被动语态的翻译方法
• • • •
有时原句中的宾语也可转译成主语
• My daughter was given a present by
Mr. Green. • 我女儿的一份礼物是格林先生给的。 我女儿的一份礼物是格林先生给的。 • I was told the story by my mother when I was young. • 这个故事是小时候妈妈讲给我的。 这个故事是小时候妈妈讲给我的。
二、译成中文的被动句
• 有些英语被动结构不宜转译成汉语主动句
• 例如:
式的,就可带着这些被动标记,译成被动 式的,就可带着这些被动标记, 句式。 句式。
obey orders. • 他因拒绝接受并令而被解雇了。 他因拒绝接受并令而被解雇了。 • He was set upon by two masked men. • 他遭到两个蒙面人的袭击。 遭到两个蒙面人的袭击 两个蒙面人的袭击。 • Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world. • 我们的外交政策受到全世界人民的支持。 我们的外交政策受到全世界人民的支持。 受到全世界人民的支持
• He had been fired for refusing to
• The science fiction has been
translated into Chinese by a friend of mine. • 那部科幻小说是由我得一个朋友译成中文的 那部科幻小说是由 • The old man was knocked down by a speeding truck. • 那个老人让一辆超速的卡车撞倒了。 那个老人让一辆超速的卡车撞倒了。 • Those books have been affected with damp. • 那些书受潮了。 那些书受潮了。
被动语态的翻译方法
一般被动语态有四种情况:
• • • • • •
第一,无从说出、无需提及主动者 When will the new bridge be built? 什么时候建新桥? 第二,出于某种考虑,无意说出主动者 Generally it is considered not polite to do so. 一般认为,这样做是不礼貌的。
(4)把施动者译成主语
• We are kept strong and well by fresh air. • 清新的空气使我们身体健康。 清新的空气使我们身体健康。 • Those towering peaks are only to be • • •
scaled by the most daring. 只有最勇敢的人才能攀登那些高耸的山峰。 只有最勇敢的人才能攀登那些高耸的山峰。 The magnificent hotel had been completely destroyed by the big fire. 大火把这座富丽堂皇的宾馆完全烧毁了。 大火把这座富丽堂皇的宾馆完全烧毁了。
• • • • • •
第三,强调动作的承受者 第三, The room was cleaned by a little girl. 房间是一个小女孩打扫的。 第四,为了上下文的衔接和句子连贯 第四, Students asked a lot of questions. Most of them have been settled satisfactorily. 学生们问了好多问题。大部分问题已经 被圆满解决了。
(2)将原文主语译成宾语。如果原 将原文主语译成宾语。 文中没有施动者,必要时, 文中没有施动者,必要时,可在译 文中添加不确定的主语。 文中添加不确定的主语。如:“大 人们” 有人” 家”、“人们”、“有人”等。 • If you are asked personal questions, you
可加主语
• • • • • • • • • •
It is admitted that 大家承认 It is asserted that 有人主张 It is believed that 有人认为 It is found out that 人们发现 It is known that 众所周知 It is noted that 人们注意到 It is thought that 有人认为 It is taken that 人们认为 It is generally considered that 大家普遍认 为 It is understood that 人们明白
在现代汉语中• • • • • • •
问题应及时加以解决。 问题应及时加以解决。 Problems should be resolved in good time 这事必须马上办。 这事必须马上办。 This must be done immediately. 这个提案不错,但还可以进一步改进。 这个提案不错,但还可以进一步改进。 This proposal is better, but can still be improved. 一点水声也没听见。 一点水声也没听见。 Not a sound of water was heard.
(6)译成带表语的主动句
• The element of helium was first
found in the sun. • 氦元素最初是在太阳里发现的。 氦元素最初是在太阳里发现的。 • The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. • 美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实 美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实 施的。 施的。
以it做形式主语的被动语态巨型的习 it做形式主语的被动语态巨型的习 惯译法。 惯译法。
• 以it做形式主语,被动语态的动词做谓 it做形式主语 做形式主语,
语,再接that引导的主语从句的结构 再接that引导的主语从句的结构 是英语中常见的一种句型。 是英语中常见的一种句型。在译成中 文时,常要变成主动句。 文时,常要变成主动句。有时不加主 语,有时则要加一些泛指的不确定的 主语, 大家” 人们” 主语,如“大家”、“人们”、“有 人”等。
• 7、Brief reference should be made here to
the law of universal gravitation. • 8、Care is to be taken to do away with the bad habit. • 9、When the anthem had been played, the group callisthenics began. • 10、Metals may be cast into various shapes. 10、 • 11、It may be asked why plants can run a 11、 fever. • 12、It is rumoured that she is going to 12、 divorce her second husband.
