海牙-维斯比规则(中英对照)
海牙维斯比规则(中文版)
海牙维斯比规则(中文版)海牙—维斯比规则(中文版)1968年布鲁塞尔议定书,有关修改1924年8月25日在布鲁塞尔签订的统一提单的若干法律规定的国际公约的议定书,,1968年2月23日颁布1978年1月1日实施,各缔约方，考虑到1924年8月25日在布鲁塞尔制订的统一提单的某些法律规定的国际公约加以修正是合乎需要的，兹协议如下:第一条1(第3条第4款增加下列规定:“但是，当该提单已被转让至善意行事的第三者时，与此相反的证据便不予接受。
”2(第3条第6款第4项应改为:“除第6款(之一)另有规定外，除自货物交付或本应交付之日起一年内提起诉讼外，在任何情况下，承运人和船舶将被免除对于货物的任何责任。
但是，在诉因发生以后，经当事方同意，这一期限加以延长。
”3(第3条第6款之后应增加第6款(之一):“即使在前款规定的一年期限届满之后，只要在受案法院所在地法律允许期间内，仍可以向第三方提起追偿诉讼。
但是，允许的时间自提起此种诉讼之人已经解决向其索赔的案件，或在对其本人的诉讼中收到送达的传票之日起算，不得少于三个月。
”第二条第4条第5款应予删除，并改为下列规定:(a)不论是承运人或船舶，对超过每件或每单位相当于10000法郎，或按灭失或受损货物毛重计算，每公斤相当于30法郎(两者之中以较高者为准)的货物或与货物有关的灭失或损害，在任何情况下，概不负责，除非货物的性质和价值已由托运人在货物装运前声明，并在提单上注明。
1(b)可赔偿的总额应参照该货物根据合同从船上卸下或本应卸下的当时当地的价值计算。
货物价值应按商品交换价格确定，或者，如无此种价格，按现时市场价格计算;如无商品交换价格和现时市场价格，参照相同品种和质量的货物的正常价值确定。
(c)如货物是以集装箱、货盘或类似的运输工具集装，则提单中载明的装在此种运输工具中的件数或单位数，应视为本款所述件数或单位数。
除上述情况之外，此种运输工具应视为一个包件或单位。
(d)一个法郎是指一个含有纯度为千分之九百的黄金65.5毫克的单位。
海牙,Visby,汉堡规则(中英)
Hague Rules名词解释– article 1 (1):―"Carrier" includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a shipper.―承运人：包括与托运人订有运输合同的船舶所有人或租船人。
―"Contract of carriage" applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading .“运输合同”仅适用于以提单进行海上货物运输的合同名词解释– article 1 (2):―"Goods" includes goods, wares, merchandise and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage instated as being carried on deck and is so carried.―货物包括货物、制品、商品和任何种类商品，但活的牲畜和在运输合同上载明装载于舱面并且已经这样装运的货物除外。
―"Ship" means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea.―"Carriage of goods" covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship.The responsibility of carrier (1):―Article 3, 1―The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to:(a) Make the ship seaworthy.(b) Properly man, equip and supply the ship.(c) Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.―译:承运人需在开航时和开航前恪尽职责：使船舶适航；适当配备船员，装备和供应船舶；使船上货舱、冷藏舱和其他载货处所，能适宜和安全地接收、运送和保管货物。
海牙规则(Hague)、海牙-维斯比规则(HagueVisby)、汉堡规则(Hamburg)的区别
从《海牙规则》到《汉堡规则》有关提单的国际公约在内容上发生了质的变化，对当事各方利益的保护更加合理，也适应了不断发展的航运技术的要求。
总的来讲，这三个国际公约实质上的区别主要在以下几个方面：一、承运人的责任基础不同《海牙规则》由于在当时的历史背景下，船东的强大势力和航运技术条件的限制决定了《海牙规则》对承运人的要求不会十分严格，因此《海牙规则》对承运人责任基础采用了“不完全过失原则”。
《维斯比规则》对这点没加任何修订。
《汉堡规则》则将其改为了“推定的完全过失原则”。
所谓“过失原则”是指有过失即负责，无过失即不负责，一般国家的民法多采用这一原则为基础。
《海牙规则》总的规定也是要求承运人对自己的过失承担责任，但同时又规定“船长、船员、引航员或承运人的雇佣人员在驾驶或管理船舶上的行为、疏忽或不履行契约”可以要求免责（也是《海牙规则》遭非议最多的条款），即有过失也无须负责，因此，《海牙规则》被认为采用的是不完全过失原则。
比起过失原则，这种责任制度虽然对承运人网开一面，但在当时的历史条件下还是有着明显的进步意义的。
《汉堡规则》的立场则严格得多，它不仅以是否存在过失来决定承运人是否负责，而且规定举证责任也要由承运人承担，即第五条规定的“除非承运人证明他本人，其受雇人或代理人为避免该事故发生及其后果已采取了一切所能合理要求的措施，否则承运人应对货物灭失或损坏或延迟交货所造成的损失负赔偿责任……。
”这样承运人的责任大大加重了。
二、承运人的最高责任赔偿限额不同首先，从《海牙规则》到《汉堡规则》依次提高了对每单位货物的最高赔偿金额。
《海牙规则》规定船东或承运人对货物或与货物有关的灭失或损坏的赔偿金额不超过每件或每单位100英镑或相当于100英镑的等值货币。
《维斯比规则》将最高赔偿金额提高为每件或每单位10000金法郎或按灭失或受损货物毛重计算，每公斤30金法郎，两者以较高金额的为准。
同时明确一个金法郎是一个含有66.5毫克黄金，纯度为千分之九百的单位。
比较《海牙规则》、《维斯比规则》、《汉堡规则》和《鹿特丹规则》表格形式
几乎没有免责的机会，采用承运人完全过失责任原则，并且废除了承运人“管船过失”免责和“火灾过失”免责。
新设内容
1.明确了“喜马拉雅条款”法律地位；
2.增加了“集装箱条款”
电子运输记录
承运人的赔偿责任范围
最高赔偿额每件或每单位的货物损失为100英镑，但托运人在装货前已就该项货物与的性质和价值提出声明并已在提单中注明的不在此限。
延长了诉讼时效。关于货物运输的任何诉讼，时效期间为2年，自承运人交付货物或部分交付货物之日起算，或者在未交付货物的情况下，自应当交付货物的最后一日起算。
规定时效期间为2年，并允许合同当事人协议延长诉讼时效。
提单效力
仅规定了提单在承运人和托运人之间的证据效力为“初步证据”。但对提单转让至第三人后，提单在承运人和第三人之间的证据效力未作进一步的规定。
四大海上运输规则对比
名称
《海牙规则》
(The HagueRules)
《维斯比规则》
（The Visby Rules)
《汉堡规则》
(TheHamburgRules)
《鹿特丹规则》
（The Rotterdam Rules）
颁布时间
1924年
1968年
1978年
2008年
效力
已生效
已生效
已生效
尚未生效
诞生背景
货物的范围
不包括舱面货物和集装箱装运的货物及活动物
承运人只有与托运人达成协议或符合特定的贸易习惯或为法规或条例要求时，才能在舱面载运货物，否则要对舱面货物发生的损失负赔偿责任。对于活动物，只要承运人证明是按托运人对该动物作出的指示办事，则对动物的灭失、损坏或延迟交货造成的损失视为运输固有的特殊风险而不承担责任。
海牙规则与维斯比规则的比较 英文版
5. Improve the carrier’s compensation for the goods damage
