over-discharged temporarily,but the the battery characteristics and the like of thepower accumulator 300 are not impinged so long as the discharge of the power accumulator 300 is executed without degrading the the battery characteristics,life duration and reliability of the power accumulator 300.The charge|discharge control device 400 controls charge|discharge of the power accumulator 300.The charge|discharge control device 400 is connected to the interruptible power source 100,load device 200 and power accumulator 300,and controls the charge from the interruptible power source 100 to the power accumulator 300 and the discharge from the power accumulator 300 to the load device 200.When consumption current of the load device 200 increases drastically or the electric power required by the load device 200 exceeds predetermined value , The charge|discharge control device 400 discharges the insufficient electric power from the power accumulator 300 to the load device 200 .The charge|discharge control device 400 performs the charge|discharge control such that the SOC of the power accumulator 300 normally falls within an approximate range of 20% to 80%.However,a load leveling power source or a plug-in hybrid vehicle that effectively utilizes night power is charged when the SOC is 100%,and is discharged when the load device thereof requires energy.The power supply control device 500 controls power supply from the power accumulator 300 to the load device 200 when the interruptible power source 100 is stopped.The total control ECU 600 is connected to the charge|discharge control device 400 and the power supply control device 500 to control the entire power source system 10 .Next,the power supply control device 500 of the power source system 10 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention is described. In Fig.1 the power supply control device 500 has a voltage measuring part 501,a current measuring part 502, a temperature measuring part 503,a communication 504 ,and a controller 520.外文参考文献翻译描述：科学领域：该项发明和一种当商业性供电或其他间断电源损坏时拥有提供电源供应的的动力蓄电池，一种电源系统的电源供应控制程序，一个拥有电源系统已经刻录好的程序的电源控制程序的计算机的可读记录媒介。
国内混合动力汽车发展外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
英文翻译China Hybrid Electric Vehicle Development With the depletion of oil resourcesIncrease awareness of environmental protection, hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensus of all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical " To vehicle control systems, motor drive systems, power battery / fuel cell for the "three horizontal" distribution of R & D, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress.With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series ofbreakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation. As of January31, 2009, Technology in hybrid vehicles, China Intellectual Property Office to receive and open for the 1116 patent applications in China. In 1116 patent applications, invention 782 (authority for the 107), utility model for the 334. Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability todevelop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fuel economy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%. Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization. Currently, domestic automakers have hybrid vehicles as the next major competitive products in the strategic high priority, FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC Motor, Changan, Chery, BYD, etc. have put a lot of manpower, material resources,Hybrid prototyping has been completed, and some models have achievedlow-volume market. FAW Group Development Goal: By 2012, the Group plans to build an annual capacity of 11,000 hybrid cars, hybrid bus production base of 1000. FAW Group since 1999 and a new energy vehicles for theoretical research and development work, and the development of a red car performance hybrid sample. "15" period, the FAW Group is committed to the national "863" major project in the "red card in series hybrid electric vehicle research and development" mission, officially began the research and development of new energy vehicles. Beginning in 2006, FAW B70 in the Besturn, based on the technology for hybrid-based research, the original longitudinal into transverse engine assembly engine assembly, using a transverse engine and dual-motor hybrid technology. At the same time, FAW also pay close attention to the engine, mechanical and electrical integration, transmission, vehicle control networks, vehicle control systems development, the current FAW hybrid electric car has achieved 42% fuel saving effect, reached the international advanced level.Jiefang CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus FAW "Liberation brand CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus" project is a national "863" electric vehicle major projects funded project, with pure electric drive, the engine alone drives (and charge), the joint drive motor starts the engine, and sliding regenerative braking 5 kinds of basicoperation. The power hybrid electric bus and economy to the leading level, 38% fuel economy than traditional buses, emissions reduced by 30%. Red Flag CA7180AE hybrid cars Red Flag hybrid cars CA7180AE according to the national "863 Plan" is the first in complete with industrial prospects of the car, itis built on the basis of red car with good performance and operational smoothness. Series which is a hybrid sedan, the luxury car ,0-100km acceleration time of 14s, fuel-efficient than traditional cars by about 50%, Euro Ⅲemissionstandard. Besturn B70 hybrid cars Besturn B70 Hybrid cars using petrol - electric hybrid approach. Dual motor power system programs, mixed degree of 40/103, is all mixed (Full-Hybrid, also known as re-mixed) configurations. Besturn B70 Hybrid cars are petrol version costs two to three times Besturn models, mass production will be gradually reduced after the costs, even if this hybrid version Besturn market, the price certainly higher than the existing Besturn models, but high the price of petrol will not exceed 30% version of Besturn models. SAIC Development Goals: 2010 launch in the mixed hybrid cars, plug-in 2012, SAIC strong mix of cars and pure electric cars will be on the market. In the R & D on new energy vehicles, SAIC made clear to focus on hybrid, fuel cell for the direction, and speed up the development of alternative products. Hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, alternative fuel vehicles as a new energy strategy SAIC three key. 2010 SAIC Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mix will be put on the market, during the World Expo in Shanghai, SAIC will put 150 hybrid cars in the Expo Line on the River Run. 2012 Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid cars will be strong market, the current car's power system has been launched early development and progress. Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Academy of Engineering by the SAIC and Shanghai Jiaotong University and other units jointly developed with independent intellectual property rights. Existing cities in the Sunwin Bus Power platform, "the new dynamic application No. 1" uses a parallel hybrid electric vehicle drive program, so that hybrid electric vehicle operating conditions in the electricair-conditioning, steering, braking and other accessories still able to work without additional electric system, while use of super capacitors, to improve starting power, braking energy recovery efficiency, thereby enhancing vehicledynamic performance, reduce fuel consumption. Car length 10m, width 2.5m, high-3.2m, can accommodate 76 people. Roewe 750 hybrid cars Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mixed system with BSG (Belt drive start generating onemachine), with "smart stop zero-emission" and "environmental protection and the power of both the" two prominent features of a top speed of 205 km / h, the maximum added driving range of up to 500 km. As for the industrialization of SAIC's first own-brand hybrid car, the Roewe 750 hybrid integrated hybridfuel-efficient cars can achieve rates of around 20%. Dongfeng Motor Group Development Goals: Plans move into 33 billion in 10 years to develop a range of environmentally friendly hybrid vehicles, including cars. EQ7200HEV hybrid cars EQ7200HEV hybrid cars are "863" project of major projects and major strategic projects of Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The car is EQ7200-Ⅱmodel (Fengshen Bluebird cars) is based on an electronically controlled automatic transmission with innovative electromechanical coupling in parallel programs, configure DC brushless motor and nickel-hydrogen batteries, plans to "10 5 "during the industrialization. Industrialization, the vehicle cost more than EQ7200 cars increase in costs ≤ 30%. EQ61100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus EQ61100HEV electric hybrid bus by Dongfeng Vehicle Company Limited Joint Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Textile Co., Ltd. and Hunan sharp Electromechanical Technology Co., Ltd. jointly developed Shenzhou.EQ61100HEV hybrid electric bus with switched reluctance motor, Cummins ISBe1504 cylinder common rail electronic injection diesel engine, new chassis design of the system, electronically controlled automatic transmission and innovative electromechanical coupling parallel program. In the annual output reached 200, the vehicle cost more than the increase in automobile engine equipped with 6CT ≤ 30%. China Changan Development Goals: the next three years, the formation of different grades, different purposes, carry a different system of mixed platforms, weak mix of scale, strong mixed industrial R & D capabilities, covering commercial, A grade, B grade, C grade products. 2014 will achieve sales of new energy vehicles 150 000 2020 sales of new energy vehicles for more than 500,000.vehicles, a diversified energy technologies to carry out exploratory research. Environmental protection through energy-saving models continues to introduce new technology to lead the industry to upgradeand fully utilize and mobilize global resources, Chang'an in the middle hybrid cars, hybrid cars and other technological strength of the field are explored.Chang's first hybrid car long Anjie Xun HEV was successfully listed in June2009; the first batch of 20 hybrid taxis Long An Zhixiang in January of this year officially put into operation in Chongqing. Chery Development Goals: after 2010, more than half of Chery's products carry different levels of hybrid systems. From 2003 to 2008, mainly mixed with moderate Chery hybrid cars and energy saving system development, and industrialization; Chery in Wuhu, a taxi has been carried out on probation, fuel consumption will be reduced by 10% to 30% to reach Europe ⅣStandard. Since 2004, Chery hybrid cars mainly for the development of strong and industrialization. Chery hybrid car fuel consumptiontarget to reach 100 km 3 liters, to reach Europe and the United States emissions regulations. Chery A5BSG Chery A5BSG is a weak parallel hybrid electric car, using fuel engines, electric engines complementary mode, the two different power sources in the car while driving to work together or separately, through this combination to achieve the least fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, in order to achieve fuel efficiency and environmental protection purposes.Compared with the conventional car, the car in urban conditions can save 10%-15% of fuel and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 12%, while costs increased by only about 25% -30%. Chery A5ISG Chery A5 ISG hybrid power system consists of "1.3L gasoline engine + 5-speed manual transmission +10 kW motor +144 V Ni-MH battery," the composition of the battery system used by the Johnson Controls developed "plug-in" nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), motor with permanent magnet synchronous motor and with the motor control system, inverter and DC / DC converters. The system enables the vehicle power to 1.6L displacement level and rate of 30% fuel savings and significantly reduce the emissions of Euro V standards. Cherry A3ISG Chery A3 ISG has 1.3L473F gasoline engine and equipped with 10KW motor. By gasoline engines andelectric motors with torque overlay approach to dynamic mixed to provide the best vehicle power operating efficiency and energy saving environmental protection goals. Chery A3 ISG also has Stop_Restart the idling stop functionsuch as flame start to start (BSG function), to reduce red light in the vehicle stoppedor suspended when the fuel consumption and emissions expenses. FY 2BSG FY 2 BSG carry 1.5LSQR477F inline four-cylinder engine configuration BSG start / stop and so one electric motor, red light in the vehicle stopped the driver into the gap, it will automatically enter standby mode to turn off the engine, starting moments after the entry block automatically start the engine. FY 2 BSG vehicle average fuel consumption than the 1.5L petrol cars reduce about5-10%, average fuel consumption can be reduced up to 15%. BYD Auto Development Goal: to electric cars as a transitional mode, the electric car as the ultimate goal, the development of new energy cars BYD. BYD follow the "independent research and development, independent production, independent brand" development path, and the "core technology, vertical integration" development strategy, as the transition to dual-mode electric vehicles, electricvehicles as the ultimate goal, the development of BYD new energy vehicles. Intelligent VehicleOur society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the lastcentury, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living beingreplaced by devices such as washing machines.One remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily actofdriving automobiles. 