2010年研究生入学考试全国统考试题
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题与答案
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题与答案S ection I Use of EnglishDnecclious:Read the following text.Choose the bcsl word(s> for each numbcred blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points>In 1924 American' National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant nearChicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__ workors productivity Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the“Hawhthomeeffect”the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato.Accordmg to __5__of the cxpetmems.their.houriy output rose when hghtmg was increased.but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was changed.produchnty rose A(n> __8__ that theywere bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0 alterworkers' bchamor __10__ uselfAfter several decades，the salile data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，nosystematic __13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed.__15__，tighring was always changed ona Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ , a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers __19__to be duigent for the first fewdays of the week in any case，before __21__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alle ged” Hawthorne effect“is hard to ptn down1.[A] affected[B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off3[A]Wuth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]convoversial [B]perplexing [c]mischieous [D]ambiguous5.[A]reqtttrents [B]cxplanalions [C]accounts [D]assements6[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7[A]as faras [B]for fearthat [C]in casethat [D]so long as8.[A]awarerress [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitale [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]retiable [D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]chrnbing [C]surpassmg [D]hitingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points>Text 2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granled for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online paymentsystern Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One invenlor patented a tochnique for lying a box Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents, which have been controversial e,ver since they were firstauthorized 10 years ago In a movethat has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal ctrcuit sald it would usea particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. Inre Bijskl, as the case is known, is“a very big deal”， says Dermis'D Crouch of the University of MissounSchool of law.It “has the potential to elinate an entire class of patmts”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federalcircuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite tha fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluste is wether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the w ake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme. Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court” says Harole C wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its rulling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face”(Line 1, Paro 3>most probably means[A] loss of good will[B]increase of hostility[C]change of attitude[D] change of auiuled29.We learn from the last two pamgraphs that business-meihod Pateats[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are of ten unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for pateat holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30.Which of the following would bethe subject ofthe text?[A]A looming threat to bvamess-melhcd patents[B]Protection for business-method patent holders[C]A legal case regarding business-methodpatents[D] A prevailing tread against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Poinl Malcohn aladuell aloues that social epidemics are dliven in largepart by the acting of a tiny minority of specialindividuals,often calledin flu entials who are unusuall informed, persuasive, or we connect The idea is intuit ively compelling but it doesn't explain howideas actually spread.The supposed importance of inftuentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory untested thelry called the "tow-step flow of communication" Informationllows from the mediato the inftuentials and from then to ereryone else. Marke ters have embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find andinfluence the in fluent ials, those select people will do most of the ork for them Thetheory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people waswearing promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyoneelse paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain specialpeople call drivetrendsIn their recent work howeyer some researchers have come up with the finding that in fluentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is genetally supposed Infact they don’t seem to be required of allThe researchers' argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence with theexception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primanrilly