译林版英语九年级下册导学案Unit 3 Grammar
Unit 3 Grammar【课前预习】1.注意到机器人忙于做各种家务______________________________2.发现我的早餐已备好_______________3. 发现我的公寓像新的一样______________4.认为机器人是大帮手____________________________5.提醒某人做某事___________6.我觉得与机器人生活极为舒服____________________7.去…出差________________8.有严重的心脏病____________________9.服药____________________10.记性差____________________ 11. 提醒你在正确的时间吃药______________12.买给我需要的一切_________________ 13.保重____________________14.提醒某人某事____________________15. 上下楼梯____________________16.决定选哪一个____________________17.有更好的睡眠____________________【当堂训练】根据句意和中文写出单词1. The old lady broke her leg when she climbed the __________(楼梯).2.My uncle has become rather ___________(健忘的).3.Mr Jin was ___________(不确定) of what to do next.4.His mother told him to have a vitamin _________(药片) before leaving.[来源:Z*xx*]5.With the equipment, you can _________(探索) a new world.[来源:学科网]6.The robot can also go shopping at the _________(超市).7.—Does your bike need ___________(修理)? –Yes, I think so.8.Everyone is _________(不确定) whether they can achieve success or not.9. ________(一切事物) you do , you need to think it over before you take action.10. This kind of can has three _________(轮子).用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. Do you help your mother __________(wash) clothes at weekends？2.I really don’t know what _________(write).3.Jill thinks it too much trouble __________(own) a robot.4.Tom is too tired __________(walk) any father.5. I found the old man ________(lie) on the road just now.6. Amy is easy-going enough __________(make) friends easily.7. Do you believe your robot will try to do something _______(make) you happy?8.Don’t worry. Your robot will remind you _________(take) the medicine on time.9. I’d rather taking an hour’s walk to work than consider ___________(drive) a car.10.John was too busy _________(talk) on the phone _______(shut) the power.【课后训练】一、单选( )1.In order _______ for the meeting, my sister forced herself to get up early this morning.A not to be late B. not being late C. to be late D. being late( )2. I am going to take him to some famous hutongs ______ he can learn more about China.A. becauseB. whenC. so thatD. as if( )3. Prince George is _______ lovely that many people like him very much.A. veryB. suchC. asD. so( )4. –Excuse me. Could you please tell me ___my car?—Sure. Park it right here. I’ll help you.A. how to stopB. where to parkC. when to parkD. what to park( )5. I saw some boy students _________ basketball when I passed the playground.A. playedB. playsC. playingD. to play( )6.—I haven’t seen my grandparents for long. I am too busy ________ them these days.-- Why not call them instead?A visit B. to visit C. visiting D. visit( )7. –What did your father say?—He asked us________.A. how to fix up the bicyclesB. why we fix up the bicyclesC. that we fixed up the bicyclesD. where did we fix up the bicycles( )8. —________ have you done with the milk?— I've already drunk it.A. WhatB. WhereC. HowD. When( ) 9. Oliver was so busy ________ a novel that he ________ to have dinner.A. reading, forgetsB. to read, forgetsC. to read, forgotD. reading, forgot ( )10. S o many kinds of TV sets are on sale that I can't make up my mind _______.A. what to buyB. where be boughtC. which to buyD. how to be bought ( )11. I don’t know if he ______ me if he ______ free.A. will help, will beB. helps, isC. will help, isD. helps, will be ( ) 12. Please tell us _______ your decision is by replying to this e-mailA. whereB. whatC. howD. which二、翻译句子1.我的祖父是如此的健忘，以至于他常常忘记了锁门。
