Some Important Criteria for Presentation and Analysis of Data Obtained from Fermentation Processes
ASTM C136-06 _Sieve analysis of coarse and fine aggregates
1.2 Some specifications for aggregates which reference this test method contain grading requirements including both coarse and fine fractions. Instructions are included for sieve analysis of such aggregates.
Testing Size D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.20 on Normal Weight Aggregates.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology C 125.
江苏大学研究生英语总结--下学期
江苏大学研究生英语总结--下学期考试题型：一．回答问题二．文体对比stylistic features: subjective(主观的)/objective(客观的)三．语篇分析---textual development /analogy四．语篇改写句子和句子之间衔接词语少了There are numerous reasons for……at first, …….secondly,….In addition, /additionally,/furthermore, …/what is more,Unit 1 General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing1.1 Classification of professional paperA professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic.1)Report paper读书报告2)Research paper 研究论文3)Course paper课程论文4)Thesis paper(Dissertation)学术论文1.2 General Characteristics of English Academic Writing StyleGenerally, English Academic writing is:1) complex(复杂)--Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language2) formal(正式)--Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesn’t use contractions, colloquialisms and slang.3) impersonal and objective(客观)--Written language is in general objective rather than personal. It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you.4) explicit(清楚)--Academic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related.5) accurate(准确)--Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings.6) cautious or tentative(用词谨慎)7) responsible(负责)---Academic writing refers to information from a range of print, digital and other sources, all of which must be clearly referenced in your text references other writers’ work. Question & Exercises：Read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each.Answer:Compared with these two passages, I find that there are differences in styles,passage 1 is informal, subjective, for example: ―I’m......‖，―don’t......‖While the second passage is a scientific research paper, it’s formal, objective and complex, for example,(长句，被动语态等）(subjective---objective, simple---complex, for example......) Unit 2 Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords2.1 Titles2.1.1. General functions1). Generalizing the Text (总结全文)2). Attracting the Reader (吸引读者)3). Facilitating the Retrieval (方便检索)2.1.2.Linguistic Features做分析题时候，可以根据下面的格式进行分析。
2024届山东中学联盟高三下学期5月预测热身卷英语试题+详细解析
2024届山东中学联盟高三下学期5月预测热身卷英语试题+详细解析注意事项:1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置。
2. 选择题的作答：选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分：阅读理解（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
ASmall Ways You Can Donate Money To CharityThere are plenty of innovative ways that you can help people in need, even when money is tight. Here are just a few unique ways to give.Food Angel, Hong KongFood insecurity has become a global problem for families. In Hong Kong, the people behind the Food Angel program collect 45 tonnes of edible surplus food each week that grocery stores, restaurants and individuals would otherwise dispose of. That includes fresh fruits and vegetables and other perishables (易腐烂的食物) that aren’t normally accepted in food-donation boxes.The impact is significant: Volunteers make and serve around 20,000 meals and distribute more than 11,000 other meals and food packs every day.Frigos Solidaires, FranceImagine if those in need could help themselves to food with anonymity (匿名) and dignity. Frigos Solidaires, or Solidarity Fridges, was started with that aim by Dounia Mebtoul, a young restaurateur in Paris. Now, 130 fridges installed in front of places such as shops and schools offer free food to the hungry across France.Stuff A Bus, CanadaIn Edmonton, the transit service parks vehicles in front of supermarkets for its annual “Stuff a Bus” campaign each November. Volunteers collect food and cash donations from shoppers to fill buses bound for food banks. Since its start in 1995, the campaign has collected 553,000 kilograms of food and roughly half a million dollars.Rice Bucket Challenge, IndiaHeard of the Ice Bucket Challenge? You take a video of yourself dumping a bucket of ice water over your head, then nominate (指定) three more people to do the same. In some versions, the participant donates $100 if they don’t complete the challenge.“I thought it was an amazing way to raise awareness of ALS and raise funds,” recall s Manju Kalanidhi, a journalist in Hyderabad, India. But it didn’t make sense in her country, where water is too precious to waste, even for a good cause. Then in 2014, it hit her: Why not make it a Rice Bucket Challenge to fight hunger? “I gave a bucket o f rice to someone in need and clicked a photo. I shared it on Facebook and said, ‘This is a Rice Bucket Challenge.Why don’t you do it, too?’” Participants donate a bucket of rice to an individual or family —no, it’s not dumped — take a photo and post it on social media with a message encouraging others to do the same.1. Which one can help people in need get food without hurting their pride?A. Food Angel, Hong KongB. Frigos Solidaires, FranceC. Stuff A Bus, CanadaD. Rice Bucket Challenge, India2. What do you know about Rice Bucket Challenge in India?A. It is an amazing way to raise awareness of ALS.B. It was inspired by the Ice Bucket Challenge.C. A bucket of rice is given and dumped.D. A bucket of water is donated for a good cause.3. What’s the p urpose of the text?A. To explain how important to help people in need.B. To inspire readers to start a non-profit organization.C. To introduce some creative ways to give away.D. To appeal to readers to donate money to charity.【答案】1. B 2. B 3. C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。
事物选择应考虑的因素英语作文
事物选择应考虑的因素英语作文If you need a master's degree to get a license or certificate, it depends on the working situation. Just like teaching, I believe in social work. As a recruiter, you need to get a degree right away.I have always valued working experience rather than master's night school degree. I found that most of my classmates are experienced professionals who have obtained degrees in this way Many companies have tuition reimbursement plans. If you want to study in your field, you can get tax breaks.There are more opinions about this: experience in countries like Britain, the United States, Canada and other places Often more important than the degree or university education in other countries, degree is more important, experience is secondary, first, people need to have appropriate qualifications (i.e. degree), and then experience is secondary. As others have pointed out, it depends on the job and the organization.In some cases, if a person does not have a degree and in others there are not as many interviews, the employer puts forward more qualifications in the job "requirements" than he or she really needs, especially if a person has a lot ofexperience in a particular field, there is generally no harm in applying one by one People need more educational work, and be sure to emphasize how extensive your experience is and how you can apply it to the interests of your employer. There are some questions that applicants should be prepared to answer: are you willing and able to get the degree you need for money / once? Why do you think a degree is important (or unimportant) why you don't have the degree you need? You think that not having a degree will affect your relationship with other people at work.If the interviewer doesn't ask these questions, both those with a degree and those who don't apply for a degree will want to ask and solve them themselves if you can answer them in a positive way, To allay the interviewer's concerns about your lack of qualifications (if possible), checking with a friend with a degree may also be a good reality check.。
托福阅读TPO 10-2 Variations in the Climate
Variations in the ClimateOne of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate. We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention. We also know that the global climate system is immensely complicated and that everything is in some way connected, and so the system is capable of fluctuating in unexpected ways. We need therefore to know how much the climate can vary of its own accord in order to interpret with confidence the extent to which recent changes are natural as opposed to being the result of human activities.Instrumental records do not go back far enough to provide us with reliable measurements of global climatic variability on timescales longer than a century. What we do know is that as we include longer time intervals, the record shows increasing evidence of slow swings in climate between different regimes. To build up a better picture of fluctuations appreciably further back in time requires us to use proxy records.Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. Generally, the layering occurs on an annual basis, hence the observed changes in the records can be dated. Information on temperature, rainfall, and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap, calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe, ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, ice cores from Peruvian glaciers, and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant natural changes in the climate over timescales longer than a few thousand years. Equally striking, however, is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10,000 years (the Holocene period).To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability, it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change have combined. These include the chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere, the slower but equally erratic behavior of the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity, solar activity, and, possibly, human activities.One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the global climate. They can do only so much to represent the full complexity of theglobal climate and hence may give only limited information about natural variability. Studies suggest that to date the variability in computer simulations is considerably smaller than in data obtained from the proxy records.In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself, there is the added factor of external influences, such as volcanoes and solar activity. There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.Paragraph 1: One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate. We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention. We also know that the global climate system is immensely complicated and that everything is in some way connected, and so the system is capable of fluctuating in unexpected ways. We need therefore to know how much the climate can vary of its own accord in order to interpret with confidence the extent to which recent changes are natural as opposed to being the result of human activities.1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following must we find out in order to determine the impact of human activities upon climate?○ The major changes in climate over the past millennia○ The degree to which the climate varies naturally○ The best method for measuring climatic change○ The millennium when humans began to interfere with the climateParagraph 2: Instrumental records do not go back far enough to provide us with reliable measurements of global climatic variability on timescales longer than a century. What we do know is that as we include longer time intervals, the record shows increasing evidence of slow swings in climate between different regimes. To build up a better picture of fluctuations appreciably further back in time requires us to use proxy records.2. According to paragraph 2, an advantage of proxy records over instrumental records is that○ they are more-reliable measures of climatic variability in the past century○ they provide more-accurate measures of local temperatures○ they provide information on climate fluctuations further back in time○ they reveal information about the human impact on the climateParagraph 3:dated. Information on temperature, rainfall, and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap, calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe, ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, ice cores from Peruvian glaciers, and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in theinformation.○ Because physical and chemical properties of substances are unchanging, they are useful records of climate fluctuations over time.○ For hundreds or thousands of years, people have been observing changes in the chemical and physical properties of substances in order to infer climate change.○ Because it takes long periods of time for the climate to change, systematic changes in the properties of substances are difficult to observe.○ Changes in systematically deposited substances that are affected by climate can indicate climate variations over time.4. According to paragraph 3, scientists are able to reconstruct proxy temperature records by○ studying regional differences in temperature variations○ studying and dating changes in the properties of substances○ observing changes in present day climate conditions○ inferring past climate shifts from observations of current climatic changesParagraph 4: What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant naturalrelative stability of the climate in the past 10,000 years (the Holocene period).in the passage is closest in meaning to○ noticeable○ confusing○ true○ unlikelyParagraph 3: Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change withchanges in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. Generally, the layering occurs on an annual basis, hence the observed changes in the records can be dated. Information on temperature, rainfall, and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap, calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe, ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, ice cores from Peruvian glaciers, and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.Paragraph 4: What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant natural changes in the climate over timescales longer than a few thousand years. Equally striking, however, is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10.000 years (the Holocene period).6. According to paragraphs 3 and 4, proxy data have suggested all of the following about the climate EXCEPT:○ Regional climates may change overtime.○ The climate has changed very little in the past 10,000 years.○ Global temperatures vary more than regional temperatures.○ Important natural changes in climate have occurred over large timescales.Paragraph 5: To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability, it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change haveof the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity, solar activity, and, possibly, human activities.7. The in the passage is closest in meaning to○ dramatic○ important○ unpredictable○ common8. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as natural causes of climate change EXCEPT○ atmospheric changes○ the slow movement of landmasses○ fluctuations in the amount of ice and snow○ changes in ocean activityParagraph 6: One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the global climate. They can do only so much to represent the full complexity of the global climate and hence may give only limited information about natural variability. Studies suggest that to date the variability in computer simulations is considerably smaller than in data obtained from the proxy records.9. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is true of computer models of the global climate?○ The information they produce is still limited.○ They are currently most useful in understanding past climatic behaviors.○ They allow researchers to interpret the data obtained from proxy records.○ They do not provide information about regional climates.Paragraph 7: In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself, there is the added factor of external influences, such as volcanoes and solar activity. There is a growing body of opinion thatconsiderable amount of the in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth10. The word in the passage is closest in meaning to○ records○ discussions○ results○ variations11. The in the passage is closest in meaning to○ demonstrated○ called upon○ supported○ expected12. What is the author's purpose in presenting the information in paragraph 7?○ To compare the influence of volcanoes and solar activity on climate variability with the influence of factors external to the global climate system○ To indicate that there are other types of influences on climate variability in addition to those previously discussed○ To explain how external influences on climate variability differ from internal influences○ To argue that the rapid warming of Earth in recent decades cannot be explainedParagraph 7: In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself, there is the added factor of external influences, such as volcanoes and solar activity. ■There is a growing body of opinion thatboth these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. ■Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. ■Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Indeed, the contribution of volcanoes and solar activity would more likely have been to actually reduce the rate of warming slightly.Where would the sentence best fit?14．Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.A number of different and complex factors influence changes in the global climate over long periods of time.●●●Answer choices○ In the absence of instrumental records, proxy data allow scientists to infer information about past climates.○ Scientists see a consistent pattern in the global temperature variations that have occurred in the past.○ Computer models are used to estimate how the different causes of climate variability combine to account for the climate variability that occurs.○ Scientists have successfully separated natural climate variation from changes related to human activities.○ Scientists believe that activities outside the global climate system, such as volcanoes and solar activity may have significant effects on the system.○ Scientists have concluded that human activity accounts for the rapid global warming in recent decades.参考答案：1. ○22. ○33. ○44. ○25. ○16. ○37. ○38.○29. ○110. ○211. ○212. ○213. ○414. In the absence ofComputer models are Scientists believe that。
风险管理和内部控制指引
Internal Environment (cont’d)
Risk Appetite
Amount of risk management is willing to accept Influences the entity’s culture and operating style
Oversight by Audit Committee
INTRODUCTION (CONT’D)
Guidance--Education and Tools Agency Heads Responsibility
OVERVIEW
Overview
Relationship of COSO I and II COSO Cube (three-dimensional matrix)
SECTION I INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
SECTION I INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT What is it?