1.2million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002,which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of death . If this trendcontinues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashesby 2020. in fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has estimated the overallsocietal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than$230 billion .when hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the sametime, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic. Trafficcongestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution underminespublic health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management. Thus was born the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems weredeveloped and deployed。
电动汽车动力电池的国内外技术现状与发展趋势
插电式普锐斯拥有三种可以随意切换的驾驶模式：HV、EV和 EV-City，其中HV模式类似于普通普锐斯，由于发动机和电 机共同驱动车辆行驶，必要的时候发动机可以熄火以更好的 降低功耗。第二种模式为纯电动零排放模式，电池组充满电 之后可以行驶大约20公里，而最高车速可以达到85公里小时。 第三种模式则是吸收了第一和第二种模式的优点，在汽油发 动机启动之前尽量使用电池组中的电力供应电机来驱动车辆， 而当车辆减速以及刹车的时候则可以为电池组充电
目前车用电池存在问题
电池安全性Байду номын сангаас不到保障。
目前中小容量锂离子电池的产业化已经非常成功，但大容 量、高功率锂离子动力电池的安全性问题得不到有效解决。 而电池容量愈大，其一旦失控所造成的危害就愈大。
电池容量有限，未能实现突破。
目前市场上使用的电动汽车一次充电后的续驶里程一般为 100km～300km，并且这还需要保持适当的行驶速度及具有 良好的电池调节系统才能得到保证，而绝大多数电动汽车 一般行驶环境下续驶里程只有50km～100km。
混合动力电车 福特汽车的Ford Escape 雪佛兰的Chevrolet Malibu 本田的Honda Civic Hybrid
丰田RAV4纯电动车-世界首款搭载了镍氢电池的量产型电动 汽车
锂离子电池
与其他蓄电池比较，锂子电池具有高电压、比能量高、充电 寿命长、无记忆效应、无污染、快速充电、自放电率低，工 作温度范围宽和安全可靠等优点，它已成为未来电动汽车较 为理想的动力电源。
30～35％；
国外镍氢电池生产厂 商及特点
公司名称 电池特点
国内镍氢电池生产厂商 及特点
公司名称
电池特点
美国Ovonic 公司
电池电动车外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Battery electric vehicleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor electric vehicles other than battery powered vehicles, see electric vehicle. For passenger electric vehicles, see electric car. For the batteries themselves, see electric vehicle battery.A battery electric vehicle (BEV), battery-only electric vehicle (BOEV) or all-electricvehicle is a type ofelectric vehicle (EV) that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. They derive all power from battery packs and thus have no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank. BEVs include bicycles, scooters,skateboards, rail cars, watercraft, forklifts, buses, trucks and cars.Cumulative global sales of highway-capable light-duty pure electric vehicles passed the one million unit milestone in September 2016. As of December 2016, the world's top selling highway legal all-electric car in history is the Nissan Leafwith global sales of over 250,000 units, followed by the Tesla Model S with more than 158,000 units delivered worldwide.[1][2]Contents∙1Terminology∙2Vehicles by type∙ 2.1Rail∙ 2.2Electric bus∙ 2.2.1Thunder Sky∙ 2.2.2Free Tindo∙ 2.2.3First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus ∙ 2.3Electric trucks∙ 2.4Electric vans∙ 2.5Electric cars∙ 2.6Special-purpose vehicles∙ 2.7Two- and three-wheeled vehicles∙ 2.8Electric boats∙3Technology∙ 3.1Motors∙ 3.2Motor controllers∙4See also∙5References∙6Further reading∙7External linksTerminologySee also: Hybrid electric vehicle, Plug-in hybrid, and Plug-in electric vehicleVehicles using both electric motors and internal combustion engines are examples of hybrid electric vehicles[3], and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles because they cannot be externally charged (operate in charge-sustaining mode) and instead they are continually recharged with power from the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking.[4]Hybrid vehicles with batteries that can be charged externally to displace some or all of their internal combustion engine power and gasoline fuel are calledplug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and run as BEVs during their charge-depleting mode. PHEVs witha series powertrain are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such asthe Chevrolet Volt and Fisker Karma.Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), andelectric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustionengine vehicles.[4][5]In China, plug-in electric vehicles, together with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles (NEVs).[6] However, in the United States, neighborhood electricvehicles (NEVs) are battery electric vehicles that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits no higher than 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), are usually built to have a top speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), and have a maximum loaded weight of 3,000 lbs.[7]Vehicles by typeThe concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged batteries on board vehicles for propulsion. Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the advancement of new battery technology (Lithium Ion) that have higher power and energy density (i.e., greater possible acceleration and more range with fewer batteries) and higher oil prices.[8] BEVs include automobiles, light trucks, and neighborhood electric vehicles.Rail∙Battery electric railcars:Main article: Battery electric multiple unit∙Locomotives:Main article: Battery-electric locomotive∙Electric rail trolley:Main article: Cater MetroTrolleyElectric busMain article: Battery electric busChattanooga, Tennessee operates nine zero-fare electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of 3,100,000 kilometres (1,900,000 mi), They were made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.[9][10]Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong Airport began operating a16-passenger Mitsubishi Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered school bus, an all-electric version of theBlue Bird TC/2000.[11] A similar bus was operated in Napa Valley, California for 14 months ending in April, 2004.[12]The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km (81 mi) with the air conditioning on. They use Lithium-ion batteries, and consume about1 kW·h/mi (0.62 kW·h/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by the Jinghua Coach Co. Ltd.[13] The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24-hour operation of the buses.[14]In France, the bus electric phenomenon is in development, but some buses are already operating in numerous cities.[15] PVI, a medium company located in the Paris region, is one of the leader of the market with its brand Gepebus (offering Oreos 2X and Oreos 4X).