信息管理与信息系统专业英语Unit1~6 TextB 课文翻译
信息管理与信息系统外文翻译ERP外文翻译稿

外文翻译稿浅谈ERP项目实施成功因素和风险管理ERP —Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划系统,是指建立在信息技术基础上,以系统化的管理思想,为企业决策层及员工提供决策运行手段的管理平台。
ERP 不仅仅是一个软件,更重要的是一个管理思想,它实现了企业内部资源和企业相关的外部资源的整合。
通过软件把企业的人、财、物、产、供、销及相应的物流、信息流、资金流、管理流、增值流等紧密地集成起来,实现资源优化和共享。
从台湾当地的建筑企业实施的实例讨论了ERP成功实施的七个关键:密钥系统、生产流程系统、ERP基础实施的优先度、用户自定义设置、参与者角色、咨询者角色、实施表现分级。
ERP 是一种以市场和客户需求为导向,以实行企业内外资源优化配置,消除生产经营过程中一切无效的劳动和资源,实现信息流、物流、资金流、价值流和业务流的有机集成和提高企业竞争力为目的,以计划与控制为主线,以网络和信息技术为平台,集客户、市场、销售、计划、采购、生产、财务、质量、服务、信息集成和业务流程重组(BPR)等功能为一体,面向SCM的现代企业管理思想和方法。
从台湾企业的实例表明,成功应用ERP的基本要素主要有:必须增强企业自身主体意识;重视知识资源的开发与利用;充分调动人的积极性和创造性;深刻认识我国企业应用ERP的根本目的;正确认识ERP项目是一个企业管理系统工程;企业一定要尽快、科学的做出应用SCM、ERP和BPR的决策;企业应用ERP一定要立足于创新和BPR;引入企业管理咨询;认真做好ERP项目前期准备工作;加强企业需求分析;制定明确、量化的ERP应用目标;确保基础数据的准确性和时效性;加强ERP项目风险分析;建立ERP项目变革管理体系;实行ERP项目监理制和评价制;完善和提高服务商的能力与水平。
大量的研究与实践充分表明,ERP在我国应用的成败并不取决于技术、资金、网络、应用软件和软件实施,而主要取决于企业自身主体意识。
电子信息工程专业英语英译汉翻译

1 The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.晶体管开启了现代电脑工业的革命2 The storage cell only requires one capacitor and one transistor, whereas a flip-flop connected in an array requires 6 transistors.存储单元仅需要一个电容和晶体管,并而不像触发器整列那样需要6个晶体管3 There has been a never ending series of new op amps released each year since then, and their performance and reliability has improved to the point where present day op amps can be used for analog applications by anybody.从此以后每年都有新系列的运放发布,他们的性能和可靠性得到了提升,如今任何人都能用运放来设计模拟电路。
4 This is capable of very high speed conversion and thus can accommodate high sampling rates, but in its basic form is very power hungry.它具有高速转换能力,从而能适应高速采样速率,但它的基本形式非常耗电。
5 During the “on” period , energy is being stored within the core material of the inductor in the form of flux.在”on”阶段,能量以涌浪形式存储在电感的核芯材料里面6 The design goal of frequency synthesizers is to replace multiple oscillators in a system, and hence reduce board space and cost.频率合成器的设计目标是取代系统中多个振荡器,从而减小板卡面积和成本。
信息管理系统中英文翻译

外文资料:Information management systemWiliam K.Thomson U.S.AAbstract:An information storage, searching and retrieval system for large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual dam. The system includes multiple query generation processes, a search process, and a presentation of search results that is sorted by category or type and that may be customized based on the professional discipline(or analogous personal characteristic of the user), thereby reducing the amount of time and cost required to retrieve relevant results.Keyword:Information management Retrieval system Object-Oriented1.INTRUDUCTIONThis invention relates to an information storage, searching and retrieval system that incorporates a novel organization for presentation of search results from large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual data.2.BACKGROUDN OF THE INVENTIONOn-line information retrieval systems are utilized for searching and retrieving many kinds of information. Most systems used today work in essentially the same manner; that is, users log on (through a computer terminal or personal microcomputer, and typically from a remote location), select a source of information (i.e., a particular database) which is usually something less than the complete domain, formulate a query, launch the search, and then review the search results displayed on the terminal or microcomputer, typically with documents (or summaries of documents) displayed in reverse chronological order. This process must be repeated each time another source (database) or group of sources is selected (which is frequently necessary in order to insure all relevant documents have been found).Additionally, this process places on the user the burden of organizing and assimilating the multiple results generated from the launch of the same query in each of the multiple sources (databases) that the user needs(or wants) to search. Present systems that allow searching of large domains require persons seeking information in these domains to attempt to modify their queries to reduce the search results to a size that the user can assimilate by browsing through them (thus, potentially eliminating relevant results).In many cases end users have been forced to use an intermediary (i.e., a professional searcher) because the current collections of sources are both complex and extensive, and effective search strategies often vary significantly from one source to another. Even with such guidance, potential relevant answers are missed because all potentially relevant databases or information sources are not searched on every query. Much effort has been expended on refining and improving source selection by grouping sources or database files together. Significant effort has also been expended on query formulation through the use of knowledge bases and natural language processing. However, as the groupings of sources become larger, and the responses to more comprehensive search queries become more complete, the person seeking information is often faced with the daunting task of sifting through large unorganized answer sets in an attempt to find the most relevant documents or information.3.