My grandpa was ______________________________________________ the door.2.我们正在猜想这首歌曲会让他想到什么。
We are guessing ___________________________________________________.3.这个女孩年龄大到能独立上网查信息了么？[来源:学+科+网Z+X+X+K]Is the girl _____________________________________________on the Internet?4.当我离开的时候，你能帮我照看一下我5个月大的女儿么？Could you help me _________________________________________________?5.为了按时完成任务，我们不得不熬夜。
____________________ finish the task on time, we have to ____________________.6他记忆力差，经常忘记他应该做的事情。
He_________________________ that he often forgets _______________7. 我认为机器人在我的日常生活中起到了非常大的帮助。
I consider the robot _________________________________________.8.爷爷身体太弱了不能经常上下楼梯.My grandfather is too_____________________________________________________. My grandfather is so _____________________________________________________.三、句型转换1.The girl wondered where she would meet her friends the next morning.The girl wondered ________ ________ meet her friends the next morning.2.Amy is very careful. She notices small changes around her.Amy is careful ______ ________ notice small changes around her.3.Could you please tell me how I can get to the library?Could you please tell me ______ _______ get to the library?4.He is so active that he can be our team leader.He is active ______ _______ be our team leader.5.The boy is too young to go to school.The boy isn’t ______ ________ to go to school.6.The programme is too boring for many people to like.The programme is _________ a boring one ______many people don't like it.7.I really don’t know what I can do to help her out.I really don't know what ______ ______ to help her out.8. The girl is shy. She is afraid to speak in public.The girl is ________ shy ________ she is afraid to speak in public.【中考链接】首字母填空It was one of the hottest day of that summer．It hadn’t rained for n 1 one month．The plants were dying．Cows had stopped giving m 2 ．If it didn't rain soon，we would lose everything．I was cooking when I saw my 6-year-old son，Billy，walking slowly toward the woods（丛林） A few minutes later he came out gain，toward the house．Soon after，he walked toward the woods once again．I wondered w 3 he was doing．I noticed Billy went there w 4____ a bowl of water in both his hands．There was a baby deer（鹿） 1 5 on the ground．It was dying of thirst．Billy walked close to it and put down the bowl in f 6 of it．It lifted its head slowly and tried its best to d 7 the water．I understood what was g 8 on．The week before，I told him not to waste water．He always k 9 my words in his mind．Now when he saw me standing nearby，he said with tears （泪） in his eyes，"I’m not w10 water，mum．" "No，you aren’t．" I said．Tears rolled down my face．。
译林版牛津初中英语九年级下册全册单元知识点及语法整理
译林版牛津初中英语九年级下册全册单元知识点及语法整理Unit1 AsiaWelcome to the unit1.一个亚洲的国家an Asian country2.爬台阶很累人It’s tiring to climb the steps3.休息一下have/take a break/rest4.有很长一段路要走There’s a long way to go5.最好继续前进had better keep moving6.把我叫醒wake me up7.在你回来的路上on your way back8.中国结Chinese knot9.中国戏曲Chinese opera10.中国剪纸Chinese paper-cutting11.一双筷子 a pair of chopsticks12.舞龙dragon dance13.一种传统的中国艺术 a traditional Chinese art14.谢谢你的建议Thank you for your advice/ suggestionsReading1中国的首都the capital of China2在这座古老的城市的中心in the middle of the ancient city3被改造成一个博物馆be turned/ changed into a museum4值得参观（2种）be （well）worth visiting/ a visit5最大的城市广场the biggest city square6一大早聚集在那里看升国旗gather there early in the morning to watch the raising of the national flag 7横贯中国北方六千多公里run for over 6,000 kilometres across northern China8每隔几百米就有烽火台with watchtowers every few hundred metres9世界奇迹之一one of the wonders10位于漓江的两侧on both sides of Lijiang River11不同形状的矗立stand in different shapes12一个地下溶洞an underground cave13奇形怪状in unusual shapes14悬挂下来hang down15指向上方point upwards16被赞扬为。