a function of media not interpersonal influence-enen the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theoryare supposed to drive social enidemics by influcenciny their friends and colleagues directly .For a social epidemic to occur however each person so sffected must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the casecade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s abilify to influence others and their t endence to be31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epid emics[B] discuss influentials’ funcition in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. what the researchers have observed recenty shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public{D}most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention34.the underlined phrase “these people”in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who{A}stay outside the network of social influence{B}have little contact with the source of influence{C}are influenced and then influence others{D} are influenced by the initial influential34.what is the essential slement in the dynamics of social influence?{A}The eageiness to be accepted{B}The impulse to influence others{C}The resdiness to be influenced{D}The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public .Behind eht scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced t hem to report enormous losses,and it’s just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price atheird party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately,banks’lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital marksts,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Xongress.America;s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB>rushed through rule changse.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz,the FASB’s chairman,cried out against ehose who ”question our motives.”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls”the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB>do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it comletes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that is did”not live in a political vacuum”but”in the real word” and the Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accouts htat wastly overvalued assets.today they argue htat market prices overstate loeees,because hteyLargerly reflect the temporary illiquldity of markets,not the likely entent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But bank’s shares trade below their book value,suggeting that investors are akeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are relucaant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the sysytem working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up rules on stock options ang pensions,for example,against hostility interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A]follow anfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets37.According to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the dimingishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking syestem[C]t he bank’s long-term asset lossers[D]the weakening og its indepentdence38. According to Paragarph 4,McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A] keep away from political influences[B] evade the pressure from their peers[C] act on their own in ruli-setting[D]take gradual measures in reform39、The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet”in that they[A]mis interpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets40、The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points>[A]The first and mor e important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year Europe compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill,lesving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.Most leading retailers have alteady tried e-commerce,with limit success,and expansion abroad.But almost all have ignored the big.profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade,whoch appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drinkmarket?Definitely not.The functioning of the market is basrd on flexibleTrends dominated by potential buyers.In other words it is up to the buyer tather than the seller to decide what to buy.At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattem will take hold.[D] All in all,this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master theintricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by.At least,that is how it looks as a whole.Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures,as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but enerenched competitors.New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail,wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France,Germany,Italy,and Spain—are made out of same building blocks.Demand comes mainly from two sources:independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which,unlike large retail chains,are two small to buy straight from producers,and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”：hotels,restaurants,and cafes.Overall, Europe’s retail wholesale market, but the figures,when added together,mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to considerate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → E → 45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carfully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10Points>One basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is thatmost members of the land community have no economic value Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and ,if its stability depends on its inteynity,they are entitled to continuance When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it.We incert excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning pf century songbiras were supppsed to be disappearing.(46>Scinentists jumped to the resure with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect the insecets would est us up of brids failed to control them the ecideuce had to be conbmic in order to be walid.It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ehtic yet.(47>but we have at least drawn near the point pf admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinisic right reardless of the presence pf absence of economic adcantage to us.A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds(48>Time was when biologosts somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on “worthless species”.Some species pf tree have been read out of the party by economici –minded fpresters they grow too slowty or have a sale vate to pay as imeber crops (49>In europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the ncommercial tree species are recognized ad members of native forest community,to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up;a system of conservation based solely on econominc self-interest is hopelesstly lopsided(50>It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.Without the uneconomic pats.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an intemational conference on globalization,you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end ofthe e"postgraduate association" instead.52.Directions:Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following deawing.In your essay,you should1> describe the drawing briefly,2> ecplain its intended meaning,and then3> give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2.(20 points>2010年考研英语完整版详解Section I Use of English1.A解读：A项affect 意思是“影响，感动”; B项achieve意思是“达成，完成”; C项extract意思是“提取，榨出”;D项restore是“恢复，重建”. 这句话地意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人地生产率地，所以答案是A.2.B解读：本题考查了固定短语end up 地用法，end up 意思是“最终成为……”，end 和其它三个介词地搭配都无此意，故选B.3.C解读：本句地大意为：研究最终总结为一个极具影响力地概念—“霍桑效应”，也正是实验所研究地行为改变了工人们地表现.所以这里应选择C.4.B解读：作者这里表达地意思是这个问题之所以引起大家地注意是因为工厂女工地行为令人费解.四个选项中perplexing意为“令人费解地”，所以正确答案为B.5.C解读：本句地含义是：根据研究描述，当照明灯变亮或变暗时，工人地时产量就会提高.四个选项中有描述含义地是C项 accounts.6.B解读：这句话地意思是：实验中做什么并不重要. Do not matter 固定表达，故选B.7.D解读：考查so long as 短语，意思是“只有”，句子意思是：只要有改变，生产率就会上升.解读：A项awareness 意思是“意识”，B项expectation意为“期望”，C项sentiment 意为“”观点，意见，D项illusion 为“幻觉”，本句地大意是说：工人知到自己本身是被研究对象-这一意识就足以改变他们地行为.所以选A.9.C解读：见第8题解读.10.D解读：见第8题解读.11.C解读：be subjected to表示“服从于，与……一致’，为固定短语.12.A解读：contrary to表示“与…相反“.根据语境提示，空白处需要填写一个能表示转折意味地链接词.13.A解读：只有evidence一词可与found呼应，表示“发现或找到证据”.14.Dmisleading“欺骗性，误导性地”，意思上来看，符合语境所表达地意思.15.B解读：for example与上句呼应，举例说明问题.16.A解读：duly表示“准时地，在同一个时间地”，填入句中后意思表达更精确.17.D解读：与前句duly rose呼应，递进说明问题，故应选continue.18.C解读：此句意思与上句相反，说明另一种情况，故应使用转折词but.19.B解读：tend to do“倾向于做某事”，说明一种常规地事实.20.D解读：hit 能与a plateau搭配，意为“到达高地，触及顶点”，句意才符合语境. Section II Reading ComprehensionText 121. B22. A23. C24. A25.BText 226.C解读：细节题.题干问及商业专利方法在最近引起关注地原因是是什么，解答本题应定位二段首句并结合一段地主旨要义.二段首句指出“国家最高专利法庭准备对商业方法专利进行缩减，这引起了了争议.”一段主要提及在过去10年商业方法授予了成千上万地专利.由此可见，选项C是对原文地同义置换故为正确答案.27.B解读：推理判断题.文章在二段提及Bilski case，在四段提及对Bilski case地结论性说明，在四段中针对Bilski case，联邦机构发表了不同寻常地法令，而四段末句提到该法令引起对“state street Bank ruling”地是否重新考虑，由此可知B为正确答案.28.C解读：词汇短语题.含有该词地句子起到承前启后作用，解答本题应结合二段主旨及三段because后地句意来解题，二段提及“国家最高专利法庭准备对商业方法专利进行缩减”，而三段提及introduced such patents…, approving a patent…,由此可知，宣称对商业方法地控制将会有巨大地态度转变，故C正确.29.B解读：推论题.结合倒数二段二句及末段首句可知B符合文意.此题用排除法最为便利.文章地最后两段未提到ACD地内容.而B项地内容符合“that too many patents were being upheld”，同时B 选项地内容符合文章地中心.30.D解读：主旨题.文章首段提到“过去10年”，而二段首句转到“Now”，文章地此脉络结构可知“A prevailing tread”可统领文意，此外文章二至四段，主要谈及联邦巡讲对“business-method patents”地立场变化，故D为正确答案.31.B解读：细节题.文章提到Tipping Point真本书描述社会流行风潮是由一小部分名人引起地，然而，笔锋一转在首段末又说“it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread”.进而引出作者对名人传播想法功能地讨论.由此B选项正确.而A、C、D 均不是作者要讨论地问题.32.D解读：细节题.文章第二段首句“the supposed…plausible sounding but largely untested theory..”以及末句“…only certain special people can drive trends”充分说明这种理论证据不够充足.而D选项正确地反应了文中地内容.33.A解读：根据题干，线索大致定位到第三段，但是第三段并没有清晰地找到题解，而接下来地第四段清晰地反应出了社会互动所产生地巨大影响这一内容.A选项充分地表明了这一点.34.C解读：根据题干，线索定位到第四段.同过分析这个短语所在地句子，“For a social epidemic…;just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with…”此句主要表明人们是如何被别人影响进而又去影响别人地.而C选项恰是对这一点地正确表述.35.C解读：细节题.根据题干，线索定位到最后一段，从“…relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be…”这句话中能够得知社会影响动力因素包括人们影响别人地能力包括被别人影响地倾向性.而C选项充分地体现了这一点.Text 436.A解读：细节题.答案意为“遵循不利地资产评估准则”.由题干中地“Bankers complained”和“force”定位于第一段第三行“Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.”该句核心词为rules，四个答案中只有A选项包含.37.A解读：推理引申题.答案意为“管理地作用地逐渐消失”.根据题干中地专有名词FASB 定位于第三段.