• (c) Where a container, pallet or similar article of transport is used to consolidate goods, the number of packages or units enumerated in the Bill of Lading as packed in such article of transport shall be deemed the number of packages or units for the purpose of this paragraph as far as these packages or units are concerned. Except as aforesaid such article of transport shall be considered the package or unit.
1.Expanding the scope of the application of the rules
(a) the Bill of Lading is issued in a Contracting State, or (b) the carriage is from a port in a Contracting State, or (c) the contract contained in or evidenced by the Bill of Lading provides that the rules of this Convention or legislation of any State giving effect to them are to govern the contract whatever may be the nationality of the ship, the carrier, the shipper, the consignee, or any other inlearing the evidence of the effectiveness of the bill of lading
维斯比规则中英文
Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unificationof Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading ("Visby Rules")修改统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书（维斯比规则）(Brussels, 23 February 1968)（1968.2.23日订于布鲁塞尔）THE CONTRACTING PARTIES,各缔约国：CONSIDERINGthat it is desirable to amend the InternationalConvention for the unification of certain rules of law relating to Bills ofLading, signed at Brussels on 25th August 1924,考虑到修改一九二四年八月二十五日在布鲁塞尔签订的关于《统一提单的若干法律规则的国际公约》的需要，HAVE AGREED as follows:协议如下：Article 1第一条1(1)In Article 3, paragraph 4, shall be added:在第三条第4款中应增加："However, proof to the contrary shall not be admissible when the Bill ofLading has been transferred to a third party actin g in good faith".“但是，当提单已经转给善意行事的第三者时，与此相反的证据不予接受。
“(2)In Article 3, paragraph 6, sub-paragraph 4 shall be deleted andreplaced by:在第三条第6款中的第4段应改为：“"Subject to paragraph 6bisthe carrier and the ship shall in any event bedischarged from all liability whatsoever in respect of the goods, unlesssuit is brought within one year of their delivery or of the date whentheyshould have been delivered. This period may, however, be extended ifthe parties so agree after the cause of action has arisen".“遵照第6款（修改本）的规定，除非从货物交付之日或应付之日起一年内提起诉讼，承运人和船舶在任何情况下都免除对于货物的货物责任。
海牙规则与维斯比规则、汉堡规则比较表
海牙规则与维斯比规则、汉堡规则三大提单公约比较对照表
《海牙规则》
《维斯比规则》
《汉堡规则》
通过时间
1924年
1968年
1978年
承运人的
基本义务
适航义务、管货义务、不做不合理绕航的义务
无明确规定，但应不低于前二者
责任制度
不完全过失责任
完全过失责任
承运人的
责任期间
钩至钩
收到交
承运人
的免责
包括“航行过失”免责在内的17项免责
如损失由承运人、其雇佣人或代理人故意造成，则丧失责任限制权利
实际承运人
未规定
未规定
订约善意有效/恶意无效
舱面货
活牲畜
不适用
不适用
依约定/惯例可装舱面货；活牲畜固有风险免责
诉讼时效
一年
一年，可协商延长，对第三者的追偿，还有3个月宽限期
两年
取消了“航行过失”免责
延迟交货的责任
未规定
限额为迟交货物应付运费的2.5倍，但不应超过所有货物应付运费的总额
承运人赔
偿限额
每件或每单位100英镑
（1）每件或每单位666.67特（2）毛重每公斤2特。二者以高者为准
船务英语中英文对译
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统一提单的若干法律规则的国际公约（1924年8月22日订于布鲁塞尔，1924年8月25日颁布，1942年8月25日实施）INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES OFLAW RELATING TO BILLS OF LADING(“HAGUE RULES”), AND PROTOCOL OF SIGNATURE(Brussels, 25 August 1924)The President of the German Republic, the President of the Argentine Republic, His Majesty the King of the Belgians, the President of the Republic of Chile, the President of the Republic of Cuba, His Majesty the King of Denmark and Iceland, His Majesty the King of Spain, the Head of the Estonian State, the President of the United States of America, the President of the Republic of Finland, the President of the French Republic, His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, His Most Supreme Highness the Governor of the Kingdom of Hungary, His Majesty the King of