牛津译林版英语九年级下册Unit3Grammar说课稿
三、教学方法与手段
（一）教学策略
我将采用任务型教学法作为主要教学方法。任务型教学法以学生为中心，强调学生在真实的语言环境中运用语言，通过完成任务来实现语言知识的内化。这种方法的理论依据是交际语言教学法，它认为语言学习的目的是为了交际，通过真实的交际活动促进语言知识的掌握和语言技能的发展。
3.课堂时间分配不合理，可能导致教学任务无法顺利完成。
为应对这些问题，我将：
1.通过丰富的实例和对比练习，帮助学生加深对语法知识点的理解；
2.设计更多实际语境，让学生多加练习，提高语法知识的运用能力；
3.课后评估教学效果，根据学生的反馈调整教学方法和时间分配。
课后，我将通过以下方式评估教学效果：
1.收集学生的作业和课堂表现，分析他们的掌握程度；
在总结反馈阶段，我将采取以下措施：
1.让学生自主总结本节课所学的语法知识点，并进行口头汇报；
2.组织学生互相评价，提出建议，培养学生的批判性思维；
3.针对学生的表现，给予积极的反馈和鼓励，强调语法知识在实际应用中的重要性；
4.指出学生在学习过程中存在的问题，提供有针对性的建议，帮助他们改进学习方法。
2.网络资源：利用网络资源，提供丰富的听力、口语练习材料，拓展学生的学习视野；
3.白板：方便实时展示学生的答案和思考过程，促进师生互动；
4.小组讨论板：用于记录小组讨论成果，培养学生的合作能力。
这些媒体资源在教学中的作用主要是提高学生的学习兴趣，丰富教学手段，提高教学效果。
（三）互动方式
为了促进学生的参与和合作，我计划设计以下师生互动和生生互动环节：
（2）学生在实际语境中运用所学语法知识进行表达；
译林版英语九年级下册导学案Unit 3 Grammar
Unit 3 Robots Grammar一、预习P42—P43，在课本上划出下列词组和句子并翻译。
1. 做早饭______________________2. 太多的麻烦______________________3. 拥有一个机器人_____________________4. 忙于各种家务______________________5. 发现早饭已经备好_________________6. 发现地板跟新的一样好_______________7. 在我的日常生活中___________________8. 和机器人一起生活_______________9. 处理机器人______________________ 10. 到……旅行______________________11. 照顾你______________________ 12. 离开______________________13. 他看到了机器人在做早饭。
____________________________________________14. 他认为拥有一个机器人是麻烦的事。
____________________________________15. 明天我要到深圳去出差。
__________________________________________________16. 你有严重的心脏病，每天你必须吃药。
_______________________________________17. 我如此虚弱，以至于我不能经常上下楼。
______________________________________18. 机器人如此善良，它买了我需要的每样东西。
__________________________________二、仔细阅读课本P42-44，小组合作，认真分析例句，完成课本上的练习。
并思考：如何把简单句变成复合句/复合句变成简单句（提示：你可以阅读课本P78）总结：(1) 可以用______________________将宾语从句变成简单句；注意：和find, notice有相同用法的动词还有____________ __________ _________ __________ 等(2) 可以用____________________将结果状语从句或目的状语从句变成简单句；注意：_________ 不能喝动词不定式连用，用_____________________________ 将宾语从句转换成简单句的前提是_________________________________主语一致，且主语的谓语动词通常是__________ _________ ___________ _____________ 等。
Unit 3 Grammar语法导航—如何将复合句转换为简单句-牛津译林版九年级英语下册
9B Unit 3 Grammar语法导航—如何将复合句转换为简单句一、如何将宾语从句转换为简单句宾语从句可改为动词不定式1.当主句谓语动词是hope,decide,wish,choose,agree,promise（答应，许诺）等，其后由that引导宾语从句，且从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，宾语从句可简化为动词不定式结构,即V+不定式短语。
如：①I hope that I can go to college one day.→I hope to go to college one day.我希望有一天能上大学。
①They agreed that they would help me with my maths.→They agreed to help me with my maths他们同意帮助我学习数学。
2.当主句谓语动词是know,learn,remember,forget,tell等词，后面接由疑问代词what，或接由how,where,when等疑问副词引导的宾语从句，且主句的主语与从句的主语相同时，可将宾语从句转化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。
如：①Kate didn’t know what she should do.→Kate didn’t know what to do.凯特不知道该做什么。
①I have forgotten how I can use this word.→I have forgotten how to use this word.我忘了怎么样用这个词。
3.当主句谓语动词是ask,show,tell,teach等，后跟双宾语，并且从句的主语和间接宾语相同时，宾语从句可转化为“疑问词+不定式”。
如：①Could you tell me how I can get to the park?→Could you tell me how to get to the park?你能告诉我怎样去公园吗？①Please tell me where I can find him.→Please tell me where to find him.请告诉我在哪里能找到他。
初中英语九年级下册(牛津译林版)Unit3Grammar教学设计
（3）互动任务：如小组讨论、采访等，培养学生合作意识，提高语言实际运用能力。
4.语法知识与实践相结合：
（1）结合教材内容，设计丰富多样的语法练习，帮助学生巩固所学知识；
（2）鼓励学生在日常生活中运用所学时态，将语法知识内化为自己的语言能力；
（3）组织课外活动，如英语角、语法竞赛等，为学生提供更多实践机会。
5.关注情感态度，提高学习动力：
（1）营造轻松、愉快的课堂氛围，帮助学生克服语法学习中的恐惧和焦虑；
（2）鼓励学生积极参与课堂活动，增强他们的自信心和成就感；