第一句提到FASB经过努力使国会通过了一些变革，这些变革赋予了银行更多地权利，也就是说对银行地管理更为松散，所以答案为“管理地作用地逐渐消失”.38.C解读：细节题.答案意为“独立自主地制定法规”.根据题干中地“McCreevy objects to”定位到第五段.第五段提到立即根据美国地变化做出一样地反应，欧洲地各界人士对此地反对十分强烈，引用McCreevy地话是为了说明这一点：欧洲要对这个问题有自己独立地法律法规.39.C解读：句意题.答案意为“忽视了坏账存在地极大可能性”.根据题干地信息定位到第六段Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.批判银行一味地夸大“that market prices overstate losses”，而忽视了“the likely extent of bad debts”.40.D解读：情感态度题.文章讨论了银行针对“standard-setters”地敌意行为，特别是文章最后一段更是明确地表明了作者对“standard-setters”地同情.Part B41.B解读：本题需要找出文章地首段，可用排除法做.首先A 选项中提到“the first and more important…”中地“more”应该在前文中提到，故排除.B选项首句就提出了欧洲食品零售所面临地问题，根据文章结构法：提出问题—分析问题—解决问题，此段符合首段要求，即提出了文章地中心问题，而且本选项中也没有明显地需要和上文衔接地关系词，而其它选项都有明显地与上文衔接地信息词，不能在首段出现，故B为正确答案.42.F解读：首段一旦确定，本段内容便可根据上文顺藤摸瓜，第一段最后一句话“but”后指出了虽然食品零售商面临着“at a standstill (几乎停止发展>”地问题，他们却忽略了一个潜在地市场即他们身边地“wholesale food and trade(食品批发市场>”.而F 选项首句便举例说明法国、德国、意大利等国家地食品批发产业地市场规模比食品零售产业要大40%.而且在“moreover”后又进一步说明批发地利润大零售很多.因此可以判断此选项是对第一段地例证说明.其中“for example”是明显地信息提示词.43.D解读：上段介绍了食品批发商地优势，而D选项第一句“All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which…”则对上文地内容进行总结，其中all in all 是较明显地信息提示词，即上文中提到地食品批发地优势推出这是明显对于“big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling”是一个“market”.因此D项为正确答案.44.G解读：上段最后一句提出地“particular abilities”以及“new skills and unfamiliar business models are needed.” , 即零售商需要新地技能及不熟悉地商业模式.而G选项第一句提到地“these requirements(这些要求>”正是指上文所提到地技能.45.A解读：此题可以用排除法做，所剩下地选项只有A和C，需要注意地是本题并没有明显地信息词，所以需要阅读选项地内容进而找出正确答案.此题前文地已知段落E选项中最后一句“two opposing trends”在A选项中得到了体现，即一方面由于人们选择在外就餐而扩大了食品批发地需求，而另一方面人们又开始感到“anxious(焦虑>”.而C选项第一句提到地“such variations”在上文中并没有得到体现，因此可以断定A为正确答案.Part C46. Scinentists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.解读：句子地主干是“scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence”，后接that 引导地同位语从句.If引导地条件状语从句修饰that从句.to the effect that大意是，意思是; fail to 未能; jump to立即，赶快 the rescue营救，援救，解救.参考译文：科学家们立即拿出某些明显站不住脚地证据前来救驾，大致说地是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫地话，害虫就会把我们吃掉.47. but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.解读：句子主干we have drawn near the point.介词短语of admitting that...作定语修饰point.其中嵌套了that从句作admit地宾语从句.regardless of...作让步状语.a matter of .....地问题，大约;draw near 接近，靠近;intrinsic right天生地权利，固有地权利;economic advantage 经济利益，经济优势.参考译文：但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点：不管鸟类对我们是否有经济利益，生存都是它们地固有权利.48. Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on “worthless species.解读：主干time was when....when引导了表语从句.Time was when可看作固定短语，译为“从前，曾经”.注意两个并列同位语从句地翻译.参考译文：曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下地这条证据：这些生物通过捕食弱小地动物去维持生物链地正常运行，或它们只是去捕食“没有价值地物种”.49. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.解读：句子地主体是“the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community”，包含被动语态.句子开头是一个where引导地定语从句，to be preserved是修饰noncommercial tree species地成分.Within reason合情合理地，理智地.注意被动语态地处理.参考译文：欧洲地林业从生态上讲较为先进，它把没有成为商业化对象地树种视为原始森林群落地成员而适当地加以保护.50. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.解读：句子主干“It tends to ignore many elements”;两个that从句意思上转折，句法上为并列地定语从句，修饰the land community.注意插入语、定语从句以及代词指代地处理.参考译文：这一体系容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值地物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落地健康运行是至关重要地.Section III Writing51.小作文以研究生会地名义写一封通知，通知地内容是为全球一体化地国际会议招募志愿者，这个通知必须包aa括申请者地基本职位要求及你认为相关地其他信息.写100个字左右，不要在通知末尾写你自己地名字，用“Postgraduates’Association”代替.审题谋篇：本次小作文考察“通知”这一事务公文，“通知”地目地在于督促对方参加活动，具。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题解析
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题一、选择题(1~8小题,每小题4分,共32分.下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求的,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上.) 1. （10年，4分） 极限2lim ()()xx x x a x b →∞⎡⎤=⎢⎥-+⎣⎦( ) (A ) 1. (B ) e . (C ) a be -. (D ) b ae-.【考查分析】“1∞”型极限的计算. 【详解】本题属于未定式求极限,极限为1∞型,故可以用“e 的抬起法”求解．()()2lim xx xx a x b →∞⎡⎤⎢⎥-+⎣⎦()()2lnlim x x x a x b x e ⋅-+→∞=()()2lim lnx x x x a x b e→∞⋅-+=,其中又因为()()2222()()lim ln lim ln 1()()()()lim()()()lim()()x x x x x x x a x b x x x a x b x a x b x x x a x b x a x b a b x abxx a x b a b→∞→∞→∞→∞--+⋅=+-+-+⎡⎤--+⎣⎦=-+-+=-+=-⎡⎤⎣⎦故原式极限为a be-,所以应该选择(C).2. （10年，4分） 设函数(,)z z x y =,由方程,0y z F x x ⎛⎫=⎪⎝⎭确定,其中F 为可微函数,且20F '≠,则z zxy x y∂∂+=∂∂( ) (A ) x . (B ) z . (C ) x -. (D ) z -. 【考查分析】隐函数偏导数的计算. 【详解】122212122221x z y z y zF F F F F yF zF z x x x x x F F xF F x⎛⎫⎛⎫''''-+-⋅+⋅ ⎪ ⎪'''+∂⎝⎭⎝⎭=-=-==∂''''⋅, 112211y z F F F z x y F F F x'⋅''∂=-=-=-∂'''⋅, 1212222yF zF yF F z z z x y z x y F F F ''''+⋅∂∂+=-==∂∂'''．选（B ）. 3. （10年，4分） 设,m n 是正整数,则反常积分()20ln 1mnx dx x-⎰的收敛性 ( )(A ) 仅与m 的取值有关. (B )仅与n 的取值有关.(C ) 与,m n 取值都有关. (D ) 与,m n 取值都无关. 【考查分析】判断反常积分的敛散性. 【详解】0x =与1x =都是瑕点.应分成()()()22211212ln 1ln 1ln 1mm mnnnx x x xxx---=+⎰⎰,用比较判别法的极限形式,对于()2120ln 1m nx x-,由于121012[ln (1)]lim 1mnx n mx xx+→--=.显然,当1201n m<-<,则该反常积分收敛. 当120n m -≤,1210[ln (1)]lim m x nx x+→-存在,此时()2120ln 1m n x x -实际上不是反常积分,故收敛. 故不论,m n 是什么正整数,dx 总收敛.对于,取01δ<<,不论,m n 是什么正整数,1211211[ln (1)]lim lim ln (1)(1)01(1)mnmx x x xx x x δδ--→→-=--=-,所以收敛,故选(D).【评注】(1)当210m m-≥时，⎰是定积分.(2) 0,0αβ∀>>,有lim ln 00x x x βα+=→. 4. （10年，4分） ()()2211limnnn i j nn i n j →∞===++∑∑ ( ) (A )()()120111xdx dy x y ++⎰⎰. (B ) ()()100111x dx dy x y ++⎰⎰. (C )()()11111dx dy x y ++⎰⎰. (D ) ()()1120111dx dy x y ++⎰⎰. 【考查分析】利用积分和式求极限. 