2012年考研英语一大、小作文范文答案
2012年考研英语（一）真题大作文范文
2012年考研英语（一）真题大作文范文A bottle fell A bottle fell off on the ground, and the wine inside spilt out. Seeing this event, two men in the picture react in completely different ways. One is sighing for the loss of the spilt half of wine and cried in desperation that “everything screwed up!”. The“everything screwed up!”. The other, in contrast, is smiling over the rest half of the wine and is thankful for his good luck.“Is the glass half empty or half full?” is a common expression usedrhetorically to determine whether people perceive events and objects in an optimistic way or a pessimistic way. While an optimistic person alwayslooks on the bright side of life, the pessimistic person always focuses on the negative side and exaggerates the worst situation. The way you perceive the world will determine your way to cope with it. In face of difficulties, the optimistic type, who bears hope in mind, will never flinch and will summon up courage to find the way to conquer the obstacles. The pessimistic type, on the contrary, tends to give up quickly and then brood over their own loss or failure, which in turn will throw their life in the vicious circle.It is quite obvious that if you want to succeed in a highly competitive society, all of us should try to develop an optimistic perception toward our life no matter how mean it is. To be optimistic is not only a matter of personality, more importantly, it is matter crucial to the future of your life.2011年考研英语大作文真题范文What a terrible and shocking scene it is! As is vividly depicted in the drawing above, sitting on the boat and enjoying their sightseeing, a couple of youngsters are throwing rubbish into the sea, with many deadfishes floating on the surface. What is conveyed in the picture is both realistic and thought-provoking 。
考研英语1大作文2012
In the 2012 Graduate Entrance Examination English I, the composition section required candidates to write an essay based on a given topic. The prompt typically included a set of instructions, a chart, or a graph, and a specific word count requirement. Here is a sample essay based on a hypothetical prompt for the 2012 exam:Title: The Impact of Social Media on Interpersonal RelationshipsIntroduction:In recent years, the rise of social media has dramatically transformed the way we communicate and interact with one another. This essay will explore the impact of social media on interpersonal relationships, focusing on both its positive and negative aspects. Body Paragraph 1 Positive Impact:On the positive side, social media has enabled people to stay connected with friends and family across vast distances. It provides a platform for sharing experiences, thoughts, and emotions, fostering a sense of community and belonging. For example, social networking sites like Facebook allow users to update their status, share photos, and engage in discussions, which can strengthen bonds among friends and relatives who are geographically dispersed.Body Paragraph 2 Negative Impact:However, the pervasiveness of social media has also given rise to concerns about its impact on the quality of interpersonal relationships. The reliance on digital communication can sometimes lead to a decrease in facetoface interactions, which are essential for building deep and meaningful connections. Additionally, the anonymity and distance provided by social media can encourage negative behaviors such as cyberbullying and the spread of misinformation.Body Paragraph 3 Balancing Act:To mitigate the negative effects of social media, it is crucial for individuals to strike a balance between online and offline interactions. This involves setting boundaries for social media use, prioritizing inperson communication, and being mindful of the content shared online. Educational institutions and families can play a role in teaching digital literacy and promoting responsible social media behavior.Conclusion:In conclusion, while social media has undoubtedly revolutionized the way we connect with others, it is essential to recognize and address its potential drawbacks. By fostering abalanced approach to social media use, we can harness its benefits while minimizing its adverse effects on interpersonal relationships.Word Count: 300 wordsPlease note that the above essay is a fictional example created for illustrative purposes. The actual 2012 Graduate Entrance Examination English I composition prompt and requirements would have been different.。
2012年考研英语一真题及答案：小作文
2012年考研英语一真题及答案：小作文Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students‘ Union to1） extend your welcome and2） provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address（10 points）Dear friends，On behalf of the Students‘ Union， I am writing to extend mywarm welcome to all the international students that are coming to our university. I firmly believe that your entering our university will bring us new ideas from different cultures and promote communication.Also，we have some suggestions before you come to our university. As you all know， we have a great much free time in college and the teachers don‘t oversee us strictly. Therefore， it is recommended that you can arrange your time properly and avoid being indulged in computer games， etc. Moreover， in order to make yourselves quickly adjusted to our campus life， it would be of great help if you can learn Chinese as well as you can. Last but not the least， it is necessary to take part in some activities so that you can improve your communication abilities and expand horizon.We are looking forward to seeing you soon and wish everything goes well.Yours sincerelyLi Ming。
2012年考研英语作文试题及范文1
