Path Dependence and Regional Economic Evolution
我国各地区数字经济发展水平及影响因素分析——基于DEA-Tobit模型的实证研究
我国各地区数字经济发展水平及影响因素分析———基于DEA-Tobit 模型的实证研究陈慧玲1，2，Dongphil Chun 2，许航3（1.广东白云学院应用经济学院，广东广州510450；2.韩国国立釜庆大学技术经营大学院，韩国釜山48547；3.中国建设银行股份有限公司广州分行营业部，广东广州510623）[摘要]运用熵权TOPSIS 法综合测算2017—2021年我国30个省份数字经济发展的整体水平，在此基础上，采用数据包络分析方法(DEA)测算我国各省份数字经济效率情况，进而采用Tobit 模型探究各省份数字经济发展水平的影响因素。
研究结果表明，2017—2021年我国各省份数字经济整体发展水平和效率值不高并且地区分布差异明显，地区经济发展水平、政府干预度、人力资本水平、外资依存度对数字经济投入产出效率具有显著影响，而过高的投资规模会抑制数字经济效率的发展。
在此基础上，提出需要发挥政府宏观调控作用，加大教育投资，落实人才引进政策，提高对外开放程度来提升数字经济发展水平的政策建议。
[关键词]数字经济；投入产出效率；熵权TOPSIS 法；Tobit 模型[中图分类号]F49[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1009-6043（2024）04-0001-05Abstract:The entropy weight TOPSIS method is used to comprehensively measure the overall level of digital economic development in 30provinces from 2017to 2021.On this basis,the data envelopment analysis (DEA)method is used to measure the digital economic efficiency of each province,and then the Tobit model is used to explore the influencing factors of the digital economic development level of each province.The results show that the overall development level and efficiency value of digital economy in all provinces in China from 2017to 2021are not high and the regional distribution difference is obvious.Regional economic development level,government intervention degree,human capital level and foreign capital dependence have a significant impact on the input-output efficiency of digital economy,while excessive investment scale will inhibit the development of digital economy efficiency.The study puts forward policy suggestions to give play to the government's macro-control role,increase investment in education,implement the policy of talent introduction,and improve the degree of opening up to improve the development level of digital economy.Keywords:digital economy;input-output efficiency;entropy weight TOPSIS method;Tobit model[作者简介]陈慧玲(1993—)，女，湖南怀化人，讲师，博士研究生，研究方向：数字经济和绿色经济。
为了推动两岸关系的发展的英语作文
为了推动两岸关系的发展的英语作文The relationship between mainland China and Taiwan has long been a complex and delicate issue, marked by political tensions, economic interdependence, and a shared cultural heritage. As we look to the future, it is clear that promoting the development of cross-strait relations is of paramount importance, not only for the people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait but for the entire Asia-Pacific region and the global community as a whole.One of the key drivers for the development of cross-strait relations is the economic integration between the two sides. Over the past few decades, the economies of mainland China and Taiwan have become increasingly intertwined, with strong trade and investment links. The establishment of the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) in 2010 has further deepened economic cooperation, leading to the removal of tariffs on a wide range of goods and services. This has not only boosted bilateral trade and investment but also created new opportunities for businesses and individuals on both sides of the Strait.However, the economic integration between mainland China and Taiwan is not without its challenges. There are concerns about the potential for economic dependence and the need to ensure a level playing field for Taiwanese businesses operating in the mainland market. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the global economy, including the cross-strait economic relationship. To address these challenges, it is essential that both sides continue to work together to enhance economic cooperation, promote fair competition, and explore new areas of collaboration, such as in the fields of technology, innovation, and green development.Beyond the economic sphere, the development of cross-strait relations also requires a strengthening of cultural and people-to-people exchanges. The shared cultural heritage between mainland China and Taiwan is a powerful bond that can be leveraged to foster greater mutual understanding and trust. Initiatives such as student exchanges, academic collaborations, and cultural events can help to bridge the gap between the two sides and promote a deeper appreciation of each other's traditions and values.At the same time, it is important to acknowledge the political differences and sensitivities that exist between mainland China and Taiwan. The issue of Taiwan's political status has been a source of ongoing tension, with the mainland government asserting its claimof sovereignty over the island, while Taiwan maintains a de facto independent status. While these political differences are unlikely to be resolved in the near future, it is crucial that both sides adopt a pragmatic and constructive approach to managing the situation, focusing on areas of common ground and exploring opportunities for dialogue and cooperation.One potential avenue for promoting the development of cross-strait relations is through the establishment of formal communication channels and mechanisms for conflict resolution. This could involve the creation of high-level dialogue platforms, where representatives from both sides can engage in open and honest discussions, share perspectives, and work towards mutually acceptable solutions. Additionally, the development of crisis management mechanisms and confidence-building measures could help to reduce the risk of miscalculation and prevent the escalation of tensions.Another important aspect of promoting the development of cross-strait relations is the role of the international community. As a major economic and political player in the Asia-Pacific region, the United States has a significant influence on the cross-strait dynamic. It is crucial that the US adopts a balanced and impartial approach, encouraging both mainland China and Taiwan to engage in constructive dialogue and avoid unilateral actions that could destabilize the region. Additionally, other regional and global actors,such as the European Union, Japan, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), can play a constructive role in facilitating dialogue and promoting peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait.In conclusion, the development of cross-strait relations is a complex and multifaceted challenge that requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach. By focusing on areas of shared economic, cultural, and social interests, while also addressing the underlying political differences and sensitivities, both mainland China and Taiwan can work towards a future of greater mutual understanding, trust, and cooperation. This, in turn, will not only benefit the people on both sides of the Strait but also contribute to the stability and prosperity of the Asia-Pacific region and the global community as a whole.。
在经济全球化的趋势下出现了大学生就业难的现象英文作文
在经济全球化的趋势下出现了大学生就业难的现象英文作文1、 The concept of economic globalizationThe concept of "economic globalization" was first put forward by T. levy in 1985. There have been many disputes and differences since it was put forward. Economic globalization is the globalization of trade, investment, finance, production and other activities, that is, the best coordination of survival factors in the world. Economic globalization mainly includes: production globalization, trade globalization, financial globalization, investment globalization and regional economic cooperation globalization. Since the 1990s, economic globalization has developed rapidly, and now it has developed into a leader of the scientific and technological revolution and the development of information technology, covering all fields of production, trade, finance and investment, including all aspects and all processes related to the world economy and the world economy. Economic globalization has had a great impact on the development of our country. It has accelerated the process of deepening reform, opening up the economy andparticipating in global competition, and also accelerated the pace of China's integration into the world economic system. Economic globalization has not only changed the basic conditions for the survival and development of countries in the world, but also had a profound impact on the world's economy, politics, culture and other aspects, of which the impact on the domestic employment environment is closely related to the working population.2、Analysis on the current employment situation of College StudentsWith the overall transformation of our society, China's economic system, economic structure and technological structure are also undergoing major changes. As far as college graduates are concerned, the number of college graduates has increased sharply since colleges and universities began to expand their enrollment. The high stock formed by this high growth will cause stock expansion if social demand is not considered. Generally speaking, the employment situation in China has been relatively severe.First, the total labor supply exceeds demand. The contradiction between supply and demand in China's labor market has existed fora long time. On the whole, the contradiction is still that supply exceeds demand, and the employment situation of college students is still very serious. With the expansion of college enrollment, the number of college students has soared, but the proportion of employment positions is far less than the former. Second, the professional quality and ability of college students are generally low. Professional ability mainly refers to the ability of graduates to master professional and industrial knowledge. The employment of college students in China has been market-oriented, while higher education has not yet fully moved towards the market. Therefore, there is a disconnect between higher education and the labor market, and there is a contradiction between supply and demand information asymmetry. At present, there are both total and structural contradictions in the difficulty of College Students' employment, among which the structural contradiction is the main contradiction. For a long time, higher education adheres to the discipline standard, ignores the social needs of talent training, and the formulation of training objectives pays no attention to the requirements of social career changes on talent quality, nor to theadaptability of graduates to employment positions. The lagging and irrationality of specialty setting in Colleges and universities are becoming increasingly prominent. Third, lack of innovation ability. In the current information age dominated by high technology, innovation ability is an essential competitive advantage for college students. The competition in today's society is not so much the competition of talents as the competition of human creativity. With the deepening of economic system reform and the intensification of competition, employers are increasingly aware of the importance of innovative talents. The survey found that 65.1% of employers require college students to have a certain innovation ability. However, 40.7% of college students feel that their innovation ability is very poor, and only 17.3% of college students are satisfied with their innovation ability .3、The influence of globalization on College Students' EmploymentChina, as the largest developing country in the world, has been actively moving towards the world and integrating into the tide of globalization since the reform and opening up for more than 30years. By constantly expanding its opening-up, China has actively developed exchanges and contacts with developed countries and surrounding developing countries. Through this open connection, China has promoted its own development, promoted the sustained growth of the domestic economy, and had a far-reaching impact on employment. Now, China is already a member of the WTO. The reform of China's political and economic system, the reallocation of resources, and the close integration of the market with the world will bring opportunities and challenges to the employment of college graduates. It is difficult to sum up the impact of globalization on the employment of college students in China, but in general, it should be the coexistence of benefits and losses, opportunities and challenges. First of all, economic globalization provides new opportunities for the employment of college students in China, but on the other hand, we should also be soberly aware that globalization is a double-edged sword, which will inevitably bring all kinds of pressure and risks to China's employment environment.（1）New opportunities brought by globalization to college students' EmploymentIn the past few years after China's entry into the WTO, with the deepening of economic globalization, the domestic economic structure has been "reshuffled". Some industry advantages have been broken, some industry advantages have been strengthened, and some industries are facing severe survival tests. The corresponding demand for talents in various industries has also changed due to the intervention of international economic rules. First, the domestic economy continues to grow, providing more employment opportunities for college students. First of all, economic globalization has further strengthened the competitive advantage of China's labor-intensive industries and greatly increased employment opportunities. With the relaxation and cancellation of export quota restrictions, labor-intensive products will greatly benefit, thereby driving the increase of employment. Secondly, China will gradually become the manufacturing center of the world economy, which will bring further increase in employment. Foreign direct investment in China is gradually increasing, which will increase the growth rate of China's GDP. The number of jobs created by economic growth is at least one million per year, which willprovide a basic employment space for college graduates. Because, compared with other industries, China's manufacturing industry is an industry category with rapid development and strong international competitiveness, and it is also a department with greater possibility of benefiting after China's entry into WTO. Second, opening to the outside world, introducing foreign-funded enterprises and expanding employment space. With the expansion of China's opening-up and the acceleration of the process of giving national treatment to foreign-invested enterprises, China's investment environment will be more relaxed, stable, fair and transparent, which will be conducive to further absorbing foreign capital, giving better play to the role of foreign capital in promoting domestic financing, accelerating technology introduction and transfer, and thus more effectively promoting economic development and employment growth . After foreign enterprises enter the Chinese market, for the urgent needs of business development and career development, they must first understand and adapt to China's national conditions, so as to understand the national conditions, people's conditions, the current situation of theindustry and relevant laws and regulations. The most convenient and effective way is to absorb local talents, and Chinese college students have become their first choice.Third, the government provides policy support for college students' employment. First, it broke the restrictions on identity, registered residence, urban and rural areas, and played a role in promoting the establishment of a national employment information network. Secondly, China will gradually establish a perfect social security system, which will be conducive to the free flow of labor between different regions and units of various nature, and to the formation of an open and healthy labor market. Finally, our government's management methods and means of labor market will accelerate the modernization, which will be conducive to the formation of an efficient and flexible labor market management system. From relying on administrative orders to promote employment and reduce the unemployment rate for a long time, it has changed to using more and more economic and legal means to intervene in the whole economy .（2） Globalization brings new challenges to college students'EmploymentFirst, economic globalization increases the unstable factors of the employment environment. First of all, the employment situation in China will fluctuate with the world economic situation. In the process of China's economy gradually integrating into the global economic integration, the changes in the external economic environment will have a profound impact on China's economy. Especially when the global economy is depressed, the exports of the foreign trade sector with a high degree of dependence on foreign trade will be reduced, resulting in the employment situation is not optimistic. Secondly, economic globalization will bring diversification of employment forms, and there will be less and less long-term stable employment. In the process of economic globalization, China's economy will further move towards openness and marketization, and the economic subjects will also be more diversified, which will bring about the diversification of employment forms. A large number of informal sector employment, such as part-time employment, temporary employment, seasonal employment, contracted employment, family employment, will be more and more,but full employment, formal employment, long-term stable employment opportunities will be less and less.Second, globalization has led to accelerated changes in production technology and production mode, and the quality of young people is difficult to adapt. The technological foundation of globalization is information technology. Information technology not only creates new modes of production and employment, but also transforms the traditional mode of production. In China, affected by the level of economic development, most young people are engaged in informal employment with low technology content to make a living. The popularity of new information production technologies among employed young people is still relatively low, and their opportunities to contact new information technology production methods are much less than those of young people in developed countries. 70% of young people are engaged in manual and simple technical occupations, and less than 20% of young people have achieved a smooth transition from school to work. While young people in developed countries are already using advanced information technology for model design, most youngpeople in China are still learning simple cartography.Third, the employment structure has shifted to high-energy, and the employment opportunities in traditional low-end advantageous industries are becoming less and less. With the rapid development of high-tech enterprises, the demand for high-tech talents will also increase greatly. Traditional majors are facing the crisis of layoffs. The contradiction of poor overall quality and low technical level of China's labor force will become increasingly prominent. A large number of low-quality workers will be laid off and unemployed because they are difficult to adapt to the technical requirements of new posts, making the problem of structural unemployment more serious. In addition, economic globalization will lead to greater differentiation among Chinese workers, the development gap between different groups will widen, and the imbalance of social development will also intensify. With the competitive advantages of product quality and services, foreign-funded enterprises will attract more talented college graduates with high-tech, resulting in a shortage of workers engaged in high-tech services in China's labor market .4、Countermeasures and suggestions to deal with the employment challenges of College Students under the background of GlobalizationFirst, improve your overall quality. In order to cope with the current severe employment situation, college students should strengthen the conscious cultivation of their own quality and ability. College students should actively dabble in extensive knowledge, form a reasonable knowledge structure, and have professional knowledge literacy. "Knowledge is one of the most basic aspects of talents. In modern society, knowledge has become a very important capital. From the perspective of talents, knowledge represents a person's vision and his confidence in himself. Without a wide range of knowledge, a person's fate will never be his own, and he can only rely on luck for a while, but more often, he rises and falls with the tide of life, in which he is dizzy Turn, don't distinguish East, West, North and South . In addition to quality, we should also pay attention to the cultivation of ability. After China's entry into WTO, facing the international environment and the needs of large multinational companies, at least two aspects of capabilities still need to be possessed. "One is all kinds of comprehensive ability,which is not only learned from books, but more importantly, formed through continuous exercise in time, including continuous exercise and development of their own ability in labor practice, scientific experiments and social practice. Ability is the external expression of a person's quality, which directly affects the employer's employment or not. College students should cultivate their ability to process information and interpersonal relationships as much as possible Ability to communicate and master and apply various technologies. Second, colleges and universities should change their educational ideas and realize the transformation from talent supply orientation to social demand orientation. Through the transformation of the concept of education and training, we can realize the effective connection between talent supply and social demand in Colleges and universities. Specifically, colleges and universities must achieve two changes in educational philosophy: first, the transformation of educational objectives from emphasizing knowledge transfer to paying attention to ability training. Change the traditional training mode focusing on knowledge transfer and aiming at students' high scores, take the cultivation of students' ability as the educationalgoal, take students' employability as the core index to measure the level and quality of running a school, and take the all-round development of students as the purpose. Practical ability is the most basic ability in college students' employability and the premise for college students to achieve smooth employment. Colleges and universities should put the cultivation of students' practical ability in a very important position, establish and improve the cultivation mechanism of College Students' practical ability, and establish the content system of College Students' practical ability cultivation. Third, vigorously develop industries with high labor intensity, low capital intensity and moderate technological capacity. The most direct way to improve the unfair income distribution is to enable as many people to obtain wage income and adopt a labor-intensive economic growth model, which is also the most effective tool to reduce unemployment. Including: vigorously develop labor-intensive service industry. At the same time, we should actively develop labor-intensive industries such as information industry and consulting industry, and vigorously develop intermediary social service organizations such as law and accounting. Strengthenmacro-control, enrich employment forms, vigorously promote flexible and diverse forms of employment such as part-time, temporary and flexible work, and encourage entrepreneurship and employment, family and community employment, and phased employment.。
国际商务英语翻译
The European Commission is one of the governing organs of the EU, it is the body which puts proposals to the Council of Ministers for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty.
随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少有人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有evelopment of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.
汉译英
国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries ,it involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.
区域经济学regional economic development第九章
In terms of major conclusions, the first is that growth in poorer regions comes about through a process of technological imitation where the technology itself is brought by FDI.
Third, domestic physical capital is a major determinant of growth. Where this capital or more properly where the funds for the investment that the capital represents come from matters. If savings within a province provide the source for investment in that province, then there is no interprovincial growth conflict. But if it comes from another province, there is and divergence can be a result.
Fifth, good governance in a province is inextricably linked to its competitiveness and that the quality of institutions has a positive effect on economic growth. High collinearity of marketisation with FDI suggests that FDI are attracted by marketisation and a bundle of components consisting of good institutional conditions, FDI, and the expansion of the domestic private sector drives growth.
中国人口出生率下降与经济发展
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问题是——中国实行改革开放和计划生育政策以
后，其经济发展如何影响人口出生率？两者之间是 否存在长期稳定的关系？这种关系是否存在显著的 城乡差异和地区差异？与已有研究相比，本文的创 新之处在于：在存在截面相关的情形下，运用面板单 位根和协整估计方法研究了人口出生率与经济发展 之间的关系；定量研究了城市和农村的经济发展对 人口出生率影响的差异性；运用ＰＭＧ方法估计了不 同地区人口出生率与经济发展之间的长短期关系。 本文以下的结构安排是：第二部分对人口出生 率的影响因素以及与经济增长之间关系的相关文献 进行回顾；第三部分详细介绍本文所利用的横截面 相关情形下的面板单位根和协整研究方法，以及对 有关数据进行说明；第四部分是实证结果分析；第五 部分是全文的总结与启示。
统计研究 Ｓ纽廿ｓⅡｃａｌ
ＶＯＩ．３ｌ。Ｎｏ．９ Ｓｅｐ．２０１４
Ｒｅ蝴ｒｃｈ
中国人口出生率下降与经济发展
彭浩然
孟醒
内容提要：中国人口出生率下降以及人口老龄化引起了人们对计划生育政策调整的激烈讨论。作者根据全国
２７个地区１９８０—２０１１年的面板数据，在横截面存在相关性的情形下，运用面板单位根和协整方法，定量考察了人
口出生率、人口死亡率、城镇职工工资水平、农村居民收入水平之间的关系。研究发现：尽管我国实行了计划生育 政策，但人口出生率与经济发展变量之间仍然存在着长期稳定的关系；城市和农村的经济发展对于人口出生率的 影响存在显著差异。前者会刺激人口出生率的提高，但后者会降低人口出生率，且影响程度比前者大；人口出生率 与经济发展变量之间的关系存在明显的地区差异。根据以上结论，作者认为放松计划生育政策不会引起我国人口 数量猛增，反而会优化人口结构，提高人口整体素质。 关键词：人口出生率；计划生育；经济发展
区域经济学英语ppt课件
Urban and regional planning: Regional economics plays an important role in urban and regional planning. Through in-depth analysis of the economic development status, resource conditions, industrial structure, etc. of a city or region, provide planning plans and suggestions for the government and enterprises.
The influencing factors of regional economic development
03
Natural resources
The availability of natural resources, such as minerals, energy, and agricultural land, can significantly impact a region's economic development Natural resources can provide the raw materials for local industries, which can drive economic growth and job creation
Optimizing resource allocation
Regional economics focuses on the spatial allocation and utilization efficiency of resources, studying how to achieve rational flow and effective allocation of resources, improve economic efficiency and overall competitiveness within the region.
全球化与区域经济发展(1)
粤、桂、湘、闽、
粤港（珠三角，泛珠三角9+2），赣 黔、琼、பைடு நூலகம்、滇、
欧盟
--视研究的问题与规划的目的决定一个区域的范围 与所要探讨的区域面向
4
3. 怎样去衡量区域发展？可以 用那些指标？
常用的指标 GNP/GDP personal income, industrial structure,
new construction, Employment/unemployment Migration --这些指标有没有可能互相冲突？
1
I. 为何要研究区域经济
2
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2. 什么是区域？
由上而下的（如行政区划:海淀区； 选区）
由下而上的：透过文化，历史，经济与社会动员 方式界定区域
--两者有时一致，有时会出现冲突
例，徽州，昆山/苏州/南京/上海,
加强交通建设管理，确保工程建设质 量。05: 17:3305:17:3305:17T hursday, April 22, 2021
安全在于心细，事故出在麻痹。21.4.2221.4.2205:17:3305: 17:33A pril 22, 2021
踏实肯干，努力奋斗。2021年4月22日 上午5时17分21.4.2221.4.22
如：GDP高，人均收入不高？ 就业数量增加，但个人所得减少？ 关掉煤矿，开电子工厂，对地方的影响？
5
Structure and quality of growth
GNP 增长=生活改善？ Jobless growth Voiceless growth Rootless growth Futureless growth
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