【详解】()()222211111()nnnn i j i j n nn i n jn i n j =====++++∑∑∑∑22111()()n n j i n n j n i ===++∑∑ 12220211111lim lim ,11()nn n n j j n dy j n jn y n→∞→∞====+++∑∑⎰ 1011111lim lim ,11()nn n n i i n dx i n i n x n→∞→∞====+++∑∑⎰()()2222111111lim lim()()n nn nn n i j j i n n j n i n i n j →∞→∞=====++++∑∑∑∑ 221(lim )nn j n n j→∞==+∑1(lim )nn i nn i →∞=+∑ 1120011()()11dx dy x y =++⎰⎰()()11200111dx dy x y =++⎰⎰. 【评注】本题易认为是二重积分或误认为逐次极限.实际上,对i 求和时与j 无关,对j 求和时与i 无关,所以这是一道两个和得乘积的极限题.5. （10年，4分） 设A 为m n ⨯矩阵,B 为n m ⨯矩阵,E 为m 阶单位矩阵,若AB E =,则 ( )(A ) 秩()r A m =,秩()r B m =. (B ) 秩()r A m =,秩()r B n =. (C ) 秩()r A n =,秩()r B m =. (D ) 秩()r A n =,秩()r B n =. 【详解】由于AB E =,故()()r AB r E m ==.又由于()(),()()r AB r A r AB r B ≤≤,故(),()m r A m r B ≤≤ ①由于A 为m n ⨯矩阵,B 为n m ⨯矩阵,故(),()r A m r B m ≤≤ ②由①、②可得(),()r A m r B m ==,故选A .6. （10年，4分） 设A 为4阶实对称矩阵,且2A A O +=,若A 的秩为3,则A 相似于 ( )(A ) 1110⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭. (B ) 1110⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭. (C ) 1110⎛⎫ ⎪- ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭. (D ) 1110-⎛⎫⎪- ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭. 【考查分析】对称矩阵相似于对角矩阵.【详解】设λ为A 的特征值,由于2A A O +=,所以20λλ+=,即(1)0λλ+=,这样A 的特征值只能为-1或0.由于A 为实对称矩阵,故A 可相似对角化,即A Λ ,()()3r A r =Λ=,因此,1110-⎛⎫⎪- ⎪Λ= ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭,即1110A -⎛⎫⎪- ⎪Λ= ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭. 【评注】看清题目,说清每个已知条件的作用.即可得出结论.7. （10年，4分） 设随机变量X 的分布函数0,01(),0121,1x x F x x e x -<⎧⎪⎪=≤<⎨⎪-≥⎪⎩,则{}1P X == ( ) (A ) 0. (B )12. (C ) 112e --. (D ) 11e --. 【考查分析】本题主要考查分布函数的概念及随机事件概率的计算.已知分布函数,【详解】离散型随机变量的分布函数是跳跃的阶梯形分段函数,连续型随机变量的分布函数是连续函数.观察本题中()F x 的形式,得到随机变量X 既不是离散型随机变量,也不是连续型随机变量,所以求随机变量在一点处的概率,只能利用分布函数的定义.根据分布函数的定义,函数在某一点的概率可以写成两个区间内概率的差,即{}{}{}()()1111111110122P X P X P X F F e e --==≤-<=--=--=-,故本题选(C). 【评注】已知分布函数,求随机事件的概率是基本题,但需注意题中的随机变量既不是离散型也不是连续型.由于分布函数在1x =处不连续,故利用{1}(1)(10)P X F F ==--来计算.8. （10年，4分） 设1()f x 为标准正态分布的概率密度,2()f x 为[]1,3-上均匀分布的概率密度,若12(),0()(),0af x x f x bf x x ≤⎧=⎨>⎩,(0,0)a b >>为概率密度,则,a b 应满足 ( ) (A ) 234a b +=. (B ) 324a b +=. (C ) 1a b +=. (D ) 2a b +=. 【详解】根据题意知,()2212x f x e π-=(x -∞<<+∞),()21,1340,x f x ⎧ -≤≤⎪=⎨⎪ ⎩其它利用概率密度的性质:()1f x dx +∞-∞=⎰,故()()()()03121001312424a a f x dx af x dx bf x dx f x dxb dx b +∞+∞+∞-∞-∞-∞=+=+=+=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰所以整理得到234a b +=,故本题应选(A).二、填空题(9 14小题,每小题4分,共24分.请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.) 9. （10年，4分） 设()20,ln 1,t tx e y u du -⎧=⎪⎨=+⎪⎩⎰ 求220t d y dx == . 【详解】因为 ()()22ln 1ln 1tttdy t e dx e -+==-+-,()()()()22222ln 12ln 11tt t td te d y dt t e t e e dx dt dx t -+⎡⎤=⋅=-⋅-+⋅-⎢⎥+⎣⎦,所以220t d y dx == 10. （10年，4分）2π=⎰.【考查分析】用变量变换与分部计算定积分.【详解】t =,2x t =,2dx tdt =,利用分部积分法,原式220cos 22cos 2sin t t tdt t tdt t d t πππ=⋅==⎰⎰⎰20002sin 2sin 4cos t t t tdt td t πππ⎡⎤=-=⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰0004cos cos 4cos 4sin 4t t tdt t ππππππ⎡⎤=-=-=-⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰.11. （10年，4分） 已知曲线L 的方程为[]{}11,1y x x =- ∈-,起点是()1.0-,终点是()1,0,则曲线积分2Lxydx x dy +=⎰.【详解】12222LL L xydx x dy xydx x dy xydx x dy +=+++⎰⎰⎰()()()01221011x x dx x dx x x dx x dx -=+++-+-⎰⎰()()0122122x x dx x x dx -=++-⎰⎰1322310223223x x x x -⎛⎫⎛⎫=++- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭211203223⎛⎫⎛⎫=--++-= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭12. （10年，4分） 设(){}22,,1x y z xy z Ω=+≤≤,则Ω的形心的竖坐标z = .【详解】()2221221211000211212021r rrz d rdr zdxdydz d rdr zdzdxdydz d rdr dzd r rdrππθθθθΩΩ⎛⎫⎪⋅ ⎪⎝⎭==-⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰4211222r d r drπθπ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭=⎰⎰126204122r r d πθ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭=⎰20112266322d πθπππ⋅===⎰. 13. （10年，4分） 设()()()1231,2,1,0,1,1,0,2,2,1,1,TTTa ααα=-==,若由123,,ααα生成的向量空间的维数是2,则a = . 【详解】因为由123,,ααα生成的向量空间维数为2,所以123(,,)2r ααα=. 对123(,,)ααα进行初等行变换：123112112112211013013(,,)1010130060202000a a a ααα⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪=→→ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭所以6a =.14. （10年，4分） 设随机变量X 的概率分布为{}!C P X k k ==,0,1,2,k = ,则()2E X = . 【考查分析】随机变量的数学期望,方差.泊松分布的期望,方差. 【详解】利用离散型随机变量概率分布的性质,知{}001!k k CP X k Ce k ∞∞======∑∑,整理得到1C e -=,即 {}111!!k e P X k e k k --===.故X 服从参数为1的泊松分布,则()()1,1E X D X ==,根据方差的计算公式有()()()222112E X D X E X =+=+=⎡⎤⎣⎦. 【评注】22()EX DX EX =+,所以应求X 的期望与方差,而X 的分布{},0,1,2,!CP X k k k === 的C 是待定常数.不难看出这是一个泊松分布. 三、解答题(15～23小题,共94分.请将解答写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.) 15. （10年，10分）(本题满分10分)求微分方程322x y y y xe '''-+=的通解． 【考查分析】求常系数线性非齐次微分方程的通解. 【详解】对应齐次方程的特征方程为2320λλ-+=,解得特征根121,2λλ==,所以对应齐次方程的通解为212x x c y C e C e =+．设原方程的一个特解为*()x y x ax b e =+,则()()*22x y axax bx b e '=+++,()()*2422x y axax bx a b e ''=++++,代入原方程,解得1,2a b =-=-,故特解为*(2)xy x x e =--． 故方程的通解为*212(2)x x x c y y y C e C e x x e =+=+-+． 16. （10年，10分）(本题满分10分)求函数()()2221x t f x x t e dt -=-⎰的单调区间与极值.【考查分析】对变限求导数,划分单调区间,求极值. 【详解】 因为22222222111()()x x x t t t f x x t e dt x e dt te dt ---=-=-⎰⎰⎰,所以2224423311()2222x x t x x t f x x e dt x ex ex e dt ----'=+-=⎰⎰,令()0f x '=,则0,1x x ==±.又22421()24x t x f x e dt x e--''=+⎰,则21(0)20t f e dt -''=<⎰,所以2211111(0)(0)(1)22t t f t e dt e e ---=-=-=-⎰是极大值.而1(1)40f e -''±=>,所以(1)0f ±=为极小值.