[16]In the United States, the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona, California since September 2010 at Foothill Transit. TheProterra EcoRide BE35uses lithium-titanate batteries and is able to fast-charge in less than 10 minutes.[17]In 2014, the first production model all-electric school bus was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California’s San Joaquin Valley. The bus was one of four the district ordered. This battery electric school bus, which has 4 sodium nickel batteries, is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.[18]The same technology is used to power the Mountain View Community Shuttles. This technology was supported by the California Energy Commission, and the shuttle program is being supported by Google.[19]Thunder SkyThunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of 280 km (170 mi) under 20 mins quick-charge, the EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has a range of 300 km (190 mi) under quick-charge (20 mins to 80 percent), and 350 km (220 mi) under full charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland.[20]Free TindoTindo is an all-electric bus from Adelaide, Australia. The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by Designline International[21] in New Zealand and gets its electricity from a solarPV system on Adelaide's central bus station. Rides arezero-fare as part of Adelaide's public transport system.[22]First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit BusProterra's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is a heavy duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90 percent of the available energy and returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31–35 percent. It can travel 30–40 miles on a single charge, is up to 600 percent more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44 percent less carbon than CNG.[23]Electric trucksMain article: Electric truckFor most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.[24]Electric vansIn March 2012, Smith Electric Vehicles announced the release of the Newton Step-Van, an all-electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the versatile Newton platform that features a walk-in body produced by Indiana-based Utilimaster.[25]Electric carsMain article: Electric carSee also: List of production battery electric vehicles and electric car use by countryAn electric car is a plug-in battery powered automobile which is propelled by electric motor(s). Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed, the lower specific energy of production batteries available in 2015 comparedwith carbon-based fuels means that electric cars need batteries that are fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still often give relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of time. For journeys within a single battery charge, rather than long journeys, electric cars are practical forms of transportation and can be recharged overnight.Electric cars have the potential of significantly reducing city pollution by having zero tail pipe emissions.[28][29][30] Vehicle greenhouse gas savings depend on how the electricity is generated.[31][32] With the current US energy mix, using an electric car would result in a 30 percent reduction in carbon dioxideemissions.[33][34][35][36] Given the current energy mixes in other countries, it has been predicted that such emissions would decrease by 40 percent in the UK,[37] 19 percent in China,[38] and as little as 1 percent in Germany.[39][40][not in citation given]Electric cars are expected to have a major impact in the auto industry[41][42] given advantages in city pollution, less dependence on oil, and expected rise in gasolineprices.[43][44][45] World governments are pledging billions to fund development of electric vehicles and their components. The US has pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants for electric cars and batteries.[46] China has announced it will provide US$15 billion to initiate an electric car industry.[47]Cumulative global sales of highway-capable battery electric cars and vans passed the1 million unit milestone in September 2016.[3] The Renault-Nissan Alliance is the leadingall-electric vehicle manufacturer. The Alliance achieved the sales milestone of 350,000all-electric vehicles delivered globally in August 2016.[48] Ranking second is TeslaMotors with over 139,000 electric cars sold between 2008 and June 2016.[49][50]MotorsMain article: Traction motorElectric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form ofbrushed DC electric motor. Separately excited and permanent magnet are just two of the types of DC motors available. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually induction motors orbrushless AC electric motors which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including the brushless DC electric motor.Motor controllersMain article: Motor controllerThe motor controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type, DC or AC.1. Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-09). "Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's TheBest-Selling Plug-in Car In History". . Retrieved 2017-01-10. As of December 2016, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles sold, and the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units sold through November 2016. These are the only plug-in electric cars so far with over 100,000 global sales.2.^ Jump up to:a b c Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-31). "Tesla Model S Is World's Best-SellingPlug-in Car For Second Year In A Row". . Retrieved2017-01-31. See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs.3.^ Jump up to:a b Shahan, Zachary (2016-11-22). "1 Million Pure EVs Worldwide: EVRevolution Begins!". Clean Technica. Retrieved 2016-11-23.4.^ Jump up to:a b David B. Sandalow, ed. (2009). Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Rolefor Washington? (1st. ed.). The Brookings Institution.pp. 2–5.ISBN 978-0-8157-0305-1.See definition on pp. 2.5.Jump up^ "Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs)". Center for Sustainable Energy,California. Retrieved 2010-03-31.6.Jump up^ PRTM Management Consultants, Inc (April 2011). "The China NewEnergy Vehicles Program - Challenges and Opportunities" (PDF). World Bank.Retrieved 2012-02-29. See Acronyms and Key Terms, pp. v7.Jump up^ "What is a neighborhood electric vehicle (NEV)?". AutoblogGreen.2009-02-06. Retrieved 2010-06-09.8.Jump up^ "-". Retrieved 30 May 2015.9.Jump up^ Downtown Electric Shuttle. Retrieved 18 August 2008.10.Jump up^ Success Stories. Retrieved 18 August 2008.11.Jump up^ Solectria Develops an All Electric Version of the Blue Bird TC2000.Retrieved 18 August 2008.12.Jump up^ Electric School Bus. Retrieved 18 August 2008.13.Jump up^ UNDP donates electric buses to Beijing Olympic Games. Retrieved 15August 2008.14.Jump up^ BIT Attends the Delivery Ceremony of the 2008 Olympic GamesAlternative Fuel Vehicles with its Pure Electric Bus. Retrieved 15 August 2008.15.Jump up^(French) http://avem.fr/index.php?page=bus16.Jump up^ "PVI, leader de la traction électrique pour véhicules industriels.".Retrieved 30 May 2015.17.Jump up^ Proterra Launches First Deployment of All-Electric, Zero-Emission Busesby Major Transit Agency. Retrieved October 2011.18.Jump up^ "New All-Electric School Bus Saves California District $10,000+ PerYear". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2016-03-01.19.Jump up^ "Electric shuttle buses come to Mountain View, thanks to Motiv andGoogle". Silicon Valley Business Journal. 13 January 2015. Retrieved30 May 2015.20.Jump up^ "雷天温斯顿电池有限公司". Retrieved 30 May 2015.21.Jump up^ Andrew Posner (December 19, 2007). "When The Sun Shines DownUnder. . .It Powers a Bus". TreeHugger. Retrieved March 11, 2012.22.Jump up^ All-Electric, Solar-Powered, Free Bus!!! Archived 8 September 2009 atthe Wayback Machine.23.Jumpup^/index.php/mediacenter/companynews/proterra_launches_ first_deployment_of_all-electric_zero-emission_buses/24.Jump up^ "Escaping Lock-in: the Case of the Electric Vehicle". Cgl.uwaterloo.ca.Retrieved 2010-11-27.25.Jump up^ (2012-03-05). "Smith Electric Vehicle LaunchesProduction of All-Electric Newton™ Step Van". .Retrieved 2012-03-05.26.Jump up^ Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, U.S. Department ofEnergy and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and (2017-03-24). "Find a car - Years: 2016–2017 - Vehicle Type: Electric". . Retrieved2017-03-26.27.Jump up^ Baker, David R. (2016-04-01). "Tesla Model 3 reservations top232,000". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2016-09-14.28.Jump up^ "Should Pollution Factor Into Electric Car Rollout Plans?".. 2010-03-17. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010.Retrieved 2010-04-18.29.Jump up^ "Electro Automotive: FAQ on Electric Car Efficiency & Pollution".. Retrieved 2010-04-18.30.Jump up^ "Clean Air Initiative". Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.Retrieved 30 May 2015.31.Jump up^ Notter, Dominic A.; Kouravelou, Katerina; Karachalios, Theodoros;Daletou, Maria K.; Haberland, Nara Tudela. "Life cycle assessment of PEM FC applications: electric mobility and μ-CHP". Energy Environ. Sci. 8(7): 1969–1985. doi:10.1039/c5ee01082a.32.Jump up^ Notter, Dominic A.; Gauch, Marcel; Widmer, Rolf; Wäger, Patrick; Stamp,Anna; Zah, Rainer; Althaus, Hans-Jörg (2010-09-01). "Contribution of Li-Ion Batteries to the Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles".Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (17): 6550–6556.doi:10.1021/es903729a. ISSN 0013-936X.33.Jump up^ "Plug-in Hybrid Cars: Chart of CO2 Emis电池电动车电池电动车辆（BEV），仅电池电动车辆（BOEV）或全电动车辆是使用存储在可再充电电池组中的化学能的一种电动车辆（EV）。
电动汽车外文翻译
IV. PRESENT STATUSAfter many years of development, EV technologies are becoming mature. Many advanced technologies are em-ployed to extend the driving range and reduce the cost. For example, the use of advanced IM drives and PM brushless motor drives to improve the electric propulsion system,the employment of advanced valve-regulated lead-acid(VRLA) battery, Ni-MH battery, Li-Ion battery, FCs, and ultracapacitors to improve the EV energy source, application of light body technology with light, but rigid material,low-drag coefficient body to reduce the aerodynamic resis-tance and low rolling resistance tires to reducing running resistance at low and medium driving speed, as well as the adoption of advanced charging, power steering, or variable temperature seats to enhance the EV auxiliaries. In the following paragraphs, some of the recently developed EV,HEV, and FCEV are illustrated with the intention to show the achievable technology, despite particular vehicle model.For example, EV1 has been discontinued and some models are for demonstration purpose only, i.e., NECAR5 and Ford P2000. These typical vehicles have been carefully chosen to represent the state of the art. GM EV1 and Nissan Altra EV represent advanced BEV using different types of motor and battery. Ford 2000P and NECAR5 represent the development stage of FCEV, Toyota Prius and Honda Insight represent the commercialization of HEV, Luciole and HKU 200 represent showcase BEV, and Reva represents commercially produced low-cost BEV. Showcasing the most advanced propulsion system,the 1997 two-seater GM EV1 is shown in Fig. 4. It had a front-wheel drive that adopted a 102-kW three-phase IM and a single-speed transaxle with dual-reduction of 10.946:1. It contained 26-module 312-V VRLA batteries that were inductively charged by a 6.6-kW offboard charger or a 1.2-kW onboard charger. This EV1 could offer an axle torque of 1640 Nm from zero to 7000 rpm and a propulsion power of 102 kW from 7000 to 14 000 rpm, leading to achieve a top speed of 128 km/h (electronically limited) and an acceleration from zero to 96 km/h in less than 9 s. For city driving, it could provide a range of 112 km per charge, whereas on highway operation, it offered 144 km per charge.In 1999, the EV1 adopted nickel-metal hybrid batteries as an optional equipment, hence, reaching 220 km per charge.Fig. 5 shows the 1997 four-seater Altra EV, which was the flagship of Nissan. It used a 62-kW PM brushless motor,which weighed only 39 kg, the highest power-to-weight ratio (1.6 kW/kg) for any EV motor available. Making use of max-imum efficiency control, the total efficiency of the propulsion system was more than 89%. Power came from the cobalt-based Li-Ion batteries, which had a specific energy of 90 Wh/kg, a specific power of 300 W/kg, and a long cycle life of about 1200 recharges. This battery pack could be charged up by an onboard inductive charging system within five hours.It could achieve a top speed of 120 km/h and a range of 192 km for city driving. In 1999, the Altra adopted the man-ganese-based Li-Ion batteries to further increase both spe-cific energy and specific power to 91 Wh/kg and 350 W/kg,respectively.The Ford P2000 symbolized the dedication of Ford in thedevelopment of FCEVs. Fig. 6 shows this four-door sedan,Fig. 4. GM EV1 (photo courtesy of General Motors).Fig. 5. Nissan Altra EV (photo courtesy of Nissan).Fig. 6. Ford P2000 (photo courtesy of Ford Motor Company).which was launched in the year 2000. It was powered bythe Ford’s Th!nk FC system, namely, the proton exchan gemembrane (PEM) FCs, which was fuelled by compressed hy-drogen gas (CHG) stored at 