（3）关注学生的情感需求，及时给予关心和支持，提高他们的学习动力。
四、教学内容与过程
为了巩固学生对Unit 3 Grammar知识点的掌握，提高他们的语言运用能力，特布置以下作业：
1.书面作业：
（1）根据课堂所学的语法知识，完成教材中的相关练习；
（2）写一篇关于过去某个事件的英文日记，要求运用一般过去时、过去进行时和过去完成时；
（3）针对教材中的对话和文章，进行语法填空练习，提高学生在实际语境中运用时态的能力。
（3）任务型教学法：设计各种任务，让学生在完成任务的过程中自然地运用所学语法。
（三）情感态度与价值观
1.情感态度目标：
（1）激发学生对英语学习的兴趣，培养积极的学习态度；
（2）通过学习英语，增强学生的自信心，使他们愿意主动参与课堂活动；
（3）培养学生合作意识，让他们学会与他人共同解决问题，互相帮助。
5.个体差异：学生在英语水平、学习风格和兴趣等方面存在较大差异。因此，在教学过程中，教师要充分关注学生的个体差异，实施分层教学，使每个学生都能在原有基础上得到提高。
译林版英语九年级下册第三单元 知识点和练习
Unit 3 Robots一、Comic Strip & Welcome to the Unit(一)、单词内容序号英语音标词性汉语四会单词1 robot ['rəʊbɒt] n. 机器人2 post(英)mail(美)[pəʊst][meɪl]vt. 邮寄3 brain [breɪn] n. 大脑4 whatever [wɒt'evə] pron. 任何，一切事物三会单词* 5 explore [ɪk'splɔ:; ek-] vt. 探索；探讨6 outer space ['aʊtə] [speɪs] n. 太空(二)、对话1. Hobo: What are you doing ,Eddie?Eddie: I’m writing a letter.Eddie : You’re too lazy.I’m complaining about you to the robot shop.Hobo: Oh dear!I can explain!Eddie : No,Hobo.It’s too late.Post this for me.Hobo: All right,Eddie.Hobo: Eddie,I don’t know when I’ll post the letter for you.2. Amy: Would robots have brains in the future,Daniel?Daniel: Yes,they would.So they could do whatever they’re asked to.Amy: That sounds useful.How could robots help us?Daniel: They could do dangerous jobs like putting out fires or working on high buildings.Amy: That’s great!Could robots help you and me in any way？Daniel: Of course.They could help us with our homework.Amy: Wow!I’d like to have one!二、Reading(一)、单词内容序号英语音标词性汉语四会单词1 order ['ɔ:də] vt. 订购2 smoothly ['smu:ðlɪ] adv. 平整地；顺利地3 in general 总的来说；大体上4 satisfy ['sætɪsfaɪ] vt. 满足；使……满意5 need [ni:d] n. 需要的事物；欲望6 no longer 不再7 properly ['prɒp(ə)lɪ] adv. 正确地，适当地8 complete [kəm'pli:t] adj. 完全的，彻底的9 mess [mes] n. 乱七八糟10 lay [leɪ] vt. 放，搁11 store [stɔː] vt. 储藏，存储12 coin [kɒɪn] n. 硬币13 bill [bɪl] n. 账单14 private ['praɪvət] adj. 私人的15 paper ['peɪpə] n. 文件，证明16 spread [spred] vt.&vi. （使）散开；扩散17 wheel [wi:l] n. 轮子；车轮三会单词* 18 suit [su:t] n. 套装19 iron ['aɪən] vt. 熨烫20 virus ['vaɪrəs] n. 病毒(二)、课文The home robotMr Jiang is a manager of a big company in Sunshine Town.He is always too busy to have any time to relax.I have to buy a robot so that I can have more free time,”Mr Jiang thought.So he ordered one from a robot shop.The robot made Mr Jiang’s life much easier.When he got up in the morning,breakfast was made,his business suit was smoothly ironed,and his lunch box was already prepared.That made him very happy.While Mr Jiang was at work,the robot would do all the housework.It would go shopping at the supermarket as well.When Mr Jiang returned home from work,his flat would look as good as new,and a delicious dinner would be ready for him.After dinner ,the robot would tidy up.That allowed Mr Jiang to do whatever he liked.He would watch Tv or do some reading.It seemed that in general the robot satisfied Mr Jiang’s needs.After a few comfortable weeks,however,things started to go wrong.The robot caught a virus and no longer worked properly.It began to make stupid mistakes.Sometimes it woke Mr Jiang up at four o’clock in the morning.When Mr Jiang got home, he would find his flat in a complete mess:food was laid on the bed；milk was stored in the rubbish bin;coins,bills and his private papers were spread all over the floor.Moreover,the robot moved too fast on its wheels and often knocked things over. Mr Jiang did not know what to do with it.In the end, Mr Jiang decided to return the robot to the robot shop.Robots can help people a lot,but they can also be too much trouble!