又因为当1x ≥时,()0f x '>；01x ≤<时,()0f x '<；10x -≤<时,()0f x '>；1x <-时,()0f x '<,所以()f x 的单调递减区间为(,1)(0,1)-∞- ,()f x 的单调递增区间为(1,0)(1,)-+∞ .【评注】(1)求()f x 的单调性区间就是求()f x '的正负号区间.增减或增减区间的分界点就是极值点.上述方法就是求出()f x ',然后分出()f x '的正负号区间,从而得到()f x 的增减区间,相应地得到()f x 的极值点.这里就不必去求驻点处得()f x ''.(2)若题目只要求()f x 的极值,我们也可以221()2x t f x x e dt -'=⎰后,解得驻点0x =,1x =±,然后再求驻点处的二阶导数.由于201(0)20t f e dt -''=<⎰,⇒11(0)(1)2f e -=-为极大值.由于1(1)40f e -''±=>,⇒(1)0f ±=为极小值.17. （10年，10分）(本题满分10分)(I)比较()1ln ln 1n t t dt +⎡⎤⎣⎦⎰与10ln nt t dt ⎰()1,2,n = 的大小,说明理由；(II)记()1ln ln 1nn u t t dt =+⎡⎤⎣⎦⎰()1,2,n = ,求极限lim n n u →∞. 【详解】(I)当01x <<时0ln(1)x x <+<,故[]ln(1)nnt t +<,所以[]ln ln(1)ln nn t t t t +<,则[]11ln ln(1)ln nn t t dt t t dt +<⎰⎰()1,2,n = .(II)()1111001ln ln ln 1nnn t t dt t t dt td t n +=-⋅=-+⎰⎰⎰ ()211n =+,故由 ()1210ln 1n n u t t dt n <<=+⎰,根据夹逼定理得()210lim lim01n n n u n →∞→∞≤≤=+,所以lim 0n n u →∞=.18. （10年，10分）(本题满分10分)求幂级数()121121n n n x n -∞=--∑的收敛域及和函数.【考查分析】求幂级数的收敛域及和函数. 【详解】(I) (1)1222(1)1122(1)(1)2(1)121lim lim (1)(1)2121n n n n n n n n n nx x n n xx n n +-++--→∞→∞--⋅+-+=--⋅--222(21)21lim lim 2121n n n x n x x n n →∞→∞--==⋅=++,所以,当21x <,即11x -<<时,原级数绝对收敛.当21x >时,原级数发散,因此幂级数的收敛半径1R =.当1x =±时,11211(1)(1)2121n n n n n x n n --∞∞==--⋅=--∑∑,由莱布尼兹判别法知,此级数收敛,故原级数的收敛域为[]1,1-. (II) 设1122111(1)(1)()2121n n nn n n S x x x x n n --∞∞-==⎛⎫--=⋅=⋅⋅ ⎪--⎝⎭∑∑,其中令12111(1)()21n n n S x x n -∞-=-=⋅-∑()1,1x ∈-,所以有 12221111()(1)()n n n n n S x xx ∞∞---=='=-⋅=-∑∑ ()1,1x ∈-,从而有 12211()1()1S x x x '==--+ ()1,1x ∈-,故 11201()(0)arctan 1xS x dx S x x =+=+⎰,()1,1x ∈-.1()S x 在1,1x =-上是连续的,所以()S x 在收敛域[]1,1-上是连续的.所以()arctan S x x x =⋅,[]1,1x ∈-.【评注】幂函数在收敛域上可以逐项积分,但逐项求导只能先在收敛区间进行.在逐项求导后，在另行讨论端点处是否成立。
2010考研政治真题答案及详细解析(完整版)
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试-政治试题一、单项选择题：1～16小题，每小题1分，共16分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1.1984年1月3日，意大利人卡内帕给恩格斯写信，请求他为即将在日内瓦出版的饿《新纪元》周刊的创刊号题词，而且要求尽量用简短的字句来表述未来的社会主义纪元的基本思想，以区别于伟大诗人但丁的对旧纪元所作的“一些人统治，另一些人受苦难”的界定。
恩格斯回答说，这就是：“代替那存在着阶级和阶级对立的资产阶级旧社会的，将是这样一个联合体，在那里，每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件。
”这段话表明，马克思主义追求的根本价值目标是（）A．实现人的自由而全面的发展B．实现人类永恒不变的普适价值C．建立一个四海之内皆兄弟的大同世界D．建立一个自由，平等，博爱的理性王国2.有一则箴言：“在溪水和岩石的斗争中，胜利的总是溪水，不是因为力量，而是因为坚持。
”“坚持就是胜利”的哲理在于（）A．必然性通过偶然性开辟道路B．肯定中包含着否定的因素C．量变必然引起质变D．有其因必有其果3.右边这张照片反映出由于气候变暖，北极冰盖融化，致使北极熊无处可去的场景，颇具震撼力。
它给我们地球上的人类发出的警示是（）A．人与自然的关系成为人与人之间一切社会关系的核心B．生态失衡已成为自然界自身周期演化不可逆转的趋势C．自然地理环境已成为人类社会发展的根本决定力量D．生态环境已日益成为人类反思自身活动的重要前提4.劳动力成为商品是货币转化为资本的前提条件，这是因为（）A．资本家购买的是劳动力的价值B．劳动力商品具有价值和使用价值C．货币所有者购买的劳动力能够带来剩余价值D．劳动力自身的价值能够在消费过程中转移到新的商品中去5.1981年党的十一届六中全会通过《关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的建议》对我国社会主要矛盾作了规范的表述：“社会主义改造完成以后，我国所要解决的主要矛盾，是人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(数一)试题及答案
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数一试题一、选择题（1~8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求的，把所选项前的字母填在答题纸指定的位置上）（1）极限2lim ()()xx x x a x b →∞⎡⎤=⎢⎥-+⎣⎦（ ） （A ）1 （B ）e （C ） a b e - （D ）b a e -（2）设函数(,)z z x y =由方程(,)0y zF x x=确定，其中F 为可微函数，且20F '≠。
则z zx y x y∂∂+=∂∂（ ） （A ）x （B ）z （C ）x - （D ）z - （3）设m 、n为正整数，则反常积分0⎰的收敛性（ ）（A ）仅与m 有关 （B ）仅与n 有关 （C ）与 m 、n 都有关 （D ）与 m 、n 都无关 （4）2211lim ()()nnn i j nn i n j →∞===++∑∑（ ） （A ）1201(1)(1)x dx dy x y ++⎰⎰（B ）11001(1)(1)dx dy x y ++⎰⎰ （C ）101(1)(1)x dx dy x y ++⎰⎰（D ）112001(1)(1)dx dy x y ++⎰⎰（5）设A 是m n ⨯矩阵，B 是n m ⨯矩阵，且AB E =，其中E 为m 阶单位矩阵，则（ ）（A ）()()R A R B m == （B ）()R A m =，()R B n = （C ）()R A n =，()R B m = （D ）()()R A R B n ==（6）设A 是4阶实对称矩阵，且2A A O +=，若()3R A =，则A 相似于（ ）（A ）1110⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ （B ）1110⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭ （C ）1110⎛⎫ ⎪- ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭ （D ）1110-⎛⎫⎪- ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭（7）设随机变量X 的分布函数为0,011(),02211,2x x F x x e x -⎧⎪<⎪⎪=≤<⎨⎪⎪-≥⎪⎩，则{1}P X ==（ ）（A ）0 （B ）12 （C ）112e -- （D ）11e -- （8）设1()f x 为标准正态分布的概率密度函数，2()f x 为[1,3]-上均匀分布的概率密度函数，若12(),0()(),0af x x f x bf x x ≤⎧⎪=⎨>⎪⎩（0a >，0b >），则a ，b 满足（ ）（A ）234a b += （B ）324a b += （C ）1a b += （D ）2a b +=二、填空题（9~14小题，每小题4分，共24分，请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上）（9）设20ln(1)ttx e y u du -⎧=⎪⎨=+⎪⎩⎰，则220t d y dx ==（10）0π=⎰（11）已知曲线L 的方程为1y x =-（11x -≤≤），起点为(1,0)-，终点为(1,0)，则2Lxydx x dy +=⎰（12）设22{(,,)1}x y z x y z Ω=+≤≤，则Ω的形心坐标z =（13）若11210α⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭，21102α⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，3211a α⎛⎫⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，若由123,,ααα形成的向量组的秩为2，则a =（14）设随机变量X 的分布为{}!CP X k k ==（0,1,2,...k =），则2EX = 三、解答题（15～23小题，共94分，请将解答写在答题纸指定的位置上。
2010年真题及答案
设总体 的概率分布为
1
2
3
其中 未知,以 来表示来自总体 的简单随机样本(样本容量为 )中等于 的个数 试求常数 使 为 的无偏估计量,并求 的方差.
考点:无偏估计概念.
解：
典型错误:
①
②
注:
解：(1)
其中矩阵Q的第3列就是属于特征值0的特征向量,记为 .
设 为A的属于特征值1的特征向量.由于实对称矩阵属于不同特征值的特征向量是正交的,则
即为属于特征值1的两个标准正交的特征向量.
（2）解法1因A的特征值为1,1,0,所以矩阵A+E的特征值为2,2,1;又A+E为实对称矩阵,故A+E是正定矩阵
解题思路:由非齐次方程组Ax =b存在两个不同的解,则|A | =0,可求得参数,进步可解方程组.
解(1)因为非齐次线性方程组Ax =b有两个不同的解,即解不是唯一的,所以系数行列式
（2）
典型错误:
①部分考生将非齐次方程组Ax =b的特解与齐次方程组Ax =0的非零解弄混.
②还有人得出齐次方程组Ax =0的基础解系包含两个解向量.
为A的特征值, 为其对应的特征向量.由
由此可知只有选项(D)是正确的.
注:本题中“A为实对称矩阵冶的条件是可以不要的,但若取消该条件,题目的难度将加大,
此时,因为证明A相似于对角阵本身不是一个容易的证明题.
(7)设随机变量 的分布函数 则 =
(A)0(B)
(C) (D)
答:(C).
考点:分布函数的性质.
答:6.
考点:本题考查向量空间维数的概念.
解题思路:由向量空间维数的概念可知所给向量组线性相关即可求参数.