25 MPa and oxygen gas simply from the air. It adopted a three-phase IM,offering a peak power of 67 kW, a peak torque of 190 Nm, and a peak ef-ficiency of 91%. With the curb weight of 1514 kg, the P2000 could achieve a top speed of 128 km/h and a driving range of 160 km per charge.Daimler-Benz, now DaimlerChrysler, presented its first methanol-fuelled FCEV in 1997—the NECAR 3. It used PEM FCs to generate a power of 50 kW for propulsion.The hydrogen fuel was directly extracted from methanol via a mini reformer, thus bypassing the problem of having compressed gas canisters onboard the vehicle. The FCs were stored beneath the floor, while the reformer, methanol tank,and control systems were located in the boot. Based on this first generation methanol-fuelled FC propulsion system,Fig. 7. DaimlerChrysler NECAR 5 (photo courtesy of DaimlerChrysler).Fig. 8. Toyota Prius (photo courtesy of Toyota).the NECAR 3 could travel over 400 km on 38 L of liquid methanol. As shown in Fig. 7, the NECAR 5 launched in 2000 was the technological successor of the NECAR 3,while reducing the size of the drive system by half and the weight of the vehicle by 300 kg. It also boosted up the power to 75 kW to reach speeds over 150 km/h.The world’s first mass-production HEV was the Toyota Prius, as shown in Fig. 8. Its motive power was sourced from both a four-cylinder ICE (52 kW at 4500 rpm) and a PM brushless motor (33 kW at 1040–5600 rpm). Since it was an ICE-heavy HEV, a power split device, namely, the plane-tary gear, sent part of the ICE power to the wheels and part to a generator. The generated electrical energy could supply the electric motor to increase the motive power or could be stored in the 38-module nickel-metal hybrid batteries. The Prius could offer a top speed of 160 km/h, an acceleration from zero to 96 km/h in 12.7 s, and a fuel economy of 20 km/l for combined city and highway operation. Both of its fuel economy and exhaust emissions were much better than that of any conventional ICEVs. The Honda Insight, shown in Fig. 9, went on sale in December 2000. It employed an ICE-heavy hybrid system,combining a three-cylinder ICE (50 kW at 5700 rpm) and a PM synchronous motor (10 kW at 3000 rpm). The electric motor was powered by a 144-V Ni-MH battery pack,which was recharged by regenerative braking during normal cruising and downhill driving. The Insight was claimed to be the most fuel-efficient HEV with the fuel economy of 26–30km/l. Also, it satisfied the stringent ultra low-emission ehicle (ULEV) standard in California.To simultaneously address the problems of air pollution,wasteful energy consumption, and traffic safety, the Na tional Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) in Japan presented a high-performance lightweight EV,Fig. 9. Honda Insight (photo courtesy of Honda).Fig. 10. NIES Luciole (photo courtesy of NIES, Japan).namely, the Luciole (formerly called Eco-Vehicle) in 1996 for conve-nient city commuting. As shown in Fig. 10, it adopted a tandem two-seater layout so that the seats could be kept comfortable and the safety in side crushes could be im-proved by thickening the doors. It was rear-wheel drive,which was powered by two inwheel PM brushless motors with the total output of 72 kW and 154 Nm. The battery pack contained 224-V VRLA batteries, mounted inside the square holes of the purpose-built chassis. The battery pack could be charged up by normal charging within five hours,by fast charging within fifteen minutes or even partially charged by solar charging. The Luciole could achieve a top speed of 130 km/h, a range on the Japan 10.15 Mode driving cycle of 130 km, and an acceleration from zero to 40 km/h in 3.9 s.Fig. 11 shows an EV, the U2001, which was developed by the University of Hong Kong (HKU) in 1993. It was a four-seater EV, which adopted a 45-kW PM hybrid motor and a 264-V nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery pack. This specially designed EV motor could offer high efficiencies over a wide operating range. It also incorporated a number of advanced EV technologies, such as the adoption of thermoelectric variable temperature seats to minimize the energy used for air-conditioning, the use of an audio nav-igation system to facilitate safe and user-friendly driving,and the use of an intelligent energy management system (EMS) to optimize the energy flow within the vehicle. The U2001 could offer a top speed of 110 km/h, an acceleration from zero to 48 km/h in 6.3 s, and a range of 176 km at 88-km/h operation.Apart from the USA, Europe, and Japan, India also plays an active role to commercialize EVs. Fig. 12 shows a two-door hatchback EV,Fig. 11. HKU U2001.Fig. 12. Reva EV (photo courtesy of Reva Electric Car Company).the Reva EV, which was launched in the year 2001 an d would be India’s first mass-produced EV. It adopted a separately excited DC motor (70 Nm, 13 kW peak) and a 48-V tubular LA battery pack. Its onboard charger (220 V, 2.2 kW) could provide 80% charge within 3h and 100% within 6 h. With the curb weight of 650 kg, the Reva EV could achieve a top speed of 65 km/h and a range of 80 km per charge. The most attractive feature was its incredibly low initial and running costs—the exfactory cost is about 5000 U.S. dollars and the running cost is less than one U.S.cent per kilometer. The major means of reducing the cost of this EV includes the system optimization and integration, low-cost local components, low-cost tooling,and simple automation. It can be seen from Table 2 that the sale and lease of Evs in USA from 1996 to 2000 were not successful; the major reason was that their cost was too expensive and their driving range did not fully satisf y the users’ need (Table 3).Table 2EVs Sold/Leased in the USA 1996–2000Table 3Key Data of Modern EVs。