电车的外文翻译
电动车用英语怎么说英文单词说法
电动车用英语怎么说英文单词说法电动车是十分常见出行用的交通工具，英语对话时，你们口头上最多的交通工具难道不是它吗?下面店铺为大家带来电动车的英语说法，欢迎大家参考学习!电动车的英语说法1.electrombile2.Electric vehicle电动车相关英语表达混合电动车 Hybrid Electric Vehicle中国电动车协会 Chinese Electric Car Association电动车充电器 Electronic Car Charger智能电动车 intelligent electric vehicle电动车的英语例句1. Fans of electric cars say they are clean, quiet and economical.电动汽车迷们说，电动车清洁、无噪音而且经济。
2. Cars are prohibited, so transportation is by electric cart or by horse and buggy.汽车禁行，所以运输就靠电动车或马车。
3. A man was trying to build an electric motorcar.一个男人起试着研制一辆电动车.4. Series product and so on electric car numerical code security installment.电动车数码防盗装置等系列产品.5. Who said that electric cars had to sound like a food processor?谁说,电动车已听起来像一个食品处理器?6. And as batteries improve, all - electric vehicles will become more feasible.而且,随着电池技术的改进, 全电型电动车将成为可能.7. Solar rooftop electric power and plug - in Electric cars for Energy Independence now.目前,太阳能屋顶电源和插入式电动车能源是独立分开的系统.8. WSJ: Is there commercial demand for an electric vehicle?《华尔街日报》: 市场对电动车有没有需求?9. An electric car that is, actually, kind of cool?电动车是, 实际上, 种很酷?10. We have a huge market, but no offer as an industry.电动车市场需求很大, 但是还没有产业化的生产.11. Behind the scenes , BYD kept fine - tuning its electric cars.比亚迪一直在不断改进自己的电动车.12. Lastly, is an electric car set to rival the BMW 1 - series.最后, 是一个电动车将竞争对手的宝马1系.13. EV is becoming the attention focus for government of all the world.无污染的电动车已成为各国政府和企业关注的焦点,电动车电池是电动车开发中需要解决的关键技术之一.14. And proposed the Games car's beauty lies in its concordance.同时提出奥运电动车之美在于其和谐性.15. Electric cars were always environmentally friendly, quiet, clean, but definitely not sexy.电动车对环境无害、无噪音、无污染, 但就是不太好看.电车的英语例句1. In 1882, London's first electric tram cars went into service.1882年，伦敦第一辆有轨电车投入使用。
电车,对比传统油车 英语作文
电车,对比传统油车英语作文英文回答：Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles due to their numerous advantages. In comparison to conventional cars, EVs offer several key benefits that have made them increasingly popular in recent years.Environmental Sustainability: One of the primary advantages of EVs is their environmental friendliness. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles that emit harmful pollutants from their exhaust pipes, EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions while driving. This makes them a cleaner and more sustainable transportation option, contributing significantly to reducing air pollution and protecting the environment.Lower Operating Costs: EVs have significantly lower operating costs compared to traditional gasoline-poweredvehicles. The cost of electricity for charging an EV is typically much lower than the cost of gasoline. Moreover, EVs require less maintenance and servicing than ICE vehicles because they have fewer moving parts. This can result in considerable long-term savings for EV owners.Enhanced Driving Experience: EVs often provide a more enjoyable and refined driving experience. They offerinstant torque and smooth acceleration, making them responsive and agile to handle. Additionally, EVs tend to be quieter than gasoline-powered vehicles, providing a more relaxing and peaceful driving environment.Technological Advancements: EVs are constantly evolving and advancing in terms of technology. Battery capacities are increasing, allowing for longer driving ranges, and charging infrastructure is expanding, making it more convenient for EV owners. Advancements in battery technology also enhance performance and reduce charging times, making EVs more practical for everyday use.Government Incentives: Many governments worldwideprovide incentives to encourage the adoption of EVs. These incentives can include tax breaks, rebates, and subsidies, which make the switch to an EV more financially feasiblefor consumers.Challenges and Considerations:While EVs offer numerous advantages, they also have some challenges to overcome.Limited Driving Range: The driving range of EVs can be a concern for some consumers, especially those who frequently travel long distances. However, advancements in battery technology are continuously improving driving ranges, and charging infrastructure is expanding to address this issue.Charging Time: Charging an EV takes longer than refueling a gasoline-powered vehicle. However, home charging can be convenient and can be done overnight when electricity rates are often lower. Additionally, rapid charging stations are becoming more prevalent, enablingfaster charging times on the go.Battery Longevity: EV batteries have a limited lifespan and eventually need to be replaced. The cost of battery replacement can be significant, but advancements in battery technology and decreasing production costs are reducing replacement costs over time.Infrastructure Development: The availability ofcharging infrastructure is crucial for the widespread adoption of EVs. While charging infrastructure is expanding, it still needs to be further developed to ensure convenient and accessible charging options for EV owners.中文回答：电动汽车与传统燃油汽车的对比。
Electric Traction 电车科技翻译
1、在偏远的郊区，火车在休息时间由发电机提供加速度，能
从限制速度恢复到常速，因此相比较于蒸汽火车而言，电力火 车能以更快的速度在密集的站点间行驶且发车间隔更短。 1 ） rest 意思是休息时间，但在此句中应该翻译为启动后，因 为from rest就是指火车开始启动。 2）electric motors 翻译为电动机车，不是发电机。 3）with frequent stops 是指频繁停站不是密集的站点。
2、在城郊地区，与蒸汽机车相比，电力机车能在速
度极高间隔极短的情况下频繁行驶，因为电动机车 能快速加速，并且从限制速度迅速恢复到正常工作 速度。
1 ）frequent 是修饰 stops ，不是修饰 work ，所以不 能译为频繁行驶，应译为频繁停站。
2）rest 意思丢失，
3）使用关联词“因为”和“并且”使句子更连贯。
最终的翻译
在郊区，由于电力火车用电动机车启动后能迅 速加速，并能从限制速度迅速恢复到正常速度，所 以与蒸汽机车相比，在频繁停车的情况下，行驶速 度更高，并且连发车辆的时间间隔更短。
In suburban areas the rapid acceleration afforded by electric motors from rest and in recovery from speed restritions makes it possible to work trains with very frequent stops at higher speeds and a closer headway than with steam locomotives.