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类联考综合能力(199)真题
10.已知直线 ax-by+3=0（a>0,b>0）过圆 x2 4x y2 2y 1 0 的圆心，则
ab 的最大值为（
）
（A） 9 （B） 11 （C） 3 （D） 9
16
16
4
8
（E） 9
4
11.某大学排除 5 名志愿者到西部 4 所中学指支教，若每所中学至少有一
名志愿者，则不同的分贝方案共有（
120
168
（C） 1 （D） 1
240
720
（E） 3
1000
13.某居民小区决定投资 15 万元修建停车位，据测算，修建一个室内的费
用为 5000 元，修建一个室外车位的费用为 1000 元，考虑到实际因素，计
划室外车位的数量不少于室内车位的 2 倍，也不多于室内车位的 3 倍，这
笔投资最多可见车位的数量为（
23.甲企业一年的总产值为
a p
(1
p)12
1
1 甲企业一月份的产值为a，以后每月产值的增长率为 p
2 甲企业一月份的产值为 a ，以后每月产值的增长率为 2p
2
24.设 a,b 为非负实数，则 a b 5
4
（1） ab 1
16
（2） a2 b2 1
第 6 页 共 25 页
王通过每关的概率都是 1 ，他闯关成功得该率为（
2
（A） 1
8
(B) 1
4
(C) 3
8
（D） 4
8
）
(E) 19
32
二、条件充分性判断：第 16-25 小题，每小题 3 分，共 30 分。要求判断 每题给出得条件（1）和（2）能否充分支持题干所陈述的结论。A.B.C.D.E. 五个选项为判断结果，请选择一项符合试题要求得判断，在答题卡上将所 选项得字母涂黑。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学考试教育学真题
2010年全国硕士研究生入学考试教育学真题一、单项选择题：1-45小题，每小题2分，共90分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
1、科学教育学的研究任务是:______________3、根据《中华人民共和国教育法》（1995年），我国学校教育制度是：_______ 12、下列选项中，属于《中华人民共和国教育法》（1995年）明确规定的学生义务是_______14、战国时期，儒墨两家并称“显学”，在教育问题上，墨学不同于儒家的主张是：( )A、重视道德教育B、重视文史教育C、轻视礼乐教育D、轻视科技教育15、汉代注重考察德行的科目是_______16、国子学始立于：_______18、随着书院发展而出现的教学方式是（）A、大都授B、下帷讲学C、讲论讲会D、转相授受21、蔡元培认为教育的最终目的是：_______28、18世纪法国教育家卢梭将每个人接受的教育分为三类，即_______29、20世纪意大利学前教育家蒙台梭利教育方法的主要特点是强调：（）A、自然后果B、作业的作用 C 感官教育 D 游戏的作用30、达尔顿制的基本原则是_______33、杜威教育六年成型的标志性著作是_______34、下列选项中，由学习引起的行为变化时_______35、皮亚杰用来说明儿童认知发展的重要概念是_______36、强调复杂情景和真实学习任务的学习理论派别是（）A、联结理论B、认知理论C、建构主义理论D、人本主义理论45、在教育研究报告中，研究中使用的调查问卷一般放在：_______二、辨析题：46～48小题，每小题15分。
共45分。
要求判断正误并着重阐明理由。
请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上。
46、教学是教师有目的、有计划地促进学生掌握知识和技能的过程。
47、课程即学校开设的全部学科的总和。
48、智力是创造力的充要条件。
三、简答题：49～53小题，每小题15分，共75分。
请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题参考答案
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题参考答案答案速查： 一、选择题三、解答题（15）()f x 的单调递减区间为(,1)[0,1)-∞-U ；()f x 的单调递增区间为[1,0)[1,)-+∞U .()f x 的极小值为0；极大值为11(1)2e --.（16）(I)略；(II)0 （17）()233(1)2t t t t ψ=+>- （18）23ablπρ⎛⎝⎭（19）(,)a b 为22(,2),(2,)55---- （20）13316π- （21）略（22）(I) 1λ=-，2a =-； (II) 32110210x k ⎛⎫ ⎪⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪=+- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，k 为任意常数（23）1a =-；0Q ⎫⎪⎪=⎪⎪⎭一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要求，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上.(1) 函数()f x = ( ) (A) 0. (B)1. (C) 2. (D)3.【答案 B【考点】函数间断点的类型 【难易度】★★【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点：函数的间断点分为第一类间断点和第二类间断点。
第一类间断点包括可去间断点和跳跃间断点。
第二类间断点为无穷间断点。
在本题中，()f x = 0,1x =±0lim ()lim x x x f x →→→==，0lim 1,lim 1x x +-→→===- 所以0x =为第一类间断点1lim ()2x f x →==，但函数()f x 在1x =处没有定义，所以1x =可去间断点。
1lim ()limx x f x →-→-==∞，所以1x =-为无穷间断点.所以选择B.(2) 设12,y y 是一阶线性非齐次微分方程()()y p x y q x '+=的两个特解，若常数λμ，使12y y λμ+是该方程的解，12y y λμ-是该方程对应的齐次方程的解，则 ( ) (A)11,22λμ==. (B) 11,22λμ=-=-.(C) 21,33λμ==. (D) 22,33λμ==.【答案】A【考点】线性微分方程解的性质及结构 【难易度】★★【详解】本题涉及到的主要知识点：线性微分方程的解的性质即叠加原理，线性微分方程通解的结构为齐次方程的通解加上特解。
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一、单项选择题：每小题2分，共22分。
1. 下列选项中，能缩短程序执行时间的措施是
Ⅰ.提高CPU的时钟频率Ⅱ.优化数据通路结构
Ⅲ.对程序进行编译优化
A.仅Ⅰ和Ⅱ
B.仅Ⅰ和Ⅲ
C.仅Ⅱ和Ⅲ
D.Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ
2. 假定有4个整数用8位补码分别表示为r1=FEH，r2=F2H，r3=90H，r4=F8H，若将运算结果存放在一个8位寄存器中，则下列运算会发生溢出的是
A.r1×r2
B.r2×r3
C.r1×r4
D.r2×r4