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides an information storage, searching and retrieval system for a large domain of archived data of various types, in which the results of a search are organized into discrete types of documents and groups of document types so that users may easily identify relevant information more efficiently and more conveniently than systems currently in use. The system of the invention includes means for storing a large domain of data contained in multiple source records, at least some of the source records being comprised of individual documents of multiple document types; means for searching substantially all of the domain with a single search query to identify documents responsive to the query; and means for categorizing documents responsive to the query based on document type, including means for generating a summary of the number of documents responsive to the query which fall within various predetermined categories of document types.The query generation process may contain a knowledge base including a thesaurus that has predetermined and embedded complex search queries, or use natural language processing, or fuzzy logic, or tree structures, or hierarchical relationship or a set of commands that allow persons seeking information to formulate their queries.The search process can utilize any index and search engine techniques including Boolean, vector, and probabilistic as long as a substantial portion of the entire domain of archived textual data is searched for each query and all documents found are returned to the organizing process.The sorting/categorization process prepares the search results for presentation by assembling the various document types retrieved by the search engine and then arranging these basic document types into sometimes broader categories that are readily understood by and relevant to the user.The search results are then presented to the user and arranged by category along with an indication as to the number of relevant documents found in each category. The user may then examine search results in multiple formats, allowing the user to view as much of the document as the user deems necessary.4.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an information retrieval system of the invention;FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a query formulation and search process utilizedin the invention;FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a sorting process for organizing and presentingsearch results.5.BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTIONAs is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 , the information retrieval system of the invention includes an input/output process ,a query generation process, a search process that involves a large domain of textual data (typically in the multiple gigabyte range), an organizing process, presentation of the information to the user, and a process to identify and characterize the types of documents contained in the large domain of data.Turning now to FIG. 2, the query generation process preferably includes a knowledge base containing a thesaurus and a note pad, and preferably utilizes embedded predefined complex Boolean strategies. Such a system allows the user to enter their description of the information needed using simple words/phrases made up of "natural" language and to rely on the system to assist in generating the full search query, which would include, e.g., synonyms and alternate phraseology. The user can then request, by a command such as "VI CO 1", to view the completedocument selected from the list, giving, in this case, complete information about the identity and credentials of the expert.FIG. 3 illustrates how five typical sources of information (i.e., source records) can be sorted into many document types and then subsequently into categories. For example, a typical trade magazine may contain several types of information such as editorials, regular columns, feature articles, news, product announcements, and a calendar of events. Thus, the trade magazine (i.e., the source record) may be sorted into these various document types, and these document types in turn may be categorized or grouped into categories contained in one or more sets of categories; each document type typically will be sorted into one category within a set of categories, but the individual categories within each set will vary from one set to another. For example, one set of categories may be established for a first characteristic type of user, and a different set of categories may be established for a second characteristic type of user. When a user corresponding to type #1 executes a search, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #1, corresponding to that particular type of user, in organizing the results of the search for review by the user. When a user from type #2 executes a search, however, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #2 in presenting the search results to the user.The information storage, searching and retrieval system of the invention resolves the common difficulties in typical on-line information retrieval systems that operate on large (e.g., 2 gigabytes or more) domains of textual data, query generation, source selection, and organizing search results. The information base with the thesaurus and embedded search strategies allows users to generate expert search queries in their own "natural" language. Source (i.e., database) selection is not an issue because the search engines are capable of searching substantially the entire domain on every query. Moreover, the unique presentation of search results by category set substantially reduces the time and cost of performing repetitive searches in multiple databases and therefore of efficiently retrieving relevant search results.While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.中文译文:信息管理系统Wiliam K.Thomson U.S.A摘要:一个信息存储,查询和检索系统主要应用于大(千兆字节)的需要存档的文字领域。
信息管理与信息系统 毕业设计 外文翻译

当我做毕业设计的时候我遇到过这样或那样的问题,苦于手上没有本专业的毕业设计的参考文本。
现在毕业都快一年了,本着推己及人的态度将我的毕业设计所有资料放出,方便后来者翻阅,仅供参考,善哉,善哉……B-to-C电子商务多维信任形成模式:概念框架、学术角度和从业者角度的内容分析1.说明信任在社会关系中是一个很重要的组成,在商务上也是如此。
作为一种人际关系,信任一个人就更容易被那个人伤害。
作为一种在社会上的人与人之间的结构关系,信任是共有体制属性。
信任在商务领域有利于长久的合作。
交易可能存在于个人与个人之间,个人与企业之间,或者企业和企业之间。
信誉已被确认为在市场营销和电子商务论文中的重要组成部分。
信任问题从不同的角度被提出,包括技术,多主体的方法。
巴里认为信任是最强大的营销工具。
根据厄邦的研究,消费者在互联网上以商家信誉为基础做出购买的决定。
毫无疑问,信誉在任何涉及金钱的商业活动中扮演着重要的角色。
电子商务的信任是建立在消费者对该事物的信心。
与此截然不同的是,对实体店的信任是建立在个人与企业之间的关系和消费者与商家的互动,以及个人或公司的水平的基础上的。
皮特在其关于信任在线平台的文章中支持在线商务的成功的关键是建立信任。
所以,在线销售商应该创造一种让潜在消费者感到轻松而且有信心的环境。
为了创造一个能够信任的电子商务环境,了解影响消费者信任形成的因素是极其必要的。
尽管知道信任对于电子商务的重要性,但是相关的研究比较少,尤其是在了解影响消费者的信任形成的因素。
在本文中,我们试图填补这一空白。
首先,我们提出一个全面的、多层面的信任形成的模式,从电子商务交易复杂的现象中捕捉并精简地描绘形成的信任。
其次,根据调查的层面,我们利用内容分析和网上调查比较和对照律师和学者以了解不同的专家的观点。
他们的观点反映了在电子商务领域信誉的概念如何运用,哪些因素需要强调以促进电子交易。
2.面向过程的信任形成的多维模型信任本身很难直接地观察和测量。
信息管理与信息系统专业英语Unit1~6 TextB 课文翻译

管理的角色和技能管理角色亨利·明茨伯格对执行者行为的研究让他得出这样的结论:经理都需要承担大量的角色。
一个角色是一组预期的行为对一个特定的位置。
明茨伯格的角色可以分为三大类如图1.1所示:信息角色(管理信息);人际角色(管理通过人)和决策角色(管理行动)。
每个角色代表活动经理承担最终完成的功能规划、组织、领导、控制。
重要的是要记住,真正的工作的管理不能练习作为一组独立的部分;所有的角色交互的方式在现实世界的管理。
图1.1 管理角色信息角色描述活动用来维持和发展一个信息网络。
这三个信息角色监督者、传播者和发言人。
监督者涉及从许多来源寻求当前的信息。
经理获得信息来自他人和扫描书面材料来保持消息灵通。
传播者和发言人的角色是正好相反。
经理把当前信息传递给他人,内部和外部的组织,才能使用它。
与授权趋势的低级别员工,很多经理都共享尽可能丰富的信息。
由于人际角色让经理们被叫去与众多组织和个人交互。
这三个人际角色是挂名首脑、领袖和交流与合作者。
这个挂名首脑角色专注于管理正式的和象征性的活动的部门或组织。
经理代表本组织在他或她作为单位的负责人的正式管理能力。
领导的作用是指经理的工作在激励下属,以满足单位的目标。
交流与合作者的作用来自于经理的责任与各种团体在组织内外交流。
一个例子是一个面对面讨论控制器和计划主管之间解决关于预算的一种误解。
决策角色指管理的决策过程。
这些角色通常需要概念以及人类的技能。
这四种管理角色都属于这一类企业家,障碍处理者,资源分配者,谈判代表。
一个管理者承担一个企业家的角色当他或她启动项目来提高部门或工作单位时。
当问题比如错过了交付关键客户的出现,经理必须采用一个障碍处理的角色。
决定如何分配单位的金钱、时间、材料和其他资源,称为经理的资源分配角色。
最后,谈判者角色指的是这种情况,经理必须代表单位和其他人的利益,如供应商、客户和政府。
根据一篇经典文章由罗伯特·l·卡茨,管理上的成功主要取决于性能而不是人格特质。
信息管理系统中英文翻译

外文资料:Information management systemWiliam K.Thomson U.S.AAbstract:An information storage, searching and retrieval system for large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual dam. The system includes multiple query generation processes, a search process, and a presentation of search results that is sorted by category or type and that may be customized based on the professional discipline(or analogous personal characteristic of the user), thereby reducing the amount of time and cost required to retrieve relevant results.Keyword:Information management Retrieval system Object-Oriented1.INTRUDUCTIONThis invention relates to an information storage, searching and retrieval system that incorporates a novel organization for presentation of search results from large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual data.2.BACKGROUDN OF THE INVENTIONOn-line information retrieval systems are utilized for searching and retrieving many kinds of information. Most systems used today work in essentially the same manner; that is, users log on (through a computer terminal or personal microcomputer, and typically from a remote location), select a source of information (i.e., a particular database) which is usually something less than the complete domain, formulate a query, launch the search, and then review the search results displayed on the terminal or microcomputer, typically with documents (or summaries of documents) displayed in reverse chronological order. This process must be repeated each time another source (database) or group of sources is selected (which is frequently necessary in order to insure all relevant documents have been found).Additionally, this process places on the user the burden of organizing and assimilating the multiple results generated from the launch of the same query in each of the multiple sources (databases) that the user needs (or wants) to search. Present systems that allow searching of large domains require persons seeking information in these domains to attempt to modify their queries to reduce the search results to a size that the user can assimilate by browsing through them (thus, potentially eliminating relevant results).In many cases end users have been forced to use an intermediary (i.e., a professional searcher) because the current collections of sources are both complex and extensive, and effective search strategies often vary significantly from one source to another. Even with such guidance, potential relevant answers are missed because all potentially relevant databases or information sources are not searched on every query. Much effort has been expended on refining and improving source selection by grouping sources or database files together. Significant efforthas also been expended on query formulation through the use of knowledge bases and natural language processing. However, as the groupings of sources become larger, and the responses to more comprehensive search queries become more complete, the person seeking information is often faced with the daunting task of sifting through large unorganized answer sets in an attempt to find the most relevant documents or information.3.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides an information storage, searching and retrieval system for a large domain of archived data of various types, in which the results of a search are organized into discrete types of documents and groups of document types so that users may easily identify relevant information more efficiently and more conveniently than systems currently in use. The system of the invention includes means for storing a large domain of data contained in multiple source records, at least some of the source records being comprised of individual documents of multiple document types; means for searching substantially all of the domain with a single search query to identify documents responsive to the query; and means for categorizing documents responsive to the query based on document type, including means for generating a summary of the number of documents responsive to the query which fall within various predetermined categories of document types.The query generation process may contain a knowledge base including a thesaurus that has predetermined and embedded complex search queries, or use natural language processing, or fuzzy logic, or tree structures, or hierarchical relationship or a set of commands that allow persons seeking information to formulate their queries.The search process can utilize any index and search engine techniques including Boolean, vector, and probabilistic as long as a substantial portion of the entire domain of archived textual data is searched for each query and all documents found are returned to the organizing process.The sorting/categorization process prepares the search results for presentation by assembling the various document types retrieved by the search engine and then arranging these basic document types into sometimes broader categories that are readily understood by and relevant to the user.The search results are then presented to the user and arranged by category along with an indication as to the number of relevant documents found in each category. The user may then examine search results in multiple formats, allowing the user to view as much of the document as the user deems necessary.4.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an information retrieval system of the invention;FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a query formulation and search process utilized in the invention;FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a sorting process for organizing and presenting search results.5.BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTIONAs is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 , the information retrieval system of the invention includes an input/output process ,a query generation process, a search process that involves a large domain of textual data (typically in the multiple gigabyte range), an organizing process, presentation of the information to the user, and a process to identify and characterize the types of documents contained in the large domain of data.Turning now to FIG. 2, the query generation process preferably includes a knowledge base containing a thesaurus and a note pad, and preferably utilizes embedded predefined complex Boolean strategies. Such a system allows the user to enter their description of the information needed using simple words/phrases made up of "natural" language and to rely on the system to assist in generating the full search query, which would include, e.g., synonyms and alternate phraseology. The user can then request, by a command such as "VI CO 1", to view the complete document selected from the list, giving, in this case, complete information about the identity and credentials of the expert.FIG. 3 illustrates how five typical sources of information (i.e., source records) can be sorted into many document types and then subsequently into categories. For example, a typical trade magazine may contain several types of information such as editorials, regular columns, feature articles, news, product announcements, and a calendar of events. Thus, the trade magazine (i.e., the source record) may be sorted into these various document types, and these document types inturn may be categorized or grouped into categories contained in one or more sets of categories; each document type typically will be sorted into one category within a set of categories, but the individual categories within each set will vary from one set to another. For example, one set of categories may be established for a first characteristic type of user, and a different set of categories may be established for a second characteristic type of user. When a user corresponding to type #1 executes a search, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #1, corresponding to that particular type of user, in organizing the results of the search for review by the user. When a user from type #2 executes a search, however, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #2 in presenting the search results to the user.The information storage, searching and retrieval system of the invention resolves the common difficulties in typical on-line information retrieval systems that operate on large (e.g., 2 gigabytes or more) domains of textual data, query generation, source selection, and organizing search results. The information base with the thesaurus and embedded search strategies allows users to generate expert search queries in their own "natural" language. Source (i.e., database) selection is not an issue because the search engines are capable of searching substantially the entire domain on every query. Moreover, the unique presentation of search results by category set substantially reduces the time and cost of performing repetitive searches in multiple databases and therefore of efficiently retrieving relevant search results.While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.中文译文:信息管理系统Wiliam K.Thomson U.S.A摘要:一个信息存储,查询和检索系统主要应用于大(千兆字节)的需要存档的文字领域。
信管专业英语Unit1

心有多远,你就能走多远
Management and Its Functions
Unit 1
目录
1
New words
2 3 4
Phrases Notes Text
5
Exercises
1 New words
[1]effectively adv. 有效地,生效地;有力地;实际 上 • If you can use a word correctly and effectively, you comprehend it. • 你如果能正确和有效地使用一个字, 你就了解它 了。 • But to do all that effectively, they must first jump out of the box and leave the building. • 但要有效地做到这一切,他们必须首先跳出框框, 离开充斥着成见的办公楼。
• [15]infuse vt. 灌输;使充满;浸渍 • vi. (茶叶、草药等)被泡 • Many of the girls seemed to be infused with excitement on seeing the snow. • 许多女孩子似乎一看到雪心里就充满了兴奋。 • The goal was to “access this genius” and let it infuse all design decisions. • 其目的是“接近这个精灵”,然后再由它将所有 的设计决定注入其中。
• [16]downsizing n. 精简,裁员;缩小规模 • She wasn't sheded in the bout of downsizing. • 在那次精简人员的大潮中,她幸运地保住了她的 工作。 • On downsizing, the first to go are those with few friends.
信息管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照翻译信息管理系统对于“管理信息系统”并没有一致的定义。
一些作者喜欢用其他术语代替,例如:“信息处理系统”“信息与决策系统”“组织信息系统”,或者干脆将“信息系统”用组织内具有支持操作、管理、决策职能的计算机信息处理系统代替。
这篇文章使用“管理信息系统”一词,是因为它是通俗易懂的,当涉及组织信息系统时也常用“信息系统”代替“管理信息系统”。
一个管理信息系统的定义,通常被理解为:一种集成用户机器系统,为组织提供信息支持运作、管理、决策职能。
该信息系统利用计算机硬件和软件;手工处理程序;模拟分析法计划、控制和决策;和数据库。
事实上,它是一个集成系统并不意味着它是单一的,单块集成结构;相反,它意味着零件适合加入整体设计。
内容定义如下:计算机为主的用户机器系统理论上,管理信息系统可以脱离计算机上而存在,但是计算机的存在可以让管理信息系统可行。
问题不是计算机是否被使用在管理信息系统中,而是信息的使用被计算机化的程度。
用户机器系统的概念暗示了, 一些任务最好由人执行, 其他的最好由机器做。
MIS的使用者是那些负责输入输入数据、指示系统或运用系统信息产品的人。
因为许多问题,用户和计算机建立了一个联合系统,其结果通过一套在计算机和用户之间的相互作用得到。
用户机器的相互作用是由用户连接在计算机上的输入-输出设备(通常是一个视觉显示终端)推动的。
计算机可以使一台个人机器服务于一名用户或者一台大规模的机器为一定数量通过终端由通信线路连接的用户服务。
用户输入-输出设备允许直接输入数据和紧接着输出结果。
例如:一个人使用计算机交互的在金融理财上通过在终端键盘输入提交“如果什么,怎么办?”之类的问题,结果几秒钟后便被显示在屏幕上。
MIS的计算机为主的用户机器特征影响系统开发商和系统用户的知识要求。
“计算机为主”意味着管理信息系统的设计者必须拥有计算机和对处理有用的知识。
“用户机器”的概念意味着系统设计者也应该了解人作为系统组成部分(信息处理器)的能力和人作为信息使用者的行为。
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管理的角色和技能管理角色亨利·明茨伯格对执行者行为的研究让他得出这样的结论:经理都需要承担大量的角色。
一个角色是一组预期的行为对一个特定的位置。
明茨伯格的角色可以分为三大类如图1.1所示:信息角色(管理信息);人际角色(管理通过人)和决策角色(管理行动)。
每个角色代表活动经理承担最终完成的功能规划、组织、领导、控制。
重要的是要记住,真正的工作的管理不能练习作为一组独立的部分;所有的角色交互的方式在现实世界的管理。
图1.1 管理角色信息角色描述活动用来维持和发展一个信息网络。
这三个信息角色监督者、传播者和发言人。
监督者涉及从许多来源寻求当前的信息。
经理获得信息来自他人和扫描书面材料来保持消息灵通。
传播者和发言人的角色是正好相反。
经理把当前信息传递给他人,内部和外部的组织,才能使用它。
与授权趋势的低级别员工,很多经理都共享尽可能丰富的信息。
由于人际角色让经理们被叫去与众多组织和个人交互。
这三个人际角色是挂名首脑、领袖和交流与合作者。
这个挂名首脑角色专注于管理正式的和象征性的活动的部门或组织。
经理代表本组织在他或她作为单位的负责人的正式管理能力。
领导的作用是指经理的工作在激励下属,以满足单位的目标。
交流与合作者的作用来自于经理的责任与各种团体在组织内外交流。
一个例子是一个面对面讨论控制器和计划主管之间解决关于预算的一种误解。
决策角色指管理的决策过程。
这些角色通常需要概念以及人类的技能。
这四种管理角色都属于这一类企业家,障碍处理者,资源分配者,谈判代表。
一个管理者承担一个企业家的角色当他或她启动项目来提高部门或工作单位时。
当问题比如错过了交付关键客户的出现,经理必须采用一个障碍处理的角色。
决定如何分配单位的金钱、时间、材料和其他资源,称为经理的资源分配角色。
最后,谈判者角色指的是这种情况,经理必须代表单位和其他人的利益,如供应商、客户和政府。
根据一篇经典文章由罗伯特·l·卡茨,管理上的成功主要取决于性能而不是人格特质。
卡茨还指出,经理的表演能力是一个他们管理技能的结果。
一个有所需的管理技巧的经理可能会表现很好,是相对地成功的。
没有必要的技能可能会表现不佳和相对不成功。
卡茨指出三种类型的技能是重要的成功管理性能:技术技能、人际能力、概念性技能。
技术能力是指能够使用各种工具和方法来完成具体的管理方面的工作任务。
一个好的例子,技术技能的重要性是工厂的管理者必须熟悉怎样运用机械工作以纠正可能会增加对植物地板的问题。
人类技能参考能领导、激励、和与人沟通来完成特定的目标。
人际技巧在与上司和工作单位以外的人的交互期间同样重要,如供应商、客户和公众。
在文化意识对必要基础与种族多样化的劳动力在如今的职场中技能的当前适应力。
概念性技能参考的能力去理解和协调全方位的组织目标和动作。
一个有概念性技能的经理是能够了解各个组织职能部门相辅相成,组织如何关系到它的环境,以及如何更改一个部分的组织影响组织的其他人。
作为一个动作较低级别的管理到上级管理部门,概念性技能变得更加重要和技术技能更重要。
支持的基本原理是在一个组织中作为经理人推荐,他们将不再参与实际的生产活动或技术领域,更多参与与指导整个组织。
人际交往技能,但是,是极其重要的,经理在上层、中层和更低的水平。
分母的管理水平,毕竟,是人。
Unit2 Text B运筹学导论运筹学的起源运筹学的根(OR)可以追溯到几十年了,当早期,曾试图用科学的态度管理的组织。
然而,开始的活动称为操作研究通常被归咎于军事服务在世界大战Ⅱ早期。
由于战争,迫切需要分配稀缺资源的各种军事行动和活动在每个操作以有效方式。
因此,英国,美国军事管理要求大量的科学家应用科学的方法来处理这个问题和其他战略和战术问题。
实际上,他们被要求做研究(军事)操作。
科学家的团队是第一个运筹学团队。
通过开发有效的方法使用这些新的雷达工具,这些团队帮助赢得了英国空军战役。
通过他们的研究如何更好地管理车队和反潜作战,他们也发挥了重大作用,在赢得北大西洋的战争。
类似的努力在太平洋岛战役中协助。
当战争结束后,运筹学的成功在战争中的努力促使在有意采用运筹学以外像在军事的兴趣。
随着工业繁荣战争之后运行它的课程,而造成的问题不断增加,复杂性和专业化组织再次崭露头角。
它越来越明显,越来越多的人,包括商业顾问曾在或有或团队的战争期间,这些基本上是同样的问题,面对军事但在不同的上下文。
到1950年代初,这些个体介绍运筹学的使用,适应不同在商业、工业和政府的机构。
不久之后运筹学快速传播开。
操作的性质的研究正如它的名字所暗示的,运筹学涉及“研究操作。
“因此,运筹学应用于在一个组织关注如何进行和协调操作(即活动)的问题。
组织的性质,本质上是无形的,事实上,或已被广泛应用在如此不同的地区制造、运输、建筑、电信、金融计划、医疗、军事、和公共服务,仅举几例。
因此,应用程序通常很大的广度。
这项研究部分名称意味着OR使用一个方法,该方法类似于研究的方式建立在科学领域。
在相当大的程度上,科学的方法是用来调查备受关注的问题。
(事实上,这个术语是用来作为管理科学有时同义词OR。
)特别是,通过仔细观察和过程开始制定问题,包括收集所有相关数据。
下一步是构建科学的(通常是数学)模型,试图抽象的真正问题的本质。
然后假设这个模型是一个足够精确的表示情况的基本特征的结论(解决方案)获得的模型是有效的为真正的问题。
接下来,合适的实验进行了检验这个假设,根据需要修改它,并最终验证某种形式的假说。
(这一步是经常被称为是验证)。
因此,在某种意义上,或涉及到创造性的科学研究的基本性质操作。
然而,更多的是它比这个。
特别地,或者还关注的实际管理组织。
因此,要想成功,或者还必须提供积极的、可以理解的结论,决策者需要时。
还有另一种特有的或是其开阔的观点。
或采用一个组织的观点来看。
因此,它试图解决利益冲突的组分之间的组织方式,有最好的组织视为一个整体。
这并不意味着每个问题的研究必须给予明确考虑的所有方面的组织,而是被寻求目标必须是一致的,与人的总体组织。
一个额外的特点是,或者经常试图找到最好的解决方案(称为一个最佳的解决方案)正在考虑的问题。
(我们说一个最好的而不是最好的解决方案,因为可能有多个解决方案的最佳联系。
)而不是简单地改善现状,目的是要识别一个最佳可能的行动方针。
尽管它必须认真解读方面的实际需要管理、“搜索的最优性”是一个重要的主题或。
所有这些特点导致很自然地仍然另一个。
很明显,没有单一的个体应该被认为是一个专家,通过所有的许多方面的问题、工作或者通常考虑;这将需要一群人拥有不同背景和技能。
因此,当一个成熟或学习一个新的问题进行的,它通常需要使用一个团队的方法。
这样一个或团队一般需要包括个人一起在数学方面训练有素、静态和概率理论、经济学、工商管理、计算机科学、工程和物理科学、行为科学、和的特殊技巧或。
该小组还需要有必要的经验和各种技能给予适当考虑到许多分支的整个组织的问题。
Unit3 Text B信息技术的重要性和信息系统所有的媒体大型组织依赖于信息技术。
考虑组织像英国天然气集团、英国电信、电力和供水公司不必手动计算,数以百万计的客户账单每月或每个季度!显然涉及神职工作将难以使(即使并非不可能)组织以赚取利润。
类似的争论适用于许多其他的组织,如高街银行,中央和地方政府。
最近的一篇文章《每日电讯报》它补充指出,许多大型组织可能会持续不再汉24小时没有它的支持!应该有难怪态度信息系统开发的改变了多年来临时,几乎管理专业漫不经心、约束、计划、工程方法。
系统开发工作的影响因素多种因素影响信息系统工程,从高级别战略到详细的技术问题。
下列因素考虑;howerever 列表决不是完备的,你可能会愿意添加自己的:●战略信息系统规划●企业数据管理●业务流程再造●技术环境●模型和方法●Socio-Behavioral发展●支持工具●质量保证●项目管理●人力资源●终端用户系统开发战略信息系统规划组织通常会出现滚动的商业计划,他们建立了考虑当前的业务,外部影响的业务(如经济、政府政策和技术的进步),和宗旨和目标最为资深的管理的水平。
战略业务计划描述了该公司如何努力摆脱当前业务目标业务。
信息系统支持有必要实现战略业务计划,因此商业计划造成一种战略信息系统计划(SISP),它描述了当前的IT系统打算发展成目标IT系统。
“大爆炸”方法是不可行的;,因此使用基于项目的方法。
SISP的输出是一个系列的开发项目,要么包含修改现有系统或开发新系统(可能还需接口或集成现有系统)。
在过去的信息系统开发只是为了提高效率的具体业务功能。
最近信息系统已经被视为工具获取竞争优势。
Avison和菲茨杰拉德(1995)讨论了以下方法,信息系统可以帮助实现竞争优势如下:●重新定义特定行业的界限●开发新产品或服务●改变供应商和客户之间的关系●建立屏障,以阻止新进入市场波特(1980)确认以下五种竞争力量,任何组织需要考虑:●新进入者的威胁●讨价还价的能力的客户●替代产品的威胁或服务●供应商的议价能力●现有的公司之间的对抗伯爵(1980)扩展波特的工作,说明战略作用,信息技术(IT)时可以扮演解决这些力量。
伯爵的工作的结果是一个“多个”的方法。
方法采用一个三管齐下的战略信息系统开发方法。
首个自顶向下的分析涉及的业务目标使用关键的成功因素(CSF)、SWOT(优势、劣势、机遇、威胁)分析和波特的五种力量。
第二个音叉涉及现有系统的自底向上的分析和第三个方面强调创造性地使用它。
布伦和>(1984)产生了战略信息系统方法基于CSF分析。
该方法采用分析业务目标和实现这些目标的关键因素。
下一个阶段是识别的信息系统需要支持这些csf。
到目前为止的讨论一直强调一种整体的手段,来看看高水平的业务目标而不是详细的功能需求。
这些方法强调的重点是企业数据共享。
企业数据管理英国天然气集团这样的组织,英国电信公司和英国国民健康保险制度也意识到,在他们的电脑数据库重置成本基础是在他们最有价值的资产(考虑一下要花多少钱给英国天然气重新夺回其客户数据库),因此他们需要管理专业。
这些公司已经意识到已经意识到重要数据的准确性和一致性和开发公司系统和数据架构。
这些都是非常高层的模型描述的主要工艺流程组织实施和主要的实体和关系需要支持这些业务流程。
应用系统的开发是制约必须一致,其总体、高水平、公司广泛的数据视图。
Unit4 Text B关键系统应用在组织不同类型的系统信息系统支持不同类型的决策在不同级别的组织层次结构。
而运营经理主要制造结构化的决策、高级经理处理非结构化的决策;中层管理人员经常会面临半结构化的决策。
对于每个功能区域组织中,四个级别的组织结构可以确定:运营水平、知识水平、管理水平和战略层面。