电池电动车外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Battery electric vehicleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor electric vehicles other than battery powered vehicles, see electric vehicle. For passenger electric vehicles, see electric car. For the batteries themselves, see electric vehicle battery.A battery electric vehicle (BEV), battery-only electric vehicle (BOEV) or all-electricvehicle is a type ofelectric vehicle (EV) that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. They derive all power from battery packs and thus have no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank. BEVs include bicycles, scooters,skateboards, rail cars, watercraft, forklifts, buses, trucks and cars.Cumulative global sales of highway-capable light-duty pure electric vehicles passed the one million unit milestone in September 2016. As of December 2016, the world's top selling highway legal all-electric car in history is the Nissan Leafwith global sales of over 250,000 units, followed by the Tesla Model S with more than 158,000 units delivered worldwide.[1][2]Contents∙1Terminology∙2Vehicles by type∙ 2.1Rail∙ 2.2Electric bus∙ 2.2.1Thunder Sky∙ 2.2.2Free Tindo∙ 2.2.3First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus ∙ 2.3Electric trucks∙ 2.4Electric vans∙ 2.5Electric cars∙ 2.6Special-purpose vehicles∙ 2.7Two- and three-wheeled vehicles∙ 2.8Electric boats∙3Technology∙ 3.1Motors∙ 3.2Motor controllers∙4See also∙5References∙6Further reading∙7External linksTerminologySee also: Hybrid electric vehicle, Plug-in hybrid, and Plug-in electric vehicleVehicles using both electric motors and internal combustion engines are examples of hybrid electric vehicles[3], and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles because they cannot be externally charged (operate in charge-sustaining mode) and instead they are continually recharged with power from the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking.[4]Hybrid vehicles with batteries that can be charged externally to displace some or all of their internal combustion engine power and gasoline fuel are calledplug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and run as BEVs during their charge-depleting mode. PHEVs witha series powertrain are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such asthe Chevrolet Volt and Fisker Karma.Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), andelectric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustionengine vehicles.[4][5]In China, plug-in electric vehicles, together with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles (NEVs).[6] However, in the United States, neighborhood electricvehicles (NEVs) are battery electric vehicles that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits no higher than 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), are usually built to have a top speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), and have a maximum loaded weight of 3,000 lbs.[7]Vehicles by typeThe concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged batteries on board vehicles for propulsion. Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the advancement of new battery technology (Lithium Ion) that have higher power and energy density (i.e., greater possible acceleration and more range with fewer batteries) and higher oil prices.[8] BEVs include automobiles, light trucks, and neighborhood electric vehicles.Rail∙Battery electric railcars:Main article: Battery electric multiple unit∙Locomotives:Main article: Battery-electric locomotive∙Electric rail trolley:Main article: Cater MetroTrolleyElectric busMain article: Battery electric busChattanooga, Tennessee operates nine zero-fare electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of 3,100,000 kilometres (1,900,000 mi), They were made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.[9][10]Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong Airport began operating a16-passenger Mitsubishi Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered school bus, an all-electric version of theBlue Bird TC/2000.[11] A similar bus was operated in Napa Valley, California for 14 months ending in April, 2004.[12]The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km (81 mi) with the air conditioning on. They use Lithium-ion batteries, and consume about1 kW·h/mi (0.62 kW·h/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by the Jinghua Coach Co. Ltd.[13] The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24-hour operation of the buses.[14]In France, the bus electric phenomenon is in development, but some buses are already operating in numerous cities.[15] PVI, a medium company located in the Paris region, is one of the leader of the market with its brand Gepebus (offering Oreos 2X and Oreos 4X).[16]In the United States, the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona, California since September 2010 at Foothill Transit. TheProterra EcoRide BE35uses lithium-titanate batteries and is able to fast-charge in less than 10 minutes.[17]In 2014, the first production model all-electric school bus was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California’s San Joaquin Valley. The bus was one of four the district ordered. This battery electric school bus, which has 4 sodium nickel batteries, is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.[18]The same technology is used to power the Mountain View Community Shuttles. This technology was supported by the California Energy Commission, and the shuttle program is being supported by Google.[19]Thunder SkyThunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of 280 km (170 mi) under 20 mins quick-charge, the EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has a range of 300 km (190 mi) under quick-charge (20 mins to 80 percent), and 350 km (220 mi) under full charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland.[20]Free TindoTindo is an all-electric bus from Adelaide, Australia. The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by Designline International[21] in New Zealand and gets its electricity from a solarPV system on Adelaide's central bus station. Rides arezero-fare as part of Adelaide's public transport system.[22]First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit BusProterra's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is a heavy duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90 percent of the available energy and returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31–35 percent. It can travel 30–40 miles on a single charge, is up to 600 percent more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44 percent less carbon than CNG.[23]Electric trucksMain article: Electric truckFor most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.[24]Electric vansIn March 2012, Smith Electric Vehicles announced the release of the Newton Step-Van, an all-electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the versatile Newton platform that features a walk-in body produced by Indiana-based Utilimaster.[25]Electric carsMain article: Electric carSee also: List of production battery electric vehicles and electric car use by countryAn electric car is a plug-in battery powered automobile which is propelled by electric motor(s). Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed, the lower specific energy of production batteries available in 2015 comparedwith carbon-based fuels means that electric cars need batteries that are fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still often give relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of time. For journeys within a single battery charge, rather than long journeys, electric cars are practical forms of transportation and can be recharged overnight.Electric cars have the potential of significantly reducing city pollution by having zero tail pipe emissions.[28][29][30] Vehicle greenhouse gas savings depend on how the electricity is generated.[31][32] With the current US energy mix, using an electric car would result in a 30 percent reduction in carbon dioxideemissions.[33][34][35][36] Given the current energy mixes in other countries, it has been predicted that such emissions would decrease by 40 percent in the UK,[37] 19 percent in China,[38] and as little as 1 percent in Germany.[39][40][not in citation given]Electric cars are expected to have a major impact in the auto industry[41][42] given advantages in city pollution, less dependence on oil, and expected rise in gasolineprices.[43][44][45] World governments are pledging billions to fund development of electric vehicles and their components. The US has pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants for electric cars and batteries.[46] China has announced it will provide US$15 billion to initiate an electric car industry.[47]Cumulative global sales of highway-capable battery electric cars and vans passed the1 million unit milestone in September 2016.[3] The Renault-Nissan Alliance is the leadingall-electric vehicle manufacturer. The Alliance achieved the sales milestone of 350,000all-electric vehicles delivered globally in August 2016.[48] Ranking second is TeslaMotors with over 139,000 electric cars sold between 2008 and June 2016.[49][50]MotorsMain article: Traction motorElectric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form ofbrushed DC electric motor. Separately excited and permanent magnet are just two of the types of DC motors available. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually induction motors orbrushless AC electric motors which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including the brushless DC electric motor.Motor controllersMain article: Motor controllerThe motor controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type, DC or AC.1. Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-09). "Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's TheBest-Selling Plug-in Car In History". . Retrieved 2017-01-10. As of December 2016, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles sold, and the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units sold through November 2016. These are the only plug-in electric cars so far with over 100,000 global sales.2.^ Jump up to:a b c Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-31). "Tesla Model S Is World's Best-SellingPlug-in Car For Second Year In A Row". . Retrieved2017-01-31. See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs.3.^ Jump up to:a b Shahan, Zachary (2016-11-22). "1 Million Pure EVs Worldwide: EVRevolution Begins!". Clean Technica. Retrieved 2016-11-23.4.^ Jump up to:a b David B. Sandalow, ed. (2009). Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Rolefor Washington? (1st. ed.). The Brookings Institution.pp. 2–5.ISBN 978-0-8157-0305-1.See definition on pp. 2.5.Jump up^ "Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs)". Center for Sustainable Energy,California. Retrieved 2010-03-31.6.Jump up^ PRTM Management Consultants, Inc (April 2011). "The China NewEnergy Vehicles Program - Challenges and Opportunities" (PDF). World Bank.Retrieved 2012-02-29. See Acronyms and Key Terms, pp. v7.Jump up^ "What is a neighborhood electric vehicle (NEV)?". AutoblogGreen.2009-02-06. Retrieved 2010-06-09.8.Jump up^ "-". Retrieved 30 May 2015.9.Jump up^ Downtown Electric Shuttle. Retrieved 18 August 2008.10.Jump up^ Success Stories. Retrieved 18 August 2008.11.Jump up^ Solectria Develops an All Electric Version of the Blue Bird TC2000.Retrieved 18 August 2008.12.Jump up^ Electric School Bus. Retrieved 18 August 2008.13.Jump up^ UNDP donates electric buses to Beijing Olympic Games. Retrieved 15August 2008.14.Jump up^ BIT Attends the Delivery Ceremony of the 2008 Olympic GamesAlternative Fuel Vehicles with its Pure Electric Bus. Retrieved 15 August 2008.15.Jump up^(French) http://avem.fr/index.php?page=bus16.Jump up^ "PVI, leader de la traction électrique pour véhicules industriels.".Retrieved 30 May 2015.17.Jump up^ Proterra Launches First Deployment of All-Electric, Zero-Emission Busesby Major Transit Agency. Retrieved October 2011.18.Jump up^ "New All-Electric School Bus Saves California District $10,000+ PerYear". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2016-03-01.19.Jump up^ "Electric shuttle buses come to Mountain View, thanks to Motiv andGoogle". Silicon Valley Business Journal. 13 January 2015. Retrieved30 May 2015.20.Jump up^ "雷天温斯顿电池有限公司". Retrieved 30 May 2015.21.Jump up^ Andrew Posner (December 19, 2007). "When The Sun Shines DownUnder. . .It Powers a Bus". TreeHugger. Retrieved March 11, 2012.22.Jump up^ All-Electric, Solar-Powered, Free Bus!!! Archived 8 September 2009 atthe Wayback Machine.23.Jumpup^/index.php/mediacenter/companynews/proterra_launches_ first_deployment_of_all-electric_zero-emission_buses/24.Jump up^ "Escaping Lock-in: the Case of the Electric Vehicle". Cgl.uwaterloo.ca.Retrieved 2010-11-27.25.Jump up^ (2012-03-05). "Smith Electric Vehicle LaunchesProduction of All-Electric Newton™ Step Van". .Retrieved 2012-03-05.26.Jump up^ Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, U.S. Department ofEnergy and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and (2017-03-24). "Find a car - Years: 2016–2017 - Vehicle Type: Electric". . Retrieved2017-03-26.27.Jump up^ Baker, David R. (2016-04-01). "Tesla Model 3 reservations top232,000". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2016-09-14.28.Jump up^ "Should Pollution Factor Into Electric Car Rollout Plans?".. 2010-03-17. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010.Retrieved 2010-04-18.29.Jump up^ "Electro Automotive: FAQ on Electric Car Efficiency & Pollution".. Retrieved 2010-04-18.30.Jump up^ "Clean Air Initiative". Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.Retrieved 30 May 2015.31.Jump up^ Notter, Dominic A.; Kouravelou, Katerina; Karachalios, Theodoros;Daletou, Maria K.; Haberland, Nara Tudela. "Life cycle assessment of PEM FC applications: electric mobility and μ-CHP". Energy Environ. Sci. 8(7): 1969–1985. doi:10.1039/c5ee01082a.32.Jump up^ Notter, Dominic A.; Gauch, Marcel; Widmer, Rolf; Wäger, Patrick; Stamp,Anna; Zah, Rainer; Althaus, Hans-Jörg (2010-09-01). "Contribution of Li-Ion Batteries to the Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles".Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (17): 6550–6556.doi:10.1021/es903729a. ISSN 0013-936X.33.Jump up^ "Plug-in Hybrid Cars: Chart of CO2 Emis电池电动车电池电动车辆（BEV），仅电池电动车辆（BOEV）或全电动车辆是使用存储在可再充电电池组中的化学能的一种电动车辆（EV）。
(完整版)新能源汽车英文资料翻译
New energy vehiclesNew energy vehicles is a new automotive product type, because the development time is not long, the technology is still not mature, so has not yet formed a widely accepted concept, but it certainly is new energy automobile is compared to the traditional fuel vehicles, the new energy vehicles, according to the definition of the scope of the concept size, there are two types of narrow and broad statement.Generalized: used in gasoline and diesel oil as power source of the car.Special: a non conventional vehicle fuel as the advanced technology of powercontrol and drive, the formation of technology has advanced principle, new technology, new structure of automobile.New energy vehicles, including fuel cell cars, hybrid cars, hydrogen powered cars and solar car etc..Hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle equipped with more than two source:battery, fuel cell, solar cell,Turbine locomotive.The current hybrid vehicles generally refers to the diesel generator, plus battery cars.Advantages:Vehicle starting and stopping, driven only by the battery, do not reach a certain speed,The engine will not work, therefore, can make the engine has been maintained in the best condition, good dynamic performance, very low emissions, and the source and power are the engine, gas can only. Its principle is simply the motor and engine the reasonable arrangement of power output machine.Disadvantages:There are two sets of power,Management control system plus two sets of dynamic,Complex structure,Difficult,The price is high and long distance speed is not fuel-efficient.Pure electric vehicle is composed entirely of rechargeable battery (such as lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, nickel hydrogen batteries or lithium ion batteries provide power source for car).Pure electric vehicle motor fuel to replace machine, low noise, no pollution,and by the use of electrical energy single, electric control system of hybrid electric vehicle is greatly simplified compared. Reduces the cost, the price also can compensate the battery. Pure electric vehicle is mainly used for the airport, community, courts and other places.Disadvantages: only in certain range, the market is smaller. The main reason is because of various categories, the prevailing prices high, life is short, the size and weight of the large, long charging time, serious shortcomings.Fuel cell vehicles refers to the hydrogen, methanol as the fuel, the current through the chemical reaction, depending on the electric motor driven vehicles. The battery power is through the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, rather than through the combustion, directly into electrical energy.The chemical reaction process of fuel cell does not produce harmful products,therefore the fuel cell vehicle is a car without pollution, energy conversion efficiency of the fuel cell of high 2 ~ 3 times than the internal combustion engine, so the use of environmental protection and energy, fuel cell vehiclesand is an ideal vehicle.Household car is more and more, oil prices more and more expensive, every car company began to research and development of new energy vehicles.1.IntroductionChery since 2000 we have engaged in the research and development of the new energy vehicles, through more than ten years of independent innovation, the new energy vehicles business experienced three important stages of development; From 2001 to 2005, the company with the national 863 project for the carrier, joint top Chinese universities and research institutes, undertake and completed a number of national 863 electric vehicle research subject, the major projects in just3 years time, complete the ISG moderate hybrid and pure electric vehicles of the rational development model. From 2005 to 2008, approved by ministry of a "by national energy conservation and environmental protection automotive engineering technology research center", based on the basic completion of the new energy vehicles of the industrialization of the research and development, the establishment of a sound energy saving and new energy vehicle development system, the world first-class new energy test center, trial-produce center, in the electric car key components and core technology, the company has formed a set of key parts research, testing, application and industrialization of calibration ability, in the motor, motor drive system, DC/DC, advanced power battery, the battery management system, the vehicle controller, initially forming a batch production ability, have the new energy vehicles, the core technology of the calibration technology and experiment technology. New energy vehicles special vehicle accessories system, including: electric air conditioning, the electric steering (EPS), electric vacuum, electric