第一篇（wolkebang）The picture symbolically illustrates (that) deforestation is becoming increasingly serious and depressing around the global. In the cartoon, even the only remaining (remained)tree, bald and begging for its(\) life, is facing a lumberman's axe. What is more, the sun, the field and the atmosphere are shining (in) eerie colors, which can(\) infer(s) that the pollution on the earth is also drastic and terrible.The drawer (artist) is sending a message about the significance of the environment protection (to us). Undoubtedly, the economy development is essential for prosperity of our country, flourish (prosperity) of our nation, and happiness of our life. Unfortunately,as (while) economy is booming, our environment deteriorates sharply. We are so development-oriented that we have almost sacrificed our blue sky and beautiful landscape for the purpose of obtaining a little material gain.As a consequence, it is imperative for us to take drastic actions. One the one hand, the factories should stop excessly (excessively) exploiting the forests and inordinately polluting our planet. One the other hand, there should be an increasingly severe measure from government against evildoing for personal profit.Sara点评：15分，基础还是可以的，内容切题，表达清晰明确，语言简洁！要注意个别词的书写和应用！第二篇（mingmeishang）The cartoon shows us a scene that a man handing (handed) with an axe is standing in front of the last tree under the setting sun. Around them, there are so many stumps left. Bending down its trunk, the only tree seems to please (beg) the man to stop his stupid behavior.The image above is thought-provoking in that it endeavors to convince its audiences the importance of substainable(sustainable) development. As human beings, we are eager to get wealth and then lead (live) a careless life. During this process, most of us pursue the short-term interests at the cost of the destruction of the environment. It is no denying this kind of actions may be a fast way t o get rich. However, this kind of irresponsible and ill-cosidered(short-sighted) behaviors should also finally turn earth into a cold and lifeless planet.We should always bear this in mind: the earth is the home of our (us) human beings, other animals, and (\) as well as all plants here. Therefore, while making great efforts to increase our current quality of life, we should simultaneously consider what will caused to the others.Sara点评：16分，文字连贯，语言流畅，句式变化丰富！稍微注意下个别相近词的区别与应用！继续努力，还有可以继续上升的空间！。
2012考研英语大作文、小作文范文
2012考研英语一大作文范文Part A47.Directions:Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day. Write and email to the customer service center to1) make a complaint, and2) demand a prompt solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.参考范文一Dear Mr./Miss:This letter is a complaint concerning the electronic dictionary I bought from your online store the other day.Two weeks ago I mailed the money that ordered and soon received the electronic dictionary. I followed the instructions attached with it. Instead I cannot get it started anyway. After changed the battery inside several times in vain, I totally gave it up.I wrote to your company expecting a prompt solution to this problem. I would hope that you could do something to give me a satisfactory feedback. And I will appreciate it very much if you put a strict test on these electronic dictionaries , thus stop the continuing complaints and suffers of other comtomers.Sincerely Yours,Zhang Wei参考范文二Dear Sir or Madame,As one of the regular customers of your online store, I am writing this letter to express my complaint against the flaws in your product—an electronic dictionary I bought in your shop the other day.The dictionary is supposed to be a favorable tool for my study. Unfortunately, I found that there are several problems. To begin with, when I opened it, I detected that the appearance of it had been scratched. Secondly, I did not find the battery promised in theadvertisement posted on the homepage of your shop, which makes me feel that you have not kept your promise. What is worse, some of the keys on the keyboard do not work.I strongly request that a satisfactory explanation be given and effective measures should be taken to improve your service and the quality of your products. You can either send a new one to me or refund me my money in full.I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours,Zhang Wei2012考研英语二小作文范文标准版大作文范文一：Always the bright site!To smile, or to cry, it is a question, especially when you confront with the situation mirrored in the picture: a bottle of milk is dropped and only half left, one cries over the loss, while the other smiles: how lucky we still have a half left!Similar things happen a lot in our lives. When troubles happen, it is always important for an enterprising mind to remember that hope still exists, that smiles might be the best policy! Taking science for instance, not a single great discovery is made without overcoming numerous setbacks and failures. Madam Curie spent over 20 years fighting with failures and frustrations. If she had faltered for even once, she would not have discovered Radium. So did other great inventors!Never tiring, never yielding, never finishing! When you are in trouble, remember what they say: when God shuts a door, he will also open a window for you. Life is full of ups and downs, and optimism, other than pessimism, is the best policy.范文二As is shown in the picture above, two men react in completely opposite ways when faced with the same event: A bottle fell off on the ground, and the wine inside spilt out. One is smiling, feeling glad that he still has the rest half of the wine while the other is sighing in great desperation saying that “everything screwed up!”The cartoon tells us that being optimistic and being pessimistic are two different attitudes towards life. Faced with a challenge, a pessimistic person may feel gloomy anddistressed. He considers himself powerless, and complains about it all day long, refusing even to have a try before giving it up in the end. An optimistic person, however, may adopt an entirely different approach. He may not regard the challenge as something that bad; instead, he takes it as an excellent opportunity to display his abilities and talent. As an old saying goes, “The way you perceive the world will determine your way to cope with it.”In my point of view, though it is natural that we encounter challenges of one kind or another in our life, we should be optimistic whenever we are confronted with challenges. If we are pessimistic, we are destined to fail, ending up accomplishing nothing. But if we approach the challenges in an optimistic way, we may go from victory to victory.