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Technical status and development prospect of battery forelectric vehicleWith the rapid development of the automobile industry, it has promoted the development of the industry and the development of economy and transportation. However, the defects of energy consumption, environmental pollution inherent in the traditional internal combustion engine automobile has been affected and perplexing people's life and social development, with the development of society and technology, protect the environment and conserve resources with the rising, a new generation of electric vehicles and electric vehicles as no pollution and energy new traffic tools diversified configuration, in recent years has aroused widespread concern and has been greatly developed. One of the jobs of Beijing to make the 2008 Olympic Games a green Olympic Games is to replace the current internal combustion engine with environmentally friendly electric vehicles.Electric vehicle with electric drive, driving without emission (or low emission), low noise, energy conversion efficiency is much higher than the internal combustion engine, and the electric vehicle has the advantages of simple structure, low operation cost, safety is better than that of internal combustion engine. But electric vehicles still exist in higher prices, continued driving mileage is short, the dynamic performance is poor, and these problems are closely related and power supply technology, the practical difficulties of electric vehicles still in power technology, especially the battery (chemical power technology). At present, the key factor restricting the development of electric vehicles is the power battery is not ideal, and the development of electric vehicle competition, the most important thing is to develop the competitive power battery.Electric vehicle power battery and starter batteries different, it is a longtime continuous medium current discharge, or to discharge (starting, acceleration), and to use the main deep circulation. The basic requirements for battery electric vehicles can be summarized as follows: 1, high energy density and high power density; 2; 3, longer cycle life; 4, good charge and discharge performance of battery; 5, good consistency; 6, the price is low; 7, convenient use and maintenance etc..The current research and development of electric vehicle batteries including lead-acid batteries, nickel metal batteries, lithium ion battery, high temperature sodium batteries, metal air battery, super capacitor, super capacitor and the flywheel battery has better development prospect of fuel cell and solar cell.1, lead-acid batteryLead acid battery has a history of more than 100 years, it is widely used as the starting power source of internal combustion engine. The positive and negative electrodes of lead acid battery are two lead oxide and lead, and the electrolyte is sulfuric acid. Lead acid batteries can also be divided into two categories, namely, water injection lead-acid batteries and valve regulated lead-acid batteries. The former is cheap, but the need for frequent maintenance, added electrolyte; the excess gas safety control valve, sealing the battery in charging or abnormal work in automatic regulation of free maintenance, more in line with the requirements of electric vehicles. Generally speaking, the lead-acid battery has the advantages of good reliability, easy access to raw materials, low price, etc., and the specific power can basically meet the power requirements of electric vehicles. But it has two major shortcomings: first, the lower energy, the quality and volume is too large, and a charging mileage shorter; the other is a short service life, the use of high cost. Because of the lead-acid battery technology is relatively mature, the lead-acid battery further improved after will remain the main source of electric vehicle in the nearfuture, electric vehicles are being developed by the advanced lead-acid battery mainly has the following several kinds: horizontal bipolar lead-acid batteries, sealed lead-acid battery, coil type electric pole lead-acid battery etc..2, nickel metal batteriesA nickel cadmium battery and Ni MH battery two main nickel metal batteries currently used in electric cars. Compared to cadmium nickel battery and lead-acid battery, can achieve energy than 55Wh/kg, than the power of 200W/kg, the cycle life of 2000 times, and can fast charge, although the price of lead-acid battery 4 to 5 times, but because of its life in the field of energy use and advantages, so the long-term practical use cost is not high. However, due to its heavy metal cadmium, in the use of no attention to recycling, it will form environmental pollution, many developed countries have restricted the development and use of nickel cadmium batteries. The Ni MH battery is a green nickel battery, the positive and negative poles were nickel hydroxide and hydrogen storage alloy material, there is no heavy metal pollution problems, and in the work process does not appear to increase or decrease the electrolyte phenomenon, the battery can be sealed design. NiMH batteries in energy, improve the specific power and cycle life than nickel cadmium batteries, electric vehicle charging using a Ni MH battery after the mileage has reached 600 kilometers, currently in Europe and the United States has achieved mass production and use. The principle and characteristics of Ni MH battery is suitable for electric vehicle use, it has been listed as a short-term and medium-term preferred electric vehicle power battery, but it also has the price is too high, poor uniformity (especially the capacity and voltage between high speed and deep discharge the battery and the difference), self discharge rate high performance level and practical requirements and gap, these problems affect the Ni MH battery is widely used in electric vehicles.3, lithium ion batteryLithium ion battery is a high capacity rechargeable battery developed in 90s, to more than the Ni MH battery stored energy, high energy density, long cycle life, low self discharge rate, no memory effect and environmental pollution, is a hot topic in today's energy storage technology research, the main research focus on three aspects of large capacity, long life life and safety. Lithium ion batteries, cathode materials of lithium ion in the crystal lattice can diffuse freely, when the battery is charged, lithium ion released from cathode, embedded into the anode, and discharge state, namely in the charge discharge cycle process, with the help of the electrolyte of lithium ion battery in reciprocating motion between the poles to transfer the power can. Lithium ion battery electrode for lithium metal oxide and lithium storage materials, according to the different electrolyte, lithium ion battery can be generally divided into two kinds of lithium-ion battery lithium ion battery and lithium polymer battery.4, high temperature sodium batteryHigh temperature sodium batteries mainly include sodium nickel chloride battery (NaNiCl2) and sodium sulfur battery two. Sodium nickel chloride battery was invented in 1978, the positive electrode is a solid state NiCl2, the negative electrode is liquid Na, the electrolyte is a solid beta -Al2O2 ceramics, the charge and discharge of sodium ions through the ceramic electrolyte between the positive and negative electrode drift. Sodium nickel chloride battery is a kind of new energy battery, it has high specific energy (more than 100Wh/kg), no self discharge effect, resistance to overcharge and overdischarge, quick charging, safe and reliable, but its high working temperature (250-350 