heating, electronic brake system has been formed series products, with the bulk production ability. The first paragraph A5-BSG hybrid cars in 2008 listed in wuhu, batch, dalian city, as the taxi are greatly welcomed by customers, but also become henan, guangdong, xinjiang, shanxi, fujian, zhejiang and other private user's private cars. Moderate hybrid (ISG) car has entered the small batch production stage, which is DuoGe new energy vehicle demonstration pilot city, as the lease, the first choice of state-owned cars models. Miniature pureelectric vehicles and intermediate pure electric vehicles and miniature electric buses, pure electric taxies, pure electric bus industrialization development also has made a great progress. At the same time, we also pay more attention on high efficiency and energy saving the gasoline engine, the diesel engine technology, flexible fuel automobile technology, strong hybrid technology, fuel cell vehicle technology, comprehensive development, a number of technical are in the leading domestic level. Since 2009, the company launched a new comprehensive energy car large-scale industrialization and application, chery A5ISG, A5BSG, S11EV and S18EV has got a letter issued by the department work products in the country the announcement and saving energy and environmental protection products recommended directory; In January 2009, chery automobile company "energy conservation and environmental protection technology platform construction project" get "country" first prize progress prize in science and technology. In March 2010 the first batch of economical pure electric car delivery customers use and chery new energy vehicle technology Co., LTD. was set up, marked the new energy vehicle company opened a new chapter in the business2.Main discussion1. The advantages of new energy vehicles (strength) analysisThe state information center forecast, China's passenger car market growth situation will continue for at least a further 15 years, annual growth needs roughly equivalent to GDP growth in the 1.5 times or so. In 2009 a car into the family (middle-income families buy have ability). From the qualitative Angle, car market at least will also have 20 years of fast growth. If domestic GDP2020 years than in 2000, around 2020 words to quadruple our country will more than the United States, automobile demand will reach 20 million cars, as the world's largest car market.Since 1988, in fujian province, and become the largest of the special economic zone, the provincial capital of hainan province since the haikou city become haikou city won the top ten cities, and national environmental protection model city, national sanitary city, China excellent tourist city, national garden city, national historical and cultural city, a national civilization city advanced city, the work the comprehensive improvement of the urban environment, "China excellent city living environment prize" and so on the city reputation. Hainan consistent development of the island, environmental protection island is travel health island, new energy, cars are the city's another environmental and health. From the economic development prospects and haikou city car market development scale, in the city to see public transport, taxi, business, environmental sanitation and postal and other public service and other fields, new energy vehicles have a large market space.2.New energy vehicles disadvantages (weakness) analysis(1) the traffic congestion, chaos. Nearly five years motor vehicles and drivers haikou number to sustained growth, road traffic management brought unprecedented pressure. According to information, haikou city road 859 existing with a total length of 1797 km, motor vehicle ownership of 250000 vehicles per day, and are at a 200 rate, of which the amount of private cars is as high as 26%, to the current haikou is obviously can't meet the transportation network of motor vehicle driving demand. Second, the city center area road reconstruction speed slow, to the original road reconstruction is not form system engineering, special is ages ago, DuanTouLu neck road has not been effective reform. Constrain the other major trunk and disperse traffic volume ability. Again, there are pure state road traffic and the lagging problems, such as haikou existing parking lot for cannot accommodate next overmuch vehicles, lead to the driver in some sections on both sides of the parking. This makes originally not wide road become more narrow. There is traffic development, citizens behind haikou travel a single pattern, motorcycles, cars, etc, make travel has become the public preferred way material utilization rate reduced. If the road is sabafish intermediary haikou motorcycles and elegant demeanour car most serious place one of the flood. In the waiting by the shop, packed with motorcycles and elegant demeanour car. They ZhanDao rob guest, obstruct the other vehicles, normal traffic caused easily traffic jam. Haikou traffic police is insufficient, the control points, blind area, people's traffic, too weak, the bus lines concept overlap serious, site layout is not reasonable. Some sections of the serious traffic jam, especially holidays or rush, traffic is chaos.(2) for less than for parking. Data shows, at present, haikou has more than 160000vehicles auto possession, and with more than 20000 cars a year speed increases. The current haikou on an average day with more than 60 new car the road, in a day and added between so many parking obviously is not very practical. In the next few years, whether public or parking garage area will be more strained3.Wide range of reading up to dataHybrid cars advantage is: 1, the hybrid power may according to the average need after the power to determine the maximum power of internal combustion engine, right now in oil consumption is low, less pollution the optimal conditions work. Need high power internal combustion engine power shortage, the battery to supplement; Load for a little while and surplus power can power generation to recharge the battery, due to the internal combustion engine, the battery and sustainable work can constantly, so their trip and charging as ordinary cars. 2, for there is a battery, can be very convenient recycling braking, hill and idle when energy. 3, in the noisy city, can shut by internal combustion engines, battery, to achieve "drive alone zero discharge". 4, with internal combustion engines can be very convenient solve energy consumption of the air conditioning, heating, such as pure electric vehicle defrosting problems met. 5, can use the existing gas station come on, don't have to investment. 6, can let the battery to keep in good working condition, not happened, filling put, prolong the service life, and reduce the cost.Faults: long distance high-speed basic can't save fuel4.PresentationThe essay take about chery Hybird car in china.This kind of car is very useful for every family.because of Hybird car can save petrol .so it’s cheaper than other cars. Sometimes,this kind of cars can use electric it can protect environment also can control the climate change. This very accord with China's national conditions. In the future green cars are very popular to use in the world.翻译新能源汽车作为一种新的汽车产品类型，由于发展时间还不长，技术还不成熟，所以尚未形成一个被广泛认可的概念，但是肯定的是新能源汽车的提出是相对于传统燃料汽车而言的，目前关于新能源汽车的概念根据其定义范围的大小，有狭义和广义两种说法。