Exercises:
• 1、Do you know why the boy was scolded? • 2、I know the child would be well looked after
in the kindergarten. • 3、English is spoken in Britain, the U.S. and some other countries. • 4、Several study techniques are mentioned in this book. • 5、If one or more electrons are removed, the atom is said to be positively charged. • 6、A force is needed to stop a moving body.
very important for Chinese students. •人们认为英语对中国学生来 说是很重要的。 说是很重要的。 •I am afraid I shall be laughed at. •我怕大家笑话我。 我怕大家笑话我。
(3)把原文句中的一部分转译成主 语
• 英语中一些被动句译成中文时,需要将句子中某
很多时候译成主动句式更好
• 例如: 例如: • Attention has been paid to
the new measures to prevent corrosion. • 已经注意到采取防腐新措施。 已经注意到采取防腐新措施。
一、译成中文的主动句
• (1)保留原文主语 • 翻译某些被动句时,如无需指出动作的发出者, • • • •
need not answer them. • 如果有人问你的私事,你可以不必回答。 • Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals. • 大家知道,盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。
•English is considered
个适当的成分转译成主语。既要做到不违背英文 原文,又符合中文规范。表示方位的地点状语转 译成主语的情况较多 例:The 例:The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 中国在四千年前发明了指南针。 The answer are provided in the next chapter. 下一章提供答案。
• 不加主语:
• • • • • • • • •
It is said that 据说 It is supposed that 据推测 It has been calculated that 据计算 It was estimated that 据估计 It must be stressed that 必须强调 It will be seen from this that 应当指出 It can be clearly seen that 可以清楚地看到 It was so decided that 就此决定 It has been proved that 业已证明
被动语态的翻译
被动语态翻译英语中被动语态使用范围很广,凡是在不必或不愿说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合,往往都用被动语态。
英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况:一、译成汉语主动句。
1.原句中的主语、谓语不变,译文中没有表示被动的标志,如“被、把”字等,形式上是主动句,表达被动意义。
例如:Eg. On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。
Eg. The whole country was armed in a few days. 几天以内,全国就武装起来了。
2.原句中的主语移到谓语之后,译作宾语。
Eg. Another middle school has been set up in our district.我们区又办了一所中学。
Eg. 1,200 people had been saved soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中,战士们已救出1200人。
3.译成带表语的主动句。
Eg. The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
Eg. In the old society,women were looked down upon. 在旧社会,妇女们是受歧视的。
4.含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。
以it作形式主语的英语句子,翻译时常要转为主动形式,有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们” 等不确定主语。
例如:Eg. It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses.据报道敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。
Eg. It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday.有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。
被动语态的翻译
被动语态的翻译
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英语中以it 做形式主语,以被动语态作谓语,其后跟一个由that引导的主语从句的结构很多。这种结 构在译成汉语时,除把it一律省略外,通常有两种处理方法: 1.在被动语态前加“人们”、“有人”、“我们”、“大家”等词 2.用“据……”等短语译出
2). It is estimated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious, stressful but unavoidable process known as waiting. 据估计,美国人一生中, 在乏味而令人厌烦, 却又躲避 不掉的等待上所耗费的时间,竟达五年之多。 英语中这种it做形式主语的被动句型在各类文章中比 比皆是,汉译时一般均按主动结构译出。即将原文中 的主语从句译在宾语的位置上,而把it做形式主语的主 句译成一个独立语或分句。常见的固定结构如:
4) The monkeys were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island.