DEG C), and the internal resistance and the temperature, electric current and charging state therefore, need to have the heating and cooling system. The sodium sulfur battery is generally optimistic about the recent electric car battery, it has been the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium(USABC) listed as interim development of electric vehicle battery, sodium sulfur batteries with high specific energy, but its peak power is low, and the battery working temperature of approximately 300 DEG C, sodium and sulfur the melting has potential toxicity, corrosion also limits the reliability and lifetime of the battery.5, zinc air battery (Zinc-air)The zinc air battery is a kind of high energy battery, which can be used to replace the car charging mode. The positive electrode is Zinc, the negative electrode is Carbon (the oxygen in the air), the electrolyte is KOH. Zinc air battery with high specific energy (200Wh/kg), free maintenance, resistance to harsh working environment, the advantages of clean and safe and reliable, but it has less power than the (90W/kg), cannot store the regenerative braking energy, short service life, can output high current and difficult to charge deficiency. In general to compensate for its shortcomings, the use of zinc air battery electric vehicles will be equipped with other batteries (such as nickel cadmium batteries) to help start and accelerate.6, super capacitorSupercapacitor is a kind of energy storage device, which is a kind of electrochemical capacitor, which has the advantages of both battery and traditional physical capacitance. Super capacitor battery and other often combined application of power supply of the electric vehicles, electric vehicles can meet the requirements of power without reducing the performance of the battery, the use of super capacitor, will reduce the requirement of the automobile on the large current discharge of storage battery, reduce battery volume and prolong the service life of the accumulator to. The development of super capacitors with high specific energy, high specific power, long life, high efficiency and low cost, can improve the dynamic performance of commercial electric vehicles (especially the acceleration capability), economy and drivingrange. According to the different electrode materials, super capacitors can be divided into carbon super capacitor (double layer electrochemical capacitance) and metal oxide super capacitor two categories.7, flywheel batteryFlywheel battery is a new concept battery which was put forward in 90s. It breaks through the limitation of chemical battery and realizes energy storage by physical method. Flywheel battery is a battery with a kinetic mechanical way to store energy, which is composed of motor / generator, power conversion, electronic control, flywheel, magnetic bearing and vacuum shell components, has the advantages of high power ratio, high energy ratio, high efficiency, long life and good environmental adaptability. Motor in flywheel battery, when charging the motor to motor drive in the form of operation, external power supply, the motor drives the flywheel rotating at high speed (up to 200000rpm), which is used to power the flywheel battery "charge" increase the rotational speed of the flywheel so as to increase its energy; discharge, motor is in the generator operation state, in the flywheel driven by the output electric energy, mechanical energy (kinetic energy) to complete the conversion of electrical energy. To develop a practical flywheel battery for electric vehicles, it is necessary to further improve its safety and reduce costs.8, fuel cellFuel cell is a kind of storage in the chemical energy of fuel and oxidant through the electrode reaction directly into electrical energy generating device, the basic principle of it is the inverse process of chemical reaction of electrolysis of water, the oxyhydrogen reaction to generate electricity, water and heat. It has no rotating parts, no noise, long service life, high reliability, good maintenance performance does not need to be burned, and the actual efficiency can reach 2 to 3 times the ordinary internal combustion engine, and the final product is water, achieve truly clean and renewable, no emissionsrequirements, is the preferred energy in twenty-first Century. Moreover, the fuel cell does not need to be charged as long as other batteries, it just need to refuel as much as the car refueling. According to the U.S. ABI research firm predicts that in 2011 the global fuel cell vehicle production will reach 2 million 400 thousand, accounting for about 4.3% of the world's total automobile production, the Japanese government plans to popularize fuel cells within the next ten years. December 2002, Japan's Toyota Corporation has delivered the first batch of commercial fuel cell electric vehicles to the Japanese government. The fuel cell consists of positive and negative electrodes, the catalyst layer and the electrolyte composition, according to the different electrolytes, the fuel cell can be divided into several types of phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane, alkaline, molten carbonate and solid oxide, at present only in proton exchange membrane fuel cell is the most suitable for the use of electric vehicles, China successfully developed "China the first hydrogen powered car" is the use of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. A more complete fuel cell system consists of the following components: fuel handling, fuel cells, DC AC converters and thermal management.9, solar cellsSolar cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. Solar energy has been widely used in the fields of lighting, household appliances, power generation, traffic signals, geology, space and so on. At present, some institutions have also been developed using solar battery electric car, but also exists as the solar cell photoelectric conversion efficiency is not high, the price is too high, the battery system more complex configuration problems in the near future, only as a supplement to power electric cars, but also the production of application is not large, but the solar energy as an inexhaustible, clean the inexhaustible energy, research and application of it will make a lot progress.At present, the electric vehicle is in another climax, the development of electric vehicle technology, focusing on two aspects of energy storage technology and power drive system technology. Electric vehicle driving system is relatively fast development of technology, so with the development and breakthrough of energy storage technology, with low cost, high energy density and high power density power battery and low cost, light weight。