电动汽车外文翻译
IV. PRESENT STATUSAfter many years of development, EV technologies are becoming mature. Many advanced technologies are em-ployed to extend the driving range and reduce the cost. For example, the use of advanced IM drives and PM brushless motor drives to improve the electric propulsion system,the employment of advanced valve-regulated lead-acid(VRLA) battery, Ni-MH battery, Li-Ion battery, FCs, and ultracapacitors to improve the EV energy source, application of light body technology with light, but rigid material,low-drag coefficient body to reduce the aerodynamic resis-tance and low rolling resistance tires to reducing running resistance at low and medium driving speed, as well as the adoption of advanced charging, power steering, or variable temperature seats to enhance the EV auxiliaries. In the following paragraphs, some of the recently developed EV,HEV, and FCEV are illustrated with the intention to show the achievable technology, despite particular vehicle model.For example, EV1 has been discontinued and some models are for demonstration purpose only, i.e., NECAR5 and Ford P2000. These typical vehicles have been carefully chosen to represent the state of the art. GM EV1 and Nissan Altra EV represent advanced BEV using different types of motor and battery. Ford 2000P and NECAR5 represent the development stage of FCEV, Toyota Prius and Honda Insight represent the commercialization of HEV, Luciole and HKU 200 represent showcase BEV, and Reva represents commercially produced low-cost BEV. Showcasing the most advanced propulsion system,the 1997 two-seater GM EV1 is shown in Fig. 4. It had a front-wheel drive that adopted a 102-kW three-phase IM and a single-speed transaxle with dual-reduction of 10.946:1. It contained 26-module 312-V VRLA batteries that were inductively charged by a 6.6-kW offboard charger or a 1.2-kW onboard charger. This EV1 could offer an axle torque of 1640 Nm from zero to 7000 rpm and a propulsion power of 102 kW from 7000 to 14 000 rpm, leading to achieve a top speed of 128 km/h (electronically limited) and an acceleration from zero to 96 km/h in less than 9 s. For city driving, it could provide a range of 112 km per charge, whereas on highway operation, it offered 144 km per charge.In 1999, the EV1 adopted nickel-metal hybrid batteries as an optional equipment, hence, reaching 220 km per charge.Fig. 5 shows the 1997 four-seater Altra EV, which was the flagship of Nissan. It used a 62-kW PM brushless motor,which weighed only 39 kg, the highest power-to-weight ratio (1.6 kW/kg) for any EV motor available. Making use of max-imum efficiency control, the total efficiency of the propulsion system was more than 89%. Power came from the cobalt-based Li-Ion batteries, which had a specific energy of 90 Wh/kg, a specific power of 300 W/kg, and a long cycle life of about 1200 recharges. This battery pack could be charged up by an onboard inductive charging system within five hours.It could achieve a top speed of 120 km/h and a range of 192 km for city driving. In 1999, the Altra adopted the man-ganese-based Li-Ion batteries to further increase both spe-cific energy and specific power to 91 Wh/kg and 350 W/kg,respectively.The Ford P2000 symbolized the dedication of Ford in thedevelopment of FCEVs. Fig. 6 shows this four-door sedan,Fig. 4. GM EV1 (photo courtesy of General Motors).Fig. 5. Nissan Altra EV (photo courtesy of Nissan).Fig. 6. Ford P2000 (photo courtesy of Ford Motor Company).which was launched in the year 2000. It was powered bythe Ford’s Th!nk FC system, namely, the proton exchan gemembrane (PEM) FCs, which was fuelled by compressed hy-drogen gas (CHG) stored at 25 MPa and oxygen gas simply from the air. It adopted a three-phase IM,offering a peak power of 67 kW, a peak torque of 190 Nm, and a peak ef-ficiency of 91%. With the curb weight of 1514 kg, the P2000 could achieve a top speed of 128 km/h and a driving range of 160 km per charge.Daimler-Benz, now DaimlerChrysler, presented its first methanol-fuelled FCEV in 1997—the NECAR 3. It used PEM FCs to generate a power of 50 kW for propulsion.The hydrogen fuel was directly extracted from methanol via a mini reformer, thus bypassing the problem of having compressed gas canisters onboard the vehicle. The FCs were stored beneath the floor, while the reformer, methanol tank,and control systems were located in the boot. Based on this first generation methanol-fuelled FC propulsion system,Fig. 7. DaimlerChrysler NECAR 5 (photo courtesy of DaimlerChrysler).Fig. 8. Toyota Prius (photo courtesy of Toyota).the NECAR 3 could travel over 400 km on 38 L of liquid methanol. As shown in Fig. 7, the NECAR 5 launched in 2000 was the technological successor of the NECAR 3,while reducing the size of the drive system by half and the weight of the vehicle by 300 kg. It also boosted up the power to 75 kW to reach speeds over 150 km/h.The world’s first mass-production HEV was the Toyota Prius, as shown in Fig. 8. Its motive power was sourced from both a four-cylinder ICE (52 kW at 4500 rpm) and a PM brushless motor (33 kW at 1040–5600 rpm). Since it was an ICE-heavy HEV, a power split device, namely, the plane-tary gear, sent part of the ICE power to the wheels and part to a generator. The generated electrical energy could supply the electric motor to increase the motive power or could be stored in the 38-module nickel-metal hybrid batteries. The Prius could offer a top speed of 160 km/h, an acceleration from zero to 96 km/h in 12.7 s, and a fuel economy of 20 km/l for combined city and highway operation. Both of its fuel economy