范文三As is apparently drawn in this miniature, in the middle stand two individuals, one feeling gloomy while the other optimistic. The Chinese characters above inform our readers of the message that various folks take different attitudes toward the same event. How impressive this drawing seems to be in depicting one of the most prevalent themes that attitudes make everything in our life.After careful reflection and mediation, we examinees come to understand the enlightening drawing. I contend that this thought-provoking image conveys one profound layer of implication concerning attitude or optimism. It is universally acknowledged that life is by no means perfect and whether we feel optimistic or not depends on what attitudes we take.When confronted with an adverse situation, some youths feel in low spirits and fall into depression. Others, on the contrary, look at the positive side of the situation and remain cheerful. As a consequence, it is our attitude rather than the situation itself that determines how we feel.In my personal sense, the message applies to our youths especially. In such a rat-race society, everyone is bound to encounter hardships and difficulties. In this sense, I should keep an optimistic attitude to pull through any hardship. Just as a famous figure puts it, it is our attitude that has changed everything in our life.范文四How instructive and impressive the above image is! Indeed, few things could be so symbolic and philosophic as this picture. Portrayed in it are two men, who respond to the same scene in entirely different ways: When their bottle is overturned, one expresses hisdisappointment and discouragement, while the other is hurry to raise the bottle up, with a smile on his face and optimism in his mind. What on earth does the illustration virtually intend to mirror?That this picture does carry rather important intended meanings goes far beyond any reasonable dispute. Studying it further, we may learn that simple as it may seem at first glance, what the illustrator really aims to convey is apparently far-reaching —— different people may come up with different outlooks on life. When facing with stresses, setbacks or feelings of inadequacy, some tend to be optimistic, but others might be pessimistic. Looking around, we may find that similar happenings are too numerous to list. A convincing illustration occurring to me goes to an acquaintance of mine, who is always confident and optimistic in school and in life, even when there is little hope. When he failed in the Students’ Union electi on last semester, he, instead of being upset, viewed it as an opportunity to exercise his ability and felt no sorry about it at all.“ However much importance we attach to people’s lack of optimism , it is far from enough, ” notes Dr. Gao Lei, a pioneer of behavioral studies of Tsinghua University. It is the responsibility of the government, mass media and schools of all levels to take the lead to promote optimism，awakening people to the significance of optimism. Moreover, we should strive to help people develop a positive outlook on life and the world. I am strongly convinced that only when we are equipped with optimism and confidence can we achieve more rapid progress and even greater success in problem-solving and life success.范文五A bottle fell off on the ground, and the wine inside spilt out. Seeing this event, two men in the picture react in completely different ways. One is sighing for the loss of the spilt h alf of wine and cried in desperation that “everything screwed up!”. The other, in contrast, is smiling over the rest half of the wine and is thankful for his good luck. “Is the glass half empty or half full?” is a common expression used rhetorically to det ermine whether people perceive events and objects in an optimistic way or a pessimistic way. While an optimistic person always looks on the bright side of life, the pessimistic person always focuses on the negative side and exaggerates the worst situation. The way you perceive the world will determine your way to cope with it. In face of difficulties, the optimistic type, who bears hope in mind, will never flinch and will summon up courage to find the way to conquer the obstacles. The pessimistic type, on the contrary, tends to give up quickly and then brood over their own loss or failure, which in turn will throw theirlife in the vicious circle. It is quite obvious that if you want to succeed in a highly competitive society, all of us should try to develop an optimistic perception toward our life no matter how mean it is. To be optimistic is not only a matter of personality, more importantly, it is matter crucial to the future of your life.范文六In recent years, there have been great concerns over the life attitude of the youngsters. As is depicted in the picture above, facing a bottle with most the wine spilled out on the ground, one man is sighing the tragedy, whereas the other rejoices over the remained wine in the bottle.The real implications of the picture lies in that different attitude leads to completely diverse results. For optimistic people, they could find the happiness even facing the most difficult situation. And life is a comedy. Conversely, for people with pessimistic attitude, troubles are everywhere and always exist. Their lives is filled with one after another tragedies.To my best understanding, the story of Den Yaping could be the best illustration of this point. If she kept upset by her stature, she could not have achieved so much in table tennis. All in all, young people should bear in mind that "better to light a candle than to curse the darkness".。
2012考研英语一小作文
2012考研英语一小作文英文回答：As a matter of fact, I have always been interested in the topic of environmental protection. In my opinion, it is crucial for us to take actions to protect our environment, as it directly affects our quality of life. For instance, if we continue to pollute the air and water, it will eventually lead to health problems for us and future generations. 。