3. 假定变量i、f和d的数据类型分别为int、float和double（int用补码表示，float 和double分别用IEEE754单精度和双精度浮点数格式表示），已知i=785，f=1.5678e3，d=1.5e100，若在32位机器中执行下列关系表达式，则结果为“真”的是
Ⅰ.i＝(int)(float)i Ⅱ.f＝(float)(int)f
Ⅲ.f＝(float)(double)f Ⅳ.(d+f)-d＝f
A.仅Ⅰ和Ⅱ
B.仅Ⅰ和Ⅲ
C.仅Ⅱ和Ⅲ
D. Ⅲ和Ⅳ
4. 假定用若干个2K×4位的芯片组成一个8K×8位的存储器，则地址0B1FH所在芯片的最小地址是
A.0000H
B.0600H
C.0700H
D.0800H
5. 下列有关RAM和ROM的叙述中，正确的是
Ⅰ.RAM是易失性存储器，ROM是非易失性存储器
Ⅱ.RAM和ROM都采用随机存取方式进行信息访问
Ⅲ.RAM和ROM都可用作Cache
Ⅳ.RAM和ROM都需要进行刷新
A.仅Ⅰ和Ⅱ
B.仅Ⅱ和Ⅲ
C.仅Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ
D.仅Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ
6. 下列命中情况组合中，一次访问过程中不可能发生的是
A.TLB未命中，Cache未命中，Page未命中
B.TLB未命中，Cache命中，Page命中
C.TLB命中，Cache未命中，Page命中
D.TLB命中，Cache命中，Page未命中
7. 下列寄存器中，汇编语言程序员可见的是
A.存储器地址寄存器（MAR）
B.程序计数器（PC）
C.存储器数据寄存器（MDR）
D.指令寄存器（IR）
8. 下列选项中，不会引起流水线阻塞的是
A.数据旁路（转发）
B.数据相关
C.条件转移
D.资源冲突
9. 下列选项中的英文缩写均为总线标准的是
A.PCI、CRT、USB、EISA
B.ISA、CPI、VESA、EISA
C.ISA、SCSI、RAM、MIPS
D.ISA、EISA、PCI、PCI-Express
10. 单级中断系统中，中断服务程序内的执行顺序是
Ⅰ.保护现场Ⅱ.开中断Ⅲ.关中断Ⅳ.保存断点
Ⅴ.中断事件处理Ⅵ.恢复现场Ⅶ.中断返回
A.Ⅰ→Ⅴ→Ⅵ→Ⅱ→Ⅶ
B.Ⅲ→Ⅰ→Ⅴ→Ⅶ
C.Ⅲ→Ⅳ→Ⅴ→Ⅵ→Ⅶ
D.Ⅳ→Ⅰ→Ⅴ→Ⅵ→Ⅶ
11. 假定一台计算机的显示存储器用DRAM芯片实现，若要求显示分辨率为1600×1200，颜色深度为24位，帧频为85Hz，显存总带宽的50％用来刷新屏幕，则需要的显存总带宽至少约为
A.245Mbps
B.979Mbps
C.1958Mbps
D.7834Mbps
二、（11分）若计算机字长为16位，主存地址空间大小为128KB，按字编址，采用单字长指令格式，指令各字段定义如下：
转移指令采用相对寻址方式，相对偏移量用补码表示。
寻址方式定义如下：
注：(x)表示存储器地址x或寄存器x的内容。
请回答下列问题：
（1）该指令系统最多可有多少条指令？该计算机最多有多少个通用寄存器？存储器地址寄存器（MAR）和存储器数据寄存器（MDR）至少各需要多少位？
（2）转移指令的目标地址范围是多少？
（3）若操作码0010B表示加法操作（助记符为add），寄存器R4和R5的编码分别为100B和101B，R4的内容为1234H，R5的内容为5678H，地址1234H中的内容为5678H，地址5678H中的内容为1234H，则汇编语句“add (R4)，(R5)+”（逗号前为源操作数，逗号后为目的操作数）对应的机器码是什么（用十六进制表示）？该指令执行后，哪些寄存器和存储单元的内容会改变？改变后的内容是什么？
三、（12分）某计算机的主存地址空间大小为256MB，按字节编址，指令Cache和数据Cache 分离，均有8个Cache行，每个Cache行大小为64B。
数据Cache采用直接映射方式，现有两个功能相同的程序A和B，其伪代码如下所示：
假定int类型数据用32位补码表示，程序编译时i、j、sum均分配在寄存器中，数组a按行优先方式存放，其首地址为320（十进制数）。
请回答下列问题，要求说明理由或给出计算过程。
（1）若不考虑Cache一致性维护和替换算法的控制位，则数据Cache的总容量为多少？
（2）数组元素a[0][31]和a[1][1]各自所在的主存块对应的Cache行号分别是多少（Cache行号从0开始）？
（3）程序A和B的数据访问命中率各是多少？哪个程序的执行时间更短？
参考答案
2010年研究生入学考试全国统考试题
一、单项选择题
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. D
7. B 8. A 9. D 10.A 11.D
二、（1）因为操作码占4位，因此该指令系统最多可有24，即16条指令。
因为寄存器编码占3位，因此该计算机最多可有23，即8个通用寄存器。
因为主存地址空间大小为128KB，按字（计算机字长为16位）编址，即主存空间共有64K个字，因此存储器地址寄存器（MAR）至少需要16位，存储器数据寄存器至少需要16位。
（2）因为转移指令的转移目标地址＝(PC)+(Rn)，PC可访存到整个存储器地址空间，因此转移指令的目标地址范围是0000H～FFFFH。
（3）汇编语句中“add”对应的编码为“0010”；汇编语句中“(R4)”表示源操作数采用寄存器间接寻址方式（即Ms为001）、源寄存器为R4（即Rs为100），因此“(R4)”对应的编码为“001100”；汇编语句中“(R5)+”表示目的操作数采用寄存器间接、自增寻址方式（即Md为010）、目的寄存器为R5（即Rd为101），因此“(R5)+”对应的编码为“010101”。
整条汇编语句“add (R4),(R5)+”对应的机器码为“0010 001100 010101”，用十六进制表示为2315H。
该指令执行后R5的内容、地址5678H的内容会发生改变。
改变后的内容为：(R5)=5679H，(5678H)=68ACH。
三、（1）主存地址格式为：
Cache地址格式为：
若不考虑用于Cache一致性维护和替换算法的控制位，则每个Cache行要占用1位的有效位、19位的行标记和64B（即512位）的数据位，因此数据Cache的总容量为：
8×(1+19+512)=4256位=532字节
（2）数组元素a[0][31]所在的主存块对应的Cache行号为：
（（320＋（0×256＋31）×4）div 26）mod 23＝6
数组元素a[1][1]所在的主存块对应的Cache行号为：
（（320＋（1×256＋1）×4）div 26）mod 23＝5
（3）每个Cache行包含16个用32位补码表示的整数并且按行优先方式存放，对于程序A，每次Cache不命中时，将从主存中调入一个Cache行，由于数组元素按行的方式访问，则接下来对该Cache行中的其它15个元素的访问均会命中，所有Cache行均会被依次访问16个元素且不重复（一次不命中），则访问数据Cache的命中率为：15/16＝93.75％。
对于程序B，每次Cache不命中时，将从主存中调入一个Cache行，由于数组元素按列的方式访问，依次访问的元素均位于不同的Cache行中，由于Cache空间只能存放8个Cache行，每次访问Cache不命中时调入Cache的行还没等到第二次访问就被其它的Cache行所替换，则访问数据Cache的命中率为：0。
由于执行程序A时Cache的命中率高，因此程序A的执行时间更短。