and exhaust emissions were much better than that of any conventional ICEVs. The Honda Insight, shown in Fig. 9, went on sale in December 2000. It employed an ICE-heavy hybrid system,combining a three-cylinder ICE (50 kW at 5700 rpm) and a PM synchronous motor (10 kW at 3000 rpm). The electric motor was powered by a 144-V Ni-MH battery pack,which was recharged by regenerative braking during normal cruising and downhill driving. The Insight was claimed to be the most fuel-efficient HEV with the fuel economy of 26–30km/l. Also, it satisfied the stringent ultra low-emission ehicle (ULEV) standard in California.To simultaneously address the problems of air pollution,wasteful energy consumption, and traffic safety, the Na tional Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) in Japan presented a high-performance lightweight EV,Fig. 9. Honda Insight (photo courtesy of Honda).Fig. 10. NIES Luciole (photo courtesy of NIES, Japan).namely, the Luciole (formerly called Eco-Vehicle) in 1996 for conve-nient city commuting. As shown in Fig. 10, it adopted a tandem two-seater layout so that the seats could be kept comfortable and the safety in side crushes could be im-proved by thickening the doors. It was rear-wheel drive,which was powered by two inwheel PM brushless motors with the total output of 72 kW and 154 Nm. The battery pack contained 224-V VRLA batteries, mounted inside the square holes of the purpose-built chassis. The battery pack could be charged up by normal charging within five hours,by fast charging within fifteen minutes or even partially charged by solar charging. The Luciole could achieve a top speed of 130 km/h, a range on the Japan 10.15 Mode driving cycle of 130 km, and an acceleration from zero to 40 km/h in 3.9 s.Fig. 11 shows an EV, the U2001, which was developed by the University of Hong Kong (HKU) in 1993. It was a four-seater EV, which adopted a 45-kW PM hybrid motor and a 264-V nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery pack. This specially designed EV motor could offer high efficiencies over a wide operating range. It also incorporated a number of advanced EV technologies, such as the adoption of thermoelectric variable temperature seats to minimize the energy used for air-conditioning, the use of an audio nav-igation system to facilitate safe and user-friendly driving,and the use of an intelligent energy management system (EMS) to optimize the energy flow within the vehicle. The U2001 could offer a top speed of 110 km/h, an acceleration from zero to 48 km/h in 6.3 s, and a range of 176 km at 88-km/h operation.Apart from the USA, Europe, and Japan, India also plays an active role to commercialize EVs. Fig. 12 shows a two-door hatchback EV,Fig. 11. HKU U2001.Fig. 12. Reva EV (photo courtesy of Reva Electric Car Company).the Reva EV, which was launched in the year 2001 an d would be India’s first mass-produced EV. It adopted a separately excited DC motor (70 Nm, 13 kW peak) and a 48-V tubular LA battery pack. Its onboard charger (220 V, 2.2 kW) could provide 80% charge within 3h and 100% within 6 h. With the curb weight of 650 kg, the Reva EV could achieve a top speed of 65 km/h and a range of 80 km per charge. The most attractive feature was its incredibly low initial and running costs—the exfactory cost is about 5000 U.S. dollars and the running cost is less than one U.S.cent per kilometer. The major means of reducing the cost of this EV includes the system optimization and integration, low-cost local components, low-cost tooling,and simple automation. It can be seen from Table 2 that the sale and lease of Evs in USA from 1996 to 2000 were not successful; the major reason was that their cost was too expensive and their driving range did not fully satisf y the users’ need (Table 3).Table 2EVs Sold/Leased in the USA 1996–2000Table 3Key Data of Modern EVs。
(完整版)附录：电动汽车术语和缩略语
附录电动汽车的术语和英文缩写一、电动汽车术语1．电动汽车 electric vehicle=EV2．纯电动汽车battery electric vehicle=BEV由电动机驱动的汽车。
电动机的驱动电能来源于车载可充电蓄电池或其他能量储存装置。
3．混合动力电动）汽车hybrid electric vehicle=HEV够至少从可消耗的燃料或可再充电能（能量储存装置）下述两类车载储存的能量中获得动力的汽车4．串联式混合动力（电动）汽车series hybrid electric vehicle=SHEV车辆的驱。
动力只来源于电动机的混合动力（电动）汽车。
5．并联式混合动力（电动）汽车parallel hybrid electric vehicle=PHEV车辆的驱动力由电动机及发动机同时或单独供给的混合动力（电动）汽车。
6．混联式合动力（电动）汽车combined hybrid electric vehicle同时具有串联式、并联式驱动方式的混合动力（电动）汽车。
7．燃料电池电动汽车fuel cell electric vehicle=FCEV以燃料电池作为动力电源的汽车。
8．辅助系统 auxiliary system驱动系统以外的其它用电或采用电能操纵的车载系统。
例如灯具、风窗玻璃刮水电机、音响等。
9.车载能源 on-board energy soure变换器和储能装置的组合。
10.驱动系统 propulsion system车载能源和动力系的组合。
11.动力系 powertrain动力单元与传动系的组合。
12.前后方向控制器drive direction control通过驾驶员操作，用来选择汽车行驶方向（前进或后退）的专用装置。
例如操纵杆或按钮开关。
13.电池承载装置 battery carrier为承放动力蓄电池而设置的装置。
有移动式和固定式之分。
14．电平台 electrical chassis一组电气相联的可导电部分，其电位作为基准电位。
电动汽车外文资料翻译
Abstract:This paper describes the development of electric car environmental protection and low pollution, safety, economic development prospects and countermeasures.Key words:electric vehicle technology; energy crisis; Intelligent electronic technology；Development prospectAs the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.First, the chapter of electric vehicle development1, development of electronic control technologyIn the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the usefunction of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards.2, The modern development of automobileThe car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability. Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.The second chapter electric cars on the environment influence and electronic technology:1, reduce pollution: of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheelzinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.2, Intelligent electronic technology functionsIntelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort.Third, Electric vehicle development prospectElectric vehicles have a development prospect:Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenient and flexible, comfortable. Now, the electric car from ordinary consumers distance is still very far away, only a few people in bandwagon. Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the carWill was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.China the development of electric vehicles has a unique advantage. Among them, is a very important factor in the market. China has a large population, has the world's largest passenger transport market, it also has the world's largest electric sightseeing cars, electric cars for the Chinese market, the electric vehicle technology development to create a special market advantage.As a result of the industry, the industry link to follow, as many enterprises have sprung up, plastic factory, carriage factory, battery factory, electric factory, electronics factory, paint factory, tire factory and so on supporting industries such as bamboo shoots after a spring rain like appearance, industry staffing needs a lot of labor intensive talent, such as the industrial workers ( production line ), R & D department, supporting the Department, purchasing department, marketing department, administration department and other departments to emerge as the times require to bring a lot of staff shortage, personnel quality is not high, be badly in need of high-quality, highly educated professionals infuse, need to bring new ideas, the enterprise inside the industry innumerable, needs a lot of talent, so the electric vehicle industry employment prospects are very optimistic.Electric car industry required：But at the same time, due to the lack of industry standards and industryself-discipline, electric vehicle industry is in a state of blind development. Hand out thousands of manufacturers, but the lack of a strong brand and technology innovation; on the other hand free to increase body weight and speed, electric vehicle traffic accidents lead to substantially increase, triggering multiple city have imposed a ban on electric car start off policy restrictions. Therefore, it is the electric vehicle industry development of a bottleneck stage. A prediction that market will eventually keep about twenty or so of the brand, and was forced to the overseas industry transfer. How to deal with future trends, there are now many people put forward a variety of plan. But most important, I think that depends on three factors. Respectively: environmental protection, safety and needs to.译文摘要:本文阐述了发展电动汽车的环保低污染性、安全性、经济性的发展前景及对策。
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城市交通的可持续能源存储应用的无轨电车线M.E. Falvo ，R. Lamedica，A. Ruvio罗马萨皮恩扎，DIAEE大学，通过Eudossiana 18，罗马（意大利）摘要该文件的重点是指出于无轨电车线路，在中等规模城市作为城市轨道交通解决方案。
在以下方面比较经济和环境的特点，在无轨电车系统其他流动性，潜在的升级行动，这将提高其节能性能，得到突出显示。
特别是深深分析了在能量储存应用供电系统和船上的车辆。
以确定该两种溶液在涉及最高节能，一项研究已经完成对一个无轨电车线路的情况下提出了科森扎的城市。
关键词：能源存储应用，无轨电车线，电力系统的能源效率，运输系统，城市交通，环境可持续发展的能力。
引言以城市交通的可持续发展为目的，促进公共交通的质量。
需要保证使其在能量方面有效的高质量和效率和对环境的影响。
对于一个中等规模的城市，城市公共的选择集体运输系统是用于许多功能。
首先，为公众移动每个传输解决方案都有其利用自己的特殊领域，作为潜在的功能运输需求和当地的条件[ I] - [ 6 ]。
世界公认的运输能力值（测量为每程乘客/小时数）有，每种类型的移动系统：•公共汽车和无轨电车：2.000÷4.000 ;•电车无专用路径：2.000÷6.000 ;•电车专用路径： 6.000 ÷15.000 ;•轻铁：6.000 ÷15.000 ;•自动轻轨：10.000÷25.000 ;•传统的地铁交通：20.000÷45.000 。
很显然，公共汽车和无轨电车线可以有同样的运输能力，这反而会增加选择有轨电车，轻轨和地铁交通系统。
所以，对于一个中等规模的城市，运输能力是保证是普遍满意巴士或电车巴士线或与电车线的一些情况。
因此，本选择的输送系统，然后密切相关其它方面，如：- 一体化运输系统的的水平其他城市的基础设施;- 经济问题;- 能源效率方面的问题;- 环境方面。
在本论文中，比较运输的经济和土地的可持续发展，不同类型的中型城市大规模移动系统不同。
那么宽的分析电气化集体运输系统，以实现意大利中等规模的城市，指出的选择无轨电车线路是最广泛的。
参考这个传输解决方案，其主要的优点，在以下方面提高能源效率，特别是在案件集成电力系统的能量存储器。
量化的改进，这种解决方案可能的话，应用程序特定的无轨电车线，在意大利城市科森扎的实施。
本文可分为如下五个部分。
第1节总结该经济和环境的不同类型的大众运输系统的性能中型城市。
第二节说明该就业这种类型的交通工具，在意大利报告一个无轨电车系统的主要数字，指出其好处和潜在的改进，可实现与使用存储系统。
第四节报告案例研究科森扎城市，包括交通的结果和电模拟在一个具体的计划。
第五节包含的结论。
1 移动系统中型城市：经济和领地即使在城市移动系统的选择严格链接到服务提供的（数每程乘客/小时）的交通规划系统也非常受成本影响评估并与香港可持续发展方面[ 7 ] 。
A.经济features在一个经济比较，其中的三种可能对于一个中等规模的城市（公共汽车，电车移动解决方案公共汽车和电车线路），具有主要的成本项目为考虑是：•涉及到具体施工的固定成本，专用基础设施（土建工程），无视支出为庇护所，接入点等•涉及到单一的车辆，并在固定成本车队;•相关的能量消耗运行成本;•相关的条线管理运营成本（含司机工资，保险费用，车停车场）;•涉及到维护运营成本。
作为一个例子，要获得的定性比较，表1显示了一辆公交车，无轨电车成本项目的某些值和电车线路与定义的能力[ 8 ] 。
表一成本不同城市集体运输系统（* ）数据从Amencan汽车协会2009 ; Translmk2008B ; TTC 2007 ; Translink公司2003 ;国家过境;数据库1998 - 2007年运输和波特兰有轨电车公司的波特兰局2008 ;布坎南2008 每次旅行的总成本是使用平均计算每次旅行和总成本距离每乘客公里。
这是标志着无轨电车线有一个总成本不亚于一个半个总线线，对于同一车辆的能力，即使虽然对土建工程和车辆的定额费用高。
这可能要归功于较低的工作为线管理和降低成本的具体能源需求。
换句话说，无轨电车是一个很好的妥协之间的电车的选择和公共汽车。
显然，一个无轨电车线不能代替现代有轨电车线，具有高得多的承载能力，但它可能是最适合有运输需求线是不是高到足以justity电车的选择。
B.领地可持续性正如报道中[ 8 ] ，在无轨电车线路已降低就传统的公交车对环境的影响线。
对环境影响的另一个方面，具有至被认为，是的领土可持续性交通系统，在其与城市的互动功能基础设施。
显然，这方面是强烈相关对必要的基础设施的车道类型（公路或铁路），以及用于所述车辆供给（内部内燃机或由供给的电力驱动牵引线）。
从这个角度来看，与巴士运输服务可能完全独立于其他运输方式，不需要任何固定系统的安装，并特别灵活的改变路径。
在无轨电车是车辆情况和框架，来自巴士，但他们需要一个电的基础设施（联络线）为他们的供应。
考虑到当前集合的类型的基础上，车辆被引导，但是免费的，约3.5米位移接触线的轴线。
而且该双峰为一些无轨电车，配备有两个驱动器（内燃机或电驱动），它最初被认为是解决方案对于紧急情况下，今天正在演变走向系统，消除了架空线的依赖（在临界点，例如交叉点等），使这系统更多集成同该其他城市基础设施。
A.意大利的艺术在意大利，无轨电车是一种非常普遍的交通工具系统采用中型城市。
无轨电车线路存在于在表TIT城市，包括即使那些线是目前停止服务。
表III 意大利城市，无轨电车线（SIZE ）汽车在意大利的总数约为500单位，拥有11年的平均年龄。
关于车型，目前，V AN HOOL A300T ，IRISBUS Cristalis Ganz Solaris和Avancity + sf科幻模型代表最新的技术标准。
对于所有的模型中，车辆是双峰的，因为配备有两个驱动器：一个内燃机和一个电气传动。
电气牵引电动机是一个三三相四极转子异步电动机。
接触线的标称电压是在通过几乎所有线路的600 V ，除外：- 热那亚（新开）和卡利亚里，美联储在750 V;- 摩德纳，最近转换为750伏;- 那不勒斯，目前正在转换。
750 V该值响应的换位近期欧盟指令适用于无轨电车和有轨电车线路。
B.潜在的改进在最近多年来，那里有一直相当大的改善无轨电车车辆设计，即得到更好的表现从传输和能量的观点鼓励他们就业作为流动性系统在中等规模城市。
首先，在双峰的无轨电车消除从架空线的依赖。
对于长线路或在几个方向蔓延的线条，其就业会限制架空导线的安装，只部分掉落在市中心，这里交通更紧张和对环境的影响减少了它的重量。
在同一时间的双峰使得可能的一个自动驾驶其中较低的流量或境内约束不固定的开支电气化系统的建设。
实施其他最近升级为：- 自动降低小车的棒，在脱离从行或根据事件命令的驱动程序。
- 增强的悬挂系统允许车辆以行驶超过80公里/小时，而且不会产生任何问题，馈电线路的稳定性。
- 利用交流电动机和控制已经推出了许多优点系统：高可靠性，维修少，效益大，精确控制加速度。
在无轨电车上最新的技术升级是实现上的储能板系统通过超级电容器，允许利用制动车辆的能量进行充电本身允许所存储的能量在起始的重用阶段。
与此同时，对于系列的所有类型（地铁，电车和无轨电车）将配备的车辆变阻器再生驱动器，它表明，制动功率节能的在线恢复的不能完全可能的。
静止就业存储在ESS的剩余能量的回收提高了节能在整个系统中[ 10 ]-[13]。
此解决方案还可以实现在一个带轮公交车线路。
TV.储能申请能源COSENZA市情况：无轨电车成本节约在过去的几年，市区在内的全市科森扎，仁德和大学城卡拉布里亚已经得到很大的扩张，这两个方面与商业和住宅楼宇数目人口。
考虑到的发展城市，加强公共交通流动性的成为必然，也包含了增加私人交通。
目前全市流动性计划仅包括公交线路。
TN为了促进低发射质量传输，以提高生活质量人口，电气化运输系统，可考虑，特别是一个无轨电车的[8]。
在这一段，无轨电车的简要说明模型及其供电系统的，一致，并总结和能源评估的指出潜在的改进，能量的积分在电力系统中存储应用程序可以保证是报道。
A.线路和车辆数字考虑小车的施工车道总线是9.5公里长的两种方式，以不同的路径（从1路3,3公里，从路2上7,6公里），与斜率高达6％在某些地区，80 ％专用路由和38站（距离300〜400米）[ 14 ] 。
该行采用的无轨电车是Avancity + SF模型，它表示的最新技术在意大利的标准，配备有两个驱动器：一个内部内燃机和电力驱动。
本车辆的数字总结在表IV中。
表IV 一间V ANClTY + SF无轨电车主要人物因素值重量（满载）30.000千克大小17,83米（长）34,46米（高）25,25米（宽）最大总容量147 passeugers 考虑到其中一个最大总容量车辆和说，在一周内每天的下班高峰期，乘客预见的行的数目可以是估计为：- 2.300 ÷2.600 ，2014年- 2.600 ÷2.900 ，2020年4-5分钟的频率已规划。
电气牵引电动机是三相四极转子异步电动机，其主要特点是总结于表Ⅴ。
表V电力驱动主要人物该解为该内部燃烧单位（辅助动力装置，辅助动力装置）是一种柴油发动机（柴油，欧盟第5级），具有额定功率在213千瓦2300转，加上一个永磁（PM ）同步发电机的额定功率在175二千三百分之一千七百转千瓦，在D.C 750伏供..该驱动器还配备了超级电容器搭载了专用的转换器。
该转换器提供了一个连续和有效电荷（在制动阶段）出院（下加速），并且还提供了该适应的该输入电压。
该主超上限特性列于表六：表六超上限的主要人物超级电容器是能够吸收在制动阶段提供能量和支持永磁发电机，柴油机，允许以减少它们的大小和重量，从而保证了节能。
最后，变频器配备使用变阻器，在正常工作条件下，为了消散在多余的制动能量时，超级电容满载。
制动的主要特点阻力为：- 最大制动电压：950伏直流电;- 额定功率：80千瓦;- 在200℃的电阻：1.3 （-5 ％/ 7 ％）;- 体重：75千克;- 防护等级：IP20 。
B.电源供应系统值考虑到通常的设计约束条件，国际标准和良好的实施实践[15] - [16]中，FMAL设计为供给电源系统包括三个ESS置于0 ，4,5和9,5在路径上千米。
每个ESS配备了1个转换组，1作为储备，其数据列于表七：表VII. ESS转换本集团数额定功率1MV A空载电压0,9千伏内阻0,08 欧姆服务类V（过载50 ％2小时和100％，因为1分）牵引电路的选择包括：- 120 平方毫米1根正极导体，- 120 平方毫米1根负导体。