Risk Management Philosophy
Set of shared beliefs and attitudes Reflects the entity’s values, influencing its culture and operating style Affects how risks are identified, kinds of risks accepted, and how they are managed
Effectiveness
Are the 8 components present and functioning effectively? The components are criteria for effective ERM Present and functioning properly = no significant deficiencies and material weaknesses Test operating effectiveness of controls different from obtaining evidence of implementation
FROSIO考试99个问问答
The 99 questions1.What condition is essential for galvanic (bimetallic) corrosion to occur?Oxygen; electrolyte; (two metals having) different potentials2.How do we recognize turbulence corrosion?In copper we can find sharply defined pits which commonly are undercut on the side facing the water’s direction of flow3. When we use the term degraphitation of cast iron, what kind of corrosion do we refer to ? Selective corrosion4. Degraphitation is a special form of bimetallic corrosion and either iron or the steel is consumed through dissolution. Which of the two substances will go to dissolution?Iron (will sacrifice itself for graphite leaving the surface as a layer. This layer has no mechanical strength, however the object looks intact. The graphite may be easily removed with e.g. a knife.5. Most of coatings function by the barrier principal. Against what is the coating barrier? (against) liquid; water and partly oxygen6. Dose a coating heavily pigmented with zinc phosphate provide corrosion protection by the galvanic principle?No, by inhibitor principle7. Why is a surface profile important to adhesion of a coating system?It enlarger the area to contact, providing anchorage8. How do we check surfaces for a metal cleanliness of sa3 ensure that all soluble substances are removed from the surface?According to ISO 8502-6 and ISO 8502-9.Sampling (― Bresle method‖) and measure the conductivity.9. Will blasting steel surface to a metal cleanliness sa3 ensure that all soluble substances are removed from the surface?No, it can only remove partly.Fresh water washing will do it.10. What must be done to the steel surface before grinding?Steel preparation first (removing weld slag/weld spatter, chipping off lamination), thenremoving oil/grease and/or water soluble substances by solvent cleaning and/or HPW washing11. Why is a steel surface, which has been burnished through rotary wire brushing not a verygood surface to apply paint?It is too much smooth, there is no good adhesion between the coating and the surface12. What is the function of a moisture separator on a compressor?To separate water from the compressed air13. What is the effort of increasing the distance from the blast nozzle to the surface?It will loss kinetic energy (shallow roughness/poor blasting)14. Which angle (the blasting nozzle to surface) should you select when blasting off most parts ofthick, which is well adhesion epoxy mastic system?45 to 60 degree angle15. What problem connected to the paint system’s service life can you get if you use an inhibitorin connecting with water jetting?Give later osmotic blistering and affect the adhesion between the paint and the substrate.16. Is water jetting suited for primary surface preparation? If you think so, please state why? Ifyou think not, please state why?No, it is only suited for secondary surface preparation, because it dose not create goodsurface roughness17. If, after blasting, flash rust appears rather more quickly than usual, what could indicate?There is water soluble substance on surface; there is condensation on surface; the humidity is high18. What is the lowers liquid pressure according to the joint SSPC/NACE standard that isdesignated water jetting70 Mpa (10000 psi)19. What is laitance?It is the outer crust of freshly cast concrete.20. Where can you find information such as the pot life of a coating?In the product data sheet.21. When paints are stored for long periods of time, what component settles to the bottom?The pigment will settle to the bottom22. How can you get rid of air that has been mixed into liquid paint before application?Put is a while, the air will release the air by itself in the induction time23. What effects do the temperature has on the pot life of paint?If the temperature increase, the pot life will reduce; if the temperature reduce , the pot life will increase.24. When would you use a moisture/oil trap between an air compressor and the pressure pot in anair spray unit?The moisture / oil trap would be always used when you an air spray unit25. Why dose paint ―wrap around‖ to the sides and the back of an object during electr ostatic sprayapplication?The paint is given an electrostatic charge (usu. negative), the object is earthed, the negative charged paint particles are attracted to all parts of object and the build up of paint is especially good on edges.26. What degree of metal cleanliness is required for thermal spraying of a metallic coating, andwhat should the surface profile be?Sa3 and 50-80 um27. Which metals are the ones most commonly used in thermal spray application?Aluminum alloy and zinc alloy28. What is induction time?Some paints need to sit for a while prior to use in order for the two components to startreacting, this period of time is called induction time29. What effect will hot weather have on the pot life a chemical curing coating?Hot weather will shorten the curing time30. What is a pot life?When the two components paint is mixed, it only has a short period of time between theMixing point and the point at which the paint cured, can not be used anymore , this period of Time is called pot life.31. What is a water borne coating?In a water borne coating the organic solvents are almost absent, and the binder, in form of small spheroids is dispersed in water.32. What effect will low temperature and high humidity have on the drying/curing of water bornecoating?There will be condensation on the coating surface, the coating may not dry/cure33. ―water borne coating dose not contain any solvent at all‖, Is this a correct statementThis is not correct. Water borne coating contain a small amount of special solvent—plasticiser (usu. < 6%)34. What effect will increasing the solids content of a coating have on the VOC level of a coating?The VOC will be lowered35. What effect will thinning have on the film building properties of a coating?It will lead sagging /runs; you will increase the WFT in order to achieve the specified DFT36. What dose SSPC-SP10 designate?Very through blast cleaning—near white metal blast cleaning(ISO sa2 1/2)37. On a work site you find that the wind is blowing steadily at apace 15 miles per hour. Will thisaffect airless spray application of zinc ethyl silicate?Yes, the velocity is too high. The maximum permit is 7.2km/hr38. Why should the steel temperature during blasting or paint application be at least 3 *c above thedew point?Avoid condensation to ensure good adhesion39. How do we determine if a blasted steel surface the required metal cleanliness or not?You can determine by using the standard ISO 8501-1 (with photos)40. What does P Sa3 designate?Partial (localized) blasting to sa3 to a previously coated surface.41. And P St 2 ?partial (localized) hand or power tool cleaning to st2 to a previously coated surface.42. What is the difference between a specification and procedure?A specification tells what will be done, a procedure tells how will be done.A specification comprise the elements necessary to describe the result aimed at.A procedure must cover all aspects of the work –not only surface preparation and application.43. ―Reporting is demanded to make life difficult for coating advisers and ensure that they do notgo to bars and loose women‖ is this statement correct? Please justify your viewpointregardless of weather or not you agree with the statement?No, I do not agree with it. Reporting is very important, everything should be written down clearly so that we can find the reasons easily if some troubles happen.44. Why is it necessary to remove grease from a surface prior to blast cleaning?For blast cleaning will not fully remove the grease, instead, it will spot the grease everywhere.45. When you have removed lead containing paint from surface through grinding should you thentake your work clothes home and wash them by hands?No, throw them away.46. What is the flash point?Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid liberates sufficient vapor to form a mixture with the air near its surface which, if ignited, will make a small flash, but not catch fire.47. How do we check the surface profile achieved on a cleaned surface?Compare with standard ISO850348. How long shall you twirl a sling psychrometer in order to determine the wet and drytemperature?Do not stop until the two thermometers stable.49. If you use a worn nozzle on an airless spray gun, how will this affect the thickness of the wetfilm deposited on the surface as compared to an identical but unused nozzle?High film thickness/maybe sagging/orange peel/50. What should you do if your receive a shipment of coatings which have exceed their pot life?Return them back, report accordingly.51. What do we mean by theoretical coverage?It is defines as the area of surface that can be covered at uniform specified dry film thickness by a specified unit volume of a coating in theory.52. Why do we specify a certain dry film thickness for a coat of paint?PLS listen to the professor.53. What check would you be likely to make to find the cause of fish eye in a paint film?Oil/grease, silicone, dirt54. What is the main causes of the below paint film defects?Wrinkling: a. Too thickb. weather too warmOrange peel: a. Paint too viscousb. gun too closec. too fast solvent evaporationd. too low air pressure.Pinhole: a. Solvent/air passage through the filmb. insufficient atomizationc. coarse atomizationd. settled pigment(s)Dry spray: a. Gun too far awayb. too high atomizationc. incorrect spray techniqued. fall-out from winde. too high air temperatureSagging: a. gun too closeb. too much paint (slow pass)c. excess thinningd. surface too hard/glossye. surface temperature too highf. surface temperature too low.Flaking: a. Contamination on the substrate to be over coatedb. condensation on substrates at time of applicationc. the underlying substrates is too hard and glossy.55. Where do you find the requirements for personal protection gear for spray application of apolyurethane paint?In safety date sheet56. If somebody on the job accidentally swallows paints, what do you do then?Sent him to hospital immediately, and give the safety date sheet to the doctor.57. What do we mean with the term TLV?Threshold limit value. It is a guideline for the assessment of the hygienic standard ofatmosphere in the work environment.58. Why dose your cigarette taste so strange when you smoking in an atmosphere which containssolvent fumes ?It contains explosion/phosgene gas.59. What is the maximum size of dust particles, which may enter your lungs if you do not use afiler mask?5 mm60. Inside a confined space, where do solvent vapors collect ?In the bottom.61. What protective gear will you use when entering a tank, which cannot be tested for oxygenlevel or presence of toxic gases?Full mask with oxygen cylinder.62. Which three factors are essential for general corrosion to take place?O2,electrolyte and difference in potential63. What is the formula for calculating the DFT when you know the wet film thickness and thevolume solids of paint?DFT=WFT x volume solid %64. Please name three function pigment may have in paint formulation.a.colorb. Glossc. Anti corrosived. UV protectione. Give ―body ― to paintf. mechanical strength65. Please list three advantages and three disadvantages connected to airless spray.Advantages: high application speed/high film thickness/good penetrationDisadvantages: costly/dangerous/not for small detail uses66. Please give two reasons for applying passive fire protection to steel structure.a.secure escape route for personnelb.secure integrity and stability of structurec.retard spread of fire67. Why is it impossible to measure the DFT of a coat of prefabrication primer on steel plates thathave been blasted?a.the DFT of prefabrication primer is low (15—25um)b.the prefabrication primer is flexible.68. a) What is the adhesive failure?Loss of adhesion between coats or between paint and substrate.b) Please list reason for adhesive failure.The surface has been contaminated; (chemical curing paint) the over coating time exceeded the specified requirement.c)what is cohesive failure?It is the inside break of film.d) Please list reason for cohesive failure?Vacuoles, water, oil or others in filme) what method do we have for testing the adhesive and cohesive properties of paint system?By ISO 4624 (pull-off test)69. Please explain how the standard ISO 8501-1 is organized.You can make drawings (28 photos)70. What do we call that property which prevents high coating from sagging?Thixotropy71. Please name the two most important pigments used in prefabrication primer.Zinc/iron oxide72. What do we mean by the term dry to touch?It is surface dry, it is not yet dry to handle.Put some small glass balls on the surface of the paint, if the balls can be moved by thesweeping of brush and the balls are not contaminated by paint, it means the paint is touch dry.73. Please name on chemically curing, inorganic one-component paint.Cement based coating/74. Why do we not in general use magnesium anodes to protect the underwater hull of ships?Magnesium will sacrifice too fast.75. How many square meters will a liter of 100% solids paint applied to a DFT of 1 um covertheoretically?1000 m276. What is electrolyte?Electrolyte is liquid which is electrically conductive.77. Are electrons emitted from the anodes or from the cathode in a galvanic circuit?From the anodes78. Are iron ions positively of negatively charged?Positively79. What is thinner?Solvent or mix of solvent to adjust the viscosity80. What do we mean by a generic type?Generic type: coatings with the same type of binder and active filler (EG. ZN)81. What is the function of a concrete sealer coat?Prevent water oxygen and oil from penetrating into the concrete and get good adhesion.82. Please explain what we mean by PH-scale.It is the expression of some substance to be acidic or alkaline.0---------------------7------------------------14acidic medium alkaline83. Please name three abrasives used for centrifugal blast cleaning of steel.Steel shot ,steel grit and steel wire cut84. Please name the three principles for drying/curing paint.Physically drying, oxidative curing , chemically curing85. Please name one example of a generic type of paint from each of the three groups you havelisted 84 above.Acrylic paint, alkyd paint, epoxy paint86. What do we mean by functionality in the resin of a chemical curing paint?Please listen to the professor87. Please name three main components in a paint formulation.Binder, pigment and solvent88. What is osmotic blistering and why dose it occur?Soluble salts, if present on a substrate at time of application of paint systems, will later cause osmotic blistering because of osmotic pressure.89. Why is vital to move the spray gun parallel to the substrate when applying paint by spray?In order to get a even film on anyplace of the surface.90. What problems with the paint film can be expected when you hold the spray gun 80cm awayfrom the work piece?Open film / dry spray / uneven film / no good adhesion91. In which standard can we find information about classification of corrosive environment? ISO 12944-292. How do we check if a two component epoxy coating has cured sufficiently for over coatingwith a polyurethane topcoat?Check the over coating time from the product date sheet.93. Please name the three principles by which paints steel from corrosion.Barrier, galvanic and inhibitor94. When a specification demand a metal cleanliness of minimum Sa 2.5 what does this mean?At what time shall the metal have this cleanliness?a. Very through blast cleaning – near white metal blast cleaningb. Just before start application95. what does the standard ISO 8502-9 cover?Measuring the conductivity.96. After having carried out an adhesion test by pull-off method you find both the dolly and thepulled off area on the steel to be covered with a pink primer. What kind of break does this signify?―cohesive break‖97. You spill some epoxy thinner on the deck of a ship and you observe that the existing coatingsystem becomes wrinkle on the surface. What can this tell you about the existing coatingsystem?Oxidative cured paint (alkyd)98. How will solvent affects you brain acute affect?Intoxication99. What contamination can you reveal on the surface by lighting it up by means of an ultravioletlight bulb?Oil contamination.。
Separability of Mixed States Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
Ryszard Horodecki∗
Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics University of Gda´ nsk, 80–952 Gda´ nsk, Poland
Abstract
We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for separability of mixed states. As a result we obtain a simple criterion of separability for 2 × 2 and 2 × 3 systems. Here, the positivity of the partial transposition of a state is necessary and sufficient for its separability. However, it is not the case in general. Some examples of mixtures which demonstrate the utility of the criterion are considered.