三、Grammar：大声朗读背诵书后P78语法及例句简单句和复合句之间的转换（一）将复合句改为简单句1. She heard that the boy cried all night.She heard the boy ______ all night.2. I wonder how I can go there.I wonder ______ ______go there.3. I saw that he was playing computer games.I saw ______ ______ computer games.4. I feel that it is dangerous to play with fire.I feel ______ ______ to play with fire.5. Marx found that it was necessary to study Russia.Marx found______ ______ ______ study Russia.6. My father got up early so that he could catch the first bus.My father got up early ______ ______ ______ catch the first bus. 7. The girl is so short that she cannot be a model.The girl is ______ short ______ be a model.8. The box is so heavy that we can’t carry it.The box is ______ ______ ______ us to carry.9. The problem is so easy that I can work it out.The problem is ______ ______ ______me ______ work out.将简单句改为复合句1. The problem is too difficult for us to work out.The problem is _______ ______ that we _______ work it out.2. The tree is too tall for us to reach .The tree is _______tall _______ we can’t reach_______ .3. The water was too dirty for us to drink.The water was ______dirty that we ______ drink ______.4. The teacher told us to do the experiment.The teacher told us how ______ ______ ______ the experiment.5. Could you tell me how to get to the station?Could you tell me ______ ______ ______ get to the station?6. She likes pork a little, but she likes beef better.She ______ beef ______ ______ pork.7. Mike is the tallest student in his school.______ ______ in the school is taller than MikeMike is ______ ______ ______ ______ student in his school.四、Speak up and Task(一)、单词内容序号英语音标词性汉语四会单词1 unsure [ʌn'ʃʊə] adj. 不确定，没把握2 customer ['kʌstəmə] n. 消费者，顾客3 hold [həʊld] vi. （打电话时）等待，不挂断4 through [θruː] adv. （电话）接通5 put through 给…接通（电话）6 satisfied ['sætɪsfaɪd] adj. 满意的，满足的7 be satisfied with 对……感到满意8 first of all 首先9 up to standard 达到标准10 completely [kəm'pliːtlɪ] adv. 完全地11 regret [rɪ'gret] vt.&vi 后悔；遗憾12 product ['prɒdʌkt] n. 产品；成果三会单词* 13 pill [pɪl] n. 药片；药丸14 forgetful [fə'getfʊl; -f(ə)l] adj. 健忘的15 stair [steə] n. 楼梯16 battery ['bæt(ə)rɪ] n. 电池17 quality ['kwɒlɪtɪ] n. 质量(二)、Speak up My robot has caught a virus.Woman 1: Hello! Can I help you?Mr Jiang: Hello!I’d like to speak to the Customer Service Department.Woman 1: Please hold and I’ll put you through.(5 seconds later)Woman 2: Hello!This is the Customer Service Department.What can I do for you?Mr Jiang: My robot has caught a virus and it has gone wrong.Woman 2: I’m sorry to hear that.Would you like us to have it checked?Mr Jiang: Yes,please.Thanks.Woman 2: OK.Our robot engineer will contact you soon.(三)、Task(P49 Part B) The robot shop sent a reply to Daniel.Read the reply with Daniel. Dear Mr Chen,We are sorry to hear that you are not satisfied with your robot.We understand why you are so angry.We would like to send you a new robot.You will only need to put the batteries in to make it work.Of course,you can have your money back if you would not accept our new product.However,we hope that you give it a try.We are sure that you will like it.You are welcome to let us know whenever you are not satisfied with it.Please tell us your decision.If the new robot is your choice,please let us know when we can send it to you.We look forward to hearing from you soon.Yours sincerely,Lin FangManager。
Unit 3 Grammar课时教案2020-2021学年牛津译林版九年级英语下册
of page 26 to the class.
6.Asks students to complete the
exercise and check the answers as a
whole class.
Step 7:using‘need to’
问：你每天需要做什么？
将学生的答案写在黑板上。
解释一些短语。
屈膝
任何一个
这个机器人有很多问题
检查答案。
两人一组练习，然后链式工作：A：你在哪里吃午饭。
B：他问我在哪里吃午饭。他什么时候修过自行车？
C：他问我什么时候修自行车。
…
两人一组练习。
复习宾语从句的结构。
完成P29中的练习。
阅读A部分第29页中的句子。
teaching method
Situational teaching method, practice method, induction method
Teaching aid preparation
Courseware
教学步骤
教师活动
学生活动
个性化补充
Teaching procedure:
Step 1:Review object clauses introduced by “if or whether” and “that”. Explain that these clauses relate to “yes/no” questions.
写出宾语从句的结构。
宾语从句中的词序应与语句中的词序相同。
例如。我想知道江先生在哪里买的相机。
解释这部分的主要短语。
导学案Unit 3 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are Section A3 (Grammar focus-4c)
Unit 3 Could you please tell me where the restrooms areSection A3 (Grammar focus-4c)【学习目标】1．记住单词：grape, central, Nearby, parden me, mail, east2．会译会用短语：excuse me, get to, post office, pardon me, Central Library, mail a letter, in the shopping center, around here, go east along this street,need to do sth.3．熟练运用句型：—Excuse me, do you know where I can buy some medicine?—Sure. There is a supermarket down the street.—Could you please tell me how to get to the post office?—Sorry, I’m not sure how to get t here.— I wonder where we should go next.— You should try that new ride over there.4．帮助学生熟练地表达问路并正确地为他人指明方向和路线；掌握宾语从句的用法。
5．指导学生学会有礼貌地询问信息，培养乐于助人的思想品质。
6. 培养学生尊重他人，对人有礼貌，热爱生活。
【学习重点和难点】1．学会使用宾语从句来介绍问路和指路的方法。
2．掌握宾语从句的用法，熟练地表达问路并正确地为他人指明方向和路线。
【课前预习】一、根据句意和首字母提示完成单词。
1. The fox can’t eat g_____, but he always says, “it is still green”.2. My mother used to buy handbags in the shopping c__________.3. Can your father send E_________ on the computer?4. —I w_________ where we should go next.—You should try that new ride over there.5. China lies in the e__________ of Asia.二、从方框中选出适当的连接词完成句子。
牛津译林版英语九年级下册Unit3 Grammar精品学案
三、练习
完成第42页的练习。
四、呈现
1教师说：A few weeks later, Mr Jiang’s robot caught a virus and no longer worked properly. Did the robot know when to wake Mr Jiang up?让学生根据课文内容回答，并将答案写在黑板上。教师继续提问：Did Mr Jiang know what to do with the robot?
1.Food will be in the form of _______(药丸) if we live on Mars.
2. It’s saida famous Korean film star will come to our town，but I’m u____ about that.
3.My grandma is about 80 years old，so she is（健忘的）.
（2）Mr Jiang did not know what he should do with the robot.
4引导学生仔细阅读第43页B部分的语法规则和例句。告诉学生特殊疑问词与不定式连用是一种非常简单、不易出错的结构，不涉及时态及语序。
五、练习
完成第43页的练习。
检测促学
词汇过关
A．根据中英文释义，写出句中所缺单词
We should finish our homework quickly.
We should make good plans.
Unit3Grammarv.ing形式做定语状语和宾语补足语讲义高中英语牛津译林版(1)
ing形式做定语、状语和宾语补足语ing形式是非谓语动词形式之一，它在向中不能做谓语，但是可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。
其时态和语态形式如下(以do为例)：(1) v.ing的一股式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生或发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。
I saw them chatting in the shade of a large tree.我观察他们正在一棵大树的树荫下闲聊。
〔同时〕We met a traffic accident, causing the delay.我们遇到了一起交通事故,所以晚了。
(稍后)(2) v.ing的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
She didn't remember having met him before.她不记得以前见过他。
〔先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生〕Having been played tricks on many times, she now doesn't believe Joe.由于屡次被戏弄，她现在都不信任乔了。
〔先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生且表被动〕1.v.ing形式做定语(1)动名词(短语)做定语，表示名词的作用或用途。
“作……用〞讲，相当于一个介词for短语。
There is a swimming pool( = a pool for swimming) in ourschool. 我们学校有一个游泳池。
Students are not permitted to speak aloud in the readingroom ( = the room for reading).阅览室里不允许同学们大声喧哗。
(2)现在分词(短语)做定语，表示所修饰词的动作或状态,被修饰词与现在分词之间存在主动关系，相当于一个定语从句。
当单个的现在分词做定语时，放在被修饰词前;假设是现在分词短语做定语，那么放在被修饰词后。