科学家们给猴子白薯,想把它们引到海岛的岸边。
10
被动语态的翻译
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B . 把被动语态译成汉语主动句 1). His pride must be pinched. 他这股傲气应该打下去。
17
被动语态的翻译
1.4 “It+ be+ past participle + that引导的从句”句型的翻译 A. 不加主语 It is hoped that... 希望…… It is reported that … 据报道…… It is said that... 据说…… It is supposed that… 据推测…… It may be said without fear of exaggeration that… 可以 毫不夸张地说…… It must be admitted that... 必须承认…… It must be pointed out that... 必须指出…… It will be seen from this that… 由此可见……
被动语态的译法
(一) 1.他气得说不出话来。 2.那人不可信。 3.但是,一个最主要的问题是,像目前这 样的大城市是否还要保存下去。 4.使用电子显微镜,能获得大得多的放大 倍数。
5.而且还研究出了做饭用的太阳灶。 6.过了一会儿,达成了一项协议。 7.应该教育儿童讲真话。 8.决不能把个人利益凌驾于国家利益之上。 9.必须使学生能在德智体三方面得到全面 发展。
例3.My first thirty years were spent in Western America. 我的前三十年是在美国西部度过的。 例4.The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the French Revolution. 手稿是在法国革命前几周寄往伦敦付印的。
例1.Yet, only a part of this energy is . used by man. 然而,人类只利用了这种能源的一部分。 然而,人类只利用了这种能源的一部分。 例2.He is revered and admired by all . of us. 我们大家都景仰他,钦佩他。 我们大家都景仰他,钦佩他。
一般说来,可译为无主句的英语被动 句多是描述什么地方发生、存在或消 失了什么事物的句子。另外,一些表 示看法、态度及告诫、要求、号召等 的句子,可译成汉语的使动结构。使 动结构的特点是:通常不提出施动者, 即为无主句;句中有“使”、“让” 等词。如:
例1.Every student must be helped to understand that only by painstaking study can he master English. 必须使每个学生懂得,只有刻苦学习,才能掌 握英语。 例2.The educational reform must be carried through to the end. 必须把教育改革进行到底。 例3.In no circumstances should erroneous statements be allowed to spread unchecked. 决不让错误言论自由泛滥。
被动语态的翻译技巧
被动语态的翻译技巧
被动语态是一种句子结构,在中文翻译中,可以使用以下技巧来表达被动语态:
1. 改变主谓结构:将主语变为宾语,将宾语(或部分宾语)变为主语。
例如,将英语句子"John was given a present by Mary."翻译成中文时,可以改为"玛丽给了约翰一份礼物。
",将"John"变为宾语,将"Mary"变为主语。
3. 调整语序:在中文翻译中,可以根据需要来调整句子的语序,以表达被动意义。
例如,将英语句子"The letter was sent yesterday."翻译成中文时,可以调整语序为"昨天这封信被寄出了。
",使得被动含义更明显。
4. 使用"被动"结构的句型:在中文中,有一些特定的句型可以表达被动意义,如"被+动词+主语+宾语"的结构。
例如,将英语句子"The window was broken by the wind."翻译成中文时,可以使用"被+动词+主语+宾语"的结构,翻译为"窗户被风给吹坏了。
"。
以上是一些常用的被动语态的中文翻译技巧,具体的翻译方法还需要根据语境和句子结构进行灵活运用。
被动语态的反翻译技巧
五、注意哪些动词不用于被动语态五、注意哪些动词不用于被动语态B>1. 不及物动词没有被动语态。因为不及物动词没有宾语,所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语,故不能用于被动语态。但是值得注意的是,有些英语中的不及物动词,译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的,很容易出错,这类动词如:take place(发生),happen(发生),)come about(发生),break out(爆发),appear(出现),disappear(消失),last(持续),arise(出现,发生)等:Influenza usually breaks out in winter. 流感通常发生在冬季。Use this money when the need arises. 有需要时就使用这笔钱。2. 英语中的静态动词(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用于被动语态:My shoes don’t fit me. 我的鞋不合适。The young man lacks experience. 这个年轻人缺乏经验。< experience. lacks>
六、注意两类被动句型的相互转换英语中有一种主动句可以转换成两种被动句型,它们通常是一些表示客观说明的句子。如:People believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。It’s believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。She is believed to be honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。比较上面两类被动句型可以发现,一类是“it+be+过去分词+that“it+be+从句”,另一类则是“主语+be+过去分词+不定式”(其中的“主语”为前一类句型中that从句中的主语ace=宋体>为前一类句型中),通常可用于这两类被动句型的动词有assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand等,比较(同时注意其中时态和动词形式的变化):It’s known that he was a good singer. / He is known to have been a good singer. 大家知道他曾是位优秀的歌手。It’s reported that he was driving fast. / He is reported to have been driving fast. 据说他当时车开得很快。
英文翻译技巧被动语态的翻译
He had been fired for refusing to obey orders from the head office. 他因拒绝接受总公司的命令而被解雇了。
The schoolboy was knocked down by a minibus when crossing the street. 那名男生在穿过街道时让一辆小公共汽车撞倒了。
译成汉语主动句
增加主语 She was seen to enter the building about
the time the crime was committed. 有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。 What we say here will not be long remembered, but what we do here can change the world. 我们在这里所讲的话,人们不会长久记住。然而 我们在这儿所做的事,却能改变世界。
It was felt that... 有人认识到了
It is universally accepted that... 人们普遍认 为
It is unanimously agreed that... 大家一致同 意
It will be seen from this that... 由此可见,因此可知 It was noted above that... 前面已经指出 It must be admitted that... 必须承认,老实说 It has been illustrated that... 据图示,据说明 It is stressed that... 有人强调说 It is pointed out that... 有人推荐,有人建议 It is proposed that... 有人提出 It was told that... 有人曾经说 It was first intended that... 最初就有这样的想法 It will be said that... 有人会说
被动语态的译法
因此,当我们在这个伟大国家里受到这样隆重和盛情的接待时,我认为中华人民共和国这样做是有重大意义的。
(三)“为……所”
1) These views of Marx and Engels have now been adopted by all proletarians who are fighting for their emancipation.