Moreover, I believe that each individual has a responsibility to contribute to environmental protection. For example, I always make an effort to reduce my carbon footprint by using public transportation or carpooling whenever possible. I also try to minimize my use of single-use plastics and recycle as much as I can. 。
中文回答：事实上，我一直对环保这个话题很感兴趣。
在我看来，我们采取行动保护环境是至关重要的，因为它直接影响我们的生活质量。
例如，如果我们继续污染空气和水，最终会导致我们和未来几代人的健康问题。
此外，我认为每个人都有责任为环保做出贡献。
例如，我总是努力减少碳排放量，尽可能使用公共交通或拼车。
2012考研英语（一）真题答案（作文）
51题应用文Dear international students,I am the chairman of the Students’ Union. I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news that you would come to our university. Firstly, I’d like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of our university and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming。
In order to make all of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you’d better take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it is very cold in Beijing. Secondly, I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledge about Chinese culture for better understanding in class。
I really hope you’ll find these proposals useful. And I’m looking forward to your coming!Yours sincerely,Li Ming52题大作文How vivid the cartoon it is! What the profound cartoon reflects is a not uncommon social phenomenon, from which we can observe that in this cartoon stand two men and a bottle of milk. The 2 men show different perspectives toward the bottle of milk that is place on the ground。
2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become animportant issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of therule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justicesacted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent andimpartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind ofactivity makes it less likely that the court’s decision s will be _4_ as impartialjudgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code.At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_tothe rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a_9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apartfrom politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to_12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal systemwas designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely_14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted infundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals withsocial policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is whydecisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by ma king themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking amongteenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators tooperate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions ab out both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared andcompeting beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians hav e repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-outbattles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but apublic-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger groupcommenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players. [F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pasthalf-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwi nian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It isbecoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what isshared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach touniversality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by manylanguage which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitiveconstraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that thestructures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1)extend your welcome and2)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）。
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2012年考研英语一大、小作文范文答案
2012年考研英语一答案。
2012年考研英语考试已结束，考研教育网现将2012考研英语真题答案整理如下，供考生参考。
大作文
As is shown in the picture above， two men react in completely opposite ways when faced with the same event： A bottle fell off on the ground， and the wine inside spilt out. One is smiling， feeling glad that he still has the rest half of the wine while the other is sighing in great desperation saying that “everything screwed up！”
The cartoon tells us that being optimistic and being pessimistic are two different attitudes towards life. Faced with a challenge， a pessimistic person may feel gloomy and distressed. He considers himself powerless， and complains about it all day long， refusing even to have a try before giving it up in the end. An optimistic person， however， may adopt an entirely different approach. He may not regard the challenge as something that bad； instead， he takes it as an excellent opportunity to display his abilities and talent. As an old saying goes，“The way you perceive the world will determine your way to cope with it.”
In my point of view， though it is natural that we encounter challenges of one kind or another in our life， we should be optimistic whenever we are confronted with challenges. If we are pessimistic， we are destined to fail， ending up accomplishing nothing. But if we approach the challenges in an optimistic way， we may go from victory to victory.
小作文
Dear friends，
On behalf of the Students‘ Union， I am writing to extend my warm welcome to all the international students that are coming to our university. I firmly believe that your entering our university will bring us new ideas from different cultures and promote communication.
Also， we have some suggestions before you come to our university. As you all know， we have a great much free time in college and the teachers don‘t oversee us strictly. Therefore， it is recommended that you can arrange your time properly and avoid being indulged in computer games， etc. Moreover， in order to make
yourselves quickly adjusted to our campus life， it would be of great help if you can learn Chinese as well as you can. Last but not the least， it is necessary to take part in some activities so that you can improve your communication abilities and expand horizon.
We are looking forward to seeing you soon and wish everything goes well.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming。