2013年山东大学博士研究生入学英语真题
2013年山东大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题Part I Grammar and Vocabulary1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that the speakers stopped for deferments.A. at largeB. at intervalsC. at easeD. at random2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’checks, which provide a secure to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB. selectionC. inferenceD. alternative3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.A. graciousB. suspiciousC. uniqueD. particular4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A. IndistinctlyB. separatelyC. irrelevantlyD. independently6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th the birth of Jesus Christ.A. in accordance withB. in terms ofC. in favor ofD. in honor of7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.A. improveB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed and means of packing.A. specimensB. inspectionsC. samplesD. specifications9. Many of the conditions that population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction.A. bring forwardB. give rise toC. feed up withD. result from10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily for a month or a year as for a single day.A. put upB. stay upC. speed upD. make up11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region.A. infrequentlyB. irregularlyC. unsteadilyD. uneverny12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird a set of actions to protect its offspring.A. hastensB. releasesC. devisesD. initiates13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be to tourist spending?A. attributedB. appliedC. contributedD. attached14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and for us in an advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.A. ingredientB. relianceC. shelterD. inclination15. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to wonderful bargains in the market.A. pick upB. bump intoC. pile upD. bring back16. Scientists are searching for the oldest tree because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change.A. livelyB. aliveC. livingD. live17. The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City shock and anger throughout the world.A. temptedB. provokedC. summonedD. enveloped18. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.A. enrollingB. assigningC. involvingD. consenting19. The UN official said aid programs will be until there is adequate protection for relief personnel.A. multipliedB. arrestedC. spannedD. suspended20. Despite almost universal of the vital importance of women’s literacy, education remains a dream for many women in far too many countries of the world.A. confessionB. identificationC. acknowledgementD. compliment21. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now much of their food.A. deliverB. importC. produceD. develop22. Because Jenkins neither nor defends either management or the striking workers, both aides admire his journalisticA. criticizes...acumenB. attacks…neutralityC. confronts…aptitudeD. dismisses…flair23. Some anthropologists claim that a few aps have been taught a rudimentary sign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only their trainers.A. imitatingB. condoningC. instructingD. acknowledging24. It is ironic that the insights of the great thinkers are voiced so often that they have become mereA. oriinal… clichesB. banal… beliefsC. dubious… habitsD. philosophical-questions25. The most frustrating periods of any diet are the inevitable , when weight loss if not stops.A. moods… acceleratesB. feasts… haltsC. holidays… contractsD. plateaus… slows26. Since the author’s unflattering references to her friends were so , she was surprised that her were recognized.A. laudatory… stylesB. obvious… anecdotesC. oblique… allusionsD. critical… eulogies27. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does not the erosion of religion herald the of moraliy?A, regulation B. basis C. belief D. collapse28. Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be , and thereforeexternal factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.A. learned… immune toB. innate… unaffected byC. intricate… belong toD. specific… confused with29. Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy at any price.A. orderB. emancipationC. hopeD. liberty30. As a person who combines care with , Marisa completed her duties with as well as zeal.A. levity… resignationB. enthusiasm… meticulousnessC. vitality… willingnessD. empathy… rigorPartⅡCloseThe study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry called biotechnology. As the name __31__ , it combines biology and modern technology through such __32__ as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, __33__ in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent (取得专利) seeds that give a high yield (产量), that __34__ disease, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. __35__ such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised __36__ about genetically engineered crops."In nature, genetic diversity (多样性) is created within certain limits," says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. "A rose can be crossed(杂交) with a different kind of rose, but a lose will __37__ cross with a potato ..." Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to __38__ a desired property or character. This could mean, __39__ , selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes __40__ from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. __41__ , then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls that __42__ species.Like the green revolution, (43)what some call the gene revolution (44)contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity (千篇一律) –some say even more so (45)because geneticists can employ techniques such (46)as cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly (47)identical copies, or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new(48) issues, such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. ―We are flying blindly into a new (49) of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potensial (50) , ‖ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.31. A. suggests B. recalls C. concerns D. advises32. A. concepts B. views C. techniques D. courses33. A. participate B. focus C. specialize D. involve34. A. treat B. avoid C. oppose D. resist35. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. As36. A. demands B. topics C. concerns D. lessons37. A. sometimes B. never C. frequently D. eventually38. A. convey B. transfer C. select D. collect39. A. for example B. for one thing C. on one hand D. in any case40. A. resulted B. evolved C. injected D. taken41. A. In contrast B. In that C. In case D. In essence42. A. separate B. form C. create D. vary43. A. what B. where C. as D. so44. A. combines B.contributes mands D. breaks45. A. that B.because C. if D. when46. A. like B. for example C. as D. is47. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical48. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals49. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme50. A. navigations B. mystery C. outcomes D. destinationsPart ⅢReading ComprehensionPassage 1The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be ―all things to all people‖. In doing s o, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, ―the nation’s colleges and univer sities are more successful in providing credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for their students. ―The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. ―Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: ―Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most.‖ Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that ―There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications.‖51. When a college tries to be ―all things to al people‖ (Lines 1-2, Para. 1) it aims to________.A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB) focus on training students in various skillsC) encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends52. By saying that ―in too many academic fields, the work has no context‖ (Lines 4-5, Pare.1) the author means that the teaching in these areas ________.A) ignores the actual situationB) is not based on the right perspectiveC) only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD) gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students53. One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that ________.A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB) students don’t have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learnC) skills are being taught as a means to an endD) students are only interested in obtaining credentials54. American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates because ________.A) most of them lack high-quality facultiesB) the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC) there are not enough incentives for students to study hardD) they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching55. It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for ________.A) putting academic work in the proper context来源：B) a commitment to students and effective teachingC) the practice of putting leaning to productive endsD) dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. BPassage 2Endangered SpeciesEndangered species are plants and animals that are in immediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many more species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes of climate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation (捕食). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment (侵犯) on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the world’s environments are changing faster than the ability of most species to a dapt to such changes through natural selection.Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primary cause is the destruction of natural habitats (栖息地). Drainage of wetlands (沼泽地), cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and dam construction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the various surroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species i n these small islands‖ lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes.Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases and parasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another important cause of their extinction.Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save declining species. Laws were made in some countries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. approved by 51 nations. Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulating and restricting trade in certain species. How effective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement (实施) and support by the people and the courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segments of society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch and kill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.56 According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor causing the rapid extinction ofman species since the 17th century?A Human beings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species.B Some endangered species have already reached the end of their life span in evolution.C The development of human society has greatly affected natural ecology systems.D The world’s climate has changed so greatly that most species can not survive.57 In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word islands refers toA the lands that are completely surrounded by water.B the wild animals’ breeding grounds protected by lawC the pieces of land separated by modern buildings and roads.D the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species.58 This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinction of man species exceptA natural selection of species.B various natural disasters.C commercial trade and killing.D destruction of natural surroundings.59 According to the passage, which of the following is most important in saving declining species?A Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species.B People should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings.C Relevant laws must be made and enforced with the support of the people.D Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals.60 How does the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species from being extinct?A Worried.B Optimistic.C Indifferent.D Confident.Passage 3Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape.61. All boys and girls in large families know that.A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are togetherB)people tend to be together more than they used to beC) a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD)Railway leads the world to peace62. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except.A)the railway enables people travel fastB)the railway brings comfort to peopleC)the railway makes the world peacefulD)the railway leads the world to war as well.63. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but.A)tunnels are dangerous to public healthB)the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nervesC)the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungsD)to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die64. We may safely conclude that.A)the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB)the author belongs to the for-railway groupC)the author speaks highly of the railwayD)the author may never take train because of its potential dangers65. What is the tone of this passage?A)PracticalB)SatiricalC)HumorousD)Exaggerated61.C62.D63.D64.A65.CPassage 4The Myth of CollegeMany of you young persons out there are seriously thinking about going to college. (That is, of course, a lie. The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex. Trust me: these are closely related to college). College is basically a bunch of rooms where you sit for roughly two thousand hours and try to memorize things. The two thousand hours are spread out over four years; you spend the rest of the time sleeping and trying to get dates.Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college:Things you need to know later in life (two hours). These include how to make collect telephone calls and get beer and crepe-paper stains out of your pajamas.Things you will not need to know in later life (1,998 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in -ology, -osophy, -istry, -ics, and so on. The idea is you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books, then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have to stay in college for the rest of your life.It's very difficult to forget everything. For example, when I was in college, I had to memorize - don't ask me why - the names of the metaphysical poets other than John Donne. I have managed to forget one of them, but I still remember that the other two were named Vaughan and Crashaw.Sometimes, when I'm trying to remember something important, like whether my wife told me to get tuna packed in oil or tuna packed in water, Vaughan and Crashaw just pop up in my mind, right there in the supermarket. It's a terrible waste of brain cells.After you've been in college for a year or so, you're supposed to choose a major, which is the subject you intend to memorize and forget the most things about. Here is a very important piece of advice: be sure to choose a major that does not involve Known Facts and Right Answers.This means that you must not major in mathematics, physics, biology or chemistry, because these subjects involve actual facts. If, for example, you major in mathematics, you're going to wander into class one day and the professor will say: "Define the cosine integer of the quadrant of the rhomboid binary axis, and extrapolate your result to five significant vertices." If you don't come up with exactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same is true of chemistry: if you write in your exam book that carbon and hydrogen combine to form oak, your professor will flunk you. He wants you to come up with the same answer he and all the other chemists have agreed on. Scientists are extremely snotty about this.68. When should the college students choose a major?A. The moment they go to collegeB. After they have been in college for nearly two yearsC. After they have been in college for a year or soD. When they become a senior69. The word ―flunk‖ in the last paragraph meansA. floatB. failC. ridiculeD. dupe70. What is the beat title for the passage?A. The Myth of CollegeB. What Can You Learn in College?C. How to Enjoy Your College LifeD. The Importance of CollegePart ⅣUse of LanguageThe psychology of warranties保单心理学Protection racket保护之诈If extended guarantees are overpriced, why are they so popular?CUSTOMERS tend to agonise over the relative merits of different models of electronic goods such as digital cameras or plasma televisions. But when they get to the till, many spend freely on something they barely think about at all: an extended warranty, which is often more profitable to the retailer than the device it covers.Shoppers typically pay 10-50% of the cost of a product to insure it beyond the term covered by the manu facturer’s guarantee. 71 . Yet products rarely break within the period covered, and repairs tend to cost no more than the warranty itself. 72 l.So why, asks a paper published in the December issue of the Journal of Consumer Research, do so many consumers still buy extended warranties? The authors—Tao Chen of the University of Maryland, Ajay Kalra of Rice University and Baohong Sun of Carnegie Mellon University—examined purchase data from a big electronics retailer for over 600 households from November 2003 to October 2004. 73 .If a customer is about to buy something fun (ie, a plasma television rather than a vacuum cleaner), he will be more inclined to splash out on extra insurance. This is because consumers value ―hedonic‖ items over utilitarian ones, regardless of the actual price tag. 74 . The study also found that poorer consumers are more likely to buy ―potentially unnecessary and overpriced insurance‖, be cause they are more worried about the expense of replacing a product if it breaks.75 . But although most policies go unused, he admits that the emotional tranquillity that comes with buying a new warranty is not in itself without value, even if ―rationally, it doesn’t make sense‖.A. This is especially true if the item is on sale, as finding an unexpected bargain leaves buyers feeling flush and pleased.B. The terms of these deals vary (and there is often a great deal of fine print), but they usually promise to repair or replace a faulty device for between one and four years.C. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.D. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.E. They concluded that the decision to buy a warranty had a great deal to do with a shopper’s mood.F. The popularity of warranties should logically depend on the likelihood of a product’s failure, says Mr Kalra.G. That makes warranties amazingly profitable: they generate over $16 billion annually for American retailers, according to Warranty Week, a trade journalB G E A FPart ⅤTranslation1. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food.”2. According to a growing body of exidence, the chemicals that make up many plastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids, ending up in your body.3. Consider the survey evidence, which shows that while most Americans want to have both science and religion in their lives, they’ ll only go so far to preserve the former at the expense of the latter.4. The bodies who play major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.5. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yieds.Part ⅥWritingAs the society develops, interpersonal relationships are getting more and more indifferent. Please make comment on the phenomena。
山东大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
山东大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction,in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject,Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle’s recent work,for example,judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards,rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological,and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction,however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all,is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors,to group together works by Black authors? Second,how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous?Rosenblatt showsthat Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable,coherent literary tradition.Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years,he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.These structures are thematic,and they spring,not surprisingly,from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced,especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance,some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect,or are the authors working out of,or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition,the style of some Black novels,like Jean Toomer’s Cane,verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted,a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions,what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in theprocess some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with[A]evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.[B]comparing various critical approaches to a subject.[C]discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.[D]summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.2.The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt[A]evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.[B]attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.[C]explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.[D]assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.3.The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as[A]pedantic and contentious.[B]critical but admiring.[C]ironic and deprecating.[D]argumentative but unfocused.4.The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt’s book EXCEPT:[A]rhetorical questions.[B]specific examples.[C]comparison and contrast.[D]definition of terms.5.The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man most probably in order to[A]point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism.[B]clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.[C]qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage.[D]give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】A【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。
2013年研究生入学考试英语真题
以下是为⼤家整理的《2013年研究⽣⼊学考试英语真题》的⽂章，供⼤家参考！Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choosethe best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points) Peopleare, on the whole, poor at considering background information when makingindividual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which areunbiased by 2 factors.But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased bythe daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six otherdefendants only to probation on that day。
To 8 this idea, he turned to theuniversity-admissions process. In theory, the 9 ofan applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day,but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 。
山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案详解
2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题完形填空A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing. She’s just __6__you out.”A leading cause of the __7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively. They don‘t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.In __10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and __11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them. In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. The following is a true story：At anational__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoyawas__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech. He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National……”Montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__ with the statement that he“was repeatedly __20__by applause.”1.[A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor2.[A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble3.[A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion4.[A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening5.[A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless6.[A] turning [B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging7.[A] rising [B] arising [C] raising [D] arousing8.[A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact9.[A] relates [B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts10.[A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise11.[A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported12.[A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch13.[A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting14.[A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal15.[A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted16.[A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue17.[A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18.[A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight19.[A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded20.[A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped阅读理解第一篇I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction(区别)and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.1 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” inthe writing process, he meansA．one cannot use them at the same time B．they cannot be regarded as equally important C．they are in constant conflict with each other D．no one can be both creative and critical2 What prevents people from writing on isA．putting their ideas in raw form B．ignoring grammatical soundnessC．attempting to edit as they write D．trying to capture fleeting thoughts3 What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?A．To organize one’s thoughts logically. B．To get one’s ideas down.C．To choose an appropriate topic. D．To collect raw materials.4 One common concern of writers about “free writing” is thatA．it overstresses the role of the creative mind B．it does not help them to think clearly C．it may bring about too much criticism D．it takes too much time to edit afterwards5 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?A．It allows him to sit on the side and observe. B．It helps him to come up with new ideas. C．It saves the writing time available to him. D．It improves his writing into better shape.第二篇 2002年1月六级"The world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss." If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog ( 烟雾 )to global climate change, from the felling ( 砍伐 ) of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.After all, the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous.But they don't. The reasons why they don't, and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in re- sponse to popular pressure. That is why, today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable.Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real temp3s during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new famp3ing and crop technology. The long temp3 trend has been downwards.It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign ( 良性的 ) trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.1. According to the author, most students________.A) believe the world's environment is in an undesirable conditionB) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to beC) get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environmentD) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment2. The huge increase in world production and population ________.A) has made the world a worse place to live inB) has had a positive influence on the environmentC) has not significantly affected the environmentD) has made the world a dangerous place to live in3. One of the reasons why the long-temp3 trend of prices has been downwards is that________.A) technological innovation can promote social stabilityB) political instability will cause consumption to dropC) new famp3ing and crop technology can lead to overproductionD) new sources are always becoming available4. Fish resources are diminishing because________.A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantitiesB) they are not owned by any particular entityC) improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing groundsD) water pollution is extremely serious5. The primary solution to environmental problems is________.A) to allow market forces to operate properlyB) to curb consumption of natural resourcesC) to limit the growth of the world populationD) to avoid fluctuations in prices第三篇 2005年6月六级Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn’t harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today.Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor. This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming. But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter.Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from “ black carbon” --- the organic particles from camp fires and charred (烧成炭的) wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burn farming. “ The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soils,” says Glaser.Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old.“Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn’t completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood,” says Glaser. “It can be better than manure (粪肥).” Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment, Glaser says: “ Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils.”Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prized by farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery (陶器) confirms the soil’s human origins.The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin” forest.During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims that these earth works, built between AD 400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.1. We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that _______.A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforestB) it destroys rainforest soilsC) it helps improve rainforest soilsD) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because _________.A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by __________.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC) test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that __________.A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇 2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdala (扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation- I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.That's not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. "When used properly, worry is an incredible device," he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action-like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.Hallowell insists, though, that there's a right way to worry. "Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan," he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we're familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it's been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro and buying gas masks.1. The "so-called fight-or-flight response" (Line2, Para. 1) refers to "________".A) the biological process in which human beings' sense of self-defense evolvesB) the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential dangerC) the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decisionD) the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information2. Form the studies conducted by LcDoux we learn that __________.A) reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictableB) memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distressC) people's unpleasant memories are derived from their feelings of fearD) the amygdale plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger3.Form the passage we know that__________.A) a little worry will do us good if handled properlyB) a little worry will enable us to survive a recessionC) fear strengthens the human desire to survive dangerD) fear helps people to anticipate certain future events4. Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to Hallowell?A) Ask for help-from the people around you.B) Use the belt-tightening strategies for survival.C) Seek professional advice and take action.D) Understand the situation and be fully prepared.5. In Hallowell's view, people's reaction to the terrorist threat last fall was _________.A) ridiculous B) understandable C) over-cautious D) sensiblePassage六选五How Poison Ivy WorksAccording to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people in this country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year. Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot. It closely resembles several other common garden plants, and can also blend in with other plants and weeds. But if you come into contact with it, you'll soon know by the itchy, blistery rash that forms on your skin. Poison ivy is a red, itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name. Many people get it when they are hiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves, roots, or stems. The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines, and sometimes it forms blisters.1. ______About 85 percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. Only a tiny amount of this chemical -- 1 billionth of a gram -- is enough to cause a rash in many people. Some people may boast that they've been exposed to poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic. Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been exposed several times, and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure. It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time.2. ______Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant. It generally grows in a cluster of low, weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences. It is most often found in moist areas, such as riverbanks, woods, and pastures. The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny "teeth". Their color changes based on the season -- reddish in the spring; green in the summer; and yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Its berries are typically white.3. ______The body's immune system is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders that can make us sick. But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin, it instigates an immune response, called dermatitis, to what would otherwise be a harmless substance. Hay fever is another example of this type of response; in the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen, or another plant-produced substance.4. ______The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure.5. ______In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol, within one to two days you'll develop a rash, which will usually itch, redden, burn, swell, and form blisters. The rash should go away within a week, but it can last longer. The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched. The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others, but it doesn't spread -- the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body. Thicker skin such as the skin on the soles of your feet, is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs.A Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant -- the leaves, stems, and roots -- it's best to avoid the plant entirely to prevent a rash. The trouble is, poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States (with the exception of the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii), so geography won't help you. The general rule to identify poison ivy, "leaflets three, let it be," doesn't always apply. Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves, with a longer middle leaf -- but it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group.B Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy, but develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Everyone has a different sensitivity, and therefore a slightly different reaction, to poison ivy. Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeated exposures to the plant.C Here's how the poison ivy response occurs. Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized, or broken down. Immune cells called T lymphocytes (or T-cells) recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance, or antigen. They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines, which bring in white blood cells. Under orders from the cytokines, these white blood cells turn into macrophages. The macrophages eat foreign substances, but in doing so they also damage normal tissue, resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy.D Poison ivy's cousins, poison oak and poison sumac, each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub (one to six feet tall). It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South, in dry areas such as fields, woodlands, and thickets. Like poison ivy, the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three. They tend to be thick, green, and hairy on both sides. Poison sumac mainly grows in moist, swampy areas in the Northeast, Midwest, and along the Mississippi River. It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets.E The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called urushiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word "urushi", meaning lacquer. Urushiol is the same substance that triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants. Poison ivy, Eastern poison oak, Western poison oak, and poison sumac are all members of the same family -- Anacardiaceae.F Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions:Pus around the rash (which could indicate an infection).A rash around your mouth, eyes, or genital area.A fever above 100 degrees.A rash that does not heal after a week.2015年山大考博英语真题部分答案完形填空答案及翻译：1.D2.B3.A4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.A11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.C最近的一项民意测验显示：美国一半的青少年认为他们与父母的交流不好，而且造成这种隔阂的一个首要原因是有不理想的倾听行为。
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题(答案解析版)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题（答案解析版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)；敬人者化学教案人恒敬之”“要学会宽恕化学教案甚至是对曾经伤害过你的人化学教案因为只有放下才能得到真正Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. ___1___, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been ___2___ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very ___3___ of money itself,” only to ___4___ itself several years later. Why has t he movement to a cashless society been so ___5___ in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7___ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the ___8___ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to ___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float"-it takes several days ___11___ a check is cashed and funds are ___12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment ___14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there.Because this is not an ___16___ occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ___17___ funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts i nto their own. The___18___ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic ___20___ that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.时间先后顺序化学教案③后适宜用感叹号试卷试题5试卷试题B试卷试题【解析】A项的“拙作”是谦辞、1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail文化活动试卷试题人有恒言曰：“百闻不如一见试卷试题”“读万卷书不如行万里路试卷试题”游学之益在于体验化学教案答案：1-5: ADBDC6-10: BBDBA11-15: ADCCC16-20: CABAD苞之生二十六年矣化学教案使蹉跎昏忽常如既往化学教案则由此而四十、五十化学教案岂有【答案详解】1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 本题考察逻辑关系[选项分析] 因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：填空之后的信息为”a true cashless society is probably not around the corner .”（一个无现金社会不太可能马上出现），而文章之前的信息都是在说我们可能马上就进入一个无现金社会，两者之间出现了明显的转折关系，因此只有however符合题意。
2013年山东大学考博英语真题
2013年山东大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题Part I Grammar and Vocabulary1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that the speakers stopped for deferments.A. at largeB. at intervalsC. at easeD. at random2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’checks, which provide a secure to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB. selectionC. inferenceD. alternative3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.A. graciousB. suspiciousC. uniqueD. particular4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A. IndistinctlyB. separatelyC. irrelevantlyD. independently6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th the birth of Jesus Christ.A. in accordance withB. in terms ofC. in favor ofD. in honor of7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.A. improveB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed and means of packing.A. specimensB. inspectionsC. samplesD. specifications9. Many of the conditions that population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction.A. bring forwardB. give rise toC. feed up withD. result from10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily for a month or a year as for a single day.A. put upB. stay upC. speed upD. make up11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region.A. infrequentlyB. irregularlyC. unsteadilyD. uneverny12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird a set of actions to protect its offspring.A. hastensB. releasesC. devisesD. initiates13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be to tourist spending?A. attributedB. appliedC. contributedD. attached14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and for us in an advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.A. ingredientB. relianceC. shelterD. inclination15. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to wonderful bargains in the market.A. pick upB. bump intoC. pile upD. bring back16. Scientists are searching for the oldest tree because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change.A. livelyB. aliveC. livingD. live17. The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City shock and anger throughout the world.A. temptedB. provokedC. summonedD. enveloped18. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.A. enrollingB. assigningC. involvingD. consenting19. The UN official said aid programs will be until there is adequate protection for relief personnel.A. multipliedB. arrestedC. spannedD. suspended20. Despite almost universal of the vital importance of women’s literacy, education remains a dream for many women in far too many countries of the world.A. confessionB. identificationC. acknowledgementD. compliment21. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now much of their food.A. deliverB. importC. produceD. develop22. Because Jenkins neither nor defends either management or the striking workers, both aides admire his journalisticA. criticizes...acumenB. attacks…neutralityC. confronts…aptitudeD. dismisses…flair23. Some anthropologists claim that a few aps have been taught a rudimentary sign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only their trainers.A. imitatingB. condoningC. instructingD. acknowledging24. It is ironic that the insights of the great thinkers are voiced so often that they have become mereA. oriinal… clichesB. banal… beliefsC. dubious… habitsD. philosophical-questions25. The most frustrating periods of any diet are the inevitable , when weight loss if not stops.A. moods… acceleratesB. feasts… haltsC. holidays… contractsD. plateaus… slows26. Since the author’s unflattering references to her friends were so , she was surprised that her were recognized.A. laudatory… stylesB. obvious… anecdotesC. oblique… allusionsD. critical… eulogies27. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does not the erosion of religion herald the of moraliy?A, regulation B. basis C. belief D. collapse28. Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be , and therefore external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.A. learned… immune toB. innate… unaffected byC. intricate… belong toD. specific… confused with29. Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy at any price.A. orderB. emancipationC. hopeD. liberty30. As a person who combines care with , Marisa completed her duties with as well as zeal.A. levity… resignationB. enthusiasm… meticulousnessC. vitality… willingnessD. empathy… rigorPartⅡCloseThe study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry called biotechnology. As the name __31__ , it combines biology and modern technology through such __32__ as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, __33__ in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent (取得专利) seeds that give a high yield (产量), that __34__ disease, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. __35__ such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised __36__ about genetically engineered crops."In nature, genetic diversity (多样性) is created within certain limits," says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. "A rose can be crossed(杂交) with a different kind of rose, but a lose will __37__ cross with a potato ..." Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to __38__ a desired property or character. This could mean, __39__ , selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes __40__ from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. __41__ , then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls that __42__ species.Like the green revolution, (43)what some call the gene revolution (44)contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity (千篇一律) –some say even more so (45)because geneticists can employ techniques such (46)as cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly (47)identical copies, or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new(48) issues, such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. ―We are flying blindly into a new (49) of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potensial (50) , ‖ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.31. A. suggests B. recalls C. concerns D. advises32. A. concepts B. views C. techniques D. courses33. A. participate B. focus C. specialize D. involve34. A. treat B. avoid C. oppose D. resist35. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. As36. A. demands B. topics C. concerns D. lessons37. A. sometimes B. never C. frequently D. eventually38. A. convey B. transfer C. select D. collect39. A. for example B. for one thing C. on one hand D. in any case40. A. resulted B. evolved C. injected D. taken41. A. In contrast B. In that C. In case D. In essence42. A. separate B. form C. create D. vary43. A. what B. where C. as D. so44. A. combines B.contributes mands D. breaks45. A. that B.because C. if D. when46. A. like B. for example C. as D. is47. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical48. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals49. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme50. A. navigations B. mystery C. outcomes D. destinationsPart ⅢReading ComprehensionPassage 1The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be ―all things to all people‖. In doing s o, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, ―the nation’s colleges and univer sities are more successful in providing credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for their students. ―The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. ―Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: ―Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most.‖ Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that ―There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications.‖51. When a college tries to be ―all things to al people‖ (Lines 1-2, Para. 1) it aims to ________.A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB) focus on training students in various skillsC) encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends52. By saying that ―in too many academic fields, the work has no context‖ (Lines 4-5, Pare.1) the author means that the teaching in these areas ________.A) ignores the actual situationB) is not based on the right perspectiveC) only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD) gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students53. One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that ________.A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB) students don’t have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learnC) skills are being taught as a means to an endD) students are only interested in obtaining credentials54. American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates because ________.A) most of them lack high-quality facultiesB) the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC) there are not enough incentives for students to study hardD) they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching55. It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for ________.A) putting academic work in the proper context来源：B) a commitment to students and effective teachingC) the practice of putting leaning to productive endsD) dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. BPassage 2Endangered SpeciesEndangered species are plants and animals that are in immediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many more species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes of climate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation (捕食). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment (侵犯) on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the world’s environments are changing faster than the ability of most species to a dapt to suchchanges through natural selection.Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primary cause is the destruction of natural habitats (栖息地). Drainage of wetlands (沼泽地), cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and dam construction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the various surroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species i n these small islands‖ lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes.Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases and parasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another important cause of their extinction.Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save declining species. Laws were made in some countries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. approved by 51 nations. Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulating and restricting trade in certain species. How effective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement (实施) and support by the people and the courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segments of society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch and kill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.56 According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor causing the rapid extinction ofman species since the 17th century?A Human beings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species.B Some endangered species have already reached the end of their life span in evolution.C The development of human society has greatly affected natural ecology systems.D The world’s climate has changed so greatly that most species can not survive.57 In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word islands refers toA the lands that are completely surrounded by water.B the wild animals’ breeding grounds protected by lawC the pieces of land separated by modern buildings and roads.D the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species.58 This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinction of man species exceptA natural selection of species.B various natural disasters.C commercial trade and killing.D destruction of natural surroundings.59 According to the passage, which of the following is most important in saving decliningspecies?A Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species.B People should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings.C Relevant laws must be made and enforced with the support of the people.D Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals.60 How does the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species from being extinct?A Worried.B Optimistic.C Indifferent.D Confident.Passage 3Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape.61. All boys and girls in large families know that.A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are togetherB)people tend to be together more than they used to beC) a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD)Railway leads the world to peace62. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except.A)the railway enables people travel fastB)the railway brings comfort to peopleC)the railway makes the world peacefulD)the railway leads the world to war as well.63. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but.A)tunnels are dangerous to public healthB)the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nervesC)the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungsD)to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die64. We may safely conclude that.A)the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB)the author belongs to the for-railway groupC)the author speaks highly of the railwayD)the author may never take train because of its potential dangers65. What is the tone of this passage?A)PracticalB)SatiricalC)HumorousD)Exaggerated61.C62.D63.D64.A65.CPassage 4The Myth of CollegeMany of you young persons out there are seriously thinking about going to college. (That is, of course, a lie. The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex. Trust me: these are closely related to college). College is basically a bunch of rooms where you sit for roughly two thousand hours and try to memorize things. The two thousand hours are spread out over four years; you spend the rest of the time sleeping and trying to get dates.Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college:Things you need to know later in life (two hours). These include how to make collect telephone calls and get beer and crepe-paper stains out of your pajamas.Things you will not need to know in later life (1,998 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in -ology, -osophy, -istry, -ics, and so on. The idea is you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books, then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have to stay in college for the rest ofyour life.It's very difficult to forget everything. For example, when I was in college, I had to memorize - don't ask me why - the names of the metaphysical poets other than John Donne. I have managed to forget one of them, but I still remember that the other two were named Vaughan and Crashaw.Sometimes, when I'm trying to remember something important, like whether my wife told me to get tuna packed in oil or tuna packed in water, Vaughan and Crashaw just pop up in my mind, right there in the supermarket. It's a terrible waste of brain cells.After you've been in college for a year or so, you're supposed to choose a major, which is the subject you intend to memorize and forget the most things about. Here is a very important piece of advice: be sure to choose a major that does not involve Known Facts and Right Answers.This means that you must not major in mathematics, physics, biology or chemistry, because these subjects involve actual facts. If, for example, you major in mathematics, you're going to wander into class one day and the professor will say: "Define the cosine integer of the quadrant of the rhomboid binary axis, and extrapolate your result to five significant vertices." If you don't come up with exactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same is true of chemistry: if you write in your exam book that carbon and hydrogen combine to form oak, your professor will flunk you. He wants you to come up with the same answer he and all the other chemists have agreed on. Scientists are extremely snotty about this.68. When should the college students choose a major?A. The moment they go to collegeB. After they have been in college for nearly two yearsC. After they have been in college for a year or soD. When they become a senior69. The word ―flunk‖ in the last paragraph meansA. floatB. failC. ridiculeD. dupe70. What is the beat title for the passage?A. The Myth of CollegeB. What Can You Learn in College?C. How to Enjoy Your College LifeD. The Importance of CollegePart ⅣUse of LanguageThe psychology of warranties保单心理学Protection racket保护之诈If extended guarantees are overpriced, why are they so popular?CUSTOMERS tend to agonise over the relative merits of different models of electronic goods such as digital cameras or plasma televisions. But when they get to the till, manyspend freely on something they barely think about at all: an extended warranty, which is often more profitable to the retailer than the device it covers.Shoppers typically pay 10-50% of the cost of a product to insure it beyond the term covered by the manufacturer’s guarantee. 71 . Yet products rarely break within the period covered, and repairs tend to cost no more than the warranty itself. 72 l.So why, asks a paper published in the December issue of the Journal of Consumer Research, do so many consumers still buy extended warranties? The authors—Tao Chen of the University of Maryland, Ajay Kalra of Rice University and Baohong Sun of Carnegie Mellon University—examined purchase data from a big electronics retailer for over 600 households from November 2003 to October 2004. 73 .If a customer is about to buy something fun (ie, a plasma television rather than a vacuum cleaner), he will be more inclined to splash out on extra insurance. This is because consumers value ―hedonic‖ items over utilitarian ones, regardless of the actual price tag. 74 . The study also found that poorer consumers are more likely to buy ―potentially unnecessary and overpriced insurance‖, because they are more worried about the expense of replacing a product if it breaks.75 . But although most policies go unused, he admits that the emotional tranquillity that comes with buying a new warranty is not in itself without value, even i f ―rationally, it doesn’t make sense‖.A. This is especially true if the item is on sale, as finding an unexpected bargain leaves buyers feeling flush and pleased.B. The terms of these deals vary (and there is often a great deal of fine print), but they usually promise to repair or replace a faulty device for between one and four years.C. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.D. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.E. They concluded that the decision to buy a warranty had a great deal to do with a shopper’s mood.F. The popularity of warranties should logically depend on the likelihood of a product’s failure, says Mr Kalra.G. That makes warranties amazingly profitable: they generate over $16 billion annually for American retailers, according to Warranty Week, a trade journalB G E A FPart ⅤTranslation1. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food.”2. According to a growing body of exidence, the chemicals that make up many plastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids, ending up in your body.3. Consider the survey evidence, which shows that while most Americans want to have both science and religion in their lives, they’ ll only go so far to preserve the former at the expense of the latter.4. The bodies who play major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.5. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yieds.Part ⅥWritingAs the society develops, interpersonal relationships are getting more and more indifferent. Please make comment on the phenomena。
2013年真题
2013年学位英语考试真题Part I Reading ComprehensionPassage1Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways.The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society.There are more ideas,more disagreements in interest,and more groups and organizations with different beliefs.In addition,there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies.All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision. In a society where people are quite similar in many ways,there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same.And although conditions may not be satisfactory,they are at least customary and undisputed.Within a society,social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material,for example,in technology rather than in values;in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early;in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites;in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones;in form rather than in substance;and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.1.The passage is mainly discussing________.A.the necessity of social changeB.certain factors that determine the ease with which social changes occurC.different types of social change in two different societies and in different aspects.D.certain factors that promote social change2._____is NOT one of the factors that tend to promote social change.A.Greater worldly interestB.Different points of viewC.Greater toleranceD.Advanced technology3.According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true?A.Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society.B.Disagreement with and argument about conditions tend to slow down social change.C.Social change is less likely to occur in the material aspect of society.D.Social change is less likely to occur in what people learned when they were young.4.The expression"greater tolerance"(Para.1)refers to_______.A.greater readiness to agree to different opinions and ideasB.quicker adaptation to changing circumstancesC.more respect for different beliefs and behaviorD.greater willingness to accept social change5.Social change is less likely to occur in a society where people are quite similar in many ways because_______.A.people there have identical needs and they are satisfied with everything.B.people there have got so accustomed to their conditions that they seldom think it necessaryto changeC.people there are easy to pleaseD.people there are less disappointedPassage2Traditionally,universities have carried out two main activities:research and teaching.Many experts would argue that both these activities play a critical role in serving the community.The fundamental question,however,is:how does the community want or need to be served?In recent years universities have been coming under increasing pressure from both the governments and the public to ensure that they do not remain“ivory towers”(象牙塔)of study separated from the realities of everyday life.University teachers have been encouraged,and in some cases constrained(强逼),to provide more courses which produce graduates with the technical skills required for the commercial use.79)If Aristotle wanted to work in a university in the UK today,he would have a good chance of teaching computer science but would not be so readily employable as a philosopher.A post-industrial society requires large numbers of computer programmers,engineers, managers and technicians to maintain and develop its economic growth but“man”,as the Bible says,“does not live by bread alone.”80)Apart from requiring medical and social services,which do not directly contribute to economic growth,the society should also value and enjoy literature, music and the arts.In these cost-conscious times,it has even been pointed out in justification for the funding of the arts that they can be useful money earners.A successful musical play,for instance,can contribute as much to the Gross National Product through tourist dollars as any other things.6.What is the main ides of the passage?A.Traditional universities only cared about research and teaching.B.Universities must meet the needs of the community.C.Research and teaching are no longer important in universities.D.Universities play an important role in our society.7.According to the second paragraph,which of the following statements is TRUE?A.The society is not satisfied with the current college education.B.The governments ask too much from colleges.C.Teachers are forced to do what they don’t like to do.D.University teachers like to provide practical courses.8.The author quoted Aristotle as an example in order to show that___________.A.he could still be an excellent teacher if he were aliveB.abstract courses like philosophy are no longer popularC.philosophy should be cut off from university curriculumD.philosophers had better know computer science9.According to the passage,literature,music and the arts_____________.A.are totally uselessB.are not good for economic developmentC.can also promote economic developmentD.are of less importance compared to some practical courses10.The author believes that_________.A.man can live by bread aloneB.arts cannot be useful money earnersC.universities should only teach technical skillsD.arts and technical skills are both important for the society’s developmentPassage3Our minds may wander during boring tasks because daydreaming is actually the brain's normal state,rather than a pointless distraction,according to a new U.S.study.The researchers,reporting their findings today in the U.S.journal,Science,found that daydreaming could be the result of the brain thinking over important—but not immediately relevant—issues when the external environment ceases to pose interesting and engaging problems.“For the most part psychologists have sort of assumed that we spend most of our time engaged in goal-directed thought and that,every so often,we have blips(光点)of irrelevant thoughts that pop up on the radar,”said Malia Mason of Harvard University.“However,it could very well be the case that most of the time we are engaged in less directed,unintended thought and that this state is routinely interrupted by periods of goal-directed thought."Daydreaming or mind-wandering is more precisely defined as a state of mind where thoughts that are experienced by an individual are unrelated to what is going on in the environment around them,according to Mason.When wandering,the brain flits from one thought to the next, generating images,voices,thoughts and feelings.When deciding how best to encourage daydreaming in order to study it,the researchers recognized that our minds often wander while we are engaged in familiar tasks,such as making a sandwich,because we don't need to concentrate on it.They trained study subjects to become proficient on certain tasks so that their minds would be able to wander when they performed them, but would have to concentrate when given something new.11.According to the new US study mentioned in the passage,daydream happens when___________.A.the brain thinks over important but temporarily irrelevant thingsB.the external environment stops posing interesting and engaging problemsC.the brain generates images,voices,thoughts and feelingsD.both A and B.12.According to Mason,we spend most of our time engaged in___________.A.goal-directed thoughtB.less directed and unintended thoughtC.very important thoughtD.none of the above13.In order to study daydream,researchers___________.A.encourage study subjects to daydreamB.ask study subjects to make sandwichesC.train study subjects to become proficient on certain tasksD.help study subjects concentrate on certain tasks14.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to this passage?A.Daydream is a meaningless distraction away from the brain’s normal state.B.Daydream researchers find that one cannot concentrate on familiar tasks.C.During daydreaming,thoughts flash through the brain one after another,producing imagesand voices and feelings.D.Mason shares the same opinion with most psychologists.15.The passage is most probably from_____________.A.a science magazineB.a medical textbookC.a personal letterD.a government documentPassage4Believe it or not(信不信由你)，optical illusion(错觉)can cut highway crashes.Japan is a case in point(恰当的例子).It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly75percent using a simple optical illusion.Bent stripes，called chevrons(人字形)painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are，and thus drivers slow down(放慢).Now the American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D.C. is planning to repeat Japan's success.Starting next year,the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.Excessive speed plays a major role in(起重要作用)as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents,according to the foundation.To help reduce those accidents，the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed--related hazards are the greatest--curves，exit slopes，traffic circles，and bridges.Some studies suggest that straight，horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half.However，traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to(习惯于)seeing the painted bars.Chevrons，scientists say，not only give drivers the impression that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower.The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.16.The passage mainly discusses______.A)a new way of highway speed control B)a new pattern for painting highwaysC)a new approach to training drivers D)a new type of optical illusion17.On roads painted with chevrons,drivers tend to feel that______.A)they should avoid speed-related hazards B)they are driving in the wrong laneC)they should slow down their speed D)they are approaching the speed limit18.The advantage of chevrons over straight，horizontal bars is that the former______.A)can keep drivers awake B)can cut road accidents in halfC)will have a longer effect on drivers D)will look more attractive19.The American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to______.A)try out the Japanese method in certain areasB)change the road signs across the countryC)replace straight，horizontal bars with chevronsD)repeat the Japanese road patterns20.What does the author say about straight，horizontal bars painted across roads?A)They are falling out of use in the United States.B)They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.C)They are applicable only on broad roads.D)They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.Part II Vocabulary and Structure21.Universities generally______their students from among the high school graduates.A.provideB.chooseC.selectD.receive22.Do you________to know Mr.Cooper’s telephone number and mail address?A.offerB.happenC.seemD.feel23.We want the committee to_______the details of the plan.A.look forB.give upC.break downD.work out24.I talked about the things and persons________we remembered at college.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whom25.We could see the stars________well from the top of the mountain.A.clearlyB.generallyC.fairlyD.closely26.When we have dinner very late we don’t wash up________the next morning.A.beforeB.inC.atD.till27.The computer doesn’t work well,so something__________wrong.A.can have goneB.ought to have goneC.must have goneD.should have gone28.The nation as a whole cannot become rich_______the peasants are relatively well off.A.ifB.beforeC.thoughD.unless29.You’ll have to______your ticket no later than five o’clock tomorrow afternoon.A.pick upB.take upC.put outD.take over30.Pictures of products with their descriptions and prices will appear on the TV_______.A.setB.screenD.machine31.__________he came to have such a valuable painting is a mystery.A.HowB.ThatC.WhatD.Which32.In my opinion,most people in that country________sports,especially football.A.are expert withB.show interest ofC.are fond forD.go in for33.I am sorry that I am not in a__________to help you right now.A.responsibilityB.positionC.powerD.skill34.Our new house is very__________,for I can get to my office in five minutes.fortableB.pleasantC.convenientD.available35.The audience stood and__________at the end of the performance.A.welcomedB.clappedC.wavedD.celebrated36.Hardly_________how I passed the interview.A.I can understandB.understand I canC.can understand ID.can I understand37.When the fog got thicker the search for the missing man was__________.A.called atB.called upC.called onD.called off38.He had two daughters,Alice and Sarah,the__________of whom married an archaeologist.A.youngB.formerC.elderlyD.old39.We had a party last week,and it was a lot of fun,so let’s have_________one.A.moreB.the otherC.otherD.another40.We arranged to meet at the station but she did not_________.A.break upB.turn upC.bring upD.set up41.A good many proposals were raised by the delegates,______was to be expected.A.thatB.whatC.soD.as42.The manager urged his staff not to_______the precious opportunity.A.dropB.missC.escapeD.slide43._________I admire David as a poet,I do not like him as a man.A.Much asB.Only ifC.If onlyD.As muchst year Mike earned_________his brother,though his brother has a better position.A.twice as much asB.twice as many asC.twice thanD.twice as more as45.If you suspect that illness might be serious,you should not________going to the doctor.A.pick outB.make outC.put offD.give off46.I was just coming out of the sea after a swim__________I stepped on a sharp stone and cut my foot.A.whenB.asC.thenD.while47.I want to buy a new tie to__________my brown suit.A.agree withB.wearC.matchD.keep with48.How nice to see you again!You should have told me you_________.A.are comingB.were comingC.will comeD.have come49.Would you be__________to lend me your bike tomorrow morning?A.as kind asB.very kind asC.so kind asD.very kind as50.It is generally considered unwise to give a child_______he or she wants.A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever51.My parents had__________send their six children to top colleges and graduate schools.A.handled withB.attended toC.coped withD.managed to52.He was never_________of experimenting with different ways of planting his crops.A.wornB.tireC.wearD.tired53.In the experiment we kept a watchful eye__________the developments and recorded every detail.A.inB.atC.forD.on54.The old man eventually had a happy family reunion after forty________years living in Taiwan.A.aloneB.lonelyC.soleD.single55.Ever since the Smiths moved to the suburbs a year ago,they__________better health.A.could have enjoyedB.had enjoyedC.have been enjoyingD.are enjoying56.The volcano that raised the islands are still_______places.A.inactiveB.enormousC.energeticD.lively57.I left for the office earlier than usual this morning______traffic jam．A.in line withB.in case ofC.for the sakeD.at the risk of58.Observations were made________the children at the beginning and at the end of pre-school and first grade.A.towardsB.ofC.onD.with59.Can you do our work better with________money and_______people?A.lesser;fewerB.less;fewerC.little;lessD.few;less60.They are very jealous_______his reputation.A.ofB.atC.forD.againstPart III Cloze(10minutes,10points)Every place is different.That is61makes geography（地理学）so interesting.It62us to new places,to different ways of living,to new ways of thinking about the world.Indeed,it shows us new ways of thinking about ourselves in our environment（环境）.Like travel,it is63.It gives us new experiences（经历）and broaden（扩展）our understanding.In comparing the study of geography to travel,we should also note the importance of maps.Like the vacationing motorist（自驾游者）,geographers feel much more comfortable with a good map. Maps are among the most important tools of the64trade.The ability to read and use maps is a65 skill,one that you will need for driving,reading the newspaper,and doing many jobs.The study of geography will help you to improve your map reading skills.But that is only the beginning.The real value of geography is66it will give you a special way of67at the world.A geographical outlook（观点）can help you understand68,your neighbors,and the world.It can make you sensitive（敏感的）69your environment and excited enough to really care.People with knowledge and concern(关怀)can70our world a better place to live in.61.A)what B)that C)which D)all62.A)sends B)teaches C)introduces D)transfers63.A)disappointing B)tiring C)boring D)exciting64.A)geographer B)geographers C)geography's D)geographer's65.A)simple B)difficult C)basic D)rare66.A)because B)that C)whether D)what67.A)getting B)working C)glancing D)looking68.A)oneself B)you C)one D)yourself69.A)against B)for C)to D)with70.A)turn B)make C)design D)improvePart IV Translation71、当提到我父母时，她的脸上露出了认出我的笑容。
2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷-完整版
2013MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1．请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2．试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3．试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4．标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5．听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A cough B. Diarrhea C. A fever D. V omiting2. A. Tuberculosis B. Rhinitis C. Laryngitis D. Flu3. A. In his bag. B. By the lamp.C. In his house.D. No idea about where he left it.4. A. He’s nearly finished his work.B. He has to work for some more time.C. He wants to leave now.D. He has trouble finishing his work.5. A. A patient B. A doctor C. A teacher D. A student6. A. 2.6 B. 3.5 C. 3.9 D. 1367. A. He is the head of the hospital. B. He is in charge of Pediatrics.C. He went out looking for Dan.D. He went to Michigan on business.8. A. He has got a fever. B. He is a talented skier.C. He is very rich.D. He is a real ski enthusiast.9. A. To ask local people for help.B. To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C. Try to act like the people from that culture.D. Stay with your country fellows.10.A. She married because of loneliness.B. She married a millionaire.C. She married for money.D. She married for love.11.A. Aspirant B. Courageous C. Cautious D. Amiable12.A. He was unhappy. B. He was feeling a bit unwell.C. He went to see the doctor.D. The weather was nasty.13.A. You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B. You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C. It’s a very popular magazine.D. It doesn’t sell very well.14.A. A general practitioner. B. A gynecologist.B. An orthopedist D. A surgeon.15.A. Chemotherapy B. Radiation C. Injections D. Surgery Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. It is a genetic disorder.B. It is a respiratory condition in pigs.C. It is an illness from birds to humans.D. It is a gastric ailment.17.A. Eating pork.B. Raising pigs.C. Eating chicken.D. Breeding birds.18.A. Running nose.B. Inappetence.C. Pains all over.D. Diarrhea.19.A. To stay from crowds. B. To see the doctor immediately.C. To avoid medications.D. To go to the nearby clinic.20.A. It is a debate.B. It is a TV program.C. It is a consultation.D. It is a workshop.Passage One21.A. About 10,000,000.B. About 1,000,000.C. About 100,000.D. About 10,000.22.A. A cocktail of vitamins.B. A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium.C. The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D. The combination of minerals.23.A. The delicate structures of the inner ear. B. The inner ear cells.C. The eardrums.D. The inner ear ossicles.24.A. General Motors. B. The United Auto Workers.C. NIH.D. All of above.25.A. An industrial trial in Spain.B. Military trials in Spain and Sweden.C. Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden.D. A trial involving students at the University of Florida.Passage Two26.A. The link between obesity and birth defects.B. The link between obesity and diabetes.C. The risk of birth abnormalities.D. The harmful effects of obesity.27.A. Neural tube defects. B. Heart problems.C. Cleft lip and palate.D. Diabetes.28.A. 20 million. B. 200 million.C. 400 million.D. 40 million.29.A. A weight-loss surgery. B. A balanced diet.C. A change of life style.D. More exercise.30.A. Why obesity can cause birth defects.B. How obesity may cause birth defects.C. Why obesity can cause diabetes.D. How obesity may cause diabetes.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.A. overlappedB. segregatedC. intersectedD. interspersed32. As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year.A. sternB. slackC. sumptuousD. glamorous33. As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best ina slightly acid ___________.A. mechanismB. miniatureC. mediumD. means34. Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane.A. flexibilityB. moralityC. capacityD. productivity35. In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines – once Asia’s second richest country – recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.A. denialB. reversalC. intervalD. withdrawal36. Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.A. wholesomeB. contagiousC. vulgarD. stagnant37. Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and _____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.A. sustainableB. renewableC. revivableD. merchandisable38. In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.A. rationalB. radicalC. conservativeD. progressive39. Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.A. ripplingB. waningC. fluctuatingD. devastating40. It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.A. at largeB. at randomC. on endD. on averageSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phase underlined. There are four words or phases beneath each sentence, Choose the word orphase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part, Mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET.41. Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold ata discount.A. deficitsB. deviationsC. drawbacksD. discrepancies42. The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.A. despiseB. evadeC. demandD. undertake43. After “9.11”, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country.A. improvedB. burdenedC. inspectedD. tariffed44. The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.A. a fit of enthusiasmB. a scream of frightC. a burst of laughterD. a cry of anguish45. We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.A. loanB. paymentC. withdrawalD. retrieval46. The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.A. fineB. suddenC. finiteD. absolute47. Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise.A. irritatedB. tamedC. stampedD. probed48. The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.A. inductionB. perceptionC. interpretationD. penetration49. My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect.A. presentationB. gestureC. rhythmD. pronunciation50. In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.A. untimelyB. unexpectedlyC. unreasonablyD. unconventionallyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Video game players may get an unexpected benefitfrom blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester.Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, “A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.”The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,” Bavelier said.Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a “life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly.51. A. crucial forB. available inC. resulting fromD. ascribed to52. A. in disguise ofB. in shades ofC. in search ofD. in place of53. A. This is howB. That’s whyC. It is not thatD. There exists54. A. paidB. paysC. payD. paying55. A. thoughB. not to sayC. not just oneD. as well56. A. UntilB. WhileC. UnlessD. Once57. A. as opposed toB. in addition toC. as a result ofD. in spite of58. A. benefitsB. defectsC. approachesD. risks59. A. in caseB. in advanceC. in returnD. in particular60. A. effectB. reasonC. outcomeD. conclusionPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneThere is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unreported so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression.Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upbringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality – attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties – can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, shouldn’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk?No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care.Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable.61. Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________.A. in terms of physical environmentB. form a biological perspectiveC. based on the empirical dataD. in a statistical way62. When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, asindicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________.A. a particular gene is passed on in familiesB. child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC. the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendencyD. the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse63. The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocialand criminal behavior ___________.A. boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB. high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC. it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD. active measures ought to be taken at an early age64. To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it apoint to consider ___________.A. the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB. the consequences of compromising democracyC. the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD. the greater cost of failing to intervene65. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Parenting Strategies for KidsB. The Making of a CriminalC. Parental EducationD. Abusive ParentingPassage twoAfter 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them.Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man with HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life.Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050.Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money – initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs.The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead.No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon – and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses.66. Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph?A. The end of the world.B. A candle of hope.C. A Nobel prize.D. A Quick Fix.67. According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had alsodeveloped leukemia would ___________.A. make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapyB. facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionC. compel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD. would change the way we look at those with AIDS68. As another bit of good news, ___________.A. HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB. the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ARTC. the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD. the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years69. The last reason for optimism is that ___________.A. governments will invest more in improving ARTB. the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the declineC. everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD. the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem70. The whole passage carries a tone of ___________.A. idealismB. activismC. criticismD. optimismPassage ThreeArchaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything?Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物)for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia.Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged.Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world?His answer is that the software – the culture – took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations,passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children.Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “relaxed” and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for.Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster.71. The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________.A. seem to have no answers whateverB. are intended to dig for ancient human mindsC. are not scientific enough to be answered hereD. are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance72. The scientists find the proxy to be ___________.A. the role of cultureB. the passage of timeC. the structure of a skullD. the biological makeup of the brain73. According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years agosuggests that ___________.A. human civilization came too lateB. the hardware retained biologically staticC. it took so long for the software to evolveD. there existed an interaction between gene and environment74. From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, wemight conclude that ___________.A. the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB. the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC. the theory of natural selection applies to human evolutionD. vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain75. Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________.A. its cognitive development is extremely slowB. to know its past is to understand its futureC. its biological evolution is hard to predictD. as the brain develops, so as the mindPassage FourDespite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change. A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population.This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it?One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate.Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting.So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earth’s plan B”.Plan B involves making sure we have large scale geoengineering technologies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing.Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change.Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.76. To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________.A. the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenientB. the warning against worsening climate changeC. the inevitable consequence of global warmingD. the misconception of a warmer world77. As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________.A. live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB. have nowhere to go but live in the desertC. become victims as soon as 2050D. move closer to the poles78. It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________.A. to reduce massively CO2 emissionsB. to take protective measures by 2025C. to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD. to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles。
研究生学位英语考试2013年6月真题
GENERAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TESTFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR GRADUATE STUDENTS(GETJUN1613)考试注童事项一、本考试由两份试卷组成：试卷一（Paper O ne)包括听力理解、词汇、完形填空与阅读理解四部分，共80题，按顺序统一编号；试卷二（PaperTwo)包括翻译与写作两部分,共3题。
二、试卷一（题号1-80)为客观评分题（听力Section C部分除外)，答案一律用2B铅笔做在机读答题纸上，在对应题号下所选的字母中间划黑道，如[A][B]杩[Dh三、试卷二为主观评分题，答案做在ANSWER SHEET I I上。
答题前^请仔细阅读试卷二的注意事项。
四、试卷一、试卷二上均不得作任何记号（听力Section C部分除外)，答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效<>五、本考试全部时间为150分钟，釆用试卷一与试卷二分卷计时的办法。
试卷一考试时间为90分钟，听力理解部分以放完录音带为准，大约25分钟；其余部 分共计时65分钟，每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。
试卷二共计时60分钟f每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。
六、试卷一与试卷二采取分别收卷的办法。
每次终了时间一到，考生一律停笔，等候监考教师收点试卷及答题纸。
全部考试结束后，须待监考教师将全部试卷及答题纸收点无 误并宣布本考试结束，方可离开考场。
PAPER ONEPARTI LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 minutes, 20 points)Section A (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end 讨 each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Theconversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best anmerfromthef°ur choices S>ven by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe sqmre brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.1 ‘ A, The manager will ask Jack to leave,B. The manager will make Jack work overnight.C The m eager will make things difficult for Jack.D. The manager will dismiss Jack from his position.2. A. He serves as a good example for his son.B. He depends on his son for a living.C. He is quite interested in fashion.D. He is very strict with his son.3. A. She will go if it doesn’t rain.B. She will go regardless of the weatherC. She will go if she has enough money,D. She will go if she has time.4‘ A. The author of the book is a great thinker,B. The author s point of view is ambiguous.C. The woman should read the book again and again.D. The woman didn t understand the book correctly,5. A. It reminds him of someone with that name.B. That name sounds familiar.C_ The girl used to be his best friend.D. He has never heard that name before.6. A. It is too early to worry about it.B. It will be the best result ever.C. It is no use worrying about it.D. It is too late to worry about it,7. A. Stock trading is highly risky,B. Stock trading is very interesting.C. Stock trading is easy if you know how,D. Stock trading is not so easy as the man thinks.8. A. He never liked the committee,B, He was fired by his boss.C He was in a difficult situation.D. He didn’t resign from the committee at all9. A. The man’s feelings are not reliable.B. The man doesn’t have sufficient evidence.C. Mike didn’t say anything bad about the man.D. Mike has said something bad about the man.Section B (1 point e ach)Directions：In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of e ach talk, there will be som e questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After eachquestion, there will be a pause' During the pause, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer SheelMini-talk on e10- A. Lack of basic education in many developing countries.B. Effective methods of teaching in developing countries.C Important skills to be learned in developing countries.D. Causes of poverty in many developing countries.11. A, One in two.B. One in four.C. One in five.D. One in eight.12. A. Going to boarding schools.B. Going to schools far from home.C- Receiving education in cities,D. Learning through TV or computers. Mini-talk T w o13. A. It was optimistic,C. It was startling,B. It was pessimistic. D* It was worrisome.14. A. It was hard to estimate.C. It was on the decline.B, It remained unchanged. D, It was on the rise.15. A. 20 % of all deaths.C. Almost one million.B. 25 % of all deaths, D, Nearly 12million.Section C (1 point e ach)Directions: In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture‘ Y o u will hear the recording twice. After the recording you areasked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. Y o u now have 25 seconds toread the notes below,(请在录音结束后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上）16. The aim of the IB programs is to help the students develop the skills to live, learn and work ina_____________(two words) world,17‘ High school students have to ^.(three words), pass exams and write a twenty-page paper to earn an IB diploma.18. These IB diploma students can also attend.■ (two words).19. The conference was meant as a way for students not only to learn about the environment，butalso to develop______________(two words).20. The 17-year-old student said they had to _conference..(three words) to present to thePART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Them are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C andD, Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scored Answer Sheet.21. New European legislation will come into effect shortly regarding the equal treatment of men andwomen in insurance,A. soonB. closely C, briefly D, abruptly21 Those who are motivated tend to have clear goals and persist in the face of defeat or failure.A. for the sake ofB. by means ofC. in spite ofD. on account of23. Once these people seize power, they will abuse it，casting aside their beliefs and brutalizing theirfellow citizens.A. advocatingB. discardingC. innovating D, reinforcing24. What I did for Mother that day was small, but it helped deepen the special bond between us.A. barrierB. rivalryC. tieD. collaboration25. The analyst warns investors that an appealing idea does not necessarily make for a good fund.A. attractive B, acute C. abundant D. apparent26. Smith and I studied under the same supervisor, worked together, and forged a lifelong friendship.A. pledgedB. produced C, assessed D. dispersed27. Psychologists have stated that negative thinldng can consume your life and cause problems,A. patriotismB. heroismC. optimismD. pessimism28. When George H,W. Bush graduated from Yale in 1948, most assumed he would head to WallStreet.A. make forB. excel inC. dispose of D, compete against29. It is extremely difficult or even impossible to work out the risk of occasional passive smoking.A, eliminate B. convert C. exercise D, calculate30. The levels of PM2.5 in Beijing are by far the worst since the government began releasing figureson PM2.5 particles.A. over a large areaB. according to most peopleC. by a considerable marginD. until the present momentSection B (0.5 point e a c h)Directions: T h e re are te n questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are f our w ords or p hrases marked A, B’ C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best com pletes the se n te n c e, Mark the correspondingletter with a single bar across th e square brackets on your m achine-scored A nsw erS h e e t.31. Although a man of______birth, Abraham Lincoln managed to be one of the greatest presidentsin American history.A. feebleB. nobleC. edibleD. humble32. Concerned about the future of the country, the new president had a clear______of where to leadit,A. visionB. recollectionC. fantasyD. image33. Doctors and researchers have to keep themselves______c m the latest developments in theirsphere of study.A. convincedB. humiliated C, updated D. isolated34. Heavy______to environmental tobacco smoke at work has been shown to double the risk oflung cancer.A* contact B. touch C, exposure D. encounter35. PM2.5 particles are thought particularly damaging to health because they can______deep intothe lungs.A, dig B. penetrate C. elevate D. dive36. It seems that countries with the highest regular chocolate intake per person have a______greater number of Nobel Prize winners,A, previously B. proportionally C. psychologically D, purposefully 37. Pets are______providing not only companionship to humans, but health benefits to many aswell.A. credited with B, prohibited from C, accused of D. ascribed to38. If you’re making a conscious effort to______lies, experts suggest seeking like-minded, honest folkA. get down toB. be crazy aboutC. cut back onD. look up to39. The Bush administration lifted sanctions on Pakistan and helped fund counter-terrorism operations______her cooperation.A. in regard to B* in comparison with C. in the eyes of D. in return for40. The plot of some TV series focusing on military intelligence collection is______complicated______almost defy belief.Directions: T h ere are 10 questions in this part of the te s t. Read the passage through. T h en, go back m d choose咖suitabk word or phrase marked A, B, C, or Dfor each blank inthe paSSage- Mark the responding letter of the won! or phrase you have chosenwith a Sin^le bar卯腿加 square brackets on your machine-scored Answer S heet.Ttoe are two primary causes of traffic accidents, those that are caused by the driver and those that are environmental and outside toe driver's control. —41— environmental issues like weather or poor road maintenance may cause an accident, statistically these are far less likely to do so. Driver ―郎 prove to be the main cause of accidents. The most —42— distractions are looking at traffic, crashes and roadside incidents. While it is widely believed that cell phones are a greater cause, C e l1 ph°neS °nly —43— skth m list. J4—, laws to limit cell phone use while driving do not decrease accidents. Hands-free phones are —45— than hand-held devices.Alcoho] was a factor in at least 41 percent of all fatal crashes. Alcohol —46— affects vision, reaCti0n time md attention of the and decreases overall driving performance. Fatigues —47— 100,000 vehicle crashes per year, killing _48— 1,500 people and injuring 71,000 people. Accidents caused by fatigue are particularly —49— for truck drivers and others taking long-haul driving trips. Speeding is another major cause of traffic accidents, particularly for younger or newer drivp.r« TWtlu ctra mnra1U,一__J ... .i...PART n i CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)41. A. However42. A, instructive43. A. come about44. A. In fact45. A. more safer46. A. adversely47. A. stands for48. A, as soon as49. A* rare50. A, situated in were speeding at the time of the crash.Bt Because C. If D. WhileB. disruptiveC. descriptiveD. constructive B. come across C. come on D ‘ come inB- For example C. Even so D, By contrast B. not so safe C. no more safe D. no longer safeB. scarcely C’ favorablyD. affectionately B* compensates for C. runs for D. accounts for B- as long as C. as many as D. as much as B, necessary C. populous D, prevalentB- involved in C. indulged inD. engaged inPART ^READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point e a c h)D— ln thisPart °flhe啤thm arefive short passages. Read each passage carefully, and ^en加Questions that f ollow. Choose the best answerfrom the four choices givenand mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets onyour machine-scored Answer Sheet.P a ssa g e OneEveryone knows about straight-A students. They get high grades, all right, but only by becoming dull and diligent students, their noses always stuck in a book. How, then, do we account for Paul Melendres? Melendres, now a freshman at the University of New Mexico, was 伽ient-body president at Valley High School in Albuquerque. Hejoined the soccer and basketball teams of his school, exhibited at the science fair, was chosen for the National Honor Society and he achieved straight A’s in all his classes.How do super-achievers like Melendres do it? Brains aren’t the only 咖wer. “Top grades don’t always go to the brightest students；1 declares Herbert Walberg, professor of education at the University of Illinois at Chicago, who has conducted major studies of super-achieving students.“Knowing how to make the most of your innate abilities counts for more. Infinitely more."Hard work isn’t the whole story, either. “It’s not how long you sit there with the books open，”said one of the many A students we interviewed. “It’s what you do while you're sitting” Indeed, some of these students actually put in fewer hours of homework time than their lower-scoring classmates.The kids at the top of the class get there by mastering a few basic techniques that others can readily learn.Set priorities. Ibp students brook no intrusions on study time. Once the books are open or the computer is booted up，phone calls go unanswered，TV shows unwatched, snacks ignored. Study is business; business comes before recreation,Study anywhere-or everywhere. A cross-country runner who worked out every day used the time to memorize biology terms. Another student posted a vocabulary list by the medicine cabinet and learned a new word every day while brushing his teeth.Get organized. In high school, McCray ran track, played rugby and was in the band and orchestra. “I was so busy, I couldn't waste time looking for a pencil or missing paper. I kept everything right where I could put my hands on it,” he says.Among the students we interviewed, study times were strictly a matter of personal preference. Some worked Jate at night when the house was quiet. Others awoke early. Still others studied as soon as they came home from school when the work was fresh in their minds. All agreed, however, on the need for consistency,5L Which of the following statements might Herbert Walberg agree with?A. High IQ alone may not be the guarantee of top grades.B. A super-achiever has to devote all his spare time to study.C. Innate abilities do not make much difference to your grades.D. The brighter the students, the greater their chances of success.52. In Paragraph Three, the author stresses the importance of_______A. PracfceB. disciplineC. efficiency D, carefulness53‘Top students brook no intrusions on study time" (Para, 5) means that they_____A. never ask any questions while studyingB, don’t want other people to tell them how to studyC‘ consider study more important than anything elseD. don’t allow other things to interrupt their study54. What tips might McCray offer to other students?A. Join a school organization.B. Put things in their right places*C‘ Study anywhere at any timeD. Learn as much as you can.55. What can we learn about study times from the last paragraph?A. Study times can be adjusted every day.B. Study times vary from person to person.C. There are no best study times for a student.D_ Study times are crucial for academic excellence.56. What is the topic of the passage?A. Grades and education.B. Hard work in high schools.C‘ Balancing study and play, D. Secrets of top students‘Passage TwoCleaning clothes usually requires soap and water to remove stains and smells, and a tumble 丨n the dryer or an afternoon on the clothesline to dry. The time and energy needed to turn a heap of dirty laundry into a pile of clean clothes might make people wish for clothes that just clean themselves.That wish is a step closer to coming true. Recent experiments show that cotton fabric coated with the right mixture of chemicals can dissolve stains and remove odors after only a few hours in the sun. “The technology can be applied to all kinds of fabrics and their related products，” says materials scientist Mingce Long. He helped develop the treated cotton with his colleague Deyong Wu.The handy fabric gets its self-cleaning abilities from a chemical mixture that coats the cotton threads. The coating includes substances known as photocatalysts, which trigger chemical reactions in light. One of those photocatalysts, called titanium dioxide (二氧化钛)，helps sunscreen block the sun. Another, called silver iodide (破化银)，is used for developing photographs.Researchers have previously shown that titanium dioxide mixtures could remove stains in clothes — but with exposure to ultraviolet, not visible, light. (The waves of ultraviolet light are more energetic and shorter than those of visible light) Other studies have demonstrated that silver iodide can speed up chemical reactions in sunlight*“We knew that self-cleaning cotton fabrics with titanium dioxide coating had already been developed, but they cannot work, or they work weakly, under sunlight,” Long says. “If we want to use the fabrics in daily life, we must develop cotton that cleans itself under daylight." Long and Wu created just such a fabric, working for years to perfect the recipe for a liquid dip that left cotton coated with the titanium dioxide mixture. Then they added particles of silver iodide, which boosted the fabric’s self-cleaning ability in the sun. In laboratory tests, their creation was nearly seven times better at removing stains than titanium dioxide alone,The scientists can’t start selling their self-cleaning cotton just yet; they still need to make sure the coated cotton won’t harm those who wear it. Although titanium dioxide is used in some foods, recent experiments have shown that it can cause health problems if it gets in the lungs. So before the material can be worn, scientists need to find a way to make it safe,57. The materials developed by Mingce Long can clean themselves by_______.A. being soaked in a mixture of chemicalsB. being exposed only to ultraviolet lightC being exposed to sunlight for a few hoursD, being hung in high-temperature environments58* The research conducted by Long and his colleagues_______■A. is based on previous studiesB* has caused a debate among scientistsC. is pioneer work in a new fieldD. poses a challenge to other scientists59. Long’s major concern over the self-cleaning materials is whether________A. their cleaning ability can lastB. it is safe to wear themC‘ their cleaning effect is satisfactoryD. it is cost-effective to produce them60. We can learn from the laboratory tests that their research_______.A. has left much to be desiredB. has yet to produce convincing resultsC. will yield huge economic benefitsD. can be considered a success61. It can be learned from the last paragraph that self-cleaning clothes_______•A. prove to be better than expectedB. are still at the experimental stageC. will soon be put into the marketD. may produce more harms than benefits62. What is the major topic of the passage?A. The effectiveness of self-cleaning fabrics.B. The application of self-cleaning technology.C. The development of self-cleaning materials.D. The necessity of self-cleaning clothes.P a ssa g e T h re eTHE digital attack of e-books and Amazon-style e-tailers has put bookstores at risk. Digital books are expected to outsell print titles by 2015 in Britain and even sooner in America. With this change, physical bookstores appear to be on borrowed time. So, what is the future of the bookstore? This is a burning questicm on everyone's lips at a recent event at Foyles’s flagship bookshop in London.To remain successful, a bookstore must improve l*the experience of buying books’” says Alex Lifschutz, an architect, He suggests an array of approaches: “small, quiet spaces sheltered with books; larger spaces where one can dwell and read; other larger but still intimate spaces where one can hear talks from authors about books." Exteriors must buzz with activity, entrances must be full of eye-catching presentations. The trend for not only incorporating cafes in bookstores but also placing them on the top floor makes good sense. This draws shoppers upwards floor-by-floor, which is bound to encourage people to linger longer and spend more.There are plenty of ways to delight customers. The consensus is that bookstores need to becomecultural destinations where people are prepared to pay good money to hear a concert, see a film or attend a talk. The programming will have to be intelligent and the space comfortable. As shoppers often browse in shops only to buy online later, some wonder whether it makes sense to charge people for the privilege.A more attractive idea might be a membership scheme like (hose offered by museums and other cultural venues. Unlike reward cards, which offer discounts and other nominal benefits, a club membership could provide priority access to events and a private lounge where members can eat, drink and meet authors before events. Different memberships could tailor to the needs of children and students.To survive and thrive, bookstores should celebrate the book in all its forms: rare, second-hand, digital, self-printed and so on. Readers should have the option of buying e-books in-store, and budding authors should have access to self-printing book machines, an important source of revenue in America.The bookstore of the future will have to work hard. Service will be knowledgeable and personalized, (he inventory expertly selected, spaces well-designed and the cultural events appealing. Whether bookstores are up to the challenge is not clear. The fate of these stores is a cliff-hanger.63. The first paragraph implies that without effective countermeasures_______.A. books on physics will die out soonB. printed books will outnumber e-booksC. no bookstores can survive digitalizationD. traditional bookstores will be short-lived64. The main idea of the second paragraph is that_______.A. the layout and atmosphere will be vital for bookstoresB. future bookstores should provide quick servicesC. advertising is critical to sales at future bookstoresD. bookstores should provide drinks on each floor65. All of the following are approaches suggested to boost sales EXCEPT_______.A. widening the range of servicesB. adopting the membership schemeC. issuing reward cards to customersD. making bookstores recreational66* The underlined word “celebrate” as is used in this passage probably means ______.A. spendB. observe C, commemorate D. embrace67. The last paragraph of this passage is concerned with______fA. current difficulties facing bookstoresB. challenges facing bookstores of the futureC. great opportunities for various bookstoresD. the easily achievable goal of future bookstores68. This passage can be best entitled 一_____.A. E-Publish or PerishB. Never Too Old to ReadC. The Future of the BookstoreD. Lower Value of Physical BooksP a s sa g e FourLong before the iPhone made him the god of gadgets, Steve Jobs launched his tech career by hacldng land lines to make free long-distance calls. Bob Dylan’s band, the Golden Chords, lost a high-school talent competition to a tap dancing act. Behind every success story is an embarrassing first effort, a stumble, a setback or a radical change of direction. It’s these first clumsy steps on the road to fame and fortune that fascinate writer Seth Fiegerman, who edits the blog , a collection of case studies on the origins of famous careers.“When you see someone who's very successful, you almost imagine that it was an inevitable conclusion, that they’re a genius, that they were destined for great things,” says Fiegerman, who began the blog in 2009, after an early setback in his own career. “I think the big takeaway is failure and setbacks, far from being uncommon, are in many ways essential.，’After Fiegerman, now 26, graduated from New York University in 2008，he landed a first job as a research editor at Playboy magazine. But he had worked there for just half a year when management announced that most of the staff would soon be laid off. As unemployment loomed, Fiegerman felt adrift. He began to explore the Playboy archives, discovering a valuable wealth of interviews with celebrities ranging from Marlon Brando to Malcolm X. Many of these successful people shared tales of their less promising early days, and Fiegerman quickly became obsessed with these origin stories.He began reading biographies with great interest and requesting interviews with writers and musicians he admired, using the blog to document the fits and starts that began the careers of the famous and the infamous. Success, he learned, was less a matter of innate talent and more the product of perseverance, a willingness to stumble and stand up again and again.“You kind of assume that great geniuses [are] like Mozart," Fiegerman says. But few successful people were children of highly unusual talent and these children don’t necessarily find success, “Most people don’t stick to it ”Like his subjects, Fiegerman found that his own early setback wasn’t permanent. He landed a new job in journalism, and today he works at the tech news website Mashable, covering, appropriately enough, start-up businesses. While he has less time for the blog, he hopes his collection of origin stories will help other young people realize it’s OK to fail.69. Steve Jobs and Bob Dylan are mentioned to show that .A. success is hard to achieve for most ordinary peopleB. successful people share certain good qualitiesC a good beginning is important for a successful careerD. setbacks are nothing unusual in successful careers70- The underlined word “takeaway” (Para. 2) probably means “ ’，.A. a point to be rememberedB* a threat to your good healthC_ some food to be eaten elsewhereD. a barrier to a successful career71. Fiegerman became interested in the origin stories_______A. while he was working for a magazineB. after he was laid off by a magazineC. after he set up a news websiteD. when he was creating his blog72. According to Fiegerman, which of the following is critical to success?A. Patience.B. Intelligence.C. Persistence.D. Opportunity.73. Fiegerman’s purpose in creating the blog is to_______.A. introduce new strategies to deal with setbacksB. encourage people to see failure in perspectiveC. advise people on how to start new businessesD‘ share the success stories of famous people74. Which is probably the best title for the passage?A. Tips for A Successful CareerB. Success Is Not EverythingC. All Roads Lead to RomeD. Failure Is the Mother of SuccessP a s s a g e F iveThe scandal at Harvard University in which authorities are investigating whether nearly half of a class of 279 students cheated on a take-home final exam raises a number of questions, including this: Does everybody cheat?“ Dozens of Harvard University students may have wrongly shared answers on a final exam, an unprecedented" case of suspected academic dishonesty. Sanctions for students found guilty of cheating include leaving Harvard for a year.Harvard, like most U.S. colleges and universities, has never had an honor code, although the Associated Press reports that it is giving “renewed consideration" to the idea as a result of the scandal.So, does everybody cheat?Not quite, but studies show that most students cheat at one time or another.A survey of 40,000 high school students found that more than half of teenagers said they had cheated on a test m Ihe previous year, and 34 percent said they had done it more than twice. One-third of the students said that they had plagiarized an assignment with the help of the Internet.The consequences for the country may be significant. A 2009 study about the relationship between high school attitudes and behavior and later adult conduct found that people who cheated on exams in high school two or more times are more likely to be dishonest later in life than those who never cheated in high school.Meanwhile, we've seen successive scandals involving cheating by the adults in school 一 teachers and principals — as a result of the growing importance of standardized tests. As the stakes associated with the scores have risen — the tests are used to gauge not only student achievement, but also teacher effectiveness, school and district quality ~ more people have taken desperate measures to ensure better scores. Not an excuse, just an explanation.Modem technology makes cheating much easier. Cheating cases have been documented in 30 states over the past three academic years. Some students, including those at virtual schools, sometimes put entire quizzes on the Internet, and the same exams are used repeatedly by teachers.Back at Harvard, a culture of cheating persists, here's a lot of pressure internally and externally to succeed at Harvard, and when kids who are not used to failing feel these things, it can really bend their eliiics in ways I didn't expect to see，” author Eric Kester told ABC News,75. The word “unprecedented，，is used in Paragraph Two to emphasize that—____,A. the causes of these cases of cheating had remained a mysteryB. such large-scale cheating was something unheard of at HarvardC. there had never been any cheating at Harvard beforeD. such cases of cheating had been left unreported by the media。
2013年10月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2013年10月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Abruptly the ground fell away from our feet, and an______void opened before us.A．anxiousB．audibleC．awesomeD．amiable正确答案：C解析：本题考查形容词的语义。
A焦虑的，发愁的；B听得见的；C令人敬畏的，令人惊叹的；D和蔼可亲的，令人愉悦的。
该句的大意为：突然大地从我们脚下陷落下去，一块可怕的凹陷出现在我们面前。
2．Autobiographical advertising can ______ consumers’ past memories about the product or brand.A．exaggerateB．excavateC．extractD．evoke正确答案：D解析：本题考查动词与名词的搭配。
A夸张，夸大；B挖空，挖掘；C(费力地)取出；采掘，提炼；D唤起，引起；使人想起。
该句的大意为：自传性质的广告可以唤起消费者对于该产品或该品牌的回忆。
3．Many animals are on the ______ of disappearing from the face of the earth and zoos can provide them with a safe place to live and breed.A．rangeB．vergeC．partD．link正确答案：B解析：本题考查介词与名词的搭配。
A山脉，排、行、走向；B边，边沿，边缘；C一部分，组成部分；D连接，纽带。
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） (总题数：15，分数：15.00)A.A coughB.Diarrhea √C.A feverD.Vomiting解析：A.TuberculosisB.RhinitisryngitisD.Flu √解析：A.In his bag.B.By the lamp.C.In his house. √D.No idea about where he left it.解析：A.He’s nearly finished his work.B.He has to work for some more time. √C.He wants to leave now.D.He has trouble finishing his work.解析：A.A patientB.A doctorC.A teacherD.A student √解析：A.2.6B.3.5C.3.9D.136 √解析：A.He is the head of the hospital.B.He is in charge of Pediatrics.C.He went out looking for Dan.D.He went to Michigan on business. √解析：A.He has got a fever.B.He is a talented skier.C.He is very rich.D.He is a real ski enthusiast. √解析：A.To ask local people for help.B.To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C.Try to act like the people from that culture. √D.Stay with your country fellows.解析：A.She married because of loneliness.B.She married a millionaire.C.She married for money. √D.She married for love.解析：A.AspirantB.Courageous √C.CautiousD.Amiable解析：A.He was unhappy.B.He was feeling a bit unwell. √C.He went to see the doctor.D.The weather was nasty.解析：A.You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B.You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C.It’s a very popular magazine.√D.It doesn’t sell very well.解析：A.A general practitioner.B.A gynecologist. √C.An orthopedistD.A surgeon.解析：A.ChemotherapyB.RadiationC.Injections √D.Surgery解析：二、Section B (总题数：3，分数：15.00)A.It is a genetic disorder.B.It is a respiratory condition in pigs. √C.It is an illness from birds to humans.D.It is a gastric ailment.解析：A.Eating pork.B.Raising pigs. √C.Eating chicken.D.Breeding birds.解析：A.Running noseB.Inappetence √C.Pains all overD.Diarrhea解析：A.To stay from crowds. √B.To see the doctor immediately.C.To avoid medications.D.To go to the nearby clinic.解析：A.It is a debate.B.It is a TV program. √C.It is a consultation.D.It is a workshop.解析：A.About 10,000,000. √B.About 1,000,000.C.About 100,000.D.About 10,000.解析：A.A cocktail of vitamins.B.A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium. √C.The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D.The combination of minerals.解析：A.The delicate structures of the inner ear. √B.The inner ear cells.C.The eardrums.D.The inner ear ossicles.解析：A.General Motors.B.The United Auto Workers.C.NIH √D.All of above.解析：A.An industrial trial in Spain.itary trials in Spain and Sweden.C.Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden. √D.A trial involving students at the University of Florida. 解析：A.The link between obesity and birth defects. √B.The link between obesity and diabetes.C.The risk of birth abnormalities.D.The harmful effects of obesity.解析：A.Neural tube defects.B.Heart problems.C.Cleft lip and palateD.Diabetes √解析：A.20 million.B.200 million.C.400 million. √D.40 million.解析：A.A weight-loss surgery. √B.A balanced diet.C.A change of life style.D.More exercise.解析：A.Why obesity can cause birth defects.B.How obesity may cause birth defects. √C.Why obesity can cause diabetes.D.How obesity may cause diabetes.解析：三、Part II Vocabulary (10%) (总题数：10，分数：5.00)16.Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.（分数：0.50）A.overlappedB.segregatedC.intersectedD.interspersed √解析：17.As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year. （分数：0.50）A.sternB.slack √C.sumptuousD.glamorous解析：18.As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid ___________.（分数：0.50）A.mechanismB.miniatureC.medium √D.means解析：19.Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane. （分数：0.50）A.flexibility √B.moralityC.capacityD.productivity解析：20.In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines –once Asia’s second richest country –recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.（分数：0.50）A.denialB.reversal √C.intervalD.withdrawal解析：21.Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.（分数：0.50）A.wholesomeB.contagiousC.vulgar √D.stagnant解析：22.Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and_____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.（分数：0.50）A.sustainable √B.renewableC.revivableD.merchandisable解析：23.In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.（分数：0.50）A.rationalB.radicalC.conservative √D.progressive解析：24.Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.（分数：0.50）A.ripplingB.waningC.fluctuatingD.devastating √解析：25.It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.（分数：0.50）A.at large √B.at randomC.on endD.on average解析：四、Section B (总题数：10，分数：5.00)26.Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold at a discount. （分数：0.50）A.deficitsB.deviationsC.drawbacks √D.discrepancies解析：27.The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.（分数：0.50）A.despiseB.evadeC.demandD.undertake √解析：28.After “9.11”, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country. （分数：0.50）A.improvedB.burdened √C.inspectedD.tariffed解析：29.The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.（分数：0.50）A.a fit of enthusiasmB.a scream of frightC.a burst of laughter √D.a cry of anguish解析：30.We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.（分数：0.50）A.loan √B.paymentC.withdrawalD.retrieval解析：31.The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.（分数：0.50）A.fineB.suddenC.finiteD.absolute √解析：32.Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise. （分数：0.50）A.irritated √B.tamedC.stampedD.probed解析：33.The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.（分数：0.50）A.inductionB.perception √C.interpretationD.penetration解析：34.My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect. （分数：0.50）A.presentation √B.gestureC.rhythmD.pronunciation解析：35.In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.（分数：0.50）A.untimelyB.unexpectedlyC.unreasonably √D.unconventionally解析：五、Part III Cloze (10%) (总题数：1，分数：10.00)Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester. Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, “A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.” The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,” Bavelier said. Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a “life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. （分数：10.00）A.crucial for √B.available inC.resulting fromD.ascribed to解析：A.in disguise ofB.in shades of √C.in search ofD.in place of解析：A.This is howB.That’s why√C.It is not thatD.There exists解析：A.paidB.paysC.payD.paying √解析：A.thoughB.not to sayC.not just one √D.as well解析：A.UntilB.WhileC.UnlessD.Once √解析：A.as opposed toB.in addition toC.as a result of √D.in spite of解析：A.benefits √B.defectsC.approachesD.risks解析：A.in caseB.in advanceC.in returnD.in particular √解析：A.effectB.reason √C.outcomeD.conclusion解析：六、Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%) (总题数：6，分数：30.00)Passage one There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unrepor ted so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression. Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upb ringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality –attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties –can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, should n’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk? No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care. Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable. （分数：5.00）(1).Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________. （分数：1.00）A.in terms of physical environmentB.form a biological perspective √C.based on the empirical dataD.in a statistical way解析：(2).When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, as indicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.a particular gene is passed on in familiesB.child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC.the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency √D.the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse解析：(3).The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial and criminal behavior ___________. （分数：1.00）A.boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB.high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC.it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD.active measures ought to be taken at an early age √解析：(4).To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it a point to consider ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB.the consequences of compromising democracyC.the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD.the greater cost of failing to intervene √解析：(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Parenting Strategies for KidsB.The Making of a Criminal √C.Parental EducationD.Abusive Parenting解析：Passage two After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them. Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man wit h HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050. Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money – initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs. The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead. No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon –and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses. （分数：5.00）(1).Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph? （分数：1.00）A.The end of the world.B.A candle of hope. √C.A Nobel prize.D.A Quick Fix.解析：(2).According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had also developed leukemia would ___________. （分数：1.00）A.make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy √B.facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionpel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD.would change the way we look at those with AIDS解析：(3).As another bit of good news, ___________. （分数：1.00）A.HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB.the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART √C.the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD.the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years解析：(4).The last reason for optimism is that ___________. （分数：1.00）ernments will invest more in improving ARTB.the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline √C.everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD.the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem解析：(5).The whole passage carries a tone of ___________. （分数：1.00）A.idealismB.activismC.criticismD.optimism √解析：Passage Three Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything? Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物) for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged. Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world? His answer is that the software – the culture – took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations, passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children. Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “relaxed” and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for. Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster. （分数：5.00）(1).The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________. （分数：1.00）A.seem to have no answers whateverB.are intended to dig for ancient human minds √C.are not scientific enough to be answered hereD.are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance解析：(2).The scientists find the proxy to be ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the role of culture √B.the passage of timeC.the structure of a skullD.the biological makeup of the brain解析：(3).According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years ago suggests that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.human civilization came too lateB.the hardware retained biologically staticC.it took so long for the software to evolve √D.there existed an interaction between gene and environment解析：(4).From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, we might conclude that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB.the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC.the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution √D.vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain解析：(5).Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.its cognitive development is extremely slowB.to know its past is to understand its future √C.its biological evolution is hard to predictD.as the brain develops, so as the mind解析：Passage Four Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change.A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population. This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it? One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate. Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting. So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earth’s plan B”. PlanB involves making sure we have large scale geoengineeringtechnolo gies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing. Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change. Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.（分数：5.00）(1).To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________. （分数：1.00）A.the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenient √B.the warning against worsening climate changeC.the inevitable consequence of global warmingD.the misconception of a warmer world解析：(2).As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________. （分数：1.00）A.live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB.have nowhere to go but live in the desertC.become victims as soon as 2050D.move closer to the poles √解析：(3).It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________. （分数：1.00）A.to reduce massively CO2 emissions √B.to take protective measures by 2025C.to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD.to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles解析：(4).Earth’s plan B is ambitious enough ___________. （分数：1.00）A.to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worseB.to remove the sources of CO2 emissions altogetherC.to regulate geoengineering projects for efficiencyD.to manage the Earth’s thermostat√解析：(5).Which of the following statements are the supporters of “Earth’s plan B” for? （分数：1.00）A.It’s Time to Go GreenB.Energy-efficient measures must be taken √C.Mass migration to the poles is inevitableD.For the Planet’s Geoengineer or Catatrophe解析：Passage Five Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknownst to Brittany’s m other, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development. Last week, Brittany was given the green l ight to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state’s product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.Thousands of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor’s history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder. So will Donovan vs Idant laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York’s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a “product” in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way. Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult questions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out--- and there is a test that can do so ---but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to earl y Alzheimer’s? Donovan vs Idant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes. Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers. The Donovans are entitled to their day in court, but in allowing the product liability laws to be used in this way, the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion. （分数：5.00）(1).Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for ______________. （分数：1.00）A.a cheat in boasting its biological productsB.donor sperm as a productC.problematic donor sperm √D.a breach of confidentiality解析：(2).It can be inferred from the passage that thousands of people in the US purchase sperm_____________. （分数：1.00）A.without knowing its potential dangers √B.regardless of repeated warningsC.for the reason of quality supplyD.for their desperate needs解析：(3).The question from the case is whether ___________. （分数：1.00）A.people are entitled to donor spermB.donated sperm should be just a product √C.Donovan is allowed to sue the sperm bankD.Donovan’s health problems have been clinically certified解析：(4).It seems that sperm banks are in no position to _______________. （分数：1.00）A.treat donor sperm as a productB.screen out the fragile X mutationC.manage their business as others do in NYD.guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defect √解析：(5).The statement Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that _____________. （分数：1.00）A.Donovan will surely win the case in courtB.any product could have a defect in one way or another。