我们随时都会被出入机杨的敌机发现。
2) But shortly afterwards they heard that every single member of that first party had been captured by Spanish Froniter police and put into a concentration camp.
必须使组织上的领导能完全保证党的政治口号及其决议的实现。
5) Most letters from his wife, are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.
他的妻子给他的信件,大多数是由医院里的护士念给他听的。
It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It will be seen from this that... 由此可见……
2. 可加主语的
It is asserted that... 有人主张……
It is believed that... 有人相信(认为)……
英语中被动结构的句子译成汉语主动句可以有几种不同情况:
(一)原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语
1) The whole country was armed in a few days.
被动语态的翻译技巧
被动语态的翻译技巧
一、翻译成汉语的主动句 4、翻译成汉语的无主句 例. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft. 在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具, 其中最奇特的 也许就是气垫船了。
可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节 目要生动、真实得多。
下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:
It is asserted that … 有人主张 …… It is believed that … 有人认为…… It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)认为 It is well known that … 大家知道(众所周知)…… It will be said … 有人会说…… It was told that … 有人曾经说……
4
被动语态的翻译技巧
一、翻译成汉语的主动句 5、翻译成带表语的主动句 例1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易做出的。 例2. On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. 总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的, 但必须具备两个 条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩 子的态度相同; 他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识 而被扣分。
被动语态的译法
被动语态的译法英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见, 凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态, 因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法, 对于硕士研究生入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要的, 因为在硕士研究生入学考试中,英译汉文章的内容多以科普文章为主。
在汉语中, 也有被动语态, 通常通过"把"或"被"等词体现出来, 但它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围, 因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。
对于英语原文的被动结构, 我们一般采取下列的方法:1. 翻译成汉语的主动句。
英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。
(1) 英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。
在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了"加以", "经过", "用......来"等词来体现原文中的被动含义。
例如:例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.其它问题将简单地加以讨论。
例2.In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.换言之, 矿物就是存在于地球上, 但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。
例3.Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词-辐射来概括。
被动语态的翻译方法
The science fiction has been translated into Chinese by a friend of mine. 那部科幻小说是由我得一个朋友译成中文的 The old man was knocked down by a speeding truck. 那个老人让一辆超速的卡车撞倒了。 Those books have been affected with damp. 那些书受潮了。
可加主语
It is admitted that 大家承认 It is asserted that 有人主张 It is believed that 有人认为 It is found out that 人们发现 It is known that 众所周知 It is noted that 人们注意到 It is thought that 有人认为 It is taken that 人们认为 It is generally considered that 大家普遍认 为 It is understood that 人们明白
被动语态的翻译
一般被动语态有四种情况:
第一,无从说出、无需提及主动者 When will the new bridge be built? 什么时候建新桥? 第二,出于某种考虑,无意说出主动者 Generally it is considered not polite to do so. 一般认为,这样做是不礼貌的。
不
第三,强调动作的承受者 The room was cleaned by a little girl. 房间是一个小女孩打扫的。 第四,为了上下文的衔接和句子连贯 Students asked a lot of questions. Most of them have been settled satisfactorily. 学生们问了好多问题。大部分问题已经 被圆满解决了。