Separability of mixed states: necessary and sufficient conditions
Michal Horodecki
Departament of Mathematics and Physics
arXiv:quant-ph/9605038v2 26 Jun 1996
University of Gda´ nsk, 80–952 Gda´ nsk, Poland
Pawel Horodecki
On
– Proof of convergence. This is done as follows. In order to put the MPCG on a sounder theoretical footing we recast the algorithm in a linear algebra setting. The crucial observation is that the filtering procedure proposed in [4] is an orthogonal projection (see, e.g., [10]). This then allows us to relate the MPCG to the usual preconditioned conjugate gradient method applied to a restricted, unconstrained, positive definite system. The established connection then provides a proof of convergence for the MPCG algorithm, as shown in Section 4. – An improvement over the initialization procedure proposed in [4] results from our approach. This is expressed in the choice of initial iterate, as well as in the selection of a convergence criterion. In Section 5 we give a cloth simulation example that demonstrates the potential performance improvements gained. 2 The linear algebra problem Throughout this paper we use boldfaced lowercase roman letters to denote vectors and uppercase roman letters for matrices. Consider the cloth as a bunch of particles in 3D, i.e. each particle i has 3 coordinates qi , i = 1, . . . , N . The equations of motion are assembled, accounting for various forces such as stretching, shearing, bending, gravity, air-drag and damping. The time-dependent differential system is large and stiff. When large time steps are possible (i.e. in the absence of other reasons to make them small) a discretization method with stiff decay [2] is advantageous, at least for the stretching energy term. Baraff & Witkin [4] use the backward Euler method, but only one approximate Newton iteration is applied towards the solution of the resulting nonlinear system of equations. This works when the step size is not too large (it is well-known that Newton’s method is only guaranteed to converge locally, so stability is not entirely unconditional), yet the resulting practical step size restriction is typically much larger than what is possible with explicit time stepping. The resulting semi-implicit time stepping scheme yields a linear system of size n = 3N for the unconstrained problem, Ax = b. (1)
bb平台答案
Directions: Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice. Passage OnePerhaps the most important defining characteristic of a human being is culture. The term culture as used here is not limited to operas, paintings, and other artistic endeavors. These are seen by anthropologists (人类学家) as examples of culture: culture itself is the customary manner in which human groups learn to organize their behavior and thought in relation to their environment. Defined in this manner, culture has three principal aspects: behavioral, perceptual and material. The behavioral component refers to how people act, especially how they interact with each other. In child rearing (养育) , for example, parents and children tend to interact in a relatively patterned fashion. Then there is the manner of perception, the ways people perceive the world. For example, parents have a limited range of ideas about how they should act, and what significance parenthood carries in the scheme of things. Finally, there is the material component of culture — the physical objects that we produce.Most of what goes into making up culture is a result of learning — modifying behavior in response to experience within an environment. Learning is practically universal among organisms. But no other organism has a greater capacity for learning than a human, or depends as much on learned behavior for its survival.While the survival of most other organisms is to some extent safeguarded by instincts, humans rely heavily on culture for their survival. People must learn how to live in a particular social and physical setting, biology playing but a minimal (最小限度的) role.The ideas and modes of behavior that constitute culture are transmitted largely by a complex system of symbols that includes language. Humans have evolved an extremely complex system of communication that is unique to our species. Without it the creation of human culture as we know it would be impossible.1.What is the definition of culture by anthropologists?问题1 答案C) Behavioral, perceptual and material components interacting with each other.B) Customary manners of behavior and thought related to the environment.A) Operas, paintings and may other artistic activities as a whole.D) The different ways people perceive the physical world.问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2.According to the passage, the behavior of making tools for producing material objects should fall within the category of _________ component of culture.问题2 答案C) materialA) behavioralD) artisticB) perceptual问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.Learning is most essential for _________.问题3 答案C) human beings to respond to experience within an environmentB) all the organisms to acquire learned behaviorD) human beings to survive and live in a societyA) all the organisms to survive问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4. What’s the element to human culture?问题4 答案B) Biological adaptation to the environmentD) Learning to surviveC) Safeguarding by instinctsA) Communication in language.问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.Which of the following statements is True?问题5 答案D) If there were no language communication, humans couldn’t have created the present culture.A) The capacity for learning can only be observed in human beings.B) Biology plays an important role in humans’ living in a social and physical settingC) Human behavior and thought do not have anything to do with culture.Passage TwoThe best kept secret in San Diego is waiting to offer you a delightful getaway — without leaving town.Less than three years ago, the Parisi Hotel was just an office building above the shops on the corner of Prospect Street. Now, that valuable space is an intimate luxury hotel — with several rooms overlooking the ocean. You’ll be amazed when you enter from the corner and ascend the curving staircase to the second-floor lobby. It will take you into a different world.What will you find when you enter the large contemporary lobby is a handsome and peaceful space that was designed with a hint of Tuscany in its modern Mediterranean (地中海式的) style. The lobby has a large fireplace with comfortable sofas in warm neutral colors surrounding it. You’ll feel relaxed just sitting there — with its skylight overhead letting in the morning sun.All the rooms are more like suites (套房), with large comfortable beds, beautiful baths and stylish custom-designed furnishings and art throughout.The Parisi Hotel is the perfect place for seniors because it’s quiet and restful — with only 20 rooms. You won’t find many hotels like this in the center of a tourist town.The shops are all around you. Likewise for some of the city’s best restaurants, you will never have to take your car out of the garage during your stay. And, by the way, the underground parking lotat the Parisi Hotel is free for hotel guests.Once you stay at this little gem (珍品), you’ll want to return again and again. I know we do. It’s a perfect place for seniors.Rates for standard suites begin at $275. You can call the hotel for reservation at (858) 454-1513. The Parisi Hotel is located at 1111 Prospect St. right across from La Valencia.1.The Parisi Hotel is described as _________.问题1 答案B) a large hotel famous for its rooms facing the oceanD) a tourist attraction full of amazing cornersA) a luxury hotel with comfortable facilitiesC) a good place for escaping away from the noisy city问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2.When you enter the lobby, you will find that ________.问题2 答案A) it is decorated with Mediterranean furnitureC) there is a large fireplace burning all the timeB) the walls are painted in warm neutral bright colorsD) sunlight comes through the window in the sloping roof问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.Why is the Parisi Hotel suitable for old people?问题3 答案A) Because all the rooms are like suites.B) Because it has fashionable furnishingsC) Because it is in the center of the town.D) Because it is peaceful to stay there.问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4.What special benefit can people get while staying in the Parisi Hotel 问题4 答案C) They can buy things cheaper in nearby shops.B) They can enjoy free parking.D) They can make a reservation by phone.A) They don’t need to drive to eat out in a restaurant.问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.Which of the following statements is True?问题5 答案A) The Parisi Hotel is a small restful hotel.C) The Parisi Hotel is in a secret place in San Diego.B) Most guests staying the hotel are old people.D) You must make a reservation before entering the hotelBombay wasn’t the ideal place to get sick — not when my doctor, family and friends were half a world away. I was alone, quite ill and had to delay my flight home. Luckily, when booking my ticket months before, I had bought travel insurance. So my illness didn’t cost me a cent.It’s actually pretty simple. A lot of unforeseen things can happen to you when you’re traveling. Make sure you’re prepared for all of them.A good health insurance policy will get you proper medical attention anywhere in the world outside your home province — at the insurance company’s expense. The company will send you home if it is considered medically necessary and, if you’re sick enough, it will send a nurse to accompany you. If you end up in a hospital and a doctor recommends that a family member come to your bedside, the insurance company will pay for it. You may even get pocket money to make your hospital stay more comfortable.When I was sick in Bombay, I called the insurance company collect. It paid for a doctor (who came to my hotel room), all my medication, an extra night in the hotel and all my meals.Picture it: the day before your big trip to Vancouver, you wake up with appendicitis (阑尾炎). You have no choice —you have to cancel your trip. Your ticket, like most, is non-refundable and you can’t make any changes. You’re about to lose all the money you put out for the ticket — unless you bought cancellation insurance beforehand.Most travel plans include some form of non-refundable element: your deposit, your flights, your cruise, your stay at the all-inclusive resort. That non-refundable portion is what you’ll lose if you have to cancel your trip in the event that you get sick and you don’t have cancellation insurance.1. What happened to the author when he was in Bombay?问题1 答案B) He didn’t buy travel insurance.D) He couldn’t get in touch with his family and friends.A) He fell ill and couldn’t go home as scheduledC) He spent a lot of money on curing his illness.问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存With a health insurance policy, if you get sick traveling away from home, _________.问题2 答案D) you may get a nurse from the insurance company to take care of youA) you may get pocket money from the local hospital you are inC) you may choose to stay in the best local hospitalB) your family members may go to see you at the insurance company’s expense问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.Which item was paid by the insurance company when the author was ill in Bombay?问题3 答案C) All his meals at his hotelD) His travel insurance policy.A) His trip to BombayB) All his hotel rates.问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4.With cancellation insurance, you can _________.问题4 答案B) get your money back when canceling your travel ticketC) enjoy a reduced rate of travel expenseD) buy a refundable ticket at the ticket officeA) have a choice where to go and where to stay问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.From the passage we may say that _________.问题5 答案B) a cancellation insurance policy can make your trip safe and comfortableD) travel insurance is strongly recommended when you travel away from homeA) a health insurance policy is more useful than a cancellation insurance policyC) when you get sick while traveling away from home, you’d better buy a health insurancePsychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology."If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, " says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Neward. " But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. "A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.1.Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward____问题1 答案C. the study of relationship between actions and their consequencesD. the effects of external rewards on students performanceB. the amount of monetary rewards for student creativityA. the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2.What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?问题2 答案C. They approve of them.B. They have doubts about themD. They avoid talking about themA. They have no doubts about them问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3. Which of the following can best raise students’ creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?问题3 答案D. Giving them rewards they anticipate.C. Giving them rewards they really deserve.A. Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with beforeB. Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ____问题4 答案B. punishment is more effective than rewardingD. discouraging the students’ anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgencyC. failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standardsA. rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5. The phrase " token economies " (Line 1, Para. 5) probably refers to _____.问题5 答案D. methods of improving performanceA. ways to develop economyC. approaches to solving problemsB. systems of rewarding studentsIn the evolution of mammals from reptiles(爬行动物), there was a succession of physical changes: the development of warm blood, body hair instead of scales, and the beginning of the nursing of the young. This radical physical transformation provided mammals with a greater tolerance for external temperature and required reliance on specialized food types. When the dominant dinosaurs（恐龙）became extinct, the Age of Mammals began. For the rest 60 million years mammals expanded into the biological vacuum which they were better equipped to exploit than all but a few varieties of reptiles.The habitat of life forms on earth has been the entire planet, conveniently dividing the world into the birds of the air, the fish of the sea, and the creatures of the land. The evolutionary process also created sea-dwelling mammals who appeared to reverse the process of evolution as they returned to the sea. The whales’ limbs became flipperlike, and they lost the hair on their bodies, suiting them better to aquatic life.On the other hand, in the course of the evolution of birds from reptiles, there was a succession of changes in the bone, muscle, and skin structures of the animals. This wholesale restructuring of some reptiles over a period of thousands of years equipped the new animals to escape their predators and to find food more easily. But the evolutionary process did not stop there. Once adapted to flight, some birds continued to change and the process seemed to reverse itself. As penguins（企鹅）adapted to marine life, their wings changed to flippers and their feathers to a waterproof covering, thus suiting the birds for a semi-aquatic existence.1.The Age of Mammals began when ____问题1 答案A. animals evolved from reptilesD. the dominant dinosaurs died outC. animals were more tolerant to external temperatureB. animals nursed the young问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2.It can be concluded from this passage that the ancestors of whales ___问题2 答案D. had too many offspringA. were fishC. lived on the landB. chased reptiles问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3. In paragraph 2, the word ‘aquatic’ is closest in meaning to ____问题3 答案A. of earthC. of riverD. of waterB. of land问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4. Certain reptiles gradually became able to escape quickly by ____.问题4 答案B. becoming smaller and strongerA. acquiring new structural featuresD. changing their eating habitsC. finding food more easily问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?问题5 答案D. The Adaptation of Whales and Penguins.A. The Evolution of Mammals.B. The Evolution of Life on Earth.C. The Disappearance of Reptiles.The temperature of the Sun is over 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as a gas, except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona, chromospheres, photosphere, convection zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the Sun’s atmosphere. But since the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun begins.The Sun’s outermost layer begins about 10,000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to keep out the glare of the Sun’s rays.The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full Moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona’s rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spike like rays near the Sun’s north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the Sun’s equator.The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. By the time the Sun’s corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.1. One thing that is sure about the core of the Sun is that____问题1 答案A. it is gasB. it is solidD. the pressure is greatC. the temperature is low问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2.The zone that is NOT regarded as the Sun’s atmosphere is ____问题2 答案C. chromospheres zoneD. photosphere zoneB. corona zoneA. convection zone问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.Paragraph 2 is mainly about ____问题3 答案B. the structure of the SunC. why scientists study the SunD. the age of the SunA. how the Sun evolved问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4. The word “one” in Paragraph 3 refers to ____问题4 答案A. the SunD. the surfaceB. the coronaC. an eclipse问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.According to the passage, as the corona rays reach the planets, they become____.问题5 答案C. thinnerB. cleanerA. hotterD. strongerWhy don’t birds get lost on their long migratory flights from one place to another? Scientists have puzzled over this question for many years. Now they’re beginning to fill in the blanks. Not long ago, experiments showed that birds rely on the sun to guide them during daylight hours. But what about birds that mainly fly by night? Tests with artificial stars have proved that certain night-flying birds are able to follow the stars in their long-distance flights.One such bird –a warbler (刺嘴莺) –had spent its lifetime in a cage and had never flown under a natural sky at migration time. Yet it showed an inborn ability to use the stars for guidance. The bird’s cage was placed under an artificial star-filled sky. The bird tried to fly in the same direction as that taken by his outdoor cousins. Any change in the position of the make-belief stars caused a change in the direction of his flight.Scientists think that warblers, when flying in daylight, use the sun for guidance. But the stars are apparently their principal means of navigation. When the stars are hidden by clouds, they apparently find their way by such landmarks as mountain ranges, coast lines, and river courses. But when it’s too dark to see these, the warblers circle helplessly, unable to get their bearings (方向感).1. The reason why birds don’t get lost on their long migratory flights ________.问题1 答案A. has been known to scientists for yearsB. has only recently been discoveredD. will probably remain a mysteryC. is known by everyone问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2. During daylight hours, birds ________.问题2 答案B. rely on landmarksC. use sun for guidanceD. are more likely to get lostA. fly aimlessly问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.By “his outdoor cousins” the author means ________.问题3 答案B. the other warblers of the same broodD. other birds in generalA. other experimentersC. warblers under the natural sky问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4.The experiment with the warbler indicated that ________.问题4 答案B. a bird that has been caged cannot fly long distancesD. some birds seem to follow the stars when they fly at nightC. some birds cannot fly at nightA. birds have to be taught to navigate问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.In total darkness, warblers ________问题5 答案B. don’t know which way to flyC. fly back homeA. use landmarksD. wait for the stars to appearThe medical world is gradually realizing that the quality of the environment in hospitals may play a significant role in the process of recovery from illness.As part of a nationwide effort in Britain to bring art out of the galleries and into public places, some of the country's most talented artists have been called in to transform older hospitals and to soften the hard edges of modern buildings. Of the 2,500 National Health Service hospitals in Britain, almost 100 now have significant collections of contemporary art in corridors, waiting areas and treatment rooms.These recent initiatives owe a great deal to one artist, Peter Senior, who set up his studio at a Manchester hospital in northeastern England during the early 1970s. He felt the artist had lost his place in modern society, and that art should be enjoyed by a wider audience.A typical hospital waiting room might have as many as 500 visitors each week. What better place to hold regular exhibitions of art? Senior held the first exhibition of his own paintings in the out-patients waiting area of the Manchester Royal Hospital in 1975. Believed to be Britain's first hospital artist, Senior was so much in demand that he was soon joined by a team of six young art school graduates.The effect is striking. Now in the corridors and waiting rooms the visitor experiences a full view of fresh colors, playful images and restful courtyards.The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient isrecovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who had a view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had no view at all or only a brick wall to look at.1. According to the passage, "to soften the hard edges of modern buildings" means问题1 答案D. to make the corners of hospital buildings roundA. to pull down hospital buildingsB. to decorate hospitals with art collectionsC. to improve the quality of treatment in hospitals问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2. What can we say of Peter Senior?问题2 答案C. He is an artist who has a large collection of paintings.B. He is a doctor interested in paintingD. He is a faithful follower of hospital artA. He is a pioneer in introducing art into hospitals问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.According to Peter Senior, _______.问题3 答案C. patients should be encouraged to learn paintingA. art is losing its audience in modern societyD. art should be encouraged in British hospitalsB. art galleries should be changed into hospitals问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4. After the improvement of the hospital environment, _______.问题4 答案B. patients are no longer wholly dependent on expensive drugsC. patients need good-quality drugs in their recoveryA. patients no longer need drugs in their recoveryD. patients use fewer pain killers in their recovery问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.The fact that six young art school graduates joined Peter shows that_______.问题5 答案D. the role of hospital environment is being recognizedB. Peter Senior enjoys great popularityA. Peter's enterprise is developing greatlyC. they are talented hospital artistsPolyester (聚酯) is now being used for bottles. ICI, the chemicals and plastics company, believes that it is now beginning to break the grip of glass onthe bottle business and thus take advantage of this huge market.All the plastics manufacturers have been experiencing hard times as their traditional products have been doing badly world-wide for the last few years. Between 1982 and 1984 the Plastics Division of ICI had lost a hundred and twenty million dollars, and they felt that the. most hopeful new market was in packaging, bottles and cans.Since 1982 it has opened three new factories producing "Melinar", the raw material from which high quality polyester bottles are made.The polyester bottle was born in the 1970s, when soft drinks companies like Coca Cola started selling their drinks in giant two-liter containers. Because of the build-up of the pressure of gas in these large containers, glass was unsuitable. Nor was PVC, the plastic which had been used for bottles since the 1960s, suitable for drinks with gas in them. A new plastic had to be made. Glass is still cheaper for the smaller bottles, and will continue to be so unless oil and plastic become much cheaper, but plastic does well for the larger sizes.Polyester bottles are virtually unbreakable. The manufacturers claim they are also lighter, less noisy when being handled, and can be reused. Shopkeepers and other business people are unlikely to object to a change from glass to polyester, since these bottles mean few breakages, which are costly and time-consuming. The public, though, have been more difficult to persuade. ICI's commercial department is developing different bottles with interesting shapes, to try and make them visually more attractive to the public.The next step could be to develop a plastic which could replace tins for food. The problem here is the high temperatures necessary for cooking the food in the container.1. Plastics of various kinds have been used for making bottles__________.问题1 答案A. since 1982B. since the 1970s but only for large bottlesD. since companies like Coca Cola first tried themC. since the 1960s but not for liquids with gas in them问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2.Why is ICI's Plastics Division interested in polyester for bottles?问题2 答案D. The price of oil keeps changing.A. The other things they make are not selling wellC. They have factories which could be adapted to make it.B. Glass manufacturers cannot make enough new bottles.问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.Why aren't all bottles now made of polyester?问题3 答案D. Shop-keepers dislike reusable bottlesB. It is not suitable for containing gassy drinksA. The price of oil and plastic has risen.C. The public like traditional glass bottles.问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4.Manufacturers think polyester bottles are better than glass bottles because they 问题4 答案A. are cheaperD. do not break easilyB. are more suited to small sizesC. are more exciting to look at问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.Plastic containers for holding food in the same way as cans______.问题5 答案C. are possible, but only for hot foodD. are the first things being made in the new factoriesA. have been used for many yearsB. are an idea that interests the plastics companiesBCBCC（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
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Some Important Criteria for Presentation and Analysis of Data Obtained from Fermentation ProcessesNelson Pérez Guerra*Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Food Science and Technology Faculty, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain *Corresponding author: Dr. Nelson Pérez GuerraFood Science and Technology Faculty University of VigoOurense Campus32004 Ourense, SpainTel: +34-988-387062Fax: +34-988-387001E-mail: nelsonpg@uvigo.esReceived May 14 2012; Accepted May 15, 2012; Published May 17, 2012Citation: Guerra NP (2012) Some Important Criteria for Presentation and Analysis of Data Obtained from Fermentation Processes. Ferment Technol 1:e114. doi:10.4172/2167-7972.1000e114Copyright: © 2012 Guerra NP. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.IntroductionOpen access provides unrestricted access via the Internet to peerreviewed research articles dealing with different research areas. In the fermentationfield, this initiative could be an effective way for a fast dissemination of the growing number of researches related with the biotechnological production of different value added products. The OMICS offers various features including digital articles, audio listening, language translation and social networking (Face book, Twitter, Linked in, RSS Feeds), which allow the virtual communication and the rapid information exchange between worldwide researchers. This information is very useful for many academic readers and researchers, who develop their work to improve existing fermentation procedures or to design new reproducible processes with potential industrial implementation.To contribute with this development, the articles dealing with fermentation processes and submitted for publication in any Open accessjournal (e.g. Fermentation Technology) must be well written with a clear language without ambiguities, and with an adequate presentation, accurate analyses and complete discussion of the data. This improves the quality of the published scientific papers and enables their better understanding.For these reasons, the present editorial attempts to provide a general guide to present, analyse and interpret correctly the results obtained in fermentation processes, which may be useful for students and researchers that publish research articles in this field.Presentation of Experimental Data and Statistical Analysis of the ResultsComparison of dataThe statistical methods used to compare data (e.g. means concentrations of biomass and products) must be clearly and completely described in the “Materials and Methods” section. Information about the number of replicates and runs (repetitions) made in each analytical determinations must also be provided. Data may be presented in tables as means with their standard deviations (SD) in parenthesis beside them. In addition, the results of the statistical analysis (e.g. comparison of means) with the corresponding signification level must be presented with the data in the tables.Studies on the effects of key factors on response variablesThe effects of independent factors (e.g. initiallevel of pH, nutrients, temperature) on different response variables (e.g. biomass formation or product synthesis) could be preferably carried out by using factorial designs rather than using “one variable at a time” method. The latter method is time consuming and could lead to an incomplete interpretation of the behaviour of the system, resulting in lack of predictive ability, mainly when there are interactions between the independent factors. In contrast, the use of factorial designs allows to reduce the number of experiments and to obtain empirical mathematical models describing the effect of each independent factor (both linear and quadratic) and their interactions on the response variables. The analysis of variance of the empirical models obtained and the value of the regression coefficient must be presented in a table. The statistically significant coefficients of the independent variables andtheir interactions (as values ± standard errors) and the significance level (commonly P < 0.05) used must also be indicated in a table. After obtaining the optimal values for the independent factors that maximize the levels of the response variables, a verification of the predicted results in the optimal conditions must be carried out in duplicate or triplicate incubation experiments.However, it could be taken into account that the results obtained from complete factorial designs with more than three factors could be of difficult interpretation when the number of significant coefficients for the factors and their interactions are high [1].Modelling the time course of kinetic variablesThe time course of key variables in a fermentationprocess must be clearly presented in graphics, with distinguishable symbols representing the mean values of the variable with the corresponding error bars on each graphed experimental point. In addition, the number of replicates and runs must also be clearly indicated in the figure caption.The experimental data collected in a dynamic process like microbial growth of metabolite production at different sampling times are a set of discrete points and they must be shown in the figures as single points that should not be connected with a straight line [2]. This is because these points have some experimental error in them that could describe an erratic behaviour in the dynamic of the data. In these cases, a mathematical model should be used to smooth the experimental data and describe the trendobserved in them. The predictions of the model are continuous and must be plotted as continuous lines. With this approach, the values of different parameters (e.g. the rates, efficiencies or yields) can be reasonably calculated from the predicted values of some measured variables (concentrations of nutrients and products).The most common criterion used to evaluate the goodness of fit of a mathematical model to data is the coefficient of determination (R2). However, when a set of models are compared, the use of this coefficient is not always sufficient to determine which model produces the best fit. In these cases, it is convenient to use other criteria such as the values of the sum of the squared errors (SSE), the mean relative percentage deviation modulus (RPDM) and the standard error of estimate (SEE) of each model to judge best fit[3].After performing an accurate and complete analysis of the results and extracting the appropriate supported conclusions, the results obtained must be compared with those obtained by other researchers in similar studies. In this case, speculative interpretations of the results and/or the abusive use of references to increase the length of the article should be avoided.Well-presented research articles submitted to Fermentation Technology will improve the scientific quality of this Journal.ReferencesRobinson PH, Wiseman J, Udén P, Mateos GG(2006) Some experimental design and statistical criteria for analysis of studies in manuscripts submitted for consideration for publication. Anim Feed Sci Technol 129: 1-11.Durbin CG Jr (2004) Effective use of tables and figures in abstracts, presentations, and papers. Respir Care 49: 1233-1237.Guerra NP, Catro LP (2012) Modelling the effects of ageing time of starch on the enzymatic activity of three amylolytic enzymes. The Scientific World Journal 1-13.。