Italy, His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, the President of the Latvian Republic, the President of the Republic of Mexico, His Majesty the King of Norway, Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands, the President of the Republic of Peru, the President of the Polish Republic, the President of the Portuguese Republic, His Majesty the King ofRomania, His Majesty the King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, His Majesty the King of Sweden, and the President of the Republic of Uruguay,HAVING RECOGNIZED the utility of fixing by agreement certain uniform rules of law relating to bills of lading,HAVE DECIDED to conclude a convention with this object and have appointed the following Plenipotentiaries:WHO, duly authorized thereto, have agreed as follows:第一条Article 1本公约所用下列各词，涵义如下：In this Convention the following words are employed with the meanings set out below:(a) “承运人”包括与托运人订有运输合同的船舶所有人或租船人。
(a)"Carrier" includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a shipper.(b)“运输合同”仅适用于以提单或任何类似的物权凭证进行有关海上货物运输的合同；在租船合同下或根据租船合同所签发的提单或任何物权凭证，在它们成为制约承运人与凭证持有人之间的关系准则时，也包括在内。
(b)"Contract of carriage" applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading or any similar document of title, in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by sea, including any bill of lading or any similar document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a charter party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates the relations between a carrier and a holder of the same.(c)“货物”包括货物、制品、商品和任何种类的物品，但活牲畜以及在运输合同上载明装载于舱面上并且已经这样装运的货物除外。
(c)"Goods" includes goods, wares, merchandise and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage in stated as being carried on deck and is so carried.(d) “船舶”是指用于海上货物运输的任何船舶。
(d)"Ship" means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea.“货物运输”是指自货物装上船时起，至卸下船时止的一段期间。
(e)"Carriage of goods" covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship.第二条Article 2除遵照第六条规定外，每个海上货物运输合同的承运人，对有关货物的装载、搬运、积载、运送、保管、照料和卸载，都应按照下列规定承担责任和义务，并享受权利和豁免。
Subject to the provisions of Article 6, under every contract of carriage of goods by sea the carrier, in relation to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of such goods, shall be subject to the responsibilities and liabilities, and entitled to the rights and immunities hereinafter set forth.第三条Article 31．承运人须在开航前和开航时谨慎处理：1.The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to:(a)使船舶适航；(a)Make the ship seaworthy.(b) 适当地配备船员、装备船舶和供应船舶；(b)Properly man, equip and supply the ship.(c) 使货舱、冷藏舱和该船其他载货处所能适宜和安全地收受、运送和保管货物。
(c)Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.2．除遵照第四条规定外，承运人应适当和谨慎地装卸、搬运、积载、运送、保管、照料和卸载所运货物。
2.Subject to the provisions of Article 4, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried.3．承运人或船长或承运人的代理人在收受货物归其照管后，经托运人的请求，应向托运人签发提单，其上载明下列各项：3.After receiving the goods into his charge the carrier or the master or agent of the carrier shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading showing among other things:(a) 与开始装货前由托运人书面提供者相同的、为辨认货物所需的主要标志，如果这项标志是以印戳或其他方式标示在不带包装的货物上，或在其中装有货物的箱子或包装物上，该项标志通常应在航程终了时仍能保持清晰可认。
(a)The leading marks necessary for identification of the goods as the same are furnished in writing by the shipper before the loading of such goods starts, provided such marks are stamped or otherwise shown clearly upon the goods ifuncovered, or on the cases or coverings in which such goods are contained, in such a manner as should ordinarily remain legible until the end of the voyage. (b) 托运人用书